The document discusses various software testing strategies, including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. It provides details on test strategies for both conventional and object-oriented software. For conventional software, it describes unit testing targets, integration techniques like top-down and bottom-up integration, and regression testing. For object-oriented software, it discusses class testing and thread-based or use-based testing strategies.
El Microsoft Solution Framework (MSF) es un marco de trabajo que proporciona guías para completar con éxito proyectos de sistemas de información de manera rápida y reduciendo riesgos. Se compone de dos modelos y tres disciplinas. Incluye varias fases como la planificación, pruebas de concepto, estabilización y despliegue, en las cuales se definen objetivos como la arquitectura, pruebas, documentación y formación.
The document discusses software quality and defines key aspects:
- It explains the importance of software quality for users and developers.
- Qualities like correctness, reliability, efficiency are defined.
- Methods for measuring qualities like ISO 9126 standard are presented.
- Quality is important throughout the software development process.
- Both product quality and process quality need to be managed.
The document provides an overview of the Software Engineering course for the second semester of the second year (B.Tech IT/II Sem-II). It includes details about the term, text books, unit syllabus, index of topics, and slides covering introductions to software engineering, the changing nature of software, software myths, generic views of process, the Capability Maturity Model Integration and personal and team software processes.
The document discusses software quality assurance (SQA) and defines key terms related to quality. It describes SQA as encompassing quality management, software engineering processes, formal reviews, testing strategies, documentation control, and compliance with standards. Specific SQA activities mentioned include developing an SQA plan, participating in process development, auditing work products, and ensuring deviations are addressed. The document also discusses software reviews, inspections, reliability, and the reliability specification process.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document discusses the main phases and models of the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes common SDLC models like waterfall, spiral, and agile. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is iterative with risk assessment. Agile emphasizes iterative development, collaboration, and responding to change. Testing methodologies like black box and white box testing are also summarized along with levels of testing from unit to system.
The document discusses various software engineering practices. It outlines core principles like keeping things simple, maintaining vision, and planning for reuse. It also discusses specific practices for communication, planning, modeling, construction, coding, testing, and deployment. For each practice area, it provides principles and guidelines to effectively carry out those practices when developing software.
A software process provides stability, control, and organization for software development. It consists of a series of predictable steps that lead to a timely, high-quality product. Key elements include framework activities like planning, modeling, requirements analysis, design, construction, testing, and deployment. The specific tasks and level of rigor for each activity may vary based on the project. Process assessment ensures the process meets criteria for successful software engineering. The primary goal of any process is high-quality software delivered on time through reduced rework.
El Microsoft Solution Framework (MSF) es un marco de trabajo que proporciona guías para completar con éxito proyectos de sistemas de información de manera rápida y reduciendo riesgos. Se compone de dos modelos y tres disciplinas. Incluye varias fases como la planificación, pruebas de concepto, estabilización y despliegue, en las cuales se definen objetivos como la arquitectura, pruebas, documentación y formación.
The document discusses software quality and defines key aspects:
- It explains the importance of software quality for users and developers.
- Qualities like correctness, reliability, efficiency are defined.
- Methods for measuring qualities like ISO 9126 standard are presented.
- Quality is important throughout the software development process.
- Both product quality and process quality need to be managed.
The document provides an overview of the Software Engineering course for the second semester of the second year (B.Tech IT/II Sem-II). It includes details about the term, text books, unit syllabus, index of topics, and slides covering introductions to software engineering, the changing nature of software, software myths, generic views of process, the Capability Maturity Model Integration and personal and team software processes.
The document discusses software quality assurance (SQA) and defines key terms related to quality. It describes SQA as encompassing quality management, software engineering processes, formal reviews, testing strategies, documentation control, and compliance with standards. Specific SQA activities mentioned include developing an SQA plan, participating in process development, auditing work products, and ensuring deviations are addressed. The document also discusses software reviews, inspections, reliability, and the reliability specification process.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document discusses the main phases and models of the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes common SDLC models like waterfall, spiral, and agile. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is iterative with risk assessment. Agile emphasizes iterative development, collaboration, and responding to change. Testing methodologies like black box and white box testing are also summarized along with levels of testing from unit to system.
The document discusses various software engineering practices. It outlines core principles like keeping things simple, maintaining vision, and planning for reuse. It also discusses specific practices for communication, planning, modeling, construction, coding, testing, and deployment. For each practice area, it provides principles and guidelines to effectively carry out those practices when developing software.
