The document provides information about various building components including lintels, arches, vaults, and staircases. It describes 6 different types of lintels - stone, wooden, brick, steel, reinforced concrete, and reinforced brick lintels. It also discusses arches and their classification based on material, shape, and number of centers. Additionally, it covers vaults like barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Finally, it summarizes the different parts of staircases and types including straight, quarter turn, and half turn stairs.
This document provides information on building components such as lintels, arches, vaults, and staircases. It discusses different types of each component and their characteristics. For lintels, it describes stone, wooden, brick, steel, reinforced concrete, and reinforced brick lintels. For arches, it defines various arch terminology and classifies arches based on material, shape, and number of centers. Vaults are classified as barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Finally, it discusses the parts of staircases and types including straight, quarter turn, and bifurcated stairs.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
Prestressing is a technique where internal stresses are introduced into a material to counteract loads. In prestressed concrete, high-strength tendons placed under tension are used to put concrete structures into compression before loads are applied. There are two types of prestressing: pre-tensioning, where concrete is cast around tensioned tendons; and post-tensioning, where tendons are tensioned after concrete has set. Bonded post-tensioning permanently bonds tendons to concrete using grout, while unbonded post-tensioning allows tendon movement. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like crack control, durability, and ability to build larger structures. Common applications include bridges, buildings, dams, tanks, and nuclear containment
Stone masonry involves shaping stone into geometric shapes and arranging them, often with mortar. There are different types of stonemasons who specialize in tasks like quarrying, sawing, carving, fixing, and memorial carving. Stonemasons use various tools like chisels and mallets to shape igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary stones. They undergo comprehensive training and the trade has existed for thousands of years, playing an important role in building cathedrals, castles, and other stone structures throughout history. Modern tools have made aspects of the work easier but many traditional techniques remain.
Working Stress Method v/s Limit State MethodMachenLink
The document compares the Working Stress Method and Limit State Method for structural design. The Working Stress Method is an elastic, stress-based, deterministic design approach where members are designed to remain in the elastic range using allowable stresses. The Limit State Method is a plastic, strain-based, non-deterministic approach where partial safety factors are used and the material is allowed to yield and enter the plastic zone to reach ultimate strength.
This document provides information on building components such as lintels, arches, vaults, and staircases. It discusses different types of each component and their characteristics. For lintels, it describes stone, wooden, brick, steel, reinforced concrete, and reinforced brick lintels. For arches, it defines various arch terminology and classifies arches based on material, shape, and number of centers. Vaults are classified as barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Finally, it discusses the parts of staircases and types including straight, quarter turn, and bifurcated stairs.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
Prestressing is a technique where internal stresses are introduced into a material to counteract loads. In prestressed concrete, high-strength tendons placed under tension are used to put concrete structures into compression before loads are applied. There are two types of prestressing: pre-tensioning, where concrete is cast around tensioned tendons; and post-tensioning, where tendons are tensioned after concrete has set. Bonded post-tensioning permanently bonds tendons to concrete using grout, while unbonded post-tensioning allows tendon movement. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like crack control, durability, and ability to build larger structures. Common applications include bridges, buildings, dams, tanks, and nuclear containment
Stone masonry involves shaping stone into geometric shapes and arranging them, often with mortar. There are different types of stonemasons who specialize in tasks like quarrying, sawing, carving, fixing, and memorial carving. Stonemasons use various tools like chisels and mallets to shape igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary stones. They undergo comprehensive training and the trade has existed for thousands of years, playing an important role in building cathedrals, castles, and other stone structures throughout history. Modern tools have made aspects of the work easier but many traditional techniques remain.
Working Stress Method v/s Limit State MethodMachenLink
The document compares the Working Stress Method and Limit State Method for structural design. The Working Stress Method is an elastic, stress-based, deterministic design approach where members are designed to remain in the elastic range using allowable stresses. The Limit State Method is a plastic, strain-based, non-deterministic approach where partial safety factors are used and the material is allowed to yield and enter the plastic zone to reach ultimate strength.
Composite masonry refers to walls constructed using two or more building materials. Common types of composite masonry include stone facing with brick backing, stone slab facing with brick backing, brick facing with concrete backing, ashlar facing with brick backing, and ashlar facing with rubble backing. Composite masonry is used to reduce costs while providing durable, high quality materials on the surface and concealing inferior work. Reinforced brick masonry incorporates steel reinforcement to increase strength and allow the masonry to resist tensile, compressive, and shear stresses, making it suitable for seismic areas.
Dampness is a common problem in buildings that allows moisture to enter through walls, floors, and roofs. It is important to take measures to prevent dampness using damp proofing techniques. Some common causes of dampness include moisture rising from the ground, rain splashing on external walls, and lack of damp proofing on top of parapet walls. Effective damp proofing requires using moisture-resistant materials like hot bitumen, mastic asphalt, or plastic sheets applied to surfaces in a building. Proper techniques like providing foundation drains and damp proof courses can help prevent dampness in different parts of a building.
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
The document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It begins by defining a roof as the uppermost part of a building that protects it from rain, heat, snow, wind, etc. and typically consists of structural elements like trusses, slabs, and domes that support roof coverings. It then covers requirements for good roofs, classifications of pitched/flat/curved roofs, and provides details on flat roofs, pitched roofs including single, double purlin, and trussed roofs, and finally shell and folded plate roofs.
