The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various individuals who supported and guided interns during their internship at Paragon Constructors. It then outlines details about the stakeholders in the Emaar Giga Coral Towers project, including the project client, contractor, and consultant. It proceeds to describe Paragon Constructors, Emaar, and Nespak and their roles. It concludes by describing the 18 day construction cycle for each floor of the towers, including formwork, reinforcement, concreting, and other activities.
The document presents the construction process of a commercial multistory building. It discusses the key steps which are excavation, foundation, columns, column footing, beams, slabs. For each step, it provides details on the types used such as shallow foundations including strip, isolated, combined and raft. It also outlines the salient features of the building including concrete grade, steel grade, bar sizes used in columns, beams and slabs.
Taipei 101 is a 101-story skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan that uses several innovative engineering solutions to withstand earthquakes and typhoons. A key feature is a 730-ton steel ball located inside the building that acts as a tuned mass damper, counteracting swaying of the building. The ball hangs inside steel cables and has shock absorbers. This tuned mass damper system helps ensure the structural integrity of Taipei 101 during seismic activity.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on the Signature Bridge in Delhi, India. It describes the bridge as India's first asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge that spans the Yamuna River. Key details include:
- The bridge's pylon is 165 meters tall, making it the tallest structure in Delhi.
- It has a main span of 251 meters and a total length of 675 meters.
- Fabricating and erecting the complex steel structure of the pylon and deck was a major challenge due to its irregular shape and varying plate thicknesses.
- Erection involved dividing the pylon into segments weighing 40-250 tons and using a 1,250 ton crawler crane for
High Rise Building- Taipei 101, TaiwanPRANJAL MORE
Taipei 101 is a 508m tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan completed in 2004. It uses a braced core structural system to withstand the challenges of weak soil conditions, typhoon winds, and earthquakes common to Taipei. Key features include a central reinforced concrete core with steel bracing, outrigger trusses connecting the core to perimeter columns, and a tuned mass damper between floors 87-91 consisting of a 800 ton steel ball to dissipate wind energy.
This document summarizes the process for constructing secant piles for a microtunnel shaft. It involves first constructing guide walls as reference points. Then female piles are drilled and concreted without reinforcement cages using lower grade concrete. Male piles are drilled between female piles, cutting through them. Reinforcement cages are installed in male piles before higher grade concrete is placed continuously from the bottom up via a tremie. The casing is gradually extracted to allow the concrete to rise above the cutoff level.
This document describes the slipform construction method for building reinforced concrete chimneys. The slipform method involves using hydraulic jacks to continuously lift steel formwork panels, allowing wet concrete to be poured without stopping to form continuous cylindrical shells. As the jacks lift the formwork by 1.5 to 3 meters per day, workers are able to place reinforcement, pour and finish the concrete, and cure the shell in a continuous, 24-hour process. Once the shell is complete, internal platforms and flues are installed along with other finishing work.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter, 101-story skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It features a deep foundation of 380 concrete piles sunk 80 meters into the soft clay soil to withstand earthquakes and typhoons. The building's tuned mass damper, a 736-ton steel sphere suspended from cables, helps counteract wind forces. Construction from 1999-2004 overcame challenges from Taiwan's seismic and weather conditions through a flexible supercolumn system and the world's largest damper.
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
The document presents the construction process of a commercial multistory building. It discusses the key steps which are excavation, foundation, columns, column footing, beams, slabs. For each step, it provides details on the types used such as shallow foundations including strip, isolated, combined and raft. It also outlines the salient features of the building including concrete grade, steel grade, bar sizes used in columns, beams and slabs.
Taipei 101 is a 101-story skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan that uses several innovative engineering solutions to withstand earthquakes and typhoons. A key feature is a 730-ton steel ball located inside the building that acts as a tuned mass damper, counteracting swaying of the building. The ball hangs inside steel cables and has shock absorbers. This tuned mass damper system helps ensure the structural integrity of Taipei 101 during seismic activity.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on the Signature Bridge in Delhi, India. It describes the bridge as India's first asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge that spans the Yamuna River. Key details include:
- The bridge's pylon is 165 meters tall, making it the tallest structure in Delhi.
- It has a main span of 251 meters and a total length of 675 meters.
- Fabricating and erecting the complex steel structure of the pylon and deck was a major challenge due to its irregular shape and varying plate thicknesses.
- Erection involved dividing the pylon into segments weighing 40-250 tons and using a 1,250 ton crawler crane for
High Rise Building- Taipei 101, TaiwanPRANJAL MORE
Taipei 101 is a 508m tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan completed in 2004. It uses a braced core structural system to withstand the challenges of weak soil conditions, typhoon winds, and earthquakes common to Taipei. Key features include a central reinforced concrete core with steel bracing, outrigger trusses connecting the core to perimeter columns, and a tuned mass damper between floors 87-91 consisting of a 800 ton steel ball to dissipate wind energy.
This document summarizes the process for constructing secant piles for a microtunnel shaft. It involves first constructing guide walls as reference points. Then female piles are drilled and concreted without reinforcement cages using lower grade concrete. Male piles are drilled between female piles, cutting through them. Reinforcement cages are installed in male piles before higher grade concrete is placed continuously from the bottom up via a tremie. The casing is gradually extracted to allow the concrete to rise above the cutoff level.
