This document discusses various topics related to software testing and verification and validation (V&V). It begins with an overview of test plan creation and different types of testing such as unit, integration, system, and object-oriented testing. It then defines the key differences between verification and validation. The rest of the document provides more details on V&V techniques like static and dynamic verification, software inspections, and testing. It also covers testing fundamentals, principles, testability factors, and different testing techniques like black-box and white-box testing.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1) An overview of software testing, its goals of finding bugs and evaluating quality.
2) The need for testing plans to define scope, resources, schedules and quality standards.
3) Types of testing like functional, non-functional, unit, integration and acceptance.
4) Black box and white box testing techniques.
Software Product Measurement and Analysis in a Continuous Integration Environ...Gabriel Moreira
Presentation of a paper presented in the International Conference ITNG 2010, about a framework constructed for software internal quality measurement program with automatic metrics extraction, implemented at a Software Factory.
The document contains 40 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and terminology. Some of the topics covered in the questions include types of testing (e.g. integration testing, system testing), test design techniques (e.g. boundary value analysis), test management processes (e.g. test estimation, test monitoring), and software quality attributes (e.g. reliability). The questions are from an ISTQB certification sample exam and include a answer key indicating the correct response for each question.
1. The document provides multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and terms. It covers topics like test case design, test levels, defect management, risk analysis, test techniques and tools.
2. Several questions test knowledge of terms related to test coverage, test types, integration testing techniques, defect prioritization and analysis. Other topics assessed include test planning, test metrics, compatibility testing and quality perspectives.
3. The document contains 75 multiple choice questions to evaluate understanding of key software testing concepts and best practices. The breadth of topics covered provides a comprehensive skills assessment.
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
Software testing quiz questions and answersRajendraG
This document contains a software testing quiz with 77 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing. The questions assess knowledge in areas such as test documentation, test types, quality management, testing levels, metrics, risks, and the software development life cycle. Correct answers are provided at the end. The quiz is intended to help individuals learn and evaluate their understanding of key concepts in software testing.
This document contains a chapter summary and self-check quiz about software project planning. Some key points:
- The objective of software project planning is to enable managers to reasonably estimate costs and schedules. Project scope defines system functionality, performance, costs, resources, schedule and milestones.
- Determining project feasibility considers business/marketing concerns, scope/constraints/market, technology/finance/time/resources. External interfaces must be evaluated.
- Estimating team size is done after estimating development effort. Reusable components must be catalogued, standardized and validated for easy integration.
- Estimation techniques include empirical models, white-box methods, and regression models. Size estimates cannot be solely based on LOC
The document provides information on software quality assurance and testing topics. It includes definitions of software quality assurance, differences between types of testing (static vs dynamic, client/server vs web applications), quality assurance activities, why testing cannot ensure quality, and more. FAQs cover topics such as prioritizing defects, establishing a QA process, and differences between QA and testing. The document is a collection of technical FAQs for software QA engineers and testers.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1) An overview of software testing, its goals of finding bugs and evaluating quality.
2) The need for testing plans to define scope, resources, schedules and quality standards.
3) Types of testing like functional, non-functional, unit, integration and acceptance.
4) Black box and white box testing techniques.
Software Product Measurement and Analysis in a Continuous Integration Environ...Gabriel Moreira
Presentation of a paper presented in the International Conference ITNG 2010, about a framework constructed for software internal quality measurement program with automatic metrics extraction, implemented at a Software Factory.
The document contains 40 multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and terminology. Some of the topics covered in the questions include types of testing (e.g. integration testing, system testing), test design techniques (e.g. boundary value analysis), test management processes (e.g. test estimation, test monitoring), and software quality attributes (e.g. reliability). The questions are from an ISTQB certification sample exam and include a answer key indicating the correct response for each question.
1. The document provides multiple choice questions related to software testing concepts and terms. It covers topics like test case design, test levels, defect management, risk analysis, test techniques and tools.
2. Several questions test knowledge of terms related to test coverage, test types, integration testing techniques, defect prioritization and analysis. Other topics assessed include test planning, test metrics, compatibility testing and quality perspectives.
3. The document contains 75 multiple choice questions to evaluate understanding of key software testing concepts and best practices. The breadth of topics covered provides a comprehensive skills assessment.
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
Software testing quiz questions and answersRajendraG
This document contains a software testing quiz with 77 multiple choice questions covering various topics in software testing. The questions assess knowledge in areas such as test documentation, test types, quality management, testing levels, metrics, risks, and the software development life cycle. Correct answers are provided at the end. The quiz is intended to help individuals learn and evaluate their understanding of key concepts in software testing.
This document contains a chapter summary and self-check quiz about software project planning. Some key points:
- The objective of software project planning is to enable managers to reasonably estimate costs and schedules. Project scope defines system functionality, performance, costs, resources, schedule and milestones.
- Determining project feasibility considers business/marketing concerns, scope/constraints/market, technology/finance/time/resources. External interfaces must be evaluated.
- Estimating team size is done after estimating development effort. Reusable components must be catalogued, standardized and validated for easy integration.
- Estimation techniques include empirical models, white-box methods, and regression models. Size estimates cannot be solely based on LOC
The document provides information on software quality assurance and testing topics. It includes definitions of software quality assurance, differences between types of testing (static vs dynamic, client/server vs web applications), quality assurance activities, why testing cannot ensure quality, and more. FAQs cover topics such as prioritizing defects, establishing a QA process, and differences between QA and testing. The document is a collection of technical FAQs for software QA engineers and testers.