A software process provides stability, control, and organization for software development. It consists of a series of predictable steps that lead to a timely, high-quality product. Key elements include framework activities like planning, modeling, requirements analysis, design, construction, testing, and deployment. The specific tasks and level of rigor for each activity may vary based on the project. Process assessment ensures the process meets criteria for successful software engineering. The primary goal of any process is high-quality software delivered on time through reduced rework.
This document discusses software project management. It defines what constitutes a project and how software projects differ from other types of projects due to characteristics like invisibility and complexity. The document outlines the typical phases of a software development life cycle according to ISO 12207 standards. It also discusses the importance of setting clear, measurable objectives and establishing management controls to track progress and make adjustments throughout the project.
The document discusses several prescriptive software process models including:
1) The waterfall model which follows sequential phases from requirements to deployment but lacks iteration.
2) The incremental model which delivers functionality in increments with each phase repeated.
3) Prototyping which focuses on visible aspects to refine requirements through iterative prototypes and feedback.
4) The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model which emphasizes very short development cycles of 60-90 days using parallel teams and automated tools. The document provides descriptions and diagrams of each model.
The document discusses various black-box testing techniques. It introduces testing, verification, and validation. It then describes black-box and white-box testing. Various types of testing like unit, integration, functional, system, acceptance, regression, and beta testing are explained. Strategies for writing test cases like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are provided. The document emphasizes the importance of planning testing early in the development process.
The document discusses important concepts for effective software project management including focusing on people, product, process, and project. It emphasizes that defining project scope and establishing clear objectives at the beginning of a project are critical first steps. Finally, it outlines factors for selecting an appropriate software development process model and adapting it to the specific project.
Agile software development and extreme Programming Fatemeh Karimi
This document discusses Agile development and eXtreme Programming (XP). It describes XP as an Agile methodology that focuses on frequent delivery of working software through practices like test-driven development, pair programming, and continuous integration. The document outlines the 12 key practices of XP like planning games, simple design, refactoring, and on-site customers. It notes advantages of XP like increased customer focus and quality, and disadvantages like potential issues with certain team members or inflexible requirements.
This document discusses software metrics and measurement. It describes how measurement can be used throughout the software development process to assist with estimation, quality control, productivity assessment, and project control. It defines key terms like measures, metrics, and indicators and explains how they provide insight into the software process and product. The document also discusses using metrics to evaluate and improve the software process as well as track project status, risks, and quality. Finally, it covers different types of metrics like size-oriented, function-oriented, and quality metrics.
Agile development focuses on effective communication, customer collaboration, and incremental delivery of working software. The key principles of agile development according to the Agile Alliance include satisfying customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery, collaboration between business and development teams, and self-organizing teams. Extreme Programming (XP) is an agile process model that emphasizes planning with user stories, simple design, pair programming, unit testing, and frequent integration and testing.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
Software Test Metrics and MeasurementsDavis Thomas
Explains in detail with example about calculation of -
1.Percentage Test cases Executed [Test Coverage]
2.Percentage Test cases not executed
3.Percentage Test cases Passed
4.Percentage Test cases Failed
5.Percentage Test cases BLOCKED/Deferred
6.Defect Density
7.Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)
8.Defect Leakage
9.Defect Rejection ratio [Invalid bug ratio]
10.Percentage of Critical defects
11.Percentage of High defects
12.Percentage of Medium defects
13.Percentage of Low/Lowest defects
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
This document discusses agile software development methods. It outlines the agile manifesto which values individuals and interactions over processes, working software over documentation, and customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Some key agile principles include customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, and frequent delivery of working software. Common agile methods like extreme programming and scrum are also summarized. Advantages include improved customer satisfaction and responsiveness to change, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation.
This document provides an overview of Extreme Programming (XP), a software development methodology. It discusses key XP practices like user stories, acceptance tests, release planning, refactoring, and pair programming. XP aims to improve communication, keep designs simple, provide frequent feedback through testing, and encourage courage in decision making. It emphasizes delivering working software frequently in short iterations to ensure customer needs are met.
