The document provides an overview of various software development processes and models, including traditional waterfall and iterative models as well as agile methods like Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP). It discusses key aspects of each approach such as phases, roles, meetings, practices, and values. The document aims to introduce different process options and considerations for developing software.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
This Presentation shows That what is Agile methodology, its principles and key points and how it is different from other software development life cycle.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of SDLC including problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. It also covers different SDLC models like waterfall, prototyping, and agile development. The SDLC process is best for structured environments while iterative models work better for web and e-commerce projects where frequent stakeholder feedback is needed.
List of Software Development Model and MethodsRiant Soft
RiantSoft a Software Development Company derived the most useful and different types of Software Development Model for the users who want to know the development process. RiantSoft is specialized in custom software development with latest cutting edge technologies.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses that software has a dual role as both a product and vehicle to deliver functionality. It defines software as a set of programs, documents, and data that form a configuration. The document outlines different types of software applications and categories. It also discusses software engineering practices such as communication, planning, modeling, construction, and coding principles.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
This Presentation shows That what is Agile methodology, its principles and key points and how it is different from other software development life cycle.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of SDLC including problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. It also covers different SDLC models like waterfall, prototyping, and agile development. The SDLC process is best for structured environments while iterative models work better for web and e-commerce projects where frequent stakeholder feedback is needed.
List of Software Development Model and MethodsRiant Soft
RiantSoft a Software Development Company derived the most useful and different types of Software Development Model for the users who want to know the development process. RiantSoft is specialized in custom software development with latest cutting edge technologies.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses that software has a dual role as both a product and vehicle to deliver functionality. It defines software as a set of programs, documents, and data that form a configuration. The document outlines different types of software applications and categories. It also discusses software engineering practices such as communication, planning, modeling, construction, and coding principles.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
The document discusses the spiral model of software development. The spiral model is an iterative approach that combines prototyping and aspects of the waterfall model. It was defined by Barry Boehm in 1988 as a way to address risks through iterative evaluation and improvement of prototypes. The spiral model is best for medium to high risk projects where requirements are complex or expected to change. It involves evaluating prototypes, defining new prototypes based on learnings, and repeating this process until the final product is delivered.
The document defines the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases. It discusses several SDLC models including waterfall, prototype, iterative enhancement, and spiral. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance with no overlap. The prototype model involves building prototypes for user feedback. The iterative enhancement model develops software incrementally. The spiral model is divided into risk analysis, engineering, construction, and evaluation cycles. The document also covers software requirements, elicitation through interviews and use cases, analysis through data, behavioral and functional modeling, and documentation in a software requirements specification.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, spiral/iterative, and agile. It provides an overview of each model's phases and when they are best applied. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The agile model emphasizes speed, reduced documentation, and frequent customer feedback through shorter development cycles. SDLC models provide structure, standard processes and deliverables to software development projects.
The COCOMO model is a widely used software cost estimation model developed by Barry Boehm in 1981. It predicts effort, schedule, and staffing needs based on project size and characteristics. The Basic COCOMO model uses three development modes (Organic, Semidetached, Embedded) and a simple formula to estimate effort and schedule based on thousands of delivered source instructions. However, its accuracy is limited as it does not account for various project attributes known to influence costs. Function Point Analysis is an alternative size measurement that counts different types of system functions and complexity factors to estimate effort and cost.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including its objectives, common phases and models. The key models described are waterfall, prototyping, spiral, RAD and agile. Waterfall is the classical sequential model but is inflexible. Prototyping and spiral address changing requirements through iterative cycles. RAD focuses on rapid development through reuse, workshops and early user testing. Agile methods emphasize speed, reduced formal processes and adaptability. The conclusion recommends RAD for mashup projects due to its support for iterative requirements changes and modular development.
Risk management involves identifying potential problems, assessing their likelihood and impacts, and developing strategies to address them. There are two main risk strategies - reactive, which addresses risks after issues arise, and proactive, which plans ahead. Key steps in proactive risk management include identifying risks through checklists, estimating their probability and impacts, developing mitigation plans, monitoring risks and mitigation effectiveness, and adjusting plans as needed. Common risk categories include project risks, technical risks, and business risks.
The document discusses the software development process and defines key terms. It states that a software process organizes development activities and includes roles, workflows, procedures and standards. Following a defined process makes software development more orderly, predictable and repeatable. However, some view following a process as unnecessary overhead. The reality is that not following a process can lead to more rework that outweighs any initial time savings. The document also discusses software life cycle models, such as waterfall and iterative models, and how a good process is repeatable, predictable, adaptable, learnable and measurable.
