Verification ensures software meets specifications, while validation ensures it meets user needs. Both establish software fitness for purpose. Verification includes static techniques like inspections and formal methods to check conformance pre-implementation. Validation uses dynamic testing post-implementation. Techniques include defect testing to find inconsistencies, and validation testing to ensure requirements fulfillment. Careful planning via test plans is needed to effectively verify and validate cost-efficiently. The Cleanroom methodology applies formal specifications and inspections statically to develop defect-free software incrementally.