This document describes the slipform construction method for building reinforced concrete chimneys. The slipform method involves using hydraulic jacks to continuously lift steel formwork panels, allowing wet concrete to be poured without stopping to form continuous cylindrical shells. As the jacks lift the formwork by 1.5 to 3 meters per day, workers are able to place reinforcement, pour and finish the concrete, and cure the shell in a continuous, 24-hour process. Once the shell is complete, internal platforms and flues are installed along with other finishing work.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter, 101-story skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It features a deep foundation of 380 concrete piles sunk 80 meters into the soft clay soil to withstand earthquakes and typhoons. The building's tuned mass damper, a 736-ton steel sphere suspended from cables, helps counteract wind forces. Construction from 1999-2004 overcame challenges from Taiwan's seismic and weather conditions through a flexible supercolumn system and the world's largest damper.
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
This document provides details on the construction process for the substructure of a bridge, including pile foundations and a pile cap. It describes the steps to construct cast-in-place concrete piles, which include boring holes for the piles, lowering reinforced steel cages into the holes, fitting tremie pipes to pour concrete, and flushing out debris. It also outlines the process for constructing the pile cap, such as excavating around the piles, chipping off excess concrete, forming shutters, placing reinforcing steel, and pouring concrete. The overall bridge construction process is divided into substructure and superstructure work.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
Construction Technology II (Seminar) - Deep excavationYee Len Wan
The document discusses various aspects of deep excavation construction methods. It begins by listing the three main types of construction methods - open cut, bottom-up, and top-down. It then provides details on the top-down method, including a five-step sequence of construction. Next, it identifies two major design considerations for deep excavation as subsurface investigation/testing and evaluating adjacent foundation properties. It concludes by discussing different types of excavation support systems, including soldier piles and lagging, and identifying considerations for selecting support methods.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
This document discusses shoring and underpinning methods used to provide temporary or permanent support to structures. Shoring provides temporary stability during construction or repairs using techniques like raking, flying, or dead shores made of timber or steel. Underpinning supports existing foundations by strengthening soils using pit, pile, or chemical methods to allow additions without disturbing the structure. Proper design, installation, and precautions are needed for both techniques.
This document provides a case study on seismic isolation retrofit techniques used in Japan. It discusses retrofitting an existing 16-story steel and concrete building and 7-story concrete building through mid-story and base isolation, respectively. Mid-story isolation was achieved by inserting lead rubber bearings between the 8th floor and columns. Base isolation involved cutting pile heads to install rubber and sliding isolators. The retrofits improved seismic performance while allowing continued building usage and minimizing disturbances.
This document provides guidelines for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. It describes different types of construction such as framed construction using vertical load frames or moment resistant frames with shear walls. It also describes box type construction using masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete walls. For masonry construction, it provides details on materials, mortar, wall thickness, openings, and seismic strengthening arrangements. It also covers floors/roofs using precast components, timber construction methods, and reinforcement details.
The document discusses top-down construction, which is required when:
1) The distance between existing buildings and the new building line is small, requiring deep excavation and risking soil collapse.
2) It allows for more building and basement area, suitable for two or more basements.
3) The first basement slab acts as a strut, preventing soil collapse behind retaining walls.
The methodology involves:
1) Casting piles with dowels for retaining walls and slabs.
2) Excavating in stages and casting retaining wall panels with dowels between piles.
3) Pouring the first basement slab and then continuing excavation and construction from the bottom up
The Putrajaya International Convention Centre uses a piled foundation and suspended concrete slabs. Piled foundations are suitable for multi-story buildings as they can support large loads through weak soils. Suspended concrete slabs have their perimeter supported by walls, beams or columns and span between supports. This allows them to be used for upper floors of tall buildings. The convention centre likely uses precast concrete slabs that are made off-site and lifted into place.
The document discusses reinforced hollow concrete block masonry (RHCBM) as a construction method that can effectively resist seismic forces. RHCBM involves reinforcing hollow concrete blocks with vertical and horizontal steel reinforcement. It provides benefits like increased strength, ductility, cost-effectiveness, and faster construction compared to other methods. For existing non-engineered masonry structures, retrofitting techniques like grouting and wire meshing can be used to enhance earthquake resistance. Experimental results show RHCBM panels have higher ultimate load capacity and displacement ductility than conventional masonry.
The document provides technical details about the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, including its construction process. Some key points:
- Construction began in 1994 and was completed in 1999 on an artificial island 450 meters from shore.
- Over 36,000 cubic meters of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel were used. It has 202 suites ranging from 170 to 780 square meters.
- An intricate process was used to build the artificial island, including installing 230 piles 45 meters long to stabilize the structure.
- Unique challenges included withstanding winds and potential earthquakes through its streamlined shape and vibration dampers.
The document discusses various aspects of superstructure components including beams, columns, walls, slabs, and staircases. It provides details on:
- Types of beams used on site, including precast and in-situ concrete beams, with reinforcement for strength.
- The concrete columns constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
- Walls being primarily concrete bricks with mortar, providing structural support and enclosure.
- Floors being constructed using either precast or cast-in-place concrete slabs reinforced for strength.
- Staircases being made of reinforced concrete with formwork to provide circulation between levels.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
This document provides information about the PJ Trade Centre building in Malaysia. It discusses the foundation, slabs, and roofs used in the construction. For the foundation, it describes how pile foundations are used due to the soft soil conditions and need to support the large and heavy multi-story building. It also discusses different types of foundations and how loads are transferred through end-bearing, friction, or a combination. For the slabs, it defines slabs and their functions before describing in-situ and precast concrete slab types.
This document provides information about the construction project of a bungalow house in Penang, Malaysia. It includes:
1. An introduction outlining the objectives and structure of the document.
2. Details of the existing foundation (pile foundation), slab (suspended slab), and roof (hip and valley roof) used in the project.