This document provides instructions and questions for a 50 question, 37.5 minute sample exam for the CAST Certified Associate in Software Testing certification. The exam covers topics such as software testing techniques, metrics, defect management, quality assurance, and Agile methodologies. It tests knowledge in areas like test planning, automation, risk analysis, and new technologies including virtualization, the Internet of Things, and DevOps.
The document discusses various topics relating to software project management including:
- Defining defect prevention as avoiding defect insertion.
- Stating that the main goal of quality assurance is to reduce risks in developing software.
- Indicating that requirements must be unambiguously stated.
- Noting that effective software project management focuses on people, process, product, and project.
This document contains 33 multiple choice questions related to software engineering concepts and processes. The questions cover topics such as software life cycle models, software requirements, quality assurance, testing methods, maintenance types, and object-oriented design principles.
This document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification exam. It includes 26 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of software testing concepts like test levels, test techniques, test coverage, and configuration management. Sample questions cover topics like the purpose of testing, characteristics of integration testing, types of analysis like boundary value analysis, goals of testing, and definitions of terms like equivalence partitioning.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: waterfall model, prototyping model, iterative enhancement model, spiral model, and object-oriented methodology model. It provides detailed descriptions of each model's phases, process, advantages, and limitations. The waterfall model is the simplest and involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping and iterative enhancement models allow for more user feedback and flexibility. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The object-oriented model focuses on identifying system objects and relationships.
Software, Types of Software
Software Project, Application and Product
Software Business Process
SDLC
SDLC Models
Test Levels
Software Environment
Test Types
Test Design Techniques
Testing Process (STLC)
Informal Testing
Quality Standards
Software Business Domains
Component testing (also known as unit testing) involves testing individual software modules or units of code to determine if they are fit for use. Risk-based testing prioritizes tests to find critical defects early by testing risks, which should be reassessed regularly based on stakeholder input. Static analysis tools can detect undefined values and divide by zero errors during code execution but not memory leaks.
Testing Terms & Definitions document defines over 50 types of software testing terms concisely. It includes definitions for acceptance testing, which validates a software meets acceptance criteria, accessibility testing for disabilities, and automated testing using tools without manual intervention. It also defines integration testing of modules, localization testing for different cultures, load/performance testing under normal and heavy usage, and negative/black box testing without knowledge of internal workings. The document provides brief yet informative definitions for a wide range of standard testing techniques.
The document contains questions about software testing concepts and techniques, including topics like functional testing, static analysis, risk-based testing, test design techniques, structure testing, and test levels. Multiple choice answers are provided for 22 questions testing knowledge of testing fundamentals.
This document contains multiple choice questions about software testing concepts and processes. It covers topics like test case design techniques, test planning principles, test automation benefits, defect reporting criteria, and static analysis tools. The questions assess understanding of key testing tasks, metrics, documentation standards, and best practices.
The document contains a 30 question sample exam for ISTQB Foundation level certification. The questions cover topics like software testing principles, test techniques, test levels, test types, standards, and complexity. Taking the exam helps validate knowledge of key software testing concepts and best practices. Additional free testing resources can be found on the listed website.
ISTQB Foundation level Sample Paper - Part 3 Parul Chotalia
The document appears to be a sample question paper for an ISTQB Foundation level certification. It contains 38 multiple choice questions testing various concepts in software testing such as test levels, test techniques, test documentation, test management and test process. The questions cover topics like test planning, test design, test execution, incident management and test types.
The document discusses software processes and iterative process models. It describes incremental delivery and spiral development as two iterative process models. Incremental delivery breaks development into increments with each delivering part of the functionality. Spiral development represents the process as a spiral with phases addressing objectives, risks, development and planning. Both models allow for iteration and incorporate user feedback earlier.
Este documento presenta el currículum vitae de Alejandra Katherine Tapia Rosas, una ingeniera ecuatoriana de 24 años con experiencia en aduanas, comercio exterior e importaciones. Ha trabajado en varias organizaciones como el Servicio Nacional de Aduana del Ecuador, Geomil Courier S.A. y SIATIGROUP. Actualmente cursa una maestría en negocios internacionales.
Este catálogo de produtos lista vários artigos para mulher com seus respectivos números, preços e categorias. A maioria dos itens custa $199, embora alguns tenham preços mais altos de $299, $349, $499 ou $599, dependendo do estilo do produto. As roupas incluem camisetas, moletons e capuzes com diversos designs populares e icônicos.
http://www.londrestaxi.es/ | T Cars Service is a Private Hire Chaffeuring Service, where we offer high quality of service from our 17 years worth of experience. Our office is open 24/7 and you can call us anytime to get instant quote for your desired journey.
Business Seminar: Social-Media-Integration auf UnternehmenswebsitesGoldbach Group AG
INHALTE:
Theoretisches und praktisches Wissen zu:
1 Wirkung und gegenseitige Abhängigkeiten, 2 kanalgerechte Ansprache und Inhaltsproduktion, 3 technische Integration, 4 visuelle Darstellung und Einschränkungen, 5 Messbarkeit der einzelnen Schritte und Kanäle
Topics:
Authentic Leadership
The leader's code
My own roadmap toward new Leadership
Marshall Goldsmith Library
Scott Williams
Charter for NEW Leadership
Unboss
Global trends
My mission
Leadership in turbulent times
Recommendations
Fabricantes y Distribuidores: Retos y Soluciones en tiempos de crisisJorSer2009
Este documento discute los retos y soluciones que enfrentan los fabricantes y distribuidores en tiempos de crisis. Los fabricantes deben entender mejor a los consumidores y desarrollar nuevos productos e innovación, mientras que los distribuidores necesitan optimizar su espacio, construir lealtad de clientes y desarrollar marcas propias. Tanto los fabricantes como los distribuidores requieren compartir información, mejorar la tecnología y enfocarse en la satisfacción de los empleados para crear valor para los clientes.
