The document discusses experimental tests conducted on full-scale masonry walls to evaluate stress reduction factors under axial and eccentric loading. Tests were conducted on bricks, mortar, masonry prisms and two axially loaded walls and two eccentrically loaded walls. Stress reduction factors were computed using a secant formula and compared to code provisions. The stress reduction factor obtained from experiments was 0.40, which compared reasonably well with Eurocode and British code provisions but not with the Indian code.
This document discusses various techniques for repairing and rehabilitating concrete structures. It covers topics such as concrete deterioration mechanisms, materials used for repair like cement mortars and polymers, and techniques like grouting, jacketing, and external bonding. Assessment of damaged structures involves preliminary investigation, detailed investigation using techniques like core cutting, rebar location, corrosion measurement, and pull-out tests to determine repair requirements. Underwater repair of structures also requires special considerations and techniques.
1. The document discusses various destructive and non-destructive testing methods for measuring the properties of hardened concrete. 2. Destructive tests include cube tests to determine compressive strength and split-cylinder or flexural tests to determine tensile strength. 3. Non-destructive tests discussed are rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, penetration resistance testing, pull-out testing, and using a profometer.
Cracks in concrete and its remedial measures kamariya keyur
Cracks in concrete can be caused by various factors like plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, thermal variations, chemical reactions, errors in design and construction practices, structural overloads, foundation movement, and vegetation. The document classifies cracks as structural or non-structural and describes different types of cracks that can occur before or after concrete hardening. It provides details on the causes and prevention measures for different types of cracks like plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, crazing, thermal cracks, cracks due to chemical reactions, and those arising from poor construction practices. The summary focuses on the key information around classification, types, causes and remedies of cracks in concrete structures.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
Strength of concrete (for civil engineering) laxman singh
i have made all the slide for civil engineering and poly diploma civil.
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me on (laxmans227@gmail.com)
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
i upload new slides every sunday,
so keep calm and follow me(now).
software - power point presentation 2015
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
This document discusses failures in masonry structures and provides details on planning considerations, construction aspects, and seismic resistance of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures. It covers topics such as types of masonry materials, connections needed between building elements like roofs, walls and floors, and the effects of different types of loading on URM structures. Construction aspects that can improve seismic resistance are also outlined, such as integrating box action of walls and including reinforcement at wall corners and openings.
This document provides a summary of a class lecture on masonry structures. It discusses the historical use of masonry in ancient civilizations and architectural styles. It also covers topics related to the properties and structural behavior of masonry, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the strength of unreinforced masonry bearing walls. Code specifications from the UBC and MSJC for determining masonry strength are presented.
This document discusses various techniques for repairing and rehabilitating concrete structures. It covers topics such as concrete deterioration mechanisms, materials used for repair like cement mortars and polymers, and techniques like grouting, jacketing, and external bonding. Assessment of damaged structures involves preliminary investigation, detailed investigation using techniques like core cutting, rebar location, corrosion measurement, and pull-out tests to determine repair requirements. Underwater repair of structures also requires special considerations and techniques.
1. The document discusses various destructive and non-destructive testing methods for measuring the properties of hardened concrete. 2. Destructive tests include cube tests to determine compressive strength and split-cylinder or flexural tests to determine tensile strength. 3. Non-destructive tests discussed are rebound hammer testing, ultrasonic pulse velocity testing, penetration resistance testing, pull-out testing, and using a profometer.
Cracks in concrete and its remedial measures kamariya keyur
Cracks in concrete can be caused by various factors like plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, thermal variations, chemical reactions, errors in design and construction practices, structural overloads, foundation movement, and vegetation. The document classifies cracks as structural or non-structural and describes different types of cracks that can occur before or after concrete hardening. It provides details on the causes and prevention measures for different types of cracks like plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, crazing, thermal cracks, cracks due to chemical reactions, and those arising from poor construction practices. The summary focuses on the key information around classification, types, causes and remedies of cracks in concrete structures.
Concrete is a widely used construction material consisting of cement, water, and aggregates. The strength of concrete is specified using its 28-day cube strength in N/sq.mm. Formwork is used to mold wet concrete into desired shapes and allow it to cure. Formwork design involves choosing traditional or systematic approaches using wood or steel components like props, beams, sheathing to form columns, walls, and beams until the concrete gains sufficient strength. Proper formwork is important for quality concrete finish and structural integrity.