3. Analysis and comparison of alternative options to replace the existing foundation (pad foundation), slab (waffle slab), and roof (gable roof) and an explanation of why the selected alternatives were chosen.
case study on earthquake resistant buildings
NOTE : The work is copied from various internet sources.
The author does not hold any copyrights on the reports shared, as these are for educational purposes.
Top down construction is used in congested urban areas to minimize impacts on existing structures. It involves installing deep retaining walls and excavating from the top down in stages, allowing above-ground construction to progress simultaneously. This saves significant time over traditional bottom-up methods. Diaphragm walls are installed around the perimeter and intermediate barrette piles may be used for additional support. Concrete slabs are then cast with openings to allow further staged excavation from above until the final basement level is reached. Reinforcing is installed to connect each level during construction.
Este documento clasifica las magnitudes físicas en escalares, vectoriales y tensoriales según su expresión matemática. Las magnitudes escalares se representan por un número, mientras que las vectoriales requieren una magnitud, dirección y sentido. Las tensoriales definen propiedades físicas que cambian según el sistema de coordenadas y se representan mediante tensores. El tensor generaliza los conceptos de escalar, vector y matriz para hacerlos independientes del sistema de coordenadas.
Audience expectations for films are based on standards like age ratings that indicate what content is appropriate. For example, a PG film is expected to have no bad language or themes that could upset children. When creating an opening film sequence, audience expectations include the opening being around two minutes, using camera shots that provide a good view, having understandable context, and properly implementing technical and content regulations to meet the audience's quality standards.
This document provides details on the construction process for the substructure of a bridge, including pile foundations and a pile cap. It describes the steps to construct cast-in-place concrete piles, which include boring holes for the piles, lowering reinforced steel cages into the holes, fitting tremie pipes to pour concrete, and flushing out debris. It also outlines the process for constructing the pile cap, such as excavating around the piles, chipping off excess concrete, forming shutters, placing reinforcing steel, and pouring concrete. The overall bridge construction process is divided into substructure and superstructure work.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
Construction Technology II (Seminar) - Deep excavationYee Len Wan
The document discusses various aspects of deep excavation construction methods. It begins by listing the three main types of construction methods - open cut, bottom-up, and top-down. It then provides details on the top-down method, including a five-step sequence of construction. Next, it identifies two major design considerations for deep excavation as subsurface investigation/testing and evaluating adjacent foundation properties. It concludes by discussing different types of excavation support systems, including soldier piles and lagging, and identifying considerations for selecting support methods.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
This document discusses shoring and underpinning methods used to provide temporary or permanent support to structures. Shoring provides temporary stability during construction or repairs using techniques like raking, flying, or dead shores made of timber or steel. Underpinning supports existing foundations by strengthening soils using pit, pile, or chemical methods to allow additions without disturbing the structure. Proper design, installation, and precautions are needed for both techniques.
This document provides a case study on seismic isolation retrofit techniques used in Japan. It discusses retrofitting an existing 16-story steel and concrete building and 7-story concrete building through mid-story and base isolation, respectively. Mid-story isolation was achieved by inserting lead rubber bearings between the 8th floor and columns. Base isolation involved cutting pile heads to install rubber and sliding isolators. The retrofits improved seismic performance while allowing continued building usage and minimizing disturbances.
This document provides guidelines for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. It describes different types of construction such as framed construction using vertical load frames or moment resistant frames with shear walls. It also describes box type construction using masonry, concrete or reinforced concrete walls. For masonry construction, it provides details on materials, mortar, wall thickness, openings, and seismic strengthening arrangements. It also covers floors/roofs using precast components, timber construction methods, and reinforcement details.
The document discusses top-down construction, which is required when:
1) The distance between existing buildings and the new building line is small, requiring deep excavation and risking soil collapse.
2) It allows for more building and basement area, suitable for two or more basements.
3) The first basement slab acts as a strut, preventing soil collapse behind retaining walls.
The methodology involves:
1) Casting piles with dowels for retaining walls and slabs.
2) Excavating in stages and casting retaining wall panels with dowels between piles.
3) Pouring the first basement slab and then continuing excavation and construction from the bottom up
The Putrajaya International Convention Centre uses a piled foundation and suspended concrete slabs. Piled foundations are suitable for multi-story buildings as they can support large loads through weak soils. Suspended concrete slabs have their perimeter supported by walls, beams or columns and span between supports. This allows them to be used for upper floors of tall buildings. The convention centre likely uses precast concrete slabs that are made off-site and lifted into place.
The document discusses reinforced hollow concrete block masonry (RHCBM) as a construction method that can effectively resist seismic forces. RHCBM involves reinforcing hollow concrete blocks with vertical and horizontal steel reinforcement. It provides benefits like increased strength, ductility, cost-effectiveness, and faster construction compared to other methods. For existing non-engineered masonry structures, retrofitting techniques like grouting and wire meshing can be used to enhance earthquake resistance. Experimental results show RHCBM panels have higher ultimate load capacity and displacement ductility than conventional masonry.
The document provides technical details about the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, including its construction process. Some key points:
- Construction began in 1994 and was completed in 1999 on an artificial island 450 meters from shore.
- Over 36,000 cubic meters of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel were used. It has 202 suites ranging from 170 to 780 square meters.
- An intricate process was used to build the artificial island, including installing 230 piles 45 meters long to stabilize the structure.
- Unique challenges included withstanding winds and potential earthquakes through its streamlined shape and vibration dampers.