The document discusses the waterfall model of software development. It describes the five phases of the waterfall model as requirements gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It provides details on the activities in each phase, including documenting requirements, designing logical modules, writing code, testing software, and maintaining the system. The waterfall model is advantageous for small projects but inflexible if requirements change, as it is a sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
The document discusses the iterative software development process (SDP). It describes the main stages as analysis, design, implementation, testing, documentation, evaluation, and maintenance. At each stage, specific tasks are undertaken, such as creating requirements in analysis, designing algorithms and diagrams in design, coding in implementation, testing in testing, creating user guides in documentation, and fixing bugs in maintenance. People involved include clients, analysts, project managers, and programmers. Documents created include specifications, algorithms, test reports, guides, and evaluation/maintenance reports.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
1) The waterfall model is a linear model that progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment phases. It works well for projects with stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
2) The V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each phase. It is good for high reliability projects but does not handle changes well.
3) Prototyping models involve building prototypes early for user feedback to refine requirements. This improves accuracy but risks scope creep.
4) Incremental models prioritize requirements and implement them in phases to deliver working functionality early. This reduces risk but requires strong planning.
5) The spiral model incorporates risk analysis and protot
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- The waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach with distinct phases for requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. It works well for projects with stable requirements.
- The V-shaped model emphasizes verification and validation testing at each phase. It is suited for projects requiring high reliability.
- Evolutionary prototyping involves building prototypes early and getting user feedback in iterations to refine requirements. It helps clarify unstable requirements.
- Rapid application development (RAD) emphasizes user involvement and productivity tools to reduce cycle times. It is suited when requirements are reasonably well known.
- Incremental development delivers partial systems in increments to get early benefits while allowing
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) process. It includes 6 main steps: 1) requirement gathering, 2) software analysis, 3) software design, 4) coding, 5) testing, and 6) implementation. For each step, the document provides details on the objectives and activities involved. It also lists advantages of following the SDLC process such as increased quality, improved tracking, and decreased risks. Finally, it provides a coding example for a basic calculator application to illustrate one step of the process.
This document summarizes key concepts from the first chapter of Ian Sommerville's Software Engineering textbook. It introduces software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses the objectives of software engineering, topics covered like frequently asked questions and professional responsibility. It also summarizes concepts like the software development process, methods, costs and challenges in the field.
The document provides an overview of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) including its various stages and models. The key points are:
1. SDLC is a process that consists of planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance phases to develop and maintain software.
2. The stages include planning, requirements analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
3. Common models include waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, and agile. Waterfall is the earliest and most basic sequential model while iterative and agile are more flexible to changing requirements.
This document provides an overview of quality management in software engineering. It discusses software quality, standards, reviews and inspections, as well as software measurement and metrics. The key points covered include establishing an organizational framework for quality management, applying specific quality processes and standards at the project level, and conducting independent reviews to ensure compliance. Software metrics can help quantify attributes and identify anomalous components, but meaningful relationships between internal metrics and external quality attributes can be difficult to establish.
This document discusses agile software development methods. It outlines the agile manifesto which values individuals and interactions over processes, working software over documentation, and customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Some key agile principles include customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, and frequent delivery of working software. Common agile methods like extreme programming and scrum are also summarized. Advantages include improved customer satisfaction and responsiveness to change, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation.
6 basic steps of software development processRiant Soft
The document outlines the six basic stages of the software development life cycle: 1) Requirement gathering and analysis, 2) System analysis, 3) System design, 4) Coding, 5) Testing, and 6) Implementation. It describes each stage in the process, from gathering requirements from stakeholders to implementing the final tested software. An effective software development life cycle ensures quality and correctness through rigorous testing and design at each stage of building the software.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) as a systematic method for organizations to implement change through new technologies. It describes the four phases of SDLC - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. The planning phase involves feasibility studies to understand economic, organizational, and technical factors. The analysis phase breaks down the problem and gathers stakeholder requirements. The design phase decides if the system will be internal or outsourced. The implementation phase builds, tests, trains users on, and evaluates the new system. SDLC provides a systematic strategy for large development projects involving many stakeholders.
The document discusses the spiral model of software development. The spiral model is an iterative approach that combines prototyping and aspects of the waterfall model. It was defined by Barry Boehm in 1988 as a way to address risks through iterative evaluation and improvement of prototypes. The spiral model is best for medium to high risk projects where requirements are complex or expected to change. It involves evaluating prototypes, defining new prototypes based on learnings, and repeating this process until the final product is delivered.