Strength of concrete (for civil engineering) laxman singh
i have made all the slide for civil engineering and poly diploma civil.
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me on (laxmans227@gmail.com)
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
i upload new slides every sunday,
so keep calm and follow me(now).
software - power point presentation 2015
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
This document discusses failures in masonry structures and provides details on planning considerations, construction aspects, and seismic resistance of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures. It covers topics such as types of masonry materials, connections needed between building elements like roofs, walls and floors, and the effects of different types of loading on URM structures. Construction aspects that can improve seismic resistance are also outlined, such as integrating box action of walls and including reinforcement at wall corners and openings.
This document provides a summary of a class lecture on masonry structures. It discusses the historical use of masonry in ancient civilizations and architectural styles. It also covers topics related to the properties and structural behavior of masonry, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the strength of unreinforced masonry bearing walls. Code specifications from the UBC and MSJC for determining masonry strength are presented.
This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their design considerations. It describes:
1. Gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining wall types based on their structural components and typical height ranges.
2. Design considerations for retaining walls including stability against overturning, sliding, and settlement; drainage; and structural design basis using load and safety factors.
3. An example problem showing calculations for earth pressure, restoring moments, and checking stability of a gravity wall.
this presentation deals with the different types of cracks generated in concrete during its usage and after its application and also methods to retrofit these cracks
non destructive concrete testing equipment
non destructive concrete testing methods
non destructive test Penetration method
Rebound hammer method
Pull out test method
Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
Radioactive methods
methods of testing concrete
concrete strength testing methods
types of non destructive testing
non destructive concrete testing equipment
concrete tests pdf
destructive and non destructive testing
concrete testing procedures
non destructive test for concrete
destructive and non destructive testing
non destructive testing pdf
types of non destructive testing
non destructive testing methods
non destructive testing methods ppt
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
Special Concrete And Concreting MethodRutvij Patel
This document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, high density concrete, mass concrete, plum concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, polymer concrete, ferrocement, high strength concrete, high performance concrete, precast concrete, and fly ash concrete. It describes the materials and properties of each type of concrete and their applications in construction.
This document provides an overview of different seismic analysis methods for reinforced concrete buildings according to Indian code IS 1893-2002, including linear static, nonlinear static, linear dynamic, and nonlinear dynamic analysis. It describes the basic procedures for each analysis type and provides examples of how to calculate design seismic base shear, distribute seismic forces vertically and horizontally, and determine drift and overturning effects. Case studies are presented comparing the results of static and dynamic analysis for regular and irregular multi-storey buildings modeled in SAP2000.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
Building failures – General reasons – classification – Causes of
failures in RCC and Steel structures, Failure due to Fire, Wind and
Earthquakes.
Foundation failure – failures by alteration, improper maintenance,
overloading.
Retrofitting of structural components - beams, columns and slabs
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including light weight concrete, aerated concrete, and no fines concrete. It provides details on the properties and production methods of these concretes. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, which provides benefits like reduced structural weight. Aerated concrete is made by introducing air bubbles into cement mortar, creating a lightweight cellular structure. No fines concrete omits fine aggregates, consisting of only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. These special concretes are used for applications requiring specific properties like lower density or higher insulation.
The document provides guidelines for repair and rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete buildings. It discusses causes of concrete deterioration like permeability, aggressive agents, and condition surveys. Non-destructive tests are recommended to evaluate concrete quality, cracking, and corrosion. The approach involves identifying deterioration causes, assessing damage extent, and selecting appropriate repair materials and methods to rehabilitate structures in a systematic and cost-effective manner.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its history and types. It focuses on high-strength concrete (HSC), describing how it is made with a low water-cement ratio and additives. Guidelines are given for selecting materials for HSC to achieve different compressive strengths. The differences between normal strength concrete and HSC are outlined. Applications of HSC include reducing column sizes in buildings and bridges and increasing floor area in high-rise buildings. Examples are given of bridges that used HSC to decrease volume and increase spans.
deterioration of concrete structures( repair and rehabilitation of structures)Korrapati Pratyusha
- Concrete is widely used in construction but is susceptible to defects from faulty design/materials, environmental effects like freezing/thawing, and chemical reactions.
- Common defects include cracking from plastic shrinkage during curing, drying shrinkage as concrete loses moisture over time, and damage from temperature changes causing expansion/contraction.