The document discusses various aspects of superstructure components including beams, columns, walls, slabs, and staircases. It provides details on:
- Types of beams used on site, including precast and in-situ concrete beams, with reinforcement for strength.
- The concrete columns constructed on site using formwork and reinforcement bars.
- Walls being primarily concrete bricks with mortar, providing structural support and enclosure.
- Floors being constructed using either precast or cast-in-place concrete slabs reinforced for strength.
- Staircases being made of reinforced concrete with formwork to provide circulation between levels.
shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.
This document provides information about the PJ Trade Centre building in Malaysia. It discusses the foundation, slabs, and roofs used in the construction. For the foundation, it describes how pile foundations are used due to the soft soil conditions and need to support the large and heavy multi-story building. It also discusses different types of foundations and how loads are transferred through end-bearing, friction, or a combination. For the slabs, it defines slabs and their functions before describing in-situ and precast concrete slab types.
This document provides information about the construction project of a bungalow house in Penang, Malaysia. It includes:
1. An introduction outlining the objectives and structure of the document.
2. Details of the existing foundation (pile foundation), slab (suspended slab), and roof (hip and valley roof) used in the project.
3. Analysis and comparison of alternative options to replace the existing foundation (pad foundation), slab (waffle slab), and roof (gable roof) and an explanation of why the selected alternatives were chosen.
case study on earthquake resistant buildings
NOTE : The work is copied from various internet sources.
The author does not hold any copyrights on the reports shared, as these are for educational purposes.
Top down construction is used in congested urban areas to minimize impacts on existing structures. It involves installing deep retaining walls and excavating from the top down in stages, allowing above-ground construction to progress simultaneously. This saves significant time over traditional bottom-up methods. Diaphragm walls are installed around the perimeter and intermediate barrette piles may be used for additional support. Concrete slabs are then cast with openings to allow further staged excavation from above until the final basement level is reached. Reinforcing is installed to connect each level during construction.
Este documento clasifica las magnitudes físicas en escalares, vectoriales y tensoriales según su expresión matemática. Las magnitudes escalares se representan por un número, mientras que las vectoriales requieren una magnitud, dirección y sentido. Las tensoriales definen propiedades físicas que cambian según el sistema de coordenadas y se representan mediante tensores. El tensor generaliza los conceptos de escalar, vector y matriz para hacerlos independientes del sistema de coordenadas.
Audience expectations for films are based on standards like age ratings that indicate what content is appropriate. For example, a PG film is expected to have no bad language or themes that could upset children. When creating an opening film sequence, audience expectations include the opening being around two minutes, using camera shots that provide a good view, having understandable context, and properly implementing technical and content regulations to meet the audience's quality standards.
This document describes a study conducted by Georgia Southern University students to assess the nutritional knowledge of low-income adults in rural South Georgia. The students developed and implemented a 3-part nutrition education program called Healthy Habits 101 at Rebecca's Cafe, which serves meals to low-income residents. Participants completed pre- and post-tests to measure changes in knowledge of nutrition and chronic disease after the program. The findings support providing more comprehensive health education to rural populations, as lack of knowledge contributes to health disparities. Researchers may want to consider Rebecca's Cafe as an intervention site for future studies.
1. Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. It also revolves around the sun once every 365.25 days in an elliptical orbit.
2. Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees, which causes seasons. It is closest to the sun in January and farthest in July.
3. In addition to rotating and revolving, Earth's axis undergoes a very slow wobble over 26,000 years called precession.
El documento habla sobre la redacción de textos. Explica que la redacción consiste en escribir un texto para comunicar una idea a un público específico de manera organizada y clara. Señala que para lograr una buena calidad en la redacción, es necesario considerar el estilo, tipo de texto, claridad de las ideas, coherencia y revisión. También destaca la importancia de conocer la audiencia a la cual va dirigido el texto.
Este documento describe las magnitudes físicas fundamentales y derivadas que se utilizan en la vida cotidiana, incluyendo el tiempo, la masa, la temperatura, la longitud y el volumen como magnitudes fundamentales, y la velocidad, la densidad, la fuerza y la presión como magnitudes derivadas, y proporciona ejemplos de cómo y cuándo se usan estas magnitudes en actividades diarias.
This document summarizes a presentation given at the Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo in Santander, Spain on July 7, 2016. The presentation discussed insights from the OECD's School Resources Review, including its purpose, methodology, conceptual framework, and key policy challenges related to the efficient and equitable use of school resources. The review aims to provide policy advice on how to govern, distribute, utilize, and manage resources to achieve educational objectives. It analyzes resource use at the system, sub-system, and school levels across OECD and partner countries.
Puppetry and magic lanterns were early forms of visual entertainment dating back 30,000 years. In the late 1800s, technologies like persistence of vision experiments, motion toys, and Muybridge's zoopraxiscope helped advance the development of motion pictures. The first films were created in the late 1800s. In the early 1900s, filmmaking advanced through the use of editing, backdrops, and other techniques. The 1920s saw the rise of Hollywood studios and film stars. Sound was introduced in films of the 1930s, and genres like documentaries grew more popular. World War 2 impacted film production in the 1940s. Television began competing with films in the 1950s-1960s, leading the
Fanny Price is often criticized as a weak heroine in Jane Austen's Mansfield Park, but this paper argues she undergoes a remarkable transformation and is a worthy heroine. It summarizes that Fanny starts as a poor orphan but grows to be cherished by the Bertram family. While critics argue she is too passive, the text shows her acting with courage, restraint, and moral fortitude. Through subtle changes, Fanny transforms from a timid girl to a courageous woman who asserts her independence and morality, making her a complex and progressive character.