The document defines the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases. It discusses several SDLC models including waterfall, prototype, iterative enhancement, and spiral. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance with no overlap. The prototype model involves building prototypes for user feedback. The iterative enhancement model develops software incrementally. The spiral model is divided into risk analysis, engineering, construction, and evaluation cycles. The document also covers software requirements, elicitation through interviews and use cases, analysis through data, behavioral and functional modeling, and documentation in a software requirements specification.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, spiral/iterative, and agile. It provides an overview of each model's phases and when they are best applied. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The agile model emphasizes speed, reduced documentation, and frequent customer feedback through shorter development cycles. SDLC models provide structure, standard processes and deliverables to software development projects.
The COCOMO model is a widely used software cost estimation model developed by Barry Boehm in 1981. It predicts effort, schedule, and staffing needs based on project size and characteristics. The Basic COCOMO model uses three development modes (Organic, Semidetached, Embedded) and a simple formula to estimate effort and schedule based on thousands of delivered source instructions. However, its accuracy is limited as it does not account for various project attributes known to influence costs. Function Point Analysis is an alternative size measurement that counts different types of system functions and complexity factors to estimate effort and cost.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including its objectives, common phases and models. The key models described are waterfall, prototyping, spiral, RAD and agile. Waterfall is the classical sequential model but is inflexible. Prototyping and spiral address changing requirements through iterative cycles. RAD focuses on rapid development through reuse, workshops and early user testing. Agile methods emphasize speed, reduced formal processes and adaptability. The conclusion recommends RAD for mashup projects due to its support for iterative requirements changes and modular development.
Risk management involves identifying potential problems, assessing their likelihood and impacts, and developing strategies to address them. There are two main risk strategies - reactive, which addresses risks after issues arise, and proactive, which plans ahead. Key steps in proactive risk management include identifying risks through checklists, estimating their probability and impacts, developing mitigation plans, monitoring risks and mitigation effectiveness, and adjusting plans as needed. Common risk categories include project risks, technical risks, and business risks.
The document discusses the software development process and defines key terms. It states that a software process organizes development activities and includes roles, workflows, procedures and standards. Following a defined process makes software development more orderly, predictable and repeatable. However, some view following a process as unnecessary overhead. The reality is that not following a process can lead to more rework that outweighs any initial time savings. The document also discusses software life cycle models, such as waterfall and iterative models, and how a good process is repeatable, predictable, adaptable, learnable and measurable.
The document discusses the waterfall model of software development. It describes the five phases of the waterfall model as requirements gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It provides details on the activities in each phase, including documenting requirements, designing logical modules, writing code, testing software, and maintaining the system. The waterfall model is advantageous for small projects but inflexible if requirements change, as it is a sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
The document discusses the iterative software development process (SDP). It describes the main stages as analysis, design, implementation, testing, documentation, evaluation, and maintenance. At each stage, specific tasks are undertaken, such as creating requirements in analysis, designing algorithms and diagrams in design, coding in implementation, testing in testing, creating user guides in documentation, and fixing bugs in maintenance. People involved include clients, analysts, project managers, and programmers. Documents created include specifications, algorithms, test reports, guides, and evaluation/maintenance reports.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
1) The waterfall model is a linear model that progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment phases. It works well for projects with stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
2) The V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each phase. It is good for high reliability projects but does not handle changes well.
3) Prototyping models involve building prototypes early for user feedback to refine requirements. This improves accuracy but risks scope creep.
4) Incremental models prioritize requirements and implement them in phases to deliver working functionality early. This reduces risk but requires strong planning.
5) The spiral model incorporates risk analysis and protot
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- The waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach with distinct phases for requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. It works well for projects with stable requirements.
- The V-shaped model emphasizes verification and validation testing at each phase. It is suited for projects requiring high reliability.
- Evolutionary prototyping involves building prototypes early and getting user feedback in iterations to refine requirements. It helps clarify unstable requirements.
- Rapid application development (RAD) emphasizes user involvement and productivity tools to reduce cycle times. It is suited when requirements are reasonably well known.
- Incremental development delivers partial systems in increments to get early benefits while allowing
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) process. It includes 6 main steps: 1) requirement gathering, 2) software analysis, 3) software design, 4) coding, 5) testing, and 6) implementation. For each step, the document provides details on the objectives and activities involved. It also lists advantages of following the SDLC process such as increased quality, improved tracking, and decreased risks. Finally, it provides a coding example for a basic calculator application to illustrate one step of the process.
This document summarizes key concepts from the first chapter of Ian Sommerville's Software Engineering textbook. It introduces software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses the objectives of software engineering, topics covered like frequently asked questions and professional responsibility. It also summarizes concepts like the software development process, methods, costs and challenges in the field.
The document provides an overview of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) including its various stages and models. The key points are:
1. SDLC is a process that consists of planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance phases to develop and maintain software.
2. The stages include planning, requirements analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
3. Common models include waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, and agile. Waterfall is the earliest and most basic sequential model while iterative and agile are more flexible to changing requirements.