This document provides instructions and questions for a 50 question, 37.5 minute sample exam for the CAST Certified Associate in Software Testing certification. The exam covers topics such as software testing techniques, metrics, defect management, quality assurance, and Agile methodologies. It tests knowledge in areas like test planning, automation, risk analysis, and new technologies including virtualization, the Internet of Things, and DevOps.
The document discusses various topics relating to software project management including:
- Defining defect prevention as avoiding defect insertion.
- Stating that the main goal of quality assurance is to reduce risks in developing software.
- Indicating that requirements must be unambiguously stated.
- Noting that effective software project management focuses on people, process, product, and project.
This document contains 33 multiple choice questions related to software engineering concepts and processes. The questions cover topics such as software life cycle models, software requirements, quality assurance, testing methods, maintenance types, and object-oriented design principles.
This document contains a sample question paper for an ISTQB certification exam. It includes 26 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of software testing concepts like test levels, test techniques, test coverage, and configuration management. Sample questions cover topics like the purpose of testing, characteristics of integration testing, types of analysis like boundary value analysis, goals of testing, and definitions of terms like equivalence partitioning.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: waterfall model, prototyping model, iterative enhancement model, spiral model, and object-oriented methodology model. It provides detailed descriptions of each model's phases, process, advantages, and limitations. The waterfall model is the simplest and involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping and iterative enhancement models allow for more user feedback and flexibility. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The object-oriented model focuses on identifying system objects and relationships.
Software, Types of Software
Software Project, Application and Product
Software Business Process
SDLC
SDLC Models
Test Levels
Software Environment
Test Types
Test Design Techniques
Testing Process (STLC)
Informal Testing
Quality Standards
Software Business Domains
Component testing (also known as unit testing) involves testing individual software modules or units of code to determine if they are fit for use. Risk-based testing prioritizes tests to find critical defects early by testing risks, which should be reassessed regularly based on stakeholder input. Static analysis tools can detect undefined values and divide by zero errors during code execution but not memory leaks.
Testing Terms & Definitions document defines over 50 types of software testing terms concisely. It includes definitions for acceptance testing, which validates a software meets acceptance criteria, accessibility testing for disabilities, and automated testing using tools without manual intervention. It also defines integration testing of modules, localization testing for different cultures, load/performance testing under normal and heavy usage, and negative/black box testing without knowledge of internal workings. The document provides brief yet informative definitions for a wide range of standard testing techniques.
The document contains questions about software testing concepts and techniques, including topics like functional testing, static analysis, risk-based testing, test design techniques, structure testing, and test levels. Multiple choice answers are provided for 22 questions testing knowledge of testing fundamentals.
This document contains multiple choice questions about software testing concepts and processes. It covers topics like test case design techniques, test planning principles, test automation benefits, defect reporting criteria, and static analysis tools. The questions assess understanding of key testing tasks, metrics, documentation standards, and best practices.
The document contains a 30 question sample exam for ISTQB Foundation level certification. The questions cover topics like software testing principles, test techniques, test levels, test types, standards, and complexity. Taking the exam helps validate knowledge of key software testing concepts and best practices. Additional free testing resources can be found on the listed website.
ISTQB Foundation level Sample Paper - Part 3 Parul Chotalia
The document appears to be a sample question paper for an ISTQB Foundation level certification. It contains 38 multiple choice questions testing various concepts in software testing such as test levels, test techniques, test documentation, test management and test process. The questions cover topics like test planning, test design, test execution, incident management and test types.
The document discusses software processes and iterative process models. It describes incremental delivery and spiral development as two iterative process models. Incremental delivery breaks development into increments with each delivering part of the functionality. Spiral development represents the process as a spiral with phases addressing objectives, risks, development and planning. Both models allow for iteration and incorporate user feedback earlier.
Este documento presenta el currículum vitae de Alejandra Katherine Tapia Rosas, una ingeniera ecuatoriana de 24 años con experiencia en aduanas, comercio exterior e importaciones. Ha trabajado en varias organizaciones como el Servicio Nacional de Aduana del Ecuador, Geomil Courier S.A. y SIATIGROUP. Actualmente cursa una maestría en negocios internacionales.
Este catálogo de produtos lista vários artigos para mulher com seus respectivos números, preços e categorias. A maioria dos itens custa $199, embora alguns tenham preços mais altos de $299, $349, $499 ou $599, dependendo do estilo do produto. As roupas incluem camisetas, moletons e capuzes com diversos designs populares e icônicos.
http://www.londrestaxi.es/ | T Cars Service is a Private Hire Chaffeuring Service, where we offer high quality of service from our 17 years worth of experience. Our office is open 24/7 and you can call us anytime to get instant quote for your desired journey.