O documento discute: 1) A importância do cerrado brasileiro e seus solos, principalmente os latossolos; 2) As técnicas de plantio direto e adubação que têm auxiliado na preservação desses solos; 3) Os riscos do uso inadequado da terra que podem levar à degradação do solo.
Los primeros filósofos surgieron en el siglo VI a.C. en las colonias griegas de Asia Menor, especialmente en Mileto, donde Tales de Mileto, Anaximandro y Anaxímenes buscaron explicar el principio fundamental del universo. Otros filósofos presocráticos incluyen a Heráclito, Pitágoras y Parménides, quienes continuaron desarrollando nuevos métodos filosóficos basados en la razón y la experiencia en lugar del mito.
El documento describe la transformación de la naturaleza a través del desarrollo de los productos transgénicos. Inicialmente, la ingeniería genética se enfocó en la agricultura y ganadería para obtener ventajas, pero luego se aplicó a los alimentos. Aunque los ingenieros genéticos han logrado incorporar genes de otras especies de manera eficiente, existe controversia sobre los riesgos de los alimentos transgénicos para la salud y el medio ambiente.
Construction Of A Viaduct/Bridge: An OverviewSourav Goswami
This document is a submission by Sourav Goswami describing his 7-day internship project focused on the construction of a metro rail bridge. The project was conducted under Rail Vikas Nigam Limited and Gammon India Limited. Sourav thanks the project guides and staff who provided guidance and knowledge about bridge construction activities including piling, pile caps, piers, bearings and segments.
Precast concrete is produced by casting concrete in reusable molds away from the construction site. This allows for mass production of identical components like beams, floors, and walls in a controlled environment. When complete, the precast components are transported and lifted into place at the construction site. Using precast concrete can speed up construction time and reduce costs compared to traditional cast-in-place concrete through economies of scale in production.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. It defines precast concrete as concrete that is cast in reusable molds and cured in a controlled environment off-site before being transported to the construction site. Benefits of precast construction include better quality control during curing, less weather dependence, faster construction time, and lower costs. Examples of precast concrete applications include buildings, bridges, retaining walls, and transportation products. The document also discusses design considerations, formwork, casting, handling, transportation and erection of precast concrete elements.
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
The document describes a student group project to design and construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter. It includes sections on design process, technical drawings, construction details, material selection, construction process, force analysis, and accessibility considerations. The group's final design uses a steel frame structure with a timber deck floor and polycarbonate roof. Key joints include a pad foundation, floor joist connections, and welded column-beam connections. The construction process is documented, highlighting the foundation pouring, floor assembly, and roof installation. Force analysis examines load distribution and concentrated loads. Weather resistance and sun orientation are also addressed.
1) The document provides details from a training report submitted by Sharath B at OM Shakthy Santha Towers Phase 3 project.
2) Key aspects of the project studied include pile foundation, construction of slabs and beams using concrete and reinforcement, building columns, and brickwork.
3) Safety measures at the construction site conform to ISO standards, and the trainee inspected curing processes, took measurements, and observed brickwork construction during the 10-day training.
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docxtoddr4
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall – 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
· Beam bridge
· Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
· The bridge will have a span of 50m.
· The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
· The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
The document discusses stress ribbon bridges. It begins by explaining that a stress ribbon bridge is a tension structure similar to a suspension bridge, with suspension cables embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc. Unlike simple suspension bridges, the ribbon is stressed in compression which adds stiffness. Supports provide upward thrusting arcs to change the grade between spans. Stress ribbon bridges are typically reinforced concrete with steel tensioning cables to prevent excessive flexing from vehicle traffic. Fewer than 50 have been built worldwide due to their rare design.
This document discusses the construction of a fly ash silo using advanced techniques such as pile foundation, slipform construction, and post-tensioning. It describes pile foundations as long reinforced concrete members driven into the ground to support large structures. For the fly ash silo foundation, 65 bored cast-in-place concrete piles were used. The document also explains slipforming as a technique using continuously moving formwork to construct tall, cylindrical structures like silos efficiently. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through concrete after curing and tensioning them to strengthen the structure in tension. These advanced techniques allow for efficient, high quality construction of the large fly ash silo.
This document provides a certificate for students who completed practical training on the construction of a hospital building. It summarizes the key aspects of the construction project, including that it was located in Delhi and involved building two towers totaling 22 floors to house 1,500 beds. The building structure utilized both reinforced concrete and mild steel in a composite design. Foundations were raft foundations due to soil conditions. Masonry work included various brick types, and scaffolding was used for tasks like masonry and plastering.
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel cables or rods to put concrete members under compression and increase their strength. It allows for longer spans than reinforced concrete. There are three methods: pre-tensioned concrete uses tensioned tendons before pouring concrete; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses tendons tensioned after pouring; unbonded post-tensioned concrete uses individually coated tendons without bonding to the concrete. Prestressed concrete has advantages like less cracking and material efficiency but also disadvantages like higher costs.
Deepayan Mazumder completed a 60-day internship with Shanta Properties Ltd from November 28, 2015 to February 9, 2016. During this time, he observed formwork, floor slab casting, and curing practices on the Araddho construction project. He learned that steel formwork has advantages over other materials due to its strength, durability, and ability to be reused. Mazumder also studied how to properly cast floor slabs, including reinforcement and curing methods. His supervisor assessed that Mazumder met expectations in taking responsibility, problem solving, collaboration, and communication. Overall, the internship enhanced Mazumder's construction knowledge.