This document provides an overview of quality management in software engineering. It discusses software quality, standards, reviews and inspections, as well as software measurement and metrics. The key points covered include establishing an organizational framework for quality management, applying specific quality processes and standards at the project level, and conducting independent reviews to ensure compliance. Software metrics can help quantify attributes and identify anomalous components, but meaningful relationships between internal metrics and external quality attributes can be difficult to establish.
This document discusses agile software development methods. It outlines the agile manifesto which values individuals and interactions over processes, working software over documentation, and customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Some key agile principles include customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, and frequent delivery of working software. Common agile methods like extreme programming and scrum are also summarized. Advantages include improved customer satisfaction and responsiveness to change, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation.
6 basic steps of software development processRiant Soft
The document outlines the six basic stages of the software development life cycle: 1) Requirement gathering and analysis, 2) System analysis, 3) System design, 4) Coding, 5) Testing, and 6) Implementation. It describes each stage in the process, from gathering requirements from stakeholders to implementing the final tested software. An effective software development life cycle ensures quality and correctness through rigorous testing and design at each stage of building the software.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) as a systematic method for organizations to implement change through new technologies. It describes the four phases of SDLC - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. The planning phase involves feasibility studies to understand economic, organizational, and technical factors. The analysis phase breaks down the problem and gathers stakeholder requirements. The design phase decides if the system will be internal or outsourced. The implementation phase builds, tests, trains users on, and evaluates the new system. SDLC provides a systematic strategy for large development projects involving many stakeholders.
The document describes the software development life cycle (SDLC) process. There are typically six stages in the SDLC: analysis, planning, design, coding, testing, and implementation & maintenance. The analysis stage involves identifying requirements, feasibility studies, and evaluating possible solutions. The design stage then further develops the logical and physical design based on requirements. Finally, the coding, testing, and implementation stages produce the final software product.
The document introduces software process models including the waterfall model, evolutionary development, and component-based software engineering. It describes the Rational Unified Process model and discusses key process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. Computer-aided software engineering tools are introduced as a way to support various activities in the software development process.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which describes the stages of an information system development project. It outlines the typical stages: recognition of need, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation, maintenance, and prototyping. The feasibility study assesses the economic, technical, and behavioral factors. Analysis involves gathering requirements through tools like interviews and documentation. Design defines technical specifications and system flow. Implementation deploys the system. Prototyping allows refining the system through iterative testing and user feedback before final implementation.
Computer is an electronic device that processes data according to programmed instructions. It has hardware components that can be seen like input devices to enter data, output devices to display processed information, processing devices to execute instructions on data, and storage devices to store data. It also uses software programs installed on the hardware to perform specific tasks, including system software to manage the hardware, application software to perform user-oriented tasks, and utility software provided by vendors to perform common functions.
This document provides an overview of the aims and content covered in several lessons for a National 5 Computer Science course. It introduces the course structure and rules, outlines the mandatory units, assessment methods, and folders to be created. It discusses various computer system topics including hardware, software, main memory, processors, buses, storage, and number representation. It also covers representing characters, bitmap images, vector graphics, color depth, and compression.
The document discusses the prototyping model of software development. It describes prototyping as building a toy or crude initial version of the software to get early user feedback before developing the actual system. The key steps are requirements gathering, quick design, building the prototype, user evaluation and refinement, then iterative development and engineering of the final product. Advantages include early user assessment, gaining insight, and clarifying requirements. Disadvantages include the potential for increased time/costs if multiple prototypes are needed and losing focus on quality.
The document introduces agile software development methods. It discusses the goals of being able to speak confidently about agile and provide solutions to problems teams face. The agenda covers introductions to agile principles, roles, planning, reporting, retrospectives, and estimating. Popular agile methods like Scrum and XP are explained. The roles of product managers and product owners are compared.
The document discusses the importance of software development and the process involved. It notes that in the 21st century, many systems like transportation, banking, and attendance are automated through software. The spirit behind any automated system is its software. Software development is an extensive process that involves planning, feasibility checks, system design, coding, implementation, integration, testing, installation, and maintenance. It concludes that choosing an experienced software development company for custom software can help ensure the software is delivered on time, within budget, and meets all client requirements.
The importance of software since there is were the motivation for software engineering lies and then and introduction to software engineering mentioning the concept and stages of development and working in teams
This document discusses and compares several software development methodologies and their life cycle stages. It describes the waterfall, iterative, RAD, agile, spiral, and incremental models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases without overlap or iterations, while agile is iterative with rapid cycles. RAD divides a project into parallel mini-projects. The spiral model is a combination of prototyping and waterfall, evaluating risk at each phase. Each methodology has advantages and disadvantages depending on the project's needs, risks, and requirements stability. The document provides details on the stages and processes involved in different methodologies.