Business Seminar: Social-Media-Integration auf UnternehmenswebsitesGoldbach Group AG
INHALTE:
Theoretisches und praktisches Wissen zu:
1 Wirkung und gegenseitige Abhängigkeiten, 2 kanalgerechte Ansprache und Inhaltsproduktion, 3 technische Integration, 4 visuelle Darstellung und Einschränkungen, 5 Messbarkeit der einzelnen Schritte und Kanäle
Topics:
Authentic Leadership
The leader's code
My own roadmap toward new Leadership
Marshall Goldsmith Library
Scott Williams
Charter for NEW Leadership
Unboss
Global trends
My mission
Leadership in turbulent times
Recommendations
Fabricantes y Distribuidores: Retos y Soluciones en tiempos de crisisJorSer2009
Este documento discute los retos y soluciones que enfrentan los fabricantes y distribuidores en tiempos de crisis. Los fabricantes deben entender mejor a los consumidores y desarrollar nuevos productos e innovación, mientras que los distribuidores necesitan optimizar su espacio, construir lealtad de clientes y desarrollar marcas propias. Tanto los fabricantes como los distribuidores requieren compartir información, mejorar la tecnología y enfocarse en la satisfacción de los empleados para crear valor para los clientes.
Este documento describe la orientación diagnóstica y el enfoque a seguir para el dolor pélvico agudo y crónico en la mujer. Explica que el dolor pélvico agudo se presenta en la consulta de urgencias con frecuencia, mientras que el dolor pélvico crónico se presenta en la consulta programada. Además, detalla los principales problemas relacionados con el diagnóstico del dolor pélvico agudo y la importancia de un enfoque metodológico racional que incluya la epidemiología, la fisiología
Using Visualizations in Remote Online Labs - Talk at CyTSEMegan Sauter
1. The document discusses a study that compared the psychological experiences of students doing a science lab remotely versus through a computer simulation. It examined how the type of technology and visualizations used influenced presence, mental models of labs, and learning outcomes.
2. The results showed that remote labs led to a stronger sense of presence and doing a real experiment. Webcams gave more of a sense of reality than photos. Students who did the remote lab were also more likely to want to do it again.
3. Overall, the study found that while learning was robust with both methods, remote labs with more realistic visualizations like webcams led to more authentic lab experiences for students. The technology and visualizations used are
El documento proporciona información sobre Villa de Leyva, una ciudad colombiana conocida como la Provincia de Ricaurte según los muiscas. Se detalla que Villa de Leyva busca convertirse en el primer destino turístico del país. Además, presenta varios enlaces a páginas web de interés relacionadas con temas como el gobierno en línea, información cultural, turismo y otros servicios del gobierno.
El documento describe la formación corporativa como un conductor de resultados que apoya la misión empresarial y la cultura organizativa. Explica que la formación puede abordar dimensiones como las creencias, actitudes y aptitudes a través de posibilidades como talleres, coaching, consultoría y seguimiento. La formación eficaz implica una combinación de estas acciones y lleva al cambio permanente y aprendizaje profundo de las capacidades organizativas.
Grupo Caterdata es una empresa creada en 1989 que ofrece servicios para el sector horeca como publicaciones, el Concurso Cocinero del Año en España y Alemania, una agencia de chefs, selección de personal, y estudios de mercado. La empresa también publica las revistas RRR y Caternews sobre la industria horeca.
Solomon McCown & Company presented to My Egg Bank on social media strategies. They discussed the top social media platforms - Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, blogs, YouTube and LinkedIn. For each platform, they provided recommendations on goals, who to follow/like, what content to post, hashtags to use, and how to position My Egg Bank as an expert in the field. The presentation aimed to help My Egg Bank effectively engage target audiences and promote its messages across various social media channels.
Este documento describe la línea de cosméticos naturales Dr. Hauschka. Explica que los productos Dr. Hauschka se basan en la filosofía de apoyar las propias fuerzas de regeneración de la piel usando ingredientes naturales como plantas medicinales. También resume brevemente la historia de la marca y algunos de sus productos faciales clave como la Crema Facial Limpiadora y el Tónico Facial.
The document discusses various aspects of software testing such as the definitions of testing, different testing methodologies like black box and white box testing, testing levels from unit to acceptance testing, and performance testing types including stress, recovery, and compatibility testing. It also covers testing tools, test plans, test cases, and the software development life cycle.
The document discusses software testing. It defines software testing as verifying and validating that a software application meets requirements and works as expected. The main purposes of testing are verification, validation, and defect finding. Verification ensures the software meets technical specifications, while validation ensures it meets business requirements. Defect finding identifies variances between expected and actual results. The document also discusses different testing methodologies like black box and white box testing and different testing levels like unit, integration, and system testing.
The document discusses software testing and provides details on various aspects of software testing such as:
1) The objectives of software testing including uncovering errors, demonstrating software matches requirements, and validating quality with minimum cost.
2) Different levels of software testing from unit to integration to system testing.
3) Key aspects of software testing like test plans, test cases, test types (black box vs white box), and testing methodologies.
This is the most important topic of OOAD named as Object Oriented Testing. It is used to prepare a good software which has no bug in it and it performs very fast. <a href="https://harisjamil.pro">Haris Jamil</a>
Group #8, represented by Haris Jamil, discussed various types of software testing for their information technology project. They will review object-oriented analysis and design models, conduct class testing after coding, and integration testing within subsystems. The types of testing included are: object-oriented testing, requirement testing, analysis and design testing, code testing, user testing, integration tests, and system tests. Stages of requirement-based testing were defined as well as analysis testing, design testing techniques, code-based testing, integration testing strategies, system testing purposes, and user acceptance testing. Scenario-based testing was also explained.
The document discusses various aspects of the software testing process including verification and validation strategies, test phases, metrics, configuration management, test development, and defect tracking. It provides details on unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and other test phases. Metrics covered include functional coverage, software maturity, and reliability. Configuration management and defect tracking processes are also summarized.