The document provides details about a building construction project submitted by Ishfaq Rashid to the Department of Civil Engineering at Ram Devi Jindal Group of Colleges. It discusses the project area of 29 acres located in Global City, Sector 37D, Dwarka Expressway in Gurugram. The project involves constructing a gated low-rise luxury residential complex with a basement, stilt floor, and 4 upper floors along with covered car parking. It provides information on the excavation, plain cement concrete, raft foundation, structural elements like columns, beams, walls and their connections, slabs, terrace, plaster, tiling, and painting work involved in the project.
This document provides information on post-lintel structures. It describes post-lintel structures as a simple form of construction using posts carrying horizontal beams or lintels. Ancient Egyptian and Greek architecture commonly used this type of construction with stone. It then discusses the different structural elements of post-lintel structures including columns, column footings, beams, slabs, and stairs. It provides details on sizing and reinforcement of these elements. The document also outlines some advantages of post-lintel structures such as aesthetics, span and space, cost, and sustainability. It describes limitations related to solid to void ratios and placement of openings and stairs.
This document is a training report submitted by Ayush Jain on a building construction technology training program taken from June 6 to August 6 under the guidance of AEN Sanjay Borana. The report provides details of a construction project to build the Central Sterilization Department at MDM Hospital in Jodhpur. It describes the structural system used, materials, foundation, formwork, scaffolding, quality assurance measures, concrete production, reinforcement, and other aspects of the construction process.
The document provides details about Adarsh Dwivedi's summer training project at Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation. It discusses various aspects of metro construction including the casting yard where girders and beams are cast, underground construction involving diaphragm walls, piling, plunge columns and slab casting, and elevated structure construction with details on piling, pile caps, piers and U-girders. The training helped provide hands-on experience of metro construction processes.
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
The document provides details of a group project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter focusing on skeletal structures. It includes an introduction outlining the project objectives to understand skeletal structures and how they react under loading. Subsequent sections describe the design development process including massing studies, drawings, construction details, and structural analysis. The final model and rendering are presented, demonstrating the application of skeletal construction principles.
The document provides details of a group project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter focusing on skeletal structures. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives to understand skeletal structures and how they react under loading. Subsequent sections describe the design development process including massing studies and orthographic drawings. Construction details are shown for the foundations, frame, roof, and seating areas. Load analysis diagrams illustrate how dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and precipitation are transferred through the structure.
The document describes the design process of a group of students in creating a temporary bus shelter. It details their initial design which utilized wood but failed. They redesigned the shelter with a skeletal structure using steel brackets, bolts, and a concrete foundation. Key elements of the successful design include a pitched roof for rainwater, columns arranged at a 25 degree angle for stability, and horizontal V-bracing between the columns. Load testing showed the arch-shaped bracing successfully distributed compression and tension forces to withstand weather conditions.
1. AKNOWLEDGEMENT:
WE EXPRESS OUR DEEP SENSE OF GRATITUDETO MR. SHAKIR SIDDIQUE
(DIRECTOR DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURECE) FORENCOURAGING US TO
DO INTERNSHIP ATTHIS ORGANIZATION, PARAGONCONSTRUCTORS (PVT)
LTD.
WE ARE VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO MR. SYED HASHIM (GENERAL MANAGER)
FORHIS VALUABLEGUIDANCE, KEENINTERESTAND ENCOURAGEMENTAT
VARIOUS STAGES OF OURINTERNSHIPPERIOD.
WE EXPRESS DEEP GRATITUDETO MR. HARIS (PLANNING ENGINEER), MR.
UMAID (SITE ENGINEER), MR. FARHAN(SITESUPERVISOR) AND MR. IRSHAD-
UL-HAQ (NESPAK) FORTHEIRGUIDANCE, ENCOURAGEMENT, SUGGESTIONS
AND VERY CONSTRUCTIVECRITICISMWHICHHAVECONTRIBUTED IMMENSLY
TO OURLEARNING EXPERIENCE.
MINHAL HAIDER
ARSALAN ASHRAF
MOHAMMAD BILAL
ABDUL BASIT
STAKESHOLDER:
Project Client : Emaar Giga karachi ltd.
Project Contractor : Paragon constructors (pvt) ltd.
Project Consultant : Nespak (pvt) ltd.
PARAGON:
2. Paragon Constructors is the leading company of PAKISTAN in the construction
field as all the mega projects going on in Pakistan, such as Lucky one shopping
mall, Bahria town icon hotel tower, Bahria opal tower, Emaar giga Coral
towers, UBL head office building,Creek view & terrace and others are heading
under their expertise. Since the company has a long history of completing
their projects within in the specified timeline, now they are heading to achieve
another historical landmark of completing the “EMMAR CORAL TOWER”
project in the upcoming year. Such a progressive attitude of the company
reflects their determination and dedication towards their profession.
3. EMAAR :
Emaar is a well known construction company with its origin in Dubai. Irrespective of
whether a development project is residential or commercial, it has a vast history of
creating something out of the box and jaw dropping. Burj kalifa of Dubai. It is an
apparent evidence of their determination, innovation and construction skills.
Recently, Emaar has its greatest stake in 48 towers named as Coral Towers in
Pakistan which are located at sea shore. Project is quite unique as the new
construction methods are introduced for the first time in the industry. In order to
complete the project in time, Emmar has facilitated the contractor to maximum.
NESPAK
Nespak is a prominent consultant company of Pakistan assisting and facilitating
millions by providing their services in water management, high rise construction,
transportation etc. Since its formation, NESPAK has made sure that all necessary
requirements are fulfilled regarding safety and durability. In order to prevent any
mishandlings and disorganization expert engineers are hired for the inspection
purposes.