The document provides information on various software versions used for engineering drawings, documents, technical illustrations, web browsing and document viewing. It lists applications such as AutoCAD, CorelDRAW, Microsoft Office, Netscape Navigator and Acrobat software. It also provides a link for an up-to-date list of software versions.
The document summarizes various software testing techniques, including:
- White-box testing techniques like cyclomatic complexity and control flow graph analysis to derive test cases.
- Black-box techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to design test cases based on valid and invalid input conditions.
- The goal of testing is to systematically uncover errors by executing all independent paths and boundary values through a program.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document describes the evolution of software development methodologies over time, from the 1950s to the 2000s. It discusses several models including code and fix, waterfall model, spiral model, V-model, and agile methods. The waterfall model was introduced in the 1970s and emphasized sequential development through requirements, design, implementation, testing, integration, and maintenance phases. The spiral model was developed in the 1980s to address limitations of the waterfall model through an iterative, risk-driven approach. The V-model emerged in the 1990s and depicted the relationships between project phases and testing activities.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware and software. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer and lists common internal hardware like the CPU, motherboard, RAM and ROM. It also describes input devices like the keyboard and mouse, output devices like monitors and printers, and connecting hardware. The document then defines software as the set of instructions that allows hardware to function and categorizes system software, application software, programming software and utility software.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1. Software testing helps improve software quality by testing conformance to requirements and is important to uncover errors before delivery to customers.
2. Testing involves specialists at different stages from early development through delivery and includes unit testing of individual components, integration testing of combined components, and system testing of the full system.
3. Proper testing methods include black box testing of inputs/outputs, white box testing of code structures, and testing at different levels from units to full system as well as by independent third parties.
The document provides an overview of traditional predictive and adaptive software development processes, including waterfall, iterative incremental, and spiral models. It then discusses agile software development processes like Scrum and extreme programming. Key aspects of each methodology are defined such as roles, meetings, user stories, and emphasis on rapid delivery through short iterations. Adaptive methods prioritize quickly adapting to changes while predictive methods focus on detailed long-term planning.
This document provides an overview of software development life cycle (SDLC) models and their comparison. It discusses several SDLC models including waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, prototyping, RAD, spiral and agile. Each model is described in terms of its phases, advantages and disadvantages. The document also presents related work from other scholars and states that while agile was not fully extreme programming, using Scrum principles resulted in return on investment and lower costs. It proposes future work to identify knowledge sharing procedures and user-centered SDLC models that overcome limitations of existing approaches.
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process. SDLC is a structure followed by a development team within the software organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain and replace specific software.
Difference Between Agile And Waterfall ModelTammy Moncrief
The document discusses different software development methodologies used by programming teams, including the system development life cycle (SDLC), agile methodology, and extreme programming. SDLC is used for large projects with many developers, following a structured process from requirements to maintenance. Agile methodology is designed for smaller projects and favors rapid, iterative development. Extreme programming emphasizes close communication between developers and customers to adapt quickly to changing needs. While different, agile methodologies provide advantages for developing software faster and adapting more easily to customer requirements compared to SDLC and extreme programming.
The document discusses several software development process models including waterfall, iterative development, prototyping, RAD, spiral, RUP, and agile processes. The waterfall model is a linear sequential process while iterative development allows for incremental improvements. Prototyping allows users to provide early feedback. RAD combines waterfall and prototyping and emphasizes rapid development. Spiral model iterates through risk analysis, development, and planning phases. RUP is object-oriented and divided into cycles. Agile processes emphasize working software, incremental delivery, flexibility, and customer involvement.
This document provides an overview of the Unified Process, Agile process, and process assessment. It defines the Unified Process as an iterative framework derived from UML that includes inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases. Agile processes like Extreme Programming emphasize iterative development, collaboration, and responding to change. Process assessment involves objectively evaluating an organization's ability to meet process goals through stages of initiation, preparation, assessment, analysis and reporting, and closure.
Different Methodologies Used By Programming TeamsNicole Gomez
The document discusses different programming team methodologies including:
- System development life cycle (SDLC), which is used for large projects and includes waterfall models. It takes time but ensures high quality.
- Agile methodology, designed for small projects, combines methods for faster development that changes with customer needs.
- Extreme programming allows close communication between developers and customers so the software can change rapidly based on customer feedback.
Overall agile methodologies seem to have advantages over SDLC and extreme programming by allowing faster development that can change with customer desires.