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Well foundations, also known as caissons, are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through unstable soil layers to more competent soil or bedrock. They are constructed by sinking a watertight retaining structure (caisson) into the ground and then filling it with concrete. Key components include the cutting edge, well curb, bottom plug, steining, top plug, and well cap. Construction involves excavating inside the caisson while applying an air pressure differential to counter soil and groundwater pressures (pneumatic caisson). Workers are at risk of decompression sickness if pressure changes are not controlled slowly.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
This document discusses doors and windows used in buildings. It covers the locations of doors and windows and how they should be placed to allow for ventilation and passage. It also defines various technical terms used for door and window components. Finally, it describes different types of doors and windows, including their sizes and constructions. The types of doors covered include paneled, glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, and collapsible doors. Window types include fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, louvered, bay, dormer, gable and skylight windows.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
DPC, Back Filling and Plinth Protection.pptxSantoshreddy B
A DPC, or damp proof course, is a layer of waterproof material installed in walls near the ground to prevent rising damp. It restricts the flow of moisture through walls and floors, especially in basements. Without a DPC, moisture from the soil or groundwater can enter buildings through capillary action or rain penetration and cause dampness, damage structures and materials, promote mold and bacteria growth, and negatively impact occupant health. A DPC protects buildings by blocking moisture at its source.
This document provides information about retaining walls, including:
1. Definitions of retaining walls and their purpose of retaining soil at slopes greater than the angle of repose.
2. Explanations of the main types of retaining walls - gravity, cantilevered, counterfort, precast concrete, and sheet pile walls.
3. Descriptions of design considerations for retaining walls including soil type, drainage, joints, and the active and passive forces acting on the wall that impact its stability.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
This document summarizes different types of lintels and arches used in construction. It discusses six types of lintels based on material - timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. It then describes various elements, technical terms, classifications, and failure modes of arches. Arches are classified based on material, shape, and number of centers used during construction. Common arch types include flat, segmental, semi-circular, relieving, and Dutch/French arches.
The document discusses lintels and arches. It defines lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings and classifies them based on material as timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, or reinforced concrete. It also discusses various types of arches including flat, segmental, semi-circular, relieving, and Dutch/French arches. Arches are classified based on material, shape, and number of centers used during construction. Key elements of arches are also defined such as abutments, piers, intrados, extrados, voussoirs, and more.
Composite masonry refers to walls constructed using two or more building materials. Common types of composite masonry include stone facing with brick backing, stone slab facing with brick backing, brick facing with concrete backing, ashlar facing with brick backing, and ashlar facing with rubble backing. Composite masonry is used to reduce costs while providing durable, high quality materials on the surface and concealing inferior work. Reinforced brick masonry incorporates steel reinforcement to increase strength and allow the masonry to resist tensile, compressive, and shear stresses, making it suitable for seismic areas.
Dampness is a common problem in buildings that allows moisture to enter through walls, floors, and roofs. It is important to take measures to prevent dampness using damp proofing techniques. Some common causes of dampness include moisture rising from the ground, rain splashing on external walls, and lack of damp proofing on top of parapet walls. Effective damp proofing requires using moisture-resistant materials like hot bitumen, mastic asphalt, or plastic sheets applied to surfaces in a building. Proper techniques like providing foundation drains and damp proof courses can help prevent dampness in different parts of a building.
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
The document discusses different types of roofs for buildings. It begins by defining a roof as the uppermost part of a building that protects it from rain, heat, snow, wind, etc. and typically consists of structural elements like trusses, slabs, and domes that support roof coverings. It then covers requirements for good roofs, classifications of pitched/flat/curved roofs, and provides details on flat roofs, pitched roofs including single, double purlin, and trussed roofs, and finally shell and folded plate roofs.
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Well foundations, also known as caissons, are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through unstable soil layers to more competent soil or bedrock. They are constructed by sinking a watertight retaining structure (caisson) into the ground and then filling it with concrete. Key components include the cutting edge, well curb, bottom plug, steining, top plug, and well cap. Construction involves excavating inside the caisson while applying an air pressure differential to counter soil and groundwater pressures (pneumatic caisson). Workers are at risk of decompression sickness if pressure changes are not controlled slowly.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This presentation discusses prefabricated building components. It covers prefabrication systems including large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. Manufacturing processes are described for various components like roof slabs, floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, shear walls, beams, and columns. Specific component types like floor slabs, waffle slabs, wall panels, and shear walls are explained in more detail. Architectural and structural design aspects of using prefabricated components are also addressed.
This document discusses doors and windows used in buildings. It covers the locations of doors and windows and how they should be placed to allow for ventilation and passage. It also defines various technical terms used for door and window components. Finally, it describes different types of doors and windows, including their sizes and constructions. The types of doors covered include paneled, glazed, flush, louvered, revolving, and collapsible doors. Window types include fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, louvered, bay, dormer, gable and skylight windows.
Reinforced concrete columns and beams are important structural elements that carry compressive and bending loads respectively. Columns can be categorized as short or long based on their height-width ratio and as spiral or tied columns based on their shape. Beams are classified based on their supports as simply supported, fixed, continuous, or cantilever beams. The construction of RCC columns and beams involves laying reinforcement, forming the structure, and pouring concrete to create these load-bearing elements.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
DPC, Back Filling and Plinth Protection.pptxSantoshreddy B
A DPC, or damp proof course, is a layer of waterproof material installed in walls near the ground to prevent rising damp. It restricts the flow of moisture through walls and floors, especially in basements. Without a DPC, moisture from the soil or groundwater can enter buildings through capillary action or rain penetration and cause dampness, damage structures and materials, promote mold and bacteria growth, and negatively impact occupant health. A DPC protects buildings by blocking moisture at its source.