The document discusses software testing concepts like validation testing vs defect testing, system and component testing strategies, and test automation tools. It defines key terms like bugs, defects, errors, faults, and failures. It also describes techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis that are used to generate test cases that thoroughly test software. Component testing tests individual program parts while system testing tests integrated groups of components. Test cases specify conditions to determine if software works as intended.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
Software Engineering (Introduction to Software Engineering)ShudipPal
Software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production. It aims to develop software using systematic and disciplined approaches to reduce errors and costs. Some key challenges in software development are its high cost, difficulty delivering on time, and producing low quality software. Software engineering methods strive to address these challenges and produce software with attributes like maintainability, dependability, efficiency, usability and acceptability.
Modeling requirements involves developing functional requirements from customer views into something translatable to software. Techniques like use cases, state diagrams, UI mockups, storyboards and prototypes are used to understand current systems, business processes, and how users will interact with new systems. The software requirements document specifies what is required of the system and should focus on what the system should do rather than how. Requirements modeling is iterative and requirements change in agile methods.
The document discusses different testing strategies that can be used during the software development testing process. It defines what a test strategy is and its objectives. The document outlines preventive versus reactive approaches, with preventive being preferred when possible. It also discusses analytical versus heuristic approaches and provides examples of specific model-based, statistical, risk-based, process-compliant, reuse-oriented, checklist-based, and expert-oriented testing strategies that use a combination of analytical and heuristic elements.
Software Development Life Cycle: Traditional and Agile- A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In the field of software development, software development lifecycle is the most important component. There is a number of software development methodologies used in software industry today. The paper discussed below focuses on the modern SDLC which are traditional methods and the agile methods. It also explains the compensation and shortcomings of the traditional as well as agile methods. Along with this, it suggests some improvements which could help in improving current agile development
This document discusses software project management. It defines what constitutes a project and how software projects differ from other types of projects due to characteristics like invisibility and complexity. The document outlines the typical phases of a software development life cycle according to ISO 12207 standards. It also discusses the importance of setting clear, measurable objectives and establishing management controls to track progress and make adjustments throughout the project.
The document discusses several prescriptive software process models including:
1) The waterfall model which follows sequential phases from requirements to deployment but lacks iteration.
2) The incremental model which delivers functionality in increments with each phase repeated.
3) Prototyping which focuses on visible aspects to refine requirements through iterative prototypes and feedback.
4) The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model which emphasizes very short development cycles of 60-90 days using parallel teams and automated tools. The document provides descriptions and diagrams of each model.
The document discusses various black-box testing techniques. It introduces testing, verification, and validation. It then describes black-box and white-box testing. Various types of testing like unit, integration, functional, system, acceptance, regression, and beta testing are explained. Strategies for writing test cases like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are provided. The document emphasizes the importance of planning testing early in the development process.
The document discusses important concepts for effective software project management including focusing on people, product, process, and project. It emphasizes that defining project scope and establishing clear objectives at the beginning of a project are critical first steps. Finally, it outlines factors for selecting an appropriate software development process model and adapting it to the specific project.
Agile software development and extreme Programming Fatemeh Karimi
This document discusses Agile development and eXtreme Programming (XP). It describes XP as an Agile methodology that focuses on frequent delivery of working software through practices like test-driven development, pair programming, and continuous integration. The document outlines the 12 key practices of XP like planning games, simple design, refactoring, and on-site customers. It notes advantages of XP like increased customer focus and quality, and disadvantages like potential issues with certain team members or inflexible requirements.
This document discusses software metrics and measurement. It describes how measurement can be used throughout the software development process to assist with estimation, quality control, productivity assessment, and project control. It defines key terms like measures, metrics, and indicators and explains how they provide insight into the software process and product. The document also discusses using metrics to evaluate and improve the software process as well as track project status, risks, and quality. Finally, it covers different types of metrics like size-oriented, function-oriented, and quality metrics.
Agile development focuses on effective communication, customer collaboration, and incremental delivery of working software. The key principles of agile development according to the Agile Alliance include satisfying customers, welcoming changing requirements, frequent delivery, collaboration between business and development teams, and self-organizing teams. Extreme Programming (XP) is an agile process model that emphasizes planning with user stories, simple design, pair programming, unit testing, and frequent integration and testing.