The document discusses several common software life cycle models: the waterfall model, rapid application development (RAD) model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without overlap. The RAD model emphasizes rapid delivery through iterative prototyping. The prototyping model builds prototypes to refine requirements before full development. Finally, the spiral model takes a risk-driven approach to software development through iterative planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.
Software Development Process Models (SCRUM Methodology)Muhammad Ahmed
This document provides an overview of software process models and Scrum methodology. It defines a software process model as a description of the sequence of activities carried out in a software engineering project. The key activities include specification, design & implementation, validation, and evolution. Scrum is introduced as an agile software development framework. It utilizes short development cycles called sprints, daily stand-up meetings, product backlogs to track requirements, and emphasizes self-organizing teams and adaptive planning. The benefits of Scrum are discussed as improved productivity, quality, and ability to manage changing requirements.
This document provides an overview of scrum as an agile framework for IT projects. It first defines what a project is and discusses different software development life cycles (SDLC) models like waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, spiral, iterative, and agile. It then focuses on agile development, describing the agile manifesto, principles, and iron triangle. Finally, it introduces scrum as a common agile method and notes that scrum will be discussed in more detail in part 2 of the document.
The document provides an overview of the Rational Unified Process (RUP), a software development process originally developed by Rational Software. It describes RUP as an iterative process with four phases (inception, elaboration, construction, transition) and six disciplines (business modeling, requirements, analysis and design, implementation, test, deployment). The document outlines some advantages of RUP like regular feedback, efficient use of resources, and improved risk management compared to traditional waterfall approaches. It also notes some potential disadvantages like complexity and needing expertise to fully adopt RUP.
The document provides an overview of agile software development. It defines agile development as a collaborative approach where requirements and solutions evolve through self-organizing cross-functional teams. The document outlines several agile methodologies introduced in the Agile Manifesto in 2001 including Scrum, Extreme Programming, Crystal, FDD, and DSDM. It also discusses lean practices as part of the agile development approach and compares agile to traditional waterfall models. Finally, it covers advantages and disadvantages of the agile model and considerations for when it is best applied.
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2. Agenda Introduction Adaptive vs. Predictive software development Traditional Software development process Waterfall model Iterative Incremental Model Spiral Model Agile Software development process Extreme Programming Model SCRUM Model Conclusion
5. Adaptive vs. Predictive Adaptive methods focus on adapting quickly to change When the project requirement change the adapted team also change An adaptive team can not report exactly what tasks are being done next week An Example of adaptive methods is Agile
6. Adaptive vs. Predictive (cont’d) Predictive method focus on planning the future in details Predictive team can report exactly what features and tasks are planned for the entire length of the development process Predictive team have difficulty changing direction, the plan is typically optimized for the original destination and changing direction can require completed work to be started over
7. Traditional software development Methods Waterfall Clean Room DSDM (Dynamic System Development Method) Iterative Incremental RAD (Rapid Application Development) RUP (Rational Unified Process) Spiral V-Model FDD (Feature Driven Development)
8. Traditional software development Methods Waterfall Clean Room DSDM (Dynamic System Development Method) Iterative Incremental RAD (Rapid Application Development) RUP (Rational Unified Process) Spiral V-Model FDD (Feature Driven Development)
9. Waterfall Model Is a sequential design process, often used in software development processes Originates in the manufacturing and construction industries; highly structured physical environments The Idea behind the waterfall model is “Measure Twice, Cut once”
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11. Waterfall Model (cont’d) Why Waterfall Provides a structured approach, it progress linearly, easily, understandable and explainable Provides easily markable milestones in the development process Suites the stable, unchanging requirements
12. Waterfall Model (cont’d) Why not Waterfall Many people think that waterfall model is a bad idea in practice It is impossible for any project to finish a phase of a software products lifecycle perfectly before moving to the next phase Client may not know exactly what requirements he need and he will need to change his requirements at any time
13. Waterfall Model (cont’d) Why not Waterfall Many people think that waterfall model is a bad idea in practice It is impossible for any project to finish a phase of a software products lifecycle perfectly before moving to the next phase Designers may not be aware of future Implementation
14. Waterfall Model (cont’d) Why not Waterfall Many people think that waterfall model is a bad idea in practice It is impossible for any project to finish a phase of a software products lifecycle perfectly before moving to the next phase Stockholders may not be fully aware of the capabilities of the technology being implemented