Software Testing
Different Types of Software Testing
Verification
Validation
Unit Testing
Beta Testing
Alpha Testing
Black Box Testing
White Box testing
Error
Bug
The document discusses different strategies for software testing. It describes unit testing starting at the component level and progressing outward to integration, validation, and system testing. Validation testing ensures requirements are met through criteria like functional testing and alpha/beta testing with end users. Verification tests that the product is built correctly while validation ensures the correct product is built.
The document provides an overview of software testing, including definitions of key terms, objectives and goals of testing, different testing methodologies and levels, and the typical phases of the software testing lifecycle. It describes error, bug, fault, and failure. It also outlines different types of testing like white box and black box testing and discusses unit, integration, and system testing. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of planning testing to be most effective and cost-efficient.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its components to identify differences between expected and actual results. It involves executing a system to identify gaps, errors, or missing requirements. There are different types of testing such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Testing can be manual, automated, functional, or non-functional. Functional testing evaluates system functionality while non-functional testing evaluates attributes like performance and security. Common non-functional test types are load testing and stress testing which analyze a system's behavior under different load conditions.
Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its components to identify errors or gaps between expected and actual results. It can be done manually or through automation. There are different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Testing also includes functional testing to check system requirements and non-functional testing to evaluate performance. Key aspects of testing include the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different models like waterfall, prototyping, incremental, spiral, and agile.
Testing is the process of identifying errors, completeness and quality of software. It involves executing programs under different conditions to check if they meet specifications and functionality. The objectives of testing are to uncover errors, demonstrate a software product matches requirements, and validate quality with minimum cost. Testing follows a life cycle including test planning, case design, execution, and reporting defects. Different methodologies include black box which tests external functionality without code knowledge, and white box which tests internal code coverage. Testing levels are unit, integration and system.
Software Testing :
It is the process used to identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed computer software.
It is the process of executing a program/application under positive and negative conditions by manual or automated means. It checks for the :-
Specification
Functionality
Performance
Testing is the process of identifying bugs and ensuring software meets requirements. It involves executing programs under different conditions to check specification, functionality, and performance. The objectives of testing are to uncover errors, demonstrate requirements are met, and validate quality with minimal cost. Testing follows a life cycle including planning, design, execution, and reporting. Different methodologies like black box and white box testing are used at various levels from unit to system. The overall goal is to perform effective testing to deliver high quality software.
This document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses the objectives, goals, methodologies and phases of testing. Testing aims to identify correctness, completeness and quality of software. Various types of testing are covered, including white box and black box testing, as well as unit, integration and system testing. Testing levels like alpha, beta and acceptance testing are also summarized. The document concludes that effective testing requires investigation rather than just following procedures, and should focus testing efforts in the most effective areas.
The document provides an overview of software testing. It defines software and describes different types, including system software, programming software, and application software. It then discusses objectives of testing like ensuring requirements are met and finding defects. Testing types include black box, white box, and interface testing. The software testing life cycle is also explained as a sequence of requirement analysis, test planning, case development, execution, and closure.
This document provides an overview of different types of software testing, including functional testing and non-functional testing. It describes various testing techniques such as white-box testing, black-box testing, unit testing, integration testing, regression testing, and performance testing. It explains the steps and goals of software testing processes like verification, validation, and different testing phases. Key aspects like test planning, test case design, test execution and reporting are also summarized.
System testing is done to discover errors by testing all components, subassemblies, and the final product. There are various types of tests that each address specific testing needs. Unit testing checks individual software units before integration to validate internal logic and outputs. Integration testing checks integrated components run as one program. Functional testing systematically exercises software functions, inputs, outputs, and interfaces as specified in requirements. System testing ensures the full integrated system meets requirements through configuration testing.
Similar to Mca se chapter_07_software_validation (20)
Algorithmic Toolbox Certificate from Coursera for Aman AdhikariAman Adhikari
Certificate for online non-credit course authorized by University of California, San Diego and Higher School of Economics and offered through Coursera named, "Algorithmic Toolbox" for Aman Adhikari
This document discusses various concepts related to visual programming and event-driven programming in .NET. It covers the differences between procedural and event-driven programming, how events and event handlers work, and principles of software design like user interface design and goal-directed design processes. It also discusses implementation models, mental models, visual interface design including visual patterns, affordances, modes, dialog boxes, and file systems.
This document discusses formal methods in software engineering. It defines formal methods as techniques based on mathematical representation and analysis to produce consistent, complete and correct software specifications. Some key topics covered include formal specification languages, pre and post conditions, formal verification, advantages of formal specification in reducing errors and rework. It also discusses challenges in adopting formal methods like difficulty in scaling to large systems and fitting all problem domains. Examples are provided to illustrate specification of functions using logic symbols and assertions.
The document provides an overview of the Research Methodology course offered at Purbanchal University. The course is aimed at teaching students key concepts in research methods, including research design, data collection techniques, sampling methods, data analysis, and developing a research proposal. The course is divided into 8 sections that will cover topics such as defining a research problem, different types of research designs, methods of data collection and analysis, writing a research report and proposal. The overall goal is to equip students with the skills to select appropriate methodologies and effectively plan and conduct research studies.
Testing is the process of executing a program to find errors prior to delivery. There are various types of testing including unit, integration, system, and validation testing which help verify requirements are met and defects are discovered. The goal is to have confidence that the system is fit for purpose and meets user expectations depending on how critical the software is and the marketing environment.
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
The document discusses software quality assurance (SQA) and defines key terms related to quality. It describes SQA as encompassing quality management, software engineering processes, formal reviews, testing strategies, documentation control, and compliance with standards. Specific SQA activities mentioned include developing an SQA plan, participating in process development, auditing work products, and ensuring deviations are addressed. The document also discusses software reviews, inspections, reliability, and the reliability specification process.