This document provides an overview of software testing concepts and processes. It discusses the importance of testing in the software development lifecycle and defines key terms like errors, bugs, faults, and failures. It also describes different types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Finally, it covers quality assurance and quality control processes and how bugs are managed throughout their lifecycle.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
Software Test Metrics and MeasurementsDavis Thomas
Explains in detail with example about calculation of -
1.Percentage Test cases Executed [Test Coverage]
2.Percentage Test cases not executed
3.Percentage Test cases Passed
4.Percentage Test cases Failed
5.Percentage Test cases BLOCKED/Deferred
6.Defect Density
7.Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)
8.Defect Leakage
9.Defect Rejection ratio [Invalid bug ratio]
10.Percentage of Critical defects
11.Percentage of High defects
12.Percentage of Medium defects
13.Percentage of Low/Lowest defects
Software Testing and Quality Assurance Assignment 3Gurpreet singh
Short questions :
Que 1 : Define Software Testing.
Que 2 : What is risk identification ?
Que 3 : What is SCM ?
Que 4 : Define Debugging.
Que 5 : Explain Configuration audit.
Que 6 : Differentiate between white box testing & black box testing.
Que 7 : What do you mean by metrics ?
Que 8 : What do you mean by version control ?
Que 9 : Explain Object Oriented Software Engineering.
Que 10 : What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual testing tools ?
Long Questions:
Que 1 : What do you mean by baselines ? Explain their importance.
Que 2 : What do you mean by change control ? Explain the various steps in detail.
Que 3 : Explain various types of testing in detail.
Que 4 : Differentiate between automated testing and manual testing.
Que 5 : What is web engineering ? Explain in detail its model and features.
This document discusses agile software development methods. It outlines the agile manifesto which values individuals and interactions over processes, working software over documentation, and customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Some key agile principles include customer satisfaction, welcome changing requirements, and frequent delivery of working software. Common agile methods like extreme programming and scrum are also summarized. Advantages include improved customer satisfaction and responsiveness to change, while disadvantages include potential lack of documentation.
This document provides an overview of Extreme Programming (XP), a software development methodology. It discusses key XP practices like user stories, acceptance tests, release planning, refactoring, and pair programming. XP aims to improve communication, keep designs simple, provide frequent feedback through testing, and encourage courage in decision making. It emphasizes delivering working software frequently in short iterations to ensure customer needs are met.
The document discusses software testing concepts like validation testing vs defect testing, system and component testing strategies, and test automation tools. It defines key terms like bugs, defects, errors, faults, and failures. It also describes techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis that are used to generate test cases that thoroughly test software. Component testing tests individual program parts while system testing tests integrated groups of components. Test cases specify conditions to determine if software works as intended.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
Software Engineering (Introduction to Software Engineering)ShudipPal
Software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production. It aims to develop software using systematic and disciplined approaches to reduce errors and costs. Some key challenges in software development are its high cost, difficulty delivering on time, and producing low quality software. Software engineering methods strive to address these challenges and produce software with attributes like maintainability, dependability, efficiency, usability and acceptability.
Modeling requirements involves developing functional requirements from customer views into something translatable to software. Techniques like use cases, state diagrams, UI mockups, storyboards and prototypes are used to understand current systems, business processes, and how users will interact with new systems. The software requirements document specifies what is required of the system and should focus on what the system should do rather than how. Requirements modeling is iterative and requirements change in agile methods.
The document discusses different testing strategies that can be used during the software development testing process. It defines what a test strategy is and its objectives. The document outlines preventive versus reactive approaches, with preventive being preferred when possible. It also discusses analytical versus heuristic approaches and provides examples of specific model-based, statistical, risk-based, process-compliant, reuse-oriented, checklist-based, and expert-oriented testing strategies that use a combination of analytical and heuristic elements.
Software Development Life Cycle: Traditional and Agile- A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In the field of software development, software development lifecycle is the most important component. There is a number of software development methodologies used in software industry today. The paper discussed below focuses on the modern SDLC which are traditional methods and the agile methods. It also explains the compensation and shortcomings of the traditional as well as agile methods. Along with this, it suggests some improvements which could help in improving current agile development
This chapter introduces information systems analysis and design. It describes the types of information systems as transaction processing systems, management information systems, and decision support systems. It explains the traditional systems development life cycle (SDLC) process of planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It also discusses newer agile methodologies like rapid application development, prototyping, joint application development, and eXtreme programming that involve iterative development processes. Finally, it covers object-oriented analysis and design and the Rational Unified Process.