- Chemical reactions with acids, sulphates or aggregates can also deteriorate concrete through processes like carbonation, sulphate attack, or alkali-silica reaction. Preventive measures aim to minimize moisture movement and use durable materials.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
This document discusses advanced concrete technology, including the composition and hydration of portland cement, and the properties of hardened concrete. It describes the general methodology for cement production, including crushing and blending raw materials, burning the clinker, and adding gypsum. The hydration processes of the main cement compounds C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF are explained. The document also covers the microstructure development of hydrated cement paste, including calcium silicate hydrates, calcium hydroxide, and calcium sulfoaluminates. Additional topics include porosity, the interfacial transition zone, elastic modulus, strength, factors affecting strength, and the rheology of fresh concrete.
The document discusses machine foundations used in the oil and gas industry. It begins by introducing the different types of machines, such as centrifugal and reciprocating machines, and how they are classified based on speed. It then discusses the various types of foundations used to support these machines, including block foundations and frame foundations. The document outlines the inputs needed for foundation design, which include project specifications, soil parameters, and machine details from the vendor. It describes the process of analyzing machine foundations, including dynamic and static analyses. Key aspects like natural frequencies, displacements, and strength are evaluated.
This document discusses eccentric loading on columns. It begins by defining centric and eccentric loading, with centric loading applying force at the centroid and eccentric loading applying force offset from the centroid, introducing bending in addition to axial stress. It then provides an example of how eccentric loading is applied to a short column, creating both direct stress from compression and bending stress from the induced moment. Finally, it notes that long columns under eccentric loading can be analyzed using differential equations to model the bending behavior along the column.
This document provides methods for designing reinforced concrete slabs using working stress design and ultimate strength design. It discusses one-way and two-way slab design, including defining characteristics, load calculations, moment calculations, depth checks, and steel calculations. Formulas are provided for slab thickness selection, elastic constant calculation, load calculations considering dead and live loads, moment determination using code coefficients, minimum steel requirements, and distribution steel spacing.
This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their design considerations. It describes:
1. Gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining wall types based on their structural components and typical height ranges.
2. Design considerations for retaining walls including stability against overturning, sliding, and settlement; drainage; and structural design basis using load and safety factors.
3. An example problem showing calculations for earth pressure, restoring moments, and checking stability of a gravity wall.
this presentation deals with the different types of cracks generated in concrete during its usage and after its application and also methods to retrofit these cracks
non destructive concrete testing equipment
non destructive concrete testing methods
non destructive test Penetration method
Rebound hammer method
Pull out test method
Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
Radioactive methods
methods of testing concrete
concrete strength testing methods
types of non destructive testing
non destructive concrete testing equipment
concrete tests pdf
destructive and non destructive testing
concrete testing procedures
non destructive test for concrete
destructive and non destructive testing
non destructive testing pdf
types of non destructive testing
non destructive testing methods
non destructive testing methods ppt
This document discusses column jacketing, which is a method of retrofitting and strengthening existing columns. It involves adding reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer around the column. The key steps are preparing the column surface, adding shear keys and reinforcement, applying a bonding agent, and casting the new concrete or installing the jacket. Column jacketing increases the strength and seismic capacity of the column. It improves confinement and increases axial, shear, and foundation load capacity without significant weight addition.
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
Special Concrete And Concreting MethodRutvij Patel
This document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, high density concrete, mass concrete, plum concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, polymer concrete, ferrocement, high strength concrete, high performance concrete, precast concrete, and fly ash concrete. It describes the materials and properties of each type of concrete and their applications in construction.
This document provides an overview of different seismic analysis methods for reinforced concrete buildings according to Indian code IS 1893-2002, including linear static, nonlinear static, linear dynamic, and nonlinear dynamic analysis. It describes the basic procedures for each analysis type and provides examples of how to calculate design seismic base shear, distribute seismic forces vertically and horizontally, and determine drift and overturning effects. Case studies are presented comparing the results of static and dynamic analysis for regular and irregular multi-storey buildings modeled in SAP2000.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on FRC's history, definition and why is it used. Types of FRC's and it's applications is explained in detail in later stages.Also, it covers various properties that affects FRC and a Case study in end.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
Building failures – General reasons – classification – Causes of
failures in RCC and Steel structures, Failure due to Fire, Wind and
Earthquakes.