The document discusses various techniques for planning software projects, including scoping the project, estimating effort and timelines, identifying risks, creating schedules, and developing control strategies. It covers estimating project size through techniques like function point analysis and lines of code counting. It also discusses decomposing projects into sub-problems and estimating effort for each through methods like problem-based estimation and process-based estimation using standard components. Data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are presented as tools for modeling systems and defining requirements.
The document discusses software requirement specification and the requirement engineering process. It describes how requirements are elicited from stakeholders, analyzed for consistency and completeness, and specified in a requirements document. The key activities in requirements engineering include requirements elicitation, analysis, validation, and management, which are iterative processes.
The document discusses various techniques for planning software projects, including scoping the project, estimating effort and timelines, identifying risks, creating schedules, and developing control strategies. It covers estimating project size through techniques like function point analysis and lines of code counting. It also discusses decomposing projects into sub-problems and estimating effort for each through methods like problem-based estimation and process-based estimation using standard components. Data flow diagrams and entity relationship diagrams are presented as tools for modeling systems and defining requirements.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Software Engineering course, including 11 topics that will be covered over several hours: Introduction to Software Engineering, Software Design, Using APIs, Software Tools and Environments, Software Processes, Software Requirements and Specifications, Software Validation, Software Evolution, Software Project Management, Formal Methods, and Specialized Systems Development. The main texts to be used are listed as two Software Engineering books by Sommerville and Pressman.
Software engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It involves theories, methods and tools to support the software development process from initial specification through maintenance. Key activities include specification, development, validation and evolution of software to meet changing needs. While techniques vary depending on the application type, fundamental principles like managed processes, dependability, requirements management and reuse apply universally.
Software engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It involves theories, methods and tools to support the software development process from initial specification through maintenance. Key activities include specification, development, validation and evolution of software to meet changing needs. While techniques may vary depending on the application type, fundamental principles like managed processes, dependability, requirements management and reuse apply universally.
Research problems involve identifying an issue that a researcher wants to solve. Selecting an appropriate research problem is the first stage of any research project. A good research problem needs to meet certain conditions like being relevant, significant, and having available resources and time to research the topic thoroughly.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and importance of research, classification of research types, the research process, and characteristics of good research. Specifically, it covers:
- The objectives of research including exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing.
- The significance of research in advancing knowledge and solving problems.
- How research follows the scientific method principles of clearly defined purpose, planned process, and justified conclusions.
- Classification of research as basic vs applied, descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
- The characteristics of good research as being systematic, logical, empirical, and having a clear purpose.
This document discusses data reduction and analysis techniques used in research methodology. It covers topics like data processing operations including editing, coding, classification and tabulation. Classification can be according to attributes or class intervals. Tabulation involves summarizing raw data into statistical tables for analysis. Simple tabulation provides information on independent questions while complex tabulation shows interrelated data categories. Analysis estimates unknown population parameters and tests hypotheses.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research. It describes two types of data: primary and secondary. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher, while secondary data was previously collected by someone else.
The document outlines several methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on observation and interview methods. Observation can be structured, unstructured, participant, or non-participant. Interviews can be personal or over the telephone. The document also discusses distinguishing features of experiments and surveys.
This document discusses socio-ethical issues in research. It addresses ethics in research, reasons for adhering to ethics like promoting honest results and building public support. It outlines standards like honesty, objectivity, and social responsibility. The document also discusses participants' rights to not participate, withdraw, give informed consent, and have their anonymity and confidentiality protected. Researchers have responsibilities to avoid unnecessary intrusion and behave with integrity.
This document discusses sampling decisions and techniques for research methodology. It covers the differences between a census and sample survey, as well as the steps to take in developing a sampling design, including defining the target population, selecting a sampling unit, developing a sampling frame, determining sample size based on parameters of interest and budget constraints, and choosing a sampling procedure. Key criteria for selecting a sampling procedure are minimizing both systematic bias from issues like an inappropriate sampling frame, and sampling error which can be reduced by increasing the sample size.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research. It describes two types of data: primary and secondary. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher, while secondary data was previously collected by someone else.
The document outlines several methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on observation and interview methods. Observation can be structured, unstructured, participant, or non-participant. Interviews can be personal or over the telephone. The document also discusses distinguishing features of experiments and surveys.
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Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
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-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
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Business is done in many different ways across the world. How you connect with colleagues and communicate feedback constructively differs tremendously depending on where a person comes from. Drawing on the culture map from the cultural anthropologist, Erin Meyer, this class discusses how best to manage effectively across the invisible lines of culture.
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2. Topics include
Validation Planning
Testing Fundamentals
Test plan creation
Test-case generation
Black-box Testing
White Box Testing
Unit Testing
Integration Testing
System testing
Object-oriented Testing
3. Verification Vs.
Validation Two questions
Are we building the right product ? => Validation
Are we building the product right ? = > Verification
People
Money
Machines
Materials
Building the right product
Building product right
Efficiency
making best use of
resources in achieving
goals
Effectiveness
choosing effective goals and
achieving them
4. Verification &
Validation
Software V & V is a disciplined approach to assessing software
products throughout the SDLC.
V & V strives to ensure that quality is built into the software
and that the software satisfies business functional
requirements.
V & V is to ensures that software conforms to its specification
and meets the needs of the customers.
V & V employs review, analysis, and testing techniques to
determine whether a software product and its intermediate
deliverables comply with requirements. These requirements
include both business functional capabilities and quality
attributes.