15. Iterative & Incremental development Developed in response to the weaknesses of the waterfall model Starts with initial planning and ends with deployment with the cycle interactions in between Iterative & incremental development is essential parts of the extreme programming & generally the Agile Development The project is delivered through cross discipline work from the requirement to the deployment
17. Iterative & Incremental development (cont’d) The basic idea is to develop a system through repeated cycles (Iterative) and in smaller portions at a time (Incremental) Allowing developers to take advantage of what was learned during the development of earlier portions Start with simple implementation of a subset of the software requirements and iteratively enhance the evolving version until the full system is implemented At each iteration, design modifications are made and new functional capabilities are added
22. Iterative & Incremental development (cont’d) Implementation Guidelines Any difficulty in design, coding & testing means the need of redesign and modification Modifications should fit easily isolated and easy to find modules The existing implementation should be analyzed frequently to determine how well it measures up to project goals
23. Spiral Model (cont’d) The spiral model was defined by Barry Boehm This model was not the first model to discuss iteration, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration matters aims at risk reduction by any means in any phase. The spiral model is often referred to as a risk-driven model Introducing prototyping in a Software Process aims at risk reduction at the requirements level There is always an element of risk involved in the other phases of development
25. Spiral Model (cont’d) Quadrant 1 Determining objectives of that phase, alternatives and constraints This is a way to define a strategy for achieving the goals of this iteration Quadrant 2 The strategy is analyzed form the viewpoint of risk, and solutions to minimize these risks are investigated
26. Spiral Model (cont’d) Quadrant 3 A solution is put into practice to produce the artifacts necessary to reach the goals identified in quadrant 1 Quadrant 4 The results of the risk-reduction strategies are assessed, and if all risks are resolved, the next phase is planned and started If some risks are left unsolved, another iteration can be made to continue to work
27. Spiral Model (cont’d) Advantages Emphasis on alternatives and constraints supports the reuse of existing solutions. Targets testing by treating it as a risk, which has to be addressed. Maintenance is just another phase of the spiral model. It is treated in the same way as development. Estimates (budget and schedule) get more realistic as work progresses, because important issues are discovered earlier.
28. Spiral Model (cont’d) Disadvantages Only intended for internal projects (inside a company), because risk is assessed as the project is developed. In case of external software development, all risk analysis must be performed by both client and developers before the contract is signed Spiral model is risk driven. Therefore it requires knowledgeable staff. Suitable for only large scale software development.
29. Agile software development Group of software development methodologies based on iterative and incremental development Requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between self organizing, cross functional teams Introduced in 2001 It’s a light weight as a reaction against the heavy weight methods
30. Agile software development Methods SCRUM (1995) Crystal clear Extreme Programming (1996) Adaptive software development Feature driven development Dynamic system development method (1995) Open source software development
31. Agile software development Methods SCRUM (1995) Crystal clear Extreme Programming (1996) Adaptive software development Feature driven development Dynamic system development method (1995) Open source software development
32. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Agile Manifesto We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping other to do Agile Values Individuals & interactions over process & tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan
33. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Agile Principles Customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of useful software
34. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Agile Principles Welcome changing requirements even late in development
35. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Agile Principles Working software is the principal measure of progress
36. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Agile Principles Daily cooperation between business people & developers
37. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Agile Principles Face to Face conversation is the best form of communication
38. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Agile Principles Self-organized team that have motivated and trusted individuals
39. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Characteristics Break tasks into small increments with minimal planning Iteration are short time frames from (1 4) weeks Each iteration involves a team working through a full software development cycle By the end of the iteration a demo will be represented to stack holders One iteration may not add enough feature to market release but the goal is to have a release with minimal bugs
40. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Characteristics Team is usually cross functional and self organizing Team member take the responsibility of the task Face-to-face conversation for team in the same location and video for different locations that produce less written documents All team working in an open office called (bullpen) Small team size from (5 9) person
41. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Characteristics Each team have a customer representative to answer mid iteration problems By the end of the iteration stockholders view demo and re evaluate the priorities of features Formal daily face to face communications to answer three questions (what they did the previous day? What they intend to do today? What their road blocks?)