Foundation failure – failures by alteration, improper maintenance,
overloading.
Retrofitting of structural components - beams, columns and slabs
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including light weight concrete, aerated concrete, and no fines concrete. It provides details on the properties and production methods of these concretes. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, which provides benefits like reduced structural weight. Aerated concrete is made by introducing air bubbles into cement mortar, creating a lightweight cellular structure. No fines concrete omits fine aggregates, consisting of only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. These special concretes are used for applications requiring specific properties like lower density or higher insulation.
The document provides guidelines for repair and rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete buildings. It discusses causes of concrete deterioration like permeability, aggressive agents, and condition surveys. Non-destructive tests are recommended to evaluate concrete quality, cracking, and corrosion. The approach involves identifying deterioration causes, assessing damage extent, and selecting appropriate repair materials and methods to rehabilitate structures in a systematic and cost-effective manner.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its history and types. It focuses on high-strength concrete (HSC), describing how it is made with a low water-cement ratio and additives. Guidelines are given for selecting materials for HSC to achieve different compressive strengths. The differences between normal strength concrete and HSC are outlined. Applications of HSC include reducing column sizes in buildings and bridges and increasing floor area in high-rise buildings. Examples are given of bridges that used HSC to decrease volume and increase spans.
deterioration of concrete structures( repair and rehabilitation of structures)Korrapati Pratyusha
- Concrete is widely used in construction but is susceptible to defects from faulty design/materials, environmental effects like freezing/thawing, and chemical reactions.
- Common defects include cracking from plastic shrinkage during curing, drying shrinkage as concrete loses moisture over time, and damage from temperature changes causing expansion/contraction.
- Chemical reactions with acids, sulphates or aggregates can also deteriorate concrete through processes like carbonation, sulphate attack, or alkali-silica reaction. Preventive measures aim to minimize moisture movement and use durable materials.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
This document discusses advanced concrete technology, including the composition and hydration of portland cement, and the properties of hardened concrete. It describes the general methodology for cement production, including crushing and blending raw materials, burning the clinker, and adding gypsum. The hydration processes of the main cement compounds C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF are explained. The document also covers the microstructure development of hydrated cement paste, including calcium silicate hydrates, calcium hydroxide, and calcium sulfoaluminates. Additional topics include porosity, the interfacial transition zone, elastic modulus, strength, factors affecting strength, and the rheology of fresh concrete.
The document discusses machine foundations used in the oil and gas industry. It begins by introducing the different types of machines, such as centrifugal and reciprocating machines, and how they are classified based on speed. It then discusses the various types of foundations used to support these machines, including block foundations and frame foundations. The document outlines the inputs needed for foundation design, which include project specifications, soil parameters, and machine details from the vendor. It describes the process of analyzing machine foundations, including dynamic and static analyses. Key aspects like natural frequencies, displacements, and strength are evaluated.
This document discusses eccentric loading on columns. It begins by defining centric and eccentric loading, with centric loading applying force at the centroid and eccentric loading applying force offset from the centroid, introducing bending in addition to axial stress. It then provides an example of how eccentric loading is applied to a short column, creating both direct stress from compression and bending stress from the induced moment. Finally, it notes that long columns under eccentric loading can be analyzed using differential equations to model the bending behavior along the column.
This document provides methods for designing reinforced concrete slabs using working stress design and ultimate strength design. It discusses one-way and two-way slab design, including defining characteristics, load calculations, moment calculations, depth checks, and steel calculations. Formulas are provided for slab thickness selection, elastic constant calculation, load calculations considering dead and live loads, moment determination using code coefficients, minimum steel requirements, and distribution steel spacing.
This document discusses different types of two-way slabs, including edge-supported slabs, column-supported slabs, flat plates, and waffle slabs. It provides details on when a slab is considered a two-way slab and how it is reinforced in two directions to resist bending moments in both directions. The document also discusses analysis methods for two-way slab design.
The document discusses various masonry design codes and philosophies. It explains that limit states design (LSD) is considered the most rational as it considers both safety under ultimate loads and serviceability under service loads, unlike working stress method (WSM) and ultimate load method (ULM). LSD has been adopted by most modern codes like ACI, IBC, and Eurocode. The document then discusses provisions for axial load, shear, and other limit states in different codes based on LSD and allowable stress design (ASD) formats.