This document provides information about retaining walls, including:
1. Definitions of retaining walls and their purpose of retaining soil at slopes greater than the angle of repose.
2. Explanations of the main types of retaining walls - gravity, cantilevered, counterfort, precast concrete, and sheet pile walls.
3. Descriptions of design considerations for retaining walls including soil type, drainage, joints, and the active and passive forces acting on the wall that impact its stability.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
This document summarizes different types of lintels and arches used in construction. It discusses six types of lintels based on material - timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. It then describes various elements, technical terms, classifications, and failure modes of arches. Arches are classified based on material, shape, and number of centers used during construction. Common arch types include flat, segmental, semi-circular, relieving, and Dutch/French arches.
The document discusses lintels and arches. It defines lintels as horizontal structural members placed across openings and classifies them based on material as timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, or reinforced concrete. It also discusses various types of arches including flat, segmental, semi-circular, relieving, and Dutch/French arches. Arches are classified based on material, shape, and number of centers used during construction. Key elements of arches are also defined such as abutments, piers, intrados, extrados, voussoirs, and more.
1. A lintel is a horizontal structural member placed across an opening to support the structure above, while an arch is a structure that spans a space and supports weight below through mutual support of wedge-shaped blocks.
2. Lintels are classified by material including timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches have various geometries including flat, semi-circular, segmental, parabolic, and more.
3. The key to an arch's strength is that it resolves forces into compression rather than tension. Proper design and construction are needed to ensure the arch remains compressed and does not collapse due to crushing, sliding, or other failures.
An arch is a structure that spans an opening and supports weight by resolving forces into compression. Key elements include voussoirs, the wedge-shaped stones that form the arch, and the keystone at the top. Arches fail through crushing, sliding of stones, or uneven settlement. A dome is similar to an inverted arch that resembles half a sphere. Domes channel forces into compression through their curved shape. Common dome types include simple and compound designs.
An arch is a structure that spans an opening and supports weight by resolving forces into compression. Key elements include voussoirs, the wedge-shaped stones that form the arch, and the keystone at the top. Arches fail through crushing, sliding of stones, or uneven settlement. A dome is similar to an inverted arch that resembles half a sphere. Domes channel forces into compression through their curved shape. Common dome types include simple domes formed of one curve and compound domes with additional structures.
The document discusses different types of structural systems. It provides details on catenary arches, portal frames, space frames, domes, and folded plates. Catenary arches derive their shape from a hanging chain and are often used in kiln construction. Portal frames are commonly used for single-story industrial structures while space frames use triangulated struts to span large areas with few supports. Domes are classified into braced, ribbed, plate, network, lamella, and geodesic types. Folded plates combine slab and beam action to carry loads without additional beams.
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
Brick arches are used architecturally and provide structural support by transferring loads to walls. They are composed of wedge-shaped brick units bonded together in a curved pattern. There are three main types of brick arches: plain brick arches with wider joints on the outside curve; axed brick arches with bricks cut into wedges; and gauged brick arches with precisely cut bricks allowing very thin joints. Stone arches also come in rubble and ashlar varieties, with ashlar arches having dressed stone voussoirs. Relieving arches are built over lintels or architraves to further distribute weight and allow replacement of decayed structural elements below without compromising stability.
This document provides information on various structural elements used in construction including beams, slabs, arches, vaults, trusses, frames, and domes. It describes the basic components, characteristics, types, and applications of each element. For example, it states that a beam is an element that resists bending forces, a slab is a horizontal surface element reinforced with steel bars, an arch distributes vertical loads into sideways forces through wedge-shaped blocks, and a dome is a curved ceiling structure similar to a hemisphere. The document also provides diagrams to illustrate different structural configurations.
Brick masonry involves constructing walls by bonding bricks together with mortar. There are different types of bonds used including stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. English bond is the most common, which involves alternating courses of stretchers and headers with queen closers placed after the first header to break vertical joints. Proper bonding is important to impart strength and prevent weaknesses in the masonry wall. Terminology involved includes courses, stretchers, headers, beds, arrises, laps, perpends, quoins, and different types of bats and closures.
This document provides information about arches, including their definition, functions, elements, and technical terms. It describes different types of arches classified by shape (flat, segmental, semicircular, horseshoe, pointed, and Venetian) and material/workmanship (stone rubble/ashlar, brick rough/axed/gauged/purpose made, and concrete precast/monolithic). The construction process of arches involves three steps - installing centering or formwork, laying/casting the arch, and then striking or removing the centering after the arch gains strength.
The document discusses different types of masonry construction and bonds used in brick masonry walls. It provides details on various types of masonry including brick, stone, concrete, veneer, and gabion masonry. It also describes different bonds used in brick masonry like stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. Key points on supervising brick masonry construction are highlighted.
This document provides specifications and information about beams and columns used in construction. It discusses reinforced concrete columns and different types of columns based on height-width ratios and shapes. It also describes the construction process for RCC columns. For beams, it defines reinforced concrete beams and classifies beams based on their supports. It discusses different types of beams and the construction process for beams.