PROJECT DETAIL:
The project comprises of 48 towers out of which two are named as CORAL TOWERS
which are in under progress. According to the direction of each tower they are
4. designated accordingly as North tower and South tower. Podium connects both the
towers and gives an elegant look from the distance. Both the towers are symmetrical
in shape and dimensions. Each tower consists of two basements, one mezzanine
floor and 26 ordinary floors. There are 9 columns, 9 shear walls and two cores (lift
core and stair case core). The projection is provided after every 3rd floor which
works as a shade against the scorching sunlight. A single floor is completed in 18days
as per the policy of the contractor but it may vary due the delay in the arrival of
shipments, environmental hazards or loss of material.
FORMWOR
K OF SLAB
REINFORCM
ENT OF SLAB
CONCRETEIN
G OF SLAB
REINFORCM
ENT OF
COLUMNS
AND
SHEARWALL
POST
TENSIONING
OF SLAB
FORMWORK
OF COLUMN
AND SHEAR
WALL
CONCRETING
OF
COLUMNS
AND
SHEARWALL
S
REINFORCE
MENT OF
COREWALL
CONCRETING
OF
COREWALLS
18 DAYS CYCLE OF A SINGLE FLOOR
5. FORMWORK OF SLAB:
The cycle begins with the placement of the scaffolding components such as
horizontal props, vertical props and main beams over which the plywood deck is
placed so that the slab reinforcements can be placed as per the drawing.
REINFORCEMENT OF SLAB:
A mesh of the slab reinforcement comprises of different types of bars. U-bars are
used to hold the reinforcement wherever the beams lie. Punching shear
reinforcement is used to provide strength against the negative moment develop at
the support. Chairs are used to provide the designed height to the tendons so that it
can balance the moments develop in the slab. A small U-shaped reinforcement is
used to hold the trumpet enclosing the strands during stressing.
CONCRETING OF SLAB:
Concreting of slab is the most critical and important part of the cycle. It takes almost
7 to 8 hours for the complete concreting of the slab, which is done through the
Reinforcement used for
holding strands on dead
end
Chairs under the re-bars Slab reinforcement mesh
Formwork of slab
6. placing boom being adjusted as the floor level proceeds. Mostly this activity takes
place at night to avoid the rapid setting time.
REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMNS AND SHEARWALLS:
Once the concrete is set the labors start the work on the reinforcement of columns
and shear walls. Proper lap distances between bars, placement of stirrups and
placement of vertical bars are laid as per the drawing so that the consultants gives
the positive IR and work may proceed further.
o SHEAR WALL:
The primary purpose of the shear wall is to resist the lateral forces being developed
below or above the ground surface. These lateral forces include seismic force, which
is maximum at the ground surface and wind pressure, which is maximum at the
higher altitude. Shear wall distributes the load developed by these forces and saves
the structure from any significant failure.
POST TENSION SLAB:
The important thing about this project is post tensioning slab which is introduced for
the first time in the Pakistan. The function of post tension slab is to reduce the
thickness of slab, reduction in self weight of the building, reduction in steel uses in
Reinforcement of column Reinforcement of shear wall
7. slab, since all of the tensile forces develop in the structure is taken by the tendons. It
reduces or eliminates shrinkage cracking-therefore no joints, or fewer joints, are
needed.
Post tensioning wires has two ends:
Live end wires
Dead end wires
Live end wires are those which are free on both sides of the slab therefore stressing
can be done from both ends. Dead end wires are those which are free from one end
and discontinued at mid span of slab near the supports where onion of the wires is
made to prevent the slippage of the stands during stressing.
The procedure of post tensioning begins with the replacement of temporary blocks
with the shear blocks in the trumpet. Shear blocks are designed according to the
number of strands in the tendon. Threaded wedges are provided in the holes of the
block so that during the stressing, strands do not move back and stay elongated. The
stressing of tendon is done through the hydraulic jack attached with the hydraulic
pump. In the beginning the 50% of the designed pressure is applied then in the
second round of stressing the pressure is increased up to 100%. During the stressing
procedure if the wire breaks then the threaded coupler is used. The strands are
threaded and fixed on both ends of the coupler for the continuity.
Shear block with wedges
8. FORMWORK OF COLUMNS AND SHEAR WALLS:
Although the formwork of the slab and shear wall is carried out side by side with the
post tensioning of the slab but special attention is laid on the alignment of the
formwork for which heavy objects are tied and hanged. The measurement is taken
from the face of the form work to the string to check the alignment.
CONCRETING OF COLUMNS AND SHEARWALLS:
Columns and shear walls are concreted through the buckets lifted up by the cranes.
Special attention is paid during the concreting in order to avoid the danger of
breaking of formwork due to the weight of the concrete.
Formworkof column
Live end of tendon Dead end of tendon
9. REINFORCEMNT OF COREWALLS:
Since the reinforcement of the core is quite heavy and complicated therefore special
attention is paid during the placement and the alignment of steel. Here on site there
are two core pits, one is for the stairs and other one is for the elevators.
CONCRETING OF CORE:
In a high rise building majority of the load is taken by the core therefore, its strength
and durability for the entire structure is very crucial. Once the consultant give the
positive IR to the core reinforcement and formwork alignment then it starts the
concreting of the core which is done through the placing boom.