Cavity walls are constructed with an inner and outer leaf separated by an air gap, or cavity. This construction helps prevent dampness by allowing water that enters the outer leaf to drain out before reaching the inner leaf. Cavity walls are reinforced with wall ties to bind the two leaves together. Properly installed wall ties and other components are needed to bridge the cavity at openings while preventing water transfer. Mortar droppings in the cavity can form bridges for water to pass through, so the cavity must be kept clean during and after construction.
1) Two-way slabs are slabs that require reinforcement in two directions because bending occurs in both the longitudinal and transverse directions when the ratio of longest span to shortest span is less than 2.
2) The document discusses various types of two-way slabs and design methods, focusing on the direct design method (DDM).
3) Using the DDM, the total factored load is first calculated, then the total factored moment is distributed to positive and negative moments. The moments are further distributed to column and middle strips using factors that consider the slab and beam properties.
The document discusses reinforcement in two-way slabs and footing design. It describes two types of shear failure in slabs: one-way shear and two-way shear. One-way shear results in inclined cracking and pull-out of negative reinforcement from the slab. Two-way shear can result in either inclined cracking or the slab sliding down the column. The critical perimeter for two-way shear is located at d/2 from the column face, where d is the effective depth of the slab. Formulas are provided to calculate the nominal shear resistance Vn of slabs under two-way shear with negligible moment transfer.
This document provides an introduction to the revised Handbook on Masonry Design and Construction. It discusses the development of engineering design methods for masonry structures since the 1950s which has enabled taller load-bearing masonry buildings. It notes that while other countries have constructed 12-20 story masonry buildings, progress has been slower in India due to typically lower brick strengths. However, some mechanized brick production is now enabling 5-6 story masonry structures. The introduction outlines trends in masonry design from other countries and notes there is still scope for further research and development of masonry in India.
The document discusses India's growing demand for power and the environmental issues caused by coal-fired thermal power plants. It proposes a solution to generate bricks from fly ash, lime and gypsum (FaL-G bricks) which would utilize waste, reduce emissions and provide economic benefits through carbon credits. FaL-G brick production would be promoted through partnerships between organizations and entrepreneurs.
Fusion welding involves melting materials together using heat from sources like gas flames or electric arcs. It allows for joining of metal parts. Solid-state welding uses pressure, and sometimes heat, but no melting, to join metals. Welding is used in many industries like manufacturing, construction, and automotive as it allows for joining of metal parts that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to form as a single piece.
This document provides information about riveted joints, including definitions of common riveted joint types like lap joints and butt joints. It describes important terminology used in riveted joints like pitch, back pitch, and margin. Potential failure modes of riveted joints like tearing of plates, shearing of rivets, and crushing are explained. The document also discusses the efficiency of riveted joints and provides steps for designing longitudinal butt joints for boilers according to Indian Boiler Regulations, including how to determine rivet diameter, pitch, row spacing, and strap thickness. Eccentrically loaded riveted joints are also addressed.
The document discusses different types of wall construction methods including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick and block walls, stone walls, and plasterboard walls. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf separated by a cavity for insulation and moisture drainage. Timber frame walls have good insulation and an outer layer for weatherproofing. Insulated brick and block walls similarly use a cavity for insulation and drainage. Stone and plasterboard walls are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
The document describes different types of walls used in construction including external walls, internal walls, super structural walls above ground, sub structural walls below ground, curtain wall systems, cavity wall systems, retaining walls, basement walls, and structural vs non-structural internal walls. Key wall types are retaining walls, shear walls, and core walls.
The document describes different types of wall constructions including cavity brick walls, timber frame walls, insulated brick block walls, stone walls, and render finishes. Cavity brick walls have an inner and outer brick leaf with insulation between and ties connecting them. Timber frame walls use timber studs with various outer finishes and insulation incorporated. Insulated brick block walls consist of a brick outer leaf, block inner leaf, and insulation fixed to the inner leaf. Stone walls can use natural or manmade stone with an appropriate inner leaf. Render finishes provide weatherproofing and decoration applied in layers over a wall surface.