Building materials and construcation Technology (Lintels and Arches)Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Building materials and construction Technology(Lintels and Arches) Shivarajkumar Goudar
This document discusses different types of lintels and arches used in building construction. It defines a lintel as a horizontal beam over an opening that carries the weight above it. Lintels are classified by material - timber, stone, brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Stone lintels are most common and can span up to 2 meters. Reinforced concrete lintels have replaced other types due to strength, fire resistance, and ease of construction. Arches are curved structures that support weight above an opening. Key terms related to arches include intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, spandril, abutment, and pier.
Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, beam and column, centering for arches
of large spans and dams, design features for temporary works, slip
formwork, False work for Bridges
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
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Unit 4(bmc)
1. UNIT. IV:BUILDING COMPONENTS
Lintels, Arches, vaults, stair cases – types. Different types of floors –
Concrete, Mosaic, Terrazzo floors, Pitched, flat roofs. Lean to roof,
Coupled Roofs. Trussed roofs – King and Queen postTrusses. R.C.C
Roofs, Madras Terrace and Pre fabricated roofs.
Lintels:
Lintel is a horizantal member which is fixed over The openings such as
doors,windows etc. to supportthe structure or opening.
They Provide bearing for the masonry above openings
They can Transfer loads acting over the opening to the supporting walls
Types of Lintels
1. Stone lintels
2. wooden lintels
3. Brick lintels
4. Steel lintels
5. Reinforced concrete lintels
6. Reinforced brick lintels
1. Stone lintels:
Used , where stones are easily available.
Consists of a simple stone slab of greater thickness.
These are generally used in stone masonry.
High cost.
Having inablity to withstand excessive transverse stresses so rarely used.
Minimum thickness is 8 cm.
Is it is very difficult to obtain a good stone of required depth hence rarely
used.
2. 2. Wooden or Timber lintels
These are very commonly used in olden days.
But now a days timber availability became difficult and costly too,so not
used in these days.
Easily effected by white ants and insects.
Not fire proof.
Minimum thickness is 7.5 cm.
Weak when compared with other types of lintels.
Stone lintel
Timberlintel
3. 3. Brick lintels
These are generally used for small openings(<1 meters) with light loading.
Bricks with frogs (i.e, depressions)are more suitable.
Lintels formed by using frog bricks is termed as joggled brick lintel.
Bricks should hard,well burnt free from defects with sharp and square edges.
Thickness is 10 cm,20 cm…etc depends upon opening size as it is weak not
suitable for heavy loadings.
4. Steel lintels
These are generally used in the form of rolled steel joists
Provided at large opening and where the super-imposed loads are heavy.
These are generally provided where there is less spaceto constructrise of an
arch.
The steel collapses quick due to fire and hence the casing of concrete should
be provided which makes the steel more fire resistent.
Brick Lintel
4. 5. Reinforced concrete lintels
More durable,strength,fire resisting properties.
They may be pre-cast.
Economical and easy in construction.
Used for larger spans and heavy loading.
These are constructed with ratio of 1:2:4.
Upto 1.2 mt length of span 15 cm deep lintel is found to be safe.
Concrete Linter
5. 6. Reinforced brick lintels(R.B.Lintel)
When brick linels used for large spans ,they are reinforced with steel
bars.thoseare called as R.B. Lintels.
These are also constructed on the same principles as R.C.C lintels,the only
difference is instead of using concrete we are using good quality bricks
Bricks arranged in parallel rows that a 2 cm or 4 cm wide spaceis left length
wise for inserting steel bars or rods
These spaces are then filled with rich cement mortar.
Arches:
The various technical terms used in arches are as follows:-
1)Abutment:-This is the end supportof an arches.
2)Pier:-This is supportan intermediate of an arch.
6. 3)Intrados :-This is the inner curve or surface of an arch.
4)Extrados :-This is the outer curve or surface of the arches.
5)Voussoirs :-The voussoirs or arch stones are the wedge shaped units forming
the arch.
6)Springing stone:-The springing stone or springer is the first voussoir at
springing level on either side of the arches.
7)Springing line:-This is an imaginary line joining the two springing points.
8)Crown:-This is the highest point of extrados or it is the highest part of an
arches.
9)Keystone:-This is the highest central wedge shaped block of an arch.
10)Skew back:-This the surface of the abutment on which the arch rests.
11)Span:-This is the clear horizontal distance between the two supports.
12)Rise:-this is the vertical distance between the two supports.
13)Depth of arch:-This is the perpendicular distance between the intrados and
extrados.
14)Haunch of an arch:-This is the portion of arch situated centrally between
the key and skew backs.
15)Spandril:-This is the triangular walling enclosed by the extrados of the arch,
a horizontal line from the crown of the arch and perpendicular line from the
springing of the outer curves.
An arch may be classified according to their:
1. Material of construction and workmanship
2. Shape of curve for3med by their soffit or intrados
3. Number of centers.
7. 1. Material of construction and workmanship
I. BRICK ARCHES
a. Rough brick arches
These arches are built with ordinary bricks, which are not in wedge shape.
Also known as “RELIEVING ARCHES”.
Made up of rectangular brick that are not cut into wedge shape. Curvature are
obtained by mortar
b. Axed brick arches
Bricks are cut to wedge-shape.
Joints of arches are of uniform thickness.