Quality Assurance Comparison in Traditional and Agile Methodologiescoolbreeze130
This document compares quality assurance techniques between traditional and agile software development methodologies. It discusses the limitations of traditional waterfall models and agile methods. Traditional methods emphasize well-defined requirements and documentation, while agile prioritizes working software through short iterations with frequent customer feedback. Both approaches aim to ensure quality, but agile relies more on practices like refactoring, test-driven development, and continuous integration throughout the development cycle. In conclusion, agile may better facilitate quality by starting testing earlier and more frequently integrating customer input.
software project management Assumption about conventional modelREHMAT ULLAH
Software project management involves several key steps: 1) Designing the project, 2) Documenting the design, 3) Repeating the design process. It also involves 4) Planning, controlling, and testing the project as well as 5) Involving users. Fixing problems after delivery can cost 100 times more than fixing them during early design phases. While compressing schedules by 25% is possible, adding people requires more overhead and training. For every $1 spent on development, $2 will be spent on maintenance, and maintenance costs can be higher for successful long-lived software products. Software costs are primarily determined by lines of code, and variations in individual productivity account for the largest differences in project
This document discusses various software testing metrics including defect density, requirement volatility, test execution productivity, and test efficiency. Defect density measures the number of defects found divided by the size of the software. Requirement volatility measures the percentage of original requirements that were changed. Test execution productivity measures the number of test cases executed per day. Test efficiency measures the percentage of defects found during testing versus post-release. These metrics provide ways to measure software quality and testing effectiveness.
Web Engineering - Web Applications versus Conventional SoftwareNosheen Qamar
Web applications differ from conventional software in several key ways:
- Web apps are accessed through browsers and do not require installation, allowing cross-platform use. Updates are automatically applied to all users.
- They have limitations on system resources and depend entirely on browsers. High-end programs generally perform better as desktop apps.
- Areas of difference between web and software development include technologies used, quality approaches, stakeholders, architectures, and legal issues due to global accessibility of web apps.
pratik meshram Unit 2 contemporary marketing research full notes pune univers...Pratik Meshram
Unit 2 covers data collection methods including questionnaires and scaling. Questionnaires are a common method to collect primary data through written or verbal questions. Well-designed questionnaires are developed in stages, with consideration for question content, order, and format. Questions must be carefully tested before widespread use. Observation is another primary data collection method that involves recording behaviors and activities. Well-designed observation forms clearly define what will be observed regarding who, what, when, where, and why. Both questionnaires and observation forms require pretesting to ensure ethical design.
The document discusses strategies for software testing. It recommends starting with unit testing at the component level and then moving outward to integration testing. Different testing techniques are used at different phases, including white box and black box testing. Validation testing ensures that requirements are met before final system testing in the actual operational environment.
The document discusses some key issues with conventional software management approaches like the waterfall model. It notes that software development is unpredictable and that management discipline is more important for success than technology. Some problems with the waterfall model are late risk resolution, adversarial stakeholder relationships due to rigid documentation requirements, and a focus on documents over engineering work. The document also provides metrics on the relative costs of development versus maintenance and how people are a major factor in productivity.
Unit testing involves testing individual units or components of code to ensure they work as intended. It focuses on testing small, isolated units of code to check functionality and edge cases. Benefits include faster debugging, development and regression testing. Guidelines for effective unit testing include keeping tests small, automated, independent and focused on the code's public API. Tests should cover a variety of inputs including boundaries and error conditions.
Testing metrics provide objective measurements of software quality and the testing process. They measure attributes like test coverage, defect detection rates, and requirement changes. There are base metrics that directly capture raw data like test cases run and results, and calculated metrics that analyze the base metrics, like first run failure rates and defect slippage. Tracking these metrics throughout testing provides visibility into project readiness, informs management decisions, and identifies areas for improvement. Regular review and interpretation of the metrics is needed to understand their implications and make changes to the development lifecycle.
Testing is the process of identifying bugs and ensuring software meets requirements. It involves executing programs under different conditions to check specification, functionality, and performance. The objectives of testing are to uncover errors, demonstrate requirements are met, and validate quality with minimal cost. Testing follows a life cycle including planning, design, execution, and reporting. Different methodologies like black box and white box testing are used at various levels from unit to system. The overall goal is to perform effective testing to deliver high quality software.
This document discusses various software testing strategies, including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. It provides details on test strategies for conventional software, including focusing unit testing on individual components/functions, using incremental integration testing to combine components, and performing regression and smoke testing. Verification aims to ensure algorithms are coded correctly while validation ensures requirements are met.
A PPT about A Strategic approach to testing, Validation and verfication, Criteria for Completion of testing, STRATEGIC ISSUES, Unit testing,Unit testing considerations and procedures, Unit-