The document discusses various types of masonry construction using bricks and stones. It begins by defining brick masonry as the use of bricks laid in mortar to form a homogeneous structure. It then discusses important terms used in brick masonry such as brick, frog, stretcher, header, quoin, etc. Different types of bonds used in brick masonry are described including English bond, Flemish bond, and garden wall bonds. The document also discusses stone masonry and the main types of rubble masonry and ashlar masonry.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
Presentation on Brick Masonry, Paint and PlasteringAbontee
This document is the presentation slides for a group project on brick masonry, paint, and plastering. It includes an introduction slide with the group members' names. It then covers topics such as the definitions of masonry, brick masonry, types of bricks, bonding patterns, plastering materials and types, paint constituents, and defects and their remedies. Diagrams are provided to illustrate brickwork terminology, masonry joints, bond patterns, and plastering tools.
The document discusses riveted joints. It describes the different types of rivets and rivet heads. The key types of riveted joints are lap joints and butt joints. Important terms used in riveted joints are also defined, such as pitch and margin. Guidelines for the proportions of dimensions for riveted joints are provided. Examples of different double and single riveted lap and butt joints are shown.
This document discusses shear wall analysis and design. It defines shear walls as structural elements used in buildings to resist lateral forces through cantilever action. The document classifies different types of shear walls and discusses their behavior under seismic loading. It outlines the steps for designing shear walls, including reviewing layout, analyzing structural systems, determining design forces, and detailing reinforcement. The document emphasizes the importance of properly locating shear walls in a building to resist seismic loads and minimize torsional effects.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Shear wall ppt presentation useful for BENandan Gowda
The document summarizes the results of analyzing regular and irregular multi-story buildings with and without brick masonry infill walls and shear walls. Key results include:
1) Time period, displacement, and stiffness are improved for regular and irregular buildings with infill walls and shear walls compared to bare frames.
2) Irregular buildings perform poorer than regular buildings, but infill and shear walls help enhance performance by reducing time period and displacement, and increasing stiffness.
3) Stiffness irregularity had the highest improvement from infill/shear walls, while mass irregularity had the least improvement.
Shear walls are vertical structural elements designed to resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They work by transferring shear forces throughout their height and resisting uplift forces. Properly designed and constructed shear wall buildings are very stable and ductile, providing warnings before collapse during severe earthquakes. Common types of shear walls include reinforced concrete, plywood, and steel plate shear walls. Shear walls are an effective and efficient way to resist lateral loads in seismic regions.
Presentation on earthquake resistance massonary structureRadhey Verma
This presentation discusses how to make masonry structures more resistant to earthquakes. It defines earthquake resistant masonry structures as those built from brick, stone or other masonry materials combined with containment reinforcement. It describes stresses in masonry walls during quakes and modeling of walls, then discusses techniques to strengthen buildings like adding flexibility, reinforcing walls and foundations, and containment reinforcement around walls. Shock table testing was also used to evaluate different earthquake resistant building features in masonry models.
Optimum Shape of Cut-Out Opening on Concrete Structural WallIRJET Journal
This document discusses research on the optimal shape of cut-out openings in concrete structural walls. It begins with background on the importance of structural walls and previous research focusing on walls with predefined openings. The document then summarizes parameters that influence the strength of walls with openings, such as slenderness ratio, aspect ratio, and opening size/location. It describes modeling done using ANSYS software to analyze the effects of cutting different shaped openings in one-way and two-way action wall panels in order to determine the most optimal shape. The goal is to understand how openings influence load-carrying capacity so that strength can be effectively regained by proper opening design.
Seismic Analysis on Bare Frame, Infilled Frame and Soft Story RC Framed Build...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings with different configurations through computer modeling and simulation. It compares the seismic performance of a bare frame building, an infilled frame building where the spaces between columns and beams are filled with masonry, a building with an open ground floor ("soft story"), and a building with open ground and first floors. The analysis found that the infilled frame performed best, with the highest base shear, natural frequency, and lowest story drift and time period. The bare frame performed worst. The soft story and two-story open configurations performed better than the bare frame but worse than the infilled frame. Infilled frames are therefore most effective at resisting earthquake forces compared to other
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings have been generated for different buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'ETABS'. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
This document analyzes the lateral load performance of different reinforced concrete frame models of a 12-story building using structural analysis software. Eight models are considered: a bare frame, fully infilled frame, frames infilled except the ground floor, and frames with shear walls, core walls or bracing in different configurations. Dynamic analysis shows fundamental periods are lowest for models with shear walls or bracing. Base shear and story drifts are highest for the bare frame and reduced by over 60% for infilled models. Models with ground soft-first story have increased drift, but shear walls or bracing can reduce drift by over 80% compared to the bare frame. Story displacements also decrease significantly with infilling or lateral load resisting elements.