Not dress finely so it does not give much attractive appearance.
c. Gaugedbrick arches
Accurately prepared to wedge shape.
Specially shaped bricks known as “RUBBER BRICKS” are used .
The lime putty is used for binding the blocks
II. STONE ARCHES
a. Rubble arches
Made of rubble stones, which are hammer dressed, roughly to the shape and size of
voussoirs of the arch and fixed in cement mortar.
These arches are used for small span upto 1 m.
b. Ashlar arches
Stones are cut to proper shape of voussoirs and are fully dressed, properly joint with
cement or lime.
The voussoirs made of full thickness of the arch.
8. III. CONCRETE ARCHES
a. Precastconcreteblock arches
Used for small openings in building.
The voussoirs, in the form of cement concrete blocks are prepared in special moulds
Generally , the concrete blocks are used without reinforcement.
b. Monolithic concrete arches
Constructed from cast-in-situ concrete ,either plain or reinforced , depending upon the
span and magnitude of loading.
Quit suitable for larger span (3.0 m).
The curing is done 2 to 4 weeks.
2. Classification based on shape
I. Flatarch
Acts like a lintel, when it provided over the opening .
Joints radiated to center.
Used only for light loads only.
Span up to 1.50 m.
9. II. Segmentalarch
Segmental in shape and provided over the openings .
Joints radiate from a center of arch, which lies below the springing line.
Provided over lintel
III. Semi-circular arch
The shape of the curve given to the arch soffit is semi-circular.
The center of the arch lies on the springing line.
10. IV. Relieving arch
When wooden lintel is provided over the wider opening, a brick relieving arch is
constructed above the lintel.
Relieving the load of masonry over lintel.
V. Dutch or Frencharch
Similar to the flat arch in design, but differs in shape and method of construction.
Suitable for small opening.
11. 3. Classification based on number of centers
I. One centred arch:
Segmental, semi circular, flat arches come under this category.
Sometime , a perfectly circular arch known as bull’s eye arch ,provided for circular
window.
II. Two centred arch:
Pointed, semi-elliptical arches come under this category.
III. Three centredarch:
Elliptical arches come under this category.
IV. Four centred arch:
It has four center.
Venetian arch is typical example of this type.
V. Five centred arch:
This type of arch ,having five centre's ,gives good semi-elliptical shape.
4. Stability of an Arch:
An arch transmits the super-imposed load to the abutments or piers or side
walls through the combined action of friction between the surfaces of voussoirs
and the cohesion of mortar. Every element of an arch remains in compression and
it has also to bear the transverse shear.
Failure of an Arch due to:
i. Crushing of the masonary: In this case, the compressive stress or thrust
exceeds the safe crushing strength of the materials and the arch fails
due to crushing of the masonry. The measures to avoid failure of arch
due to this reason are as follows:
12. a. The material used for construction should be of adequate
strength.
b. The size of voussoirs should be properly designed to bear the
thrust transmitted through them.
c. The height of voussoirs should not be less than one-twelth of
the span. If the span exceeds 6.5 m, the thickness of arch ring
may be increased by about 20% of the thickness at the crown.
d. If necessary, the voussoirs of variable heights may be provided
i.e less height near crown and more height at skewback.
ii. Rotation of some joint about an edge: To prevent the rotation of joint,
the line of resistance should be kept within intrados and extrados. The
line of thrust should also be need to cross the joint away from the edge
so as to prevent the crushing of the edge. It shoud fall within middle-
third protion of the arch height.
iii. Sliding of voussior: To safeguard against the sliding of adjacent
voussoirs due to transverse shear, the voussoirs of greater height
should be provided. It should also be seen that the angle between the
line of resistance of the arch and the normal to any point is less than
the angle of internal friction.
iv. Uneven settlement of abutment or pier: The secondary stresses in the
arch are developed due to the uneven settlement of the supports of
arch and to avoid such conditions, the following precations should be
taken:
a. The arch should be symmetrical so that unequal settlements of
the two abutments or abutment and pier are minimezed.
b. The supports of arch should be strong enough to take or resist
the thrust as well as to bear all the loads transferred to them
through the arch.
13. Vaults:
A vault is a ceiling of brick , concrete , Stone , timber , etc built in
principle of arch.
A vault, in architecture, is an arch-shaped structure, usually of masonry,
used as the ceiling of room or other enclosed space, as the roof of a
building, or as the supportfor a ceiling or roof.
Masonry vaults are usually composed of wedge-shaped pieces called
voussoirs, which are held in place, like the stones of an arch, by the
pressure of the neighboring pieces. Because of the combined pressure of
its components, any arch exerts an outward pressure at its base.
TYPES OF VAULTS
• Barrel vault
• Pitched brick barrel vault
• Groin vault
• Rib vault
• Fan vault
14. 1. BARRELVAULT
• Formed by an extension of arch as an unbroken series passed together one
behind another.
Characteristics
• It is known as wagon or tunnel vault.
• Circular in shape and semi cylindrical in appearance.
• Series of arches placed side by side is known as barrel roof.
15. • It is the simplest form of vault.
• It is best for roofing purpose.
• Length is greater than a diameter
Materials
• Bricks , stone , timber , wood are use generally.
• In stone barrel vault due to the problem of fenestration , they provide a
small window which restricts the more light and hence for this cloister is
used.
STRENGTH
• The thrust generated against wall which is its failure.