OTHER ACTIVITIES DURING CONSTRUCTION:
Reinforcement of core walls
Concreting through bucket
10. GROUTING:
It is a mixture of cement, water and FOSPAK 337 chemical, used as a bonding agent
between the tendon wires and corrugated sheet. It prevents the danger of corrosion
in the strands and develops the homogeneity between the tendon and the concrete.
BLOCK MASONARY
Here in this project hollow blocks are used instead of solid concrete blocks. The
reasons for selecting hollow blocks over solid concrete blocks are:
It reduces the building cost
Economically friendly and cheap rates
The acoustic system of the rooms becomes good
It maintains the thermal balance
It reduces the labor cost
The blocks are prepared on site. The materials used to make the blocks are:
½ cement bag
3 trolleys of aggregates and sand
Water
The material is mixed in a mixing machine and transported through the wheelbarrow
to the block making machine. Once the block is put into its size curing is done. These
blocks are later on supplied to the site where they were used in making partition
walls. During the placements of the blocks alignments is checked through the bob to
maintain the uniformity of the blocks.
PLASTERING
Plastering is done over the block masonry for the uniform and plain surface. The
thickness of plaster varies at some walls and ceilings due to uneven surface level. The
Block masonry Block masonry
11. minimum thickness of plaster is 0.75in and maximum is 2in. The material used in
making a durable plaster is cement and sand mixed in the ratio of 1:4. A layout for
the plaster is made on the wall and on the ceiling so that the uniformity in the
thickness is maintained. Plastering at the joints is discontinued so that the cracks
develop on the ceiling do not transfer at the plastering layer of the wall.
CURING OF CONCRETE:
Curing is done so that the temperature and the moisture content of the newly placed
concrete remain stable. Generally curing is done for 7 days but here early strength
concrete is used therefore the curing period is reduced up to 3 days.
chippingisdone forplastering
Layout of plastering
Discontinuityatthe topand
bottomplastering
12. BATCHING OF CONCRETE:
Batching of concrete is a process whereby cement is mixed with the coarse aggregate
and fine aggregate as well as with the water. Concrete batch plants are devices used
to mix the various ingredients to form concrete. Here on site the plant used for
batching is Central Mixed Plant.
The concrete batch plant can be categorizes into 4 parts:
1- Aggregate feeding
2- Cement feeding
3- Water and admixture for mixing the material
4- Conveyance and storage
The process begins with the mixture of aggregate of size 10mm and 20mm along
with the sand which is pushed forward by the operator into the bucket having a
capacity of 1m3. The bucket is lifted up by the conveyor belt and drop the mixture
into mixing machine where it get mixed with the water supplied through the pipe
and cement supplied through the silos of capacity 100, 110 and 130 tons. The TM
underneath the mixing machine hopper receives the mixture into the rotating drum
mounted on a transit mixture. It takes just 17 seconds in this entire process.
The concrete prepared in the plant is of the following strength:
Lean concrete 2000psi
Pile 5000psi
Curing of slab
13. Columns 5000psi
Shear walls 5000psi
PT slab 5000psi
The admixture used for the slab concrete is R-850 which works as an accelerator i.e.
increases the setting time of concrete.
PILE LOAD TEST:
Piles are used where the bearing capacity of the soil is too weak to carry the
structural load. Generally piles are of two types, the one is friction pile which is used
where hard strata is not available at sufficient depth so the pile uses the friction of
the surrounding soil and get stuck within it. The other is end bearing pile which is
used when the hard strata is available at required depth. The pile rests on that hard
strata and transfers the structural load. Since the strata of the soil under the pile
sometimes varies which results in the differential settlement. In order to avoid the
danger of differential settlement some tests are conducted to ensure the safety of
the future structure.
REACTION PILE METHOD:
In this method design load of 590 tons and maximum working load of 890 tons is
applied on the index pile. The load is applied through the hydraulic pump attached
with the heavy girders supported by the two supporting piles. Criteria can be carried
out by loading and unloading process. If the rate of settlement is greater than
0.25mm/hr then test will go for 24 hours.
Load is applied in a cyclic manner i.e. 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of design load which
is 590 tons; this cycle is reversed on an unloading condition. A same criterion is
applied at max load which is 890 tons.
Pile load test Gauges measuring the settlement
14. EQUIPMENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION:
SELF ERECTING TOWER CRANE:
Self erecting tower crane is used for transferring of materials such as steel, plywood
deck, hydraulic pump at high floors. The bucket used for concreting the shear wall
and columns is also carried by such crane. Its maximum load carrying capacity is 4 to
5 tons and has a jib length of 40 m.
TRANSIT MIXTURE:
Transit mixture is used for transferring concrete from the batching plant to the
construction site. Its carrying capacity varies according to the demand on site. Here
the TM. Of 9m3 is used.
PLACING BOOM
Placing boom is used for concreting the slabs and the corewalls. It is a combination
of large pipes operated hydraulically. The main pipe goes down to the last floor
Tower crane
Transit mixture
15. where it is attached with the static pump. When the TM pours the concrete it is
pushed forward by the static pump.
STATIC PUMP
A static pump is a machine used for transferring concrete at higher floors by applying
a high pressure on it. This pump is used in large construction projects where high
volume of concrete is required constantly. It applies the hydraulic pressure of 10 to
20 MPA while pushing forward the concrete through the pipe line. The maximum
voltage of the pump is 380volts and current is 100 ampere.
HYDRAULIC JACK AND HYDRAULIC PUMP:
Placing boom
Static pump
16. It is a device used for stressing the wires. It consists of the meter which shows the
applied pressure value on application. The meter is filled with fluid so that needles
do not get disturbed due the air pressure.
Hydraulic jack