Comparative Study of RC Structures with Different Types of Infill Walls with ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of RC structures with different types of infill walls, including conventional bricks, cement concrete blocks, hollow blocks, and lightweight bricks. Linear static analysis, nonlinear static pushover analysis, and soil-structure interaction analysis were performed to understand the effect of earthquake loading. The results, such as base shear, natural period, displacement, and pushover curves are compared to determine the most suitable infill material for seismic-prone zones. The analysis found that structures with lightweight brick infill walls performed better than those with other infill materials, experiencing lower base shear and displacements.
LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS OF SOFT STORY BUILDING AND IMPORTANCE OF MODELING MASON...ijsrd.com
Generally Masonry infills are considered as non-structural elements and their stiffness contributions are generally ignored in practice. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. A similar soft storey effect can occur if first and second story used as service story. Hence a combination of two structural system components i.e. Rigid frames and RC shear walls leads to a highly efficient system in which shear wall resist the majority of the lateral loads and the frame supports majority of the gravity loads. To study the effect of masonry infill with different soft storey level, 7 models of Reinforced Concrete framed building were analyzed with two types of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of bare frame and other building models have been compared, it is observed that model with swastika and L shape shear wall are showing efficient performance and hence reducing the effect of soft storey in model 3, model 4 and model 5.
A review of the study of the fundamental natural time period of the AAC block...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the fundamental natural time period of AAC block infill walls under seismic conditions. It first reviews previous literature that has studied how infill walls affect the behavior of reinforced concrete frames during earthquakes. The literature shows that infill walls increase structural stiffness and strength but reduce ductility. Studies also found that infill type does not significantly impact structural behavior. The document then outlines the objectives of infill walls in construction, such as dividing interior space, providing insulation, and enhancing fire resistance.
repair rehabilitation and Retro fitting.pptxRaviSartape1
Repair Rehabilitation and retro fitting in construction work detailed in this ppt. it is repair work of To increase life span of building.
To increase life span of building.
To preserve natural resource.
To increase the level of quality of building systems so as to achieve compliance with functional requirements standards which are stricter than those planned.
To improve the facilities depending upon the development that is taking place in the building engineering.
To preserve natural resource.
To increase the level of quality of building systems so as to achieve compliance with functional requirements standards which are stricter than those planned.
To improve the facilities depending upon the development that is taking place in the building engineering.
The study can be used by other building safety departments as a guide for their researches.
The study can be used for further repair and rehabilitations techniques.
The study will provide a first-hand information to other safety departments.
A similar study may also be conducted in other areas also.
A similar study may be conducted for the other factors which are necessary to be discussed for repair and strengthening of building.
Such research can be very useful for the marketers in designing the repair strategies.
Finding of the present research may be very useful in designing the repair and rehabilitation strategies, in other hilly areas like Baniha.
Repair is the process of restoring something that is damaged or deteriorated or broken, to good condition
Rehabilitation is the process of returning a building or an area to its previous good conditions (with respect to get actual strength of structure).
Rehabilitation is the process of returning a building or an area to its previous good conditions (with respect to get actual strength of structure).
Rehabilitation is the process of returning a building or an area to its previous good conditions (with respect to get actual strength of structure).
Rehabilitation is the process of returning a building or an area to its previous good conditions (with respect to get actual strength of structure Change in the use of the structure
Upgrading the structural mechanical and electrical system
Deterioration of building envelope
Structural damage or failure
Upgrading building for lateral loads
Reducing serviceability problems
Government mandates
Undoing the effect of botched renovations
Preservation of historic property
Chemical effects
Mechanical causes
Poor construction practices
Faulty designs
Natural calamities
Inferior material
Physical causes
Delamination
Cracks
Swelling
Spalling
Rust
Steel yielding
Staining
1) Cracks in walls 2) Settlement of tiles 3) Bend of slab 4) Leakage in wall 5) Leakage in slab 6) Settlement of foundation 7) Buckling of column 8) Bend of beam 9) Flaking of plaster 10)Rusting of steel
It is recommended for old buildings which have some signs like cracks, corrosion of embedded materials, etc. Therefore, timely
Literature Review of Experimental Study on Load Bearing Masonry WallIOSRJMCE
Masonry load bearing wall subjected to vertical concentric and eccentric loading may collapse through instability. In this Paper the buckling behavior of masonry load bearing wall of different slenderness ratio were investigated by many researcher has been reviewed via testing a series of scale masonry wall subjected to concentric and eccentric vertical loading. The influence of nonlinear behavior of interface element, slenderness ratio and various end conditions have been investigated together with the effect of different end eccentricity of vertical load.