• This thrust can be solved by below things :
1. Walls should be thick(approx. 4m) and strong.
2 Two or more vaults should be kept parallel to each other.
3. Intersection of two vaults sholud be done at right angle which is known as
groin vault.
• Butressing should be done.
• Uses:church,cloisters,cellars,crypts,hallways,caponier,etc.
Types of barrel vault:
Short span barrel vaults
Long span barrel vault
I. Short span barrel vaults
16. Short span barrel vaults are those in which span is shorter than its width . It is
used for the width of the arch ribs between which the barrel vault span.
II. Long span barrel vault
Long span barrel vaults are those in which span is larger then its width.
2. GROIN VAULT
A Groin vault (also known as a double barrel vault) is produced by the
intersection at right angles of two barrel vault.
A cross vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel
vault or groin vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two
17. barrel vaults. The word "groin" refers to the edge between the intersecting
vaults.
Characteristics
The word “groin” refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults.
In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies
of material and labour.
The groin vault required great skills in cutting stone to from a neat arris.
Difficult to constructneatly becauseof the geometry of cross groins.
The construction of groin vault can be understood most simply by
visualizing two barrel vault section at right angles merging to form a
squarish unit.
3. RIB VAULT
Definition
The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or
ribbed vault .
TYPES OF RIB VAULT
o Rib vaults is reinforced by masonry ribs.
o There are two types of rib vault.
- Quadripartite rib vault
- -Sexpartite rib vault
18.
19. 4. FAN VAULT
A fan vault is a form of vault in which the ribs are all of the same curve and
spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan
STAIR CASES
Stairs:
A set of steps leading from surface of a building to another surface, typically
inside the building is termed as Stairs.”
Function:
To protect people from injury and to facilitate access during movement from
one level to another in a building
Parts of staircase
1. Step :
It is a portion of stair which permits ascent & descent.
2. Tread:
20. It is the upper horizontal portion of step upon which the feet is placed.
3. Riser:
The vertical portion between each tread on the stair.
4. Handrail :
A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to
provide stability or support
5. Baluster:
It is vertical member of wood or metal supporting the handrail.
6. Newelpost:
This is the vertical member which is placed at the ends of flights to connect
handrail .
7. Run :
It is the total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landings.
8. Nosing :
It is the projecting part of the tread beyond the face of the riser.
It is rounded to give good architectural effect.
9. String Or Stingers :
These are the sloping wooden members which supportthe steps in a stair
.They run along the slope of the stair.
21.
22. Types of staircases:
1. Straight stairs
These are the stairs along which there is no change in direction on any flight
between two successivefloors. The straight stairs can be of following types.
Straight run with a single flight between floors
Straight run with a series of flight without change in direction
With one flight with2 flights
2. Qurter turn stairs
They are provided when the direction of flight is to be changed by 900. The
change in direction can be effected by either introducing a quarter space
landing or by providing winders at the junctions.
23. 3. Half turn stairs
These stairs change their direction through 1800.
It can be either dog-legged or open newel type.
In case of dog legged stairs the flights are in oppositedirections and no
spaceis provided between the flights in plan.
On the other hand in open newel stairs, there is a well or opening between
the flights and it may be used to accommodatea lift. These stairs are used at
places where sufficient spaceis available.
24. 4. Circular stairs
These stairs, when viewed from above, appear to follow circle with a single
centre of curvature and large radius. These stairs are generally provided at
the rear of a building to give access for servicing at various floors. All the
steps radiate from a newel postin the form of winders. These stairs can be
constructed in stone, castiron or R.C.C.
25. FLOORS
Structural component made to provide a level surface .
It is a horizontal sanitary surface that supports the occupants of a building,
furniture and equipment.
STRUCTURE OF A FLOOR
The floor is divided into three components
Sub base
Base concrete
Floor finish
1. Concrete flooring
Preparation of sub base, earth filling is consolidated throroughly so no
loose pockets left in whole area.
10 to 15cm thick layer of clean coarsesand is then spread over the whole
area.
Finish is laid with base concrete on ground.
Topping is laid within 2-3 hours of laying the base concrete
Base concrete imparts strength and have good wearing properties.
Base concrete
Consists of 100 mm thick1:4:8 cement concrete
Before placing the baseconcrete, the sub base should be properly wetted.
Surface should not be finished smooth but kept rough to provide
adequate bond for topping.
Floorfinishing
Topping consist of 1:2:4 cement concrete with a minimum thickness of
25 mm. Topping should be placed in position as soonas possible but not
later than 2to 3 hours of laying
26. 2. Mosaic Flooring
Flooring is made up of marble chips laid on thin layer of concrete topping.
Widely used in school, residential buildings, hospitals, offices and other
public buildings
Materials
White cement or grey cement.
Marble chips, size varies from 3mm to 6mm.
Preparation
First of all, a hard concrete base is laid.
Over this concrete base, while it is still wet, a 2cm layer of cement
mortar(1:2) is evenly laid.
Upon the bed of cement mortar, small pieces of broken tiles are arranged in
definite patterns.
After this, cement or coloured cement is sprinkled at the top and surface is
rolled by light stone roller.
Prove economical and hence commonly used
27. 3. Terrazzo floors,
It is the specially prepared concrete surface containing cement and marble
chips in This is special type of concrete flooring in which marble chips are
used as aggregates, and this concrete on polishing with carborundum stone
presents a smoothsurface.