V & V provide management with insights into the state of the
project and the software products, allowing for timely change
in the products or in the SDLC approach.
V & V is typically applied in parallel with software development
and support activities.
5. Verification involves checking that
The software conforms to its specification.
System meets its specified functional and non-functional
requirements.
“Are we building the product right ?”
Validation, a more general process ensure that the
software meets the expectation of the customer.
“Are we building the right product ?”
You can't test in quality. If its not there before you begin
testing, it won’t be there when you’re finished testing.
Verification &
Validation
6. Techniques of system
checking & Analysis
Software inspections
Concerned with analysis of the static system
representation to discover problems (static verification)
such as
• Requirements document
• Design diagrams and
• Program source code
It do not require the system to be executed.
This techniques include program inspections, automated
source code analysis and formal verification.
It can’t check the non-functional characteristics of the
software such as its performance and reliability.
7. Software testing
It involves executing an implementation of the software
with test data and examining the outputs of the software
and its operational behavior to check that it is performing
as required.
It is a dynamic techniques of verification and validation.
The system is executed with test data and its operational
behaviour is observed.
Two distinct types of testing
Defect testing : to find inconsistencies between a program
and its specification.
Statistical testing : to test program’s performance and
reliability and to check how it works under operational
conditions
Techniques of system
checking & Analysis
8. Static and Dynamic V &
V
Formal
specification
High-level
design
Requirements
specification
Detailed
design
Program
Prototype
Dynamic
validation
Static
verification
9. Software Testing
fundamentals
Testing is a set of activities that can be planned in
advance and conducted systematically.
Testing is the process of executing a program with the
intent of finding errors.
A good test case is one with a high probability of finding
an as-yet undiscovered error.
A successful test is one that discovers an as-yet-
undiscovered error.
10. Software testing
priciples
All tests should be traceable to customer
requirements.
Tests should be planned long before testing
begins.
The Pareto principle (80% of all errors will likely
be found in 20% of the code) applies to software
testing.
Testing should begin in the small and progress to
the large.
Exhaustive testing is not possible.
To be most effective, testing should be conducted
by an independent third party.
11. Operability-the better it works the more efficiently it can
be tested
Observability-what you see is what you test
Controllability-the better software can be controlled the
more testing can be automated and optimized
Decomposability-by controlling the scope of testing, the
more quickly problems can be isolated and retested
intelligently
Simplicity-the less there is to test, the more quickly we
can test
Stability-the fewer the changes, the fewer the
disruptions to testing
Understandability-the more information known, the
smarter the testing
Software Testability
Checklist
12. V&V Vs. Debugging
Verification and validation
A process that establishes the existence of defects in a
software system.
The ultimate goal of the V&V process is to establish
confidence that the software system is “fit for purpose”.
Debugging
A process that locates and corrects these defects
Locate
error
Design
error repair
Repair
error
Re-test
program
Test
results Specification Test
cases
13. Design test
cases
Prepare test
data
Runprogram
withtest data
Compare results
totest cases
Test
cases
Test
data
Test
results
Test
reports
The defect testing
process
Test data
Inputs which have been devised to test the system
Test cases
Inputs to test the system and the predicted outputs from
these inputs if the system operates according to its
specification
14. Project Planning
Plan Description
Quality Plan Describes the quality procedure and
standards that will be used in a project.
Validation Plan Describes the approach, resources and
schedule used for system validation.
Configuration
Management Plan
Describes the configuration management
procedures and structures to be used.
Maintenance Plan Predicts the maintenance requirements of
the system, maintenance costs and effort
required.
Staff development Plan Describes how the skills and experience of
the project team members will be developed.
17. Testing Process
Unit testing - Individual components are tested
independently, without other system components
Module testing - Related collections of dependent
components( class, ADT, procedures & functions) are tested,
without other system module.
Sub-system testing-Modules are integrated into sub-systems
and tested. The focus here should be on interface testing to
detect module interface errors or mismatches.
System testing - Testing of the system as a whole. Validating
functional and non-functional requirements & Testing of
emergent system properties.
Acceptance testing-Testing with customer data to check that
it is acceptable. Also called Alpha Testing
18. Component testing
Testing of individual program components
Usually the responsibility of the component developer
(except sometimes for critical systems)
Tests are derived from the developer’s experience
Integration testing
Testing of groups of components integrated to create
a system or sub-system
The responsibility of an independent testing team
Tests are based on a system specification
The testing process
19. Acceptance Testing
Making sure the software works correctly for
intended user in his or her normal work
environment.
Alpha test-version of the complete software is
tested by customer under the supervision of the
developer at the developer’s site.
Beta test-version of the complete software is
tested by customer at his or her own site without
the developer being present
The testing process
20. Black-box testing
Also known as behavioral or functional testing.
The system is a “Blackbox” whose behavior can be
determined by studying its inputs and related outputs.
Knowing the specified function a product is to perform
and demonstrating correct operation based solely on its
specification without regard for its internal logic.
Focus on the functional requirements of the software i.e.,
information domain not the implementation part of the
software and disregards control structure.
The program test cases are based on the system
specification
It is performed during later stages of testing like in the
acceptance testing or beta testing.
21. I
e
Input test data
OeOutput test results
System
Inputs causing
anomalous
behaviour
Outputs which reveal
the presence of
defects
Black-box testing
22. Test are designed to answer the following questions:
How is functional validity tested?
How is system behavior and performance tested?
What classes of input behavior will make good test case?
Is the system particularly sensitive to certain input
values?
How are the boundaries of data class isolated?
What data rates and data volume can the system
tolerate?
What effect will specific combinations of data have on
system operations?