Seismic Evaluation of RC Building with Various Infill Thickness at Different ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on evaluating the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infill walls of various thicknesses in different positions. Previous studies have shown that infill walls can improve the strength, stiffness, and energy absorption of RC frames under seismic loads. However, infill walls are often not properly considered in structural design. This study aims to investigate how infill wall thickness and location affect seismic response parameters like moments, shear forces, displacements and drift. The results will help identify efficient building configurations to inform seismic design codes.
Aij standard for structural design of reinforced concrete boxed shaped wall s...Putika Ashfar Khoiri
This document provides an overview and summary of the AIJ Standard for Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Boxed-Shaped Wall Structures published by the Architectural Institute of Japan. The summary includes:
1) Reinforced concrete box-shaped wall structures are a common structural system used for residential apartment buildings in Japan, consisting of load-bearing walls, wall beams, slabs, and foundations.
2) The standard was developed based on experimental testing and the excellent seismic performance of these structures. No significant damage was observed in buildings meeting this standard even during major earthquakes.
3) The standard provides specifications for wall arrangement, thickness, reinforcement, and other structural details to ensure adequate strength and prevention of
1. Masonry structures are vulnerable to earthquake damage due to their brittle nature and weak connections.
2. Common failure modes of masonry buildings during earthquakes include walls tearing apart, shearing off diagonally, and collapsing at corners.
3. Non-destructive testing methods like rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and flat jack tests are used to evaluate the strength of existing masonry structures without damaging them.
Similar to Krishna final overall ppt (2) eccentrically loaded masonry walls (20)
Upcycling for Everyone project exhibition postersKyungeun Sung
'Upcycling for Everyone' project exhibition posters, funded by De Montfort University's QR funding for participatory research and AHRC-funded International Upcycling Research Network project. Exhibition launch at LCB Depot on 5th July 2024.
Menus are ubiquitous in websites and applications of all types. They are critical to accessing the information and actions that users need, yet they can be very frustrating to use. In our UX consulting practice, many clients have come to us for help solving problems with menus, such as scaling to handle long lists of options, and overcoming usability issues with hover and flyout menus. In this presentation we’ll review what we have learned about best practices for designing mega menus, context menus, hamburger menus, full page menus and other types, and share case studies of menu redesigns we have worked on for enterprise applications, mobile apps, and information-rich websites.
Value based approach to heritae conservation -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text defines the role, importance and relevance of value based approach in identification, preservation and conservation of heritage to make it more productive and community centric.
Krishna final overall ppt (2) eccentrically loaded masonry walls
1. EVALUATION OF STRESS REDUCTION FACTORS BASED ON TESTS ON AXIALLY AND ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WALLS KRISHNA KUMAR S 1BM08CCT07 GUIDED BY Smt MANGALA KESHAVA Assistant Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering, BMSCE B’lore BY
24. Design of Masonry Wall for Vertical Load (IS 1905) Factors: Slenderness Ratio Stress reduction factors Effective length Effective thickness Effective height Eccentricity of load Thickness of wall Eccentricity ratio
25. Masonry Walls: Slenderness and Eccentricity Stocky wall, central load Slender wall, central load 100% strength Reduced strength
26. Masonry Walls: Slenderness and Eccentricity Stocky wall, eccentric load Slender wall, eccentric load Reduced strength Reduced strength e e
28. Masonry Walls: Slenderness and Eccentricity IS 1905 1987 Slenderness Ratio = Effective Height/Effective Thickness (or) = Effective Length/Effective Thickness *** whichever is least
29. Masonry Walls: Slenderness and Eccentricity IS 1905 - 1987 Effective Height = Actual Height * a number from 0.75 to 1.5, depending on the end fixity ***In the present study depending on boundary condition provided it was considered 0.85 H as per IS 1905 - 1987
30. Masonry Walls: Slenderness and Eccentricity IS 1905 – 1987 Effective Length = Actual Length * a number from 0.80 to 2.0 depending on the end fixity
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