Terrazzo flooring is becoming very popular these days for providing floor
finishes in banks, hotels, office buildings and other public or social buildings
for excellent water resisting properties and decorative effects.
Normally, terrazzo mixing having proportions 1:2 to 3(1 cement : 2 to 3
marble chips)
Terrazzo finish is atleast 10mm thick and comprises a mixture of desired
cement, marble powderand coarseaggregate, such as chippings of marble,
quartzite, pearl, glass etc sizes grading from 2mm to 8mm.
The cement concrete base is covered uniformly by a 6mm sand, over which
a tar paper is placed. on this paper, a layer of rich mortar(1:3) about 30mm
thick is deposited.
When the mortar bed has sufficiently hardened, a terrazzo mixture(1
cement:3 marble chips), 6 to 12mm thick, with water just sufficient to make
a workable is applied.
About 85% of the marble or aggregate should be exposed over the finished
surface and to achieve this, is may be necessary to add additional chips
during the rolling process.
28. After curing for several days, the surface is carefully polished by means of a
grinding machine fitted with carborundum stone.
Roofs
• Roofis defined as the upper most part of a building , which is constructed in
the form of a frame work to give protection to the buildings against rain,
heat, snow, wind etc…
• Roofs protectbuildings and occupants from wind, rain, cold, sun, heat, dust,
etc.
• Roofs comein many shapes.
Charectersticsofroof:
• The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building
that it covers,the available roofing materials and the local traditions of
construction and wider concepts of architectural design.
29. • In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain.
• A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but
admits the other elements.
Requirements or qualities of an ideal roof:
• A roof must be weather resistant to rain, snow, wind and sun.
• The durability of a roof should be equal to or in excess of those materials
used in the remainder of the building.
• A roof should have good thermal insulation properties.
• A roof should require a minimum of maintenance.
• A roof should be constructed in such a way as to retain structural stability
when dead and imposed loads are applied to it ( dead loads is the weight of
materials used to make the roof, imposed loads are loads created by wind,
snow, etc.
Elements of a roof:
When designing a roofthe following points should be considered in relation to its
final appearance.
Span:-
clear distance between the supports.
Rise:-
vertical distance between ridge and wall plate.
Pitch:-
ratio of rise to span.
30.
31. Ridge:- apex or headline of a slopping roof
Hip:- external angle formed at the intersection of two roof slopes.
Eaves :- lower edge of a sloping roof
Gable:-If roof slopes in two direction, the closing wall in that portion may
be a combination of triangular and rectangular wall.The triangular upper
part of the wall formed at the end of pitched roof is known as Gable.
Valley:-When two roof surfaces together at an angle less than 180
degree,a valley is formed.
Purlins:-
woodenmembers are connected to trusses and to supportcommon rafters
It placed horizontally over the principal rafter
Rafters:-
Inclined member placed above the purlins and extend from ridge to eave.
Common rafters are intermediate rafters, which give supportto the roof
covering (30-45cm spacing)
Batten :-Small c/s of wood, fixed on common rafter to supportroofing
material.
32. Cleat:-Small pieces of steel or timber, angel or channel section, used to
connect purlins to principal rafter.
1. FLAT ROOFS
A roof is designated as flat if its slope is less than ten degrees.
Flat roofs have traditionally been used in hot climates where water
accumulation is not a problem.
Slope less than 3:12 or 25 percent.
If the slope is too shallow, puddles of water will stand for extended periods.
Leading to premature deterioration of the roofing materials in those areas.
If water accumulates cause by structural deflection, progressive structural
collapse becomes possibility.
Advantages of flat roof design:
No space lost below roof, i.e. no dead space
Less material is used than in a sloped roof
The rooftop is potentially useful as a terrace, or sleeping porch
Potentially pleasing appearance
Easier to build than a sloped roof
Disadvantagesofflat roof
33. • Roofelements can not overlap, hence waterproofing must be more complex,
and more thorough
• Drainage is not automatic
• Supportof snow load must be insured
Types of flat roofs
I. Madras terrace roof
II. Reinforcedbrick cement roof
III. Reinforcedcement concrete roof
I. Madras terrace roof
Woodenflat roof
Roofhaving slope less than 1 in 100
Teak wood joist are placed on rolled steel joists.
Sufficient slope is provided
o Terrace bricks of size 15x75x25mm to be laid on across joists.
o Brick bat concrete of thickness 75mm to be laid(consists 1 part of
gravel and sand :0.5)
Rammed and allow to set for three days.
Flat tiles are then laid over this concrete.
Surface of this roofis finished with 3 coats of plaster.
34. II. Reinforcedbrick cement roof
Bricks are laid horizontally between the steel bars and concrete mix is
inserted in the joints.
Top surface of the slab is plastered with a 2cm thick cement mortar.
Over that apply two layers of hot bitumen for water proofing.
Over that bitumen coatapply one more coat of cement paste of thickness
5cm.
Provide sufficient slope at top surface for drainage of water
III. Reinforcedcement concrete roof
Made up of concrete and steel.
Types of roofslab:-
One way slab:- length/width > 2
Two way slab:- length/width < 2
35. For one way slab
Reinforcement to be run parallel to the shorter span
For two way slab
Main reinforcement runs parallel to both sides of the room
At corners suitable mesh reinforcement to be provided to resist temperature
stresses
2. PITCHED ROOFS
Sloping top surface they are suitable for places where rainfall or snowfall is heavy.
Types of pitched roofs
I. Lean-to-roof
II. Couple roof
III. Couple close roof
IV. Collar and tie roof – double or purlin roof
I. Lean-to-roof
It is used covering verandah, sheds and outhouses connected to main
building.
Upper side common rafters are supported on a wall plate which in turn
rest on a projecting corbel stone from the wall.
Lower side rest on the wall plate.
Roofing material rests on battens, battens on common rafter and common
rafter on wall plate.
36. Maximum span of the roof is 2.5m
II. Couple roof
It is formed by a pair of inclined rafters, centre ridge piece and wall plate for
supporting the whole roof.
Battens are supported on common rafters and roofing material on battens
Span of couple roofis limited to 3.5m
37. III. Couple close roof
Similar to couple.
Two rafters are connected by a wooden member which acts as a tie.
Tie prevents the outward spreading of roof
It can also act as supportfor ceiling.
It can be economically used for spans up to 4.2m.
IV. Collar beam roof
Members are same but just raising the position of tie beam.
Used to increase the height of room
For spans between 4 to 4.5m
38. V. Collarand tie roof/purlin roof or double roof
For spans greater than 3m rafters are uneconomical.
To reduce the size of rafters, intermediate supports called purlins.
Roofcan be economically adopted for spans up to 4.8m.
It is also Also known as purlin roof or double roof.
39. 3. TRUSSED ROOFS
• A truss consists of typically straight members connected at joints,
traditionally termed panel points.
I. King post truss
Used when span > 5m
The triangular shape of truss frame offers greater rigidity.
Central vertical post-king post-provides supportfor tie beam.
Two inclined members provided on either side of king post-strut-used to
prevent the principal rafter from bending at the Centre.
It is used for spans up to 5m to 8m.
Suitable joints are provided between the rafter and tie beam, between the
principal rafter and king-post, between the king-post and tie beam and at
the ends of struts. The joints are further strengthened by straps or bolts.
40. II.Queen post truss
This truss differs from a king-post truss in having two vertical members,
known as the queen-posts.
The upper ends of the queen-posts are kept in position by means of a
horizontal member, known as a straining beam.
A straining sill is introduced on the tie beam between the queen-posts to
counteract the thrust of struts.
It is used for spans up to 8m to 12m span.
41. Pre-fabricated Roof:
The prefabricated roof trusses are built specifically to unique roof truss plans. The
structural integrity of this roofs are controlled by computer assisted design
software. The precision technique used in this roofs ensures less wastage of lumber
making it environmentally friendly. It reduces the effects of weather on the
construction.
Uses or benefits for opting prefabricated roofs are:
o It fastens the construction process with least cost.
o It has a feasibility to opt for complex roof designs with great flexibility.
o Materials used retains their strength, as they are not exposed to weather or
outside climate during their fabrication process.
o Prefabricated truss roofs are very economical.
o It also avoids heavy labour costs as it requires only unskilled labour.
o In general, roof trusses allow longer span and can carry loads without any
extra load bearing supports.
42. Previous Year Questions(Some questions are repeated)
1. Write a short notes on king posttruss?(2015)
2. Write a short note on Arches, Vaults, Stair cases?(2015)
3. Classify various types of lintels and discuss their relative use?(2015)
4. Write short notes on Queen posttruss?(2015)
5. Explain with neat sketches about (2015)
43. a) Lean to roof
b) Coupled roof
6. Different type of roofs? (2015)
7. Explain any two types of flooring in detail? (2015)
8. Draw neatly king posttrusses? (2015)
9. Write short notes on coupled roof and draw it?(2015)
10. What are the different types of roofs explain any two? (2015)
11. Discuss the advantages of flat roofover sloped roof? (2015)
12. Define a neat roof and mention its advantages & disadvantages over pitched
roofs.(2015)
13. Explain king posttruss along with a neat sketch?(2015)
14. What is lintel. Explain(2015)
15. Discuss various modes of failures of an arch. What are the remedies. (2015)
16. Enumerate, with the help of sketches, various types of arches based on its
shape. (2015)
17. Define the following terms: pitch, Hip, Eaves, Cleat and Template. (2015)
18. Explain with sketches, various basic forms of pitched roofs? (2015)
19. Write about concrete floors? (2015)
20. How are stone stairs constructed and supported? (2015)
22. How are the reads and risers proportioned? (2015)
44. 23. Explain the following items in case of staircases (i) Balustrade (ii) Handrail
(iii) Soffit and (iv) Pitch(2017)
24. Explain coupled roofwith sketch. (2017)
25. List out how stairs are classified? (2016)
26. Define a lintel and mention the materials which are commonly used in their
construction. (2016)
27. What is a prefabricated roof? Explain their use in building construction. (2016)
28. Draw the sketch of Madras terrace roof(2016)
29. Draw the sketch of a RCC lintel and weather shade with all details. (2016)
30. Explain the classification of Arches Give a complete list of various types of
arches. (2016)
31. what is vault? Explain with sketches. (2017)
32. Explain the following items in case of Staircases (i) balustrade (ii) handrail
(iii) soffit and (iv) pitch (2016)
33. Explain the coupled roof with sketch. (2016)
34. Draw the sketch of prefabricated roof.(2016)
35. Explain the pitched roof, flat roof and lean to roof.(2016)