Black-box testing
23. Advantages of Black box
testing
Validates whether or not a given system conforms
to
its software specification
Introduce a series of inputs to a system and
compare
the outputs to a pre-defined test specification.
Test integration between individual system
components.
Tests are architecture independent — they do not
concern themselves with how a given output is
produced, only with whether that output is the
desired and expected output.
Require no knowledge of the underlying system,
one
need not be a software engineer to design black
box
tests.
24. Disadvantages of Black
box testing
Offer no guarantee that every line of code has been
tested.
Being architecture independent, it cannot determine
the efficiency of the code.
Will not find any errors, such as memory leaks, that
are not explicitly and instantly exposed by the
application.
26. Black-box technique that divides the input domain into
classes of data from which test cases can be derived
An ideal test case uncovers a class of errors( incorrect
processing of all incorrect data) that might require many
arbitrary test cases to be executed before a general error is
observed
Equivalence class guidelines:
If input condition specifies a range, one valid and two invalid
equivalence classes are defined
If an input condition requires a specific value, one valid and
two invalid equivalence classes are defined
If an input condition specifies a member of a set, one valid
and one invalid equivalence class is defined
If an input condition is Boolean, one valid and one invalid
equivalence class is defined
Equivalence
Partitioning
28. Between 10000 and 99999Less than 10000 More than 99999
9999
10000 50000
100000
99999
Input values
Between 4 and 10Less than 4 More than 10
3
4 7
11
10
Number of input values
Equivalence
Partitioning
29. Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)
Black-box technique that focuses on the boundaries of the
input domain rather than its center
BVA guidelines:
If input condition specifies a range bounded by values a and
b, test cases should include a and b, values just above and
just below a and b
If an input condition specifies and number of values, test
cases should be exercise the minimum and maximum
numbers, as well as values just above and just below the
minimum and maximum values
Apply guidelines 1 and 2 to output conditions, test cases
should be designed to produce the minimum and maxim
output reports
If internal program data structures have boundaries (e.g. size
limitations), be certain to test the boundaries
30. Comparison Testing
Also called back-to-back testing.
Black-box testing for safety critical systems ( such
as aircraft avionics, automobile braking system) in
which independently developed implementations of
redundant systems are tested for conformance to
specifications
Often equivalence class partitioning is used to
develop a common set of test cases for each
implementation.
31. Orthogonal Array
Testing
Black-box technique that enables the design of a
reasonably small set of test cases that provide
maximum test coverage
Focus is on categories of faulty logic likely to be
present in the software component (without
examining the code)
Priorities for assessing tests using an orthogonal
array
Detect and isolate all single mode faults
Detect all double mode faults
Mutimode faults
32. White-box or Glass Box
testing
Knowing the internal workings of a product,
tests are performed to check the workings of all
independent logic paths.
It derive test cases that:
Guarantee that all independent paths within a module
have been exercised at least once.
Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false
sides.
Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their
operational bounds, and
Exercise internal data structures to ensure their
validity.
Techniques being used: basic path and control
structure testing.
34. Tests complete systems or subsystems
composed of integrated components
Integration testing should be black-box testing
with tests derived from the specification
Main difficulty is localising errors
Incremental integration testing reduces this
problem.
Incremental integration strategies include
Top-down integration
Bottom-up integration
Regression testing
Smoke testing
Integration Testing
35. Top-down testing
Start with high-level system and integrate from the
top-down replacing individual components by stubs
where appropriate
Bottom-up testing
Integrate individual components in levels until the
complete system is created
In practice, most integration involves a combination
of these strategies
Approaches to
integration testing
37. Level NLevel NLevel NLevel NLevel N
Level N–1 Level N–1Level N–1
Testing
sequence
Test
drivers
Test
drivers
Bottom-up testing
38. System Testing
Recovery testing
Checks the system’s ability to recover from failures.
Security testing
Verifies that system protection mechanism prevent improper
penetration or data alteration
Stress testing
Program is checked to see how well it deals with abnormal
resource demands – quantity, frequency, or volume.
Performance testing
Designed to test the run-time performance of software,
especially real-time software.
39. Object-oriented Testing
The components to be tested are object classes
that are instantiated as objects
Larger gain than individual functions so
approaches to white-box testing have to be
extended
No obvious ‘top’ to the system for top-down
integration and testing
40. Acceptance Test
Format
Test Item List
Identification of Test-item
Testing Detail
Detailed testing procedure
Testing Result
Summary of testing-item
41. Test-item List
Item
No.
Test Item Sub –
item No.
Test-Sub Item Level
SR-02 Staff Review SR-02-01 Program Officer
Review
A
SR-02-02 Early Decline Report A
Test-Level
A- Basic Function, compulsory
B- Enhanced Function, compulsory
C- Enhanced Function, optional
42. Testing Details
Item No SR-02-01 Test Date
Item Staff Review Sub-item PO Review
Report: Early Decline
Precondition
Test Procedure
Test Standard
Test description
Test Result and
Conclusion
Passed
Failed
Sin of the Tester Sign of the
Manager
SR-02 Staff Review
43. References
From software engineering, A practitioner’s
approach by Roger S. Pressman
– Chapter 17: Software testing techniques
• Software Testing Fundamentals
• Test case design
• White-box testing- Basic path, Control Structure Testing
• Black-box testing
– Chapter 18: Software Testing Strategies
• A strategic approach to software testing
• Unit, Integration, Validation, System testing
From Software Engineering, Ian Sommerville
– Part5: Verification and Validation
• Chapter 19: Verification and validation
• Chapter 20: Software testing