42. Agile software development Methods (cont’d) Techniques to improve the quality and agility of project like: Unit test Pair programming Test driven Development Domain Driven Design Code refactoring
43. SCRUM Model Its one of the agile development methods It’s the skeleton that includes a set of practices and predefined roles
45. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Pig role The ones committed to the project in the scrum process Chicken role Not a part of the scrum process but must be taken into account
46. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Product Owner Represent the voice of the customer Ensure that the scrum teams works with the write things from a business perspective Write user stories, prioritize them and add them to product backlog
47. SCRUM Model (cont’d) SCRUM Master Help the team to deliver the sprint goal Is not the leader of the team but he is self organizer Ensure that the SCRUM process is used as intended He is the enforcer of rules
48. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Team Deliver the project Made up of (5 9) people with cross functional to do the actual work (Developers, Designers, Testers)
49. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Users The users of the product, and his participation is very important for feedback to review and plan sprint Stockholders The people who enable the project and the are important in sprint review Managers People who will set up the environment for the product
50. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Requirements User Product Owner Product backlog Meeting Sprint backlog Team
51. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Sprint (2 4) week period and it is decided by team In the sprint the team create an increment of usable software During the sprint no one can change the sprint backlog
52. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Product Backlog High level document of the entire project that include a broad description of all required features and wish list items Prioritized by business value of each feature Editable by anyone Contains rough estimates of both business value (product owner )and development effort (team members)
53. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Burn down The burn down chart is publically showing remaining work in the sprint backlog Updated every day Give a simple view of the sprint progress
54. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Sprint Backlog Features are broken down into tasks Best practice that tasks are normally estimated between 4h and 16h The whole team understand exactly the business logic of each task Any one them can pick task from task list, tasks in the task list are never assigned
56. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Daily SCRUM Meeting Project status meeting Starts precisely on time. And there is a punishment for late All are welcomed but only pig may speak The meeting is between (15 - 20) minutes All attendees should stand to make it short Happen in the same time, same location every day
57. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Daily SCRUM Meeting Every one should answer three questions What have you done since yesterday? What are you planning to do today? Do you have any problem preventing you from accomplish your goal?
58. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Sprint Planning Meeting Hold at the beginning of each sprint Decide what work is to be done Prepare the sprint backlog 8 hour limits
59. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Sprint review meeting Hold at the end of the sprint Review the complete and incomplete work Present the completed work to stockholders 4 hour limits
60. SCRUM Model (cont’d) Sprint Retrospective meeting All team members reflects on the past sprint Every member should answer What went well during the sprint? What could be improved in the next sprint
61. Extereme Programming Intended to improve software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirements Intended to improve productivity and introduce checkpoints where new customer requirements can be adopted Programming in pairs or doing extensive code review Unit testing of all code (End of day testing) Avoiding programming of features until they are actually needed Simplicity and clarity in code Expecting changes in the customer's requirements Frequent communication with the customer and among programmers
63. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Concepts Organizes people to produce higher quality software more productively Attempts to reduce the cost of change by having multiple short development cycles, rather than one long one Introduces a number of basic values, principles and practices on top of the agile programming framework
65. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Coding Software instructions a computer can interpret. Without code, there is no working product Coding can also be used to figure out the most suitable solution Coding can also help to communicate thoughts about programming problems Code must be always clear and concise and cannot be interpreted in more than one way Other programmers can give feedback on this code by also coding their thoughts
66. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Testing if a little testing can eliminate a few flaws, a lot of testing can eliminate many more flaws Unit tests determine whether a given feature works as intended. writes as many automated tests as they can think of that might "break" the code if all tests run successfully, then the coding is complete. Acceptance tests verify that the requirements as understood by the programmers satisfy the customer's actual requirements.
67. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Designing The system becomes too complex and the dependencies within the system cease to be clear Avoid this by creating a design structure that organizes the logic in the system Good design will avoid lots of dependencies within a system
68. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Listening Programmers must listen to what the customers need the system to do They must understand business logic needs well enough to give the customer feedback about the technical aspects of how the problem might be solved
70. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Communication This task is accomplished through documentation The goal is to give all developers a shared view of the system which matches the view held by the users of the system extreme programming favors simple designs, common metaphors, collaboration of users and programmers, frequent verbal communication, and feedback
71. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Simplicity Encourages starting with the simplest solution the focus on designing and coding for the needs of today instead of those of tomorrow, next week, or next month This is sometimes summed up as the "you aren't gonna need it" (YAGNI) approach Coding and designing for uncertain future requirements implies the risk of spending resources on something that might not be needed A simple design with very simple code could be easily understood by most programmers in the team
72. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Feedback Feedback from the system: by writing unit tests or running periodic integration tests Feedback from the customer: The functional tests (acceptance tests) are written by the customer and the testers Feedback from the team: When customers come up with new requirements the team directly gives an estimation of the time that it will take to implement
73. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Courage Courage enables developers to feel comfortable with refactoring their code when necessary This means reviewing the existing system and modifying it so that future changes can be implemented more easily courage to remove source code that is obsolete, no matter how much effort was used to create that source code
74. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Respect The respect value includes respect for others as well as self-respect Programmers should never commit changes that break compilation, that make existing unit-tests fail, or that otherwise delay the work of their peers Members respect their own work by always striving for high quality and seeking for the best design for the solution at hand through refactoring
75. ExteremeProgramming (cont’d) Rules Business people and developers do joint work Our highest priority is customer satisfaction Deliver working software frequently Working software Global awareness The team must act as an effective social network
Editor's Notes
Pig and Chicken Story to open restaurant named Ham and Egg , The pig say I’m not accepted , I’m committed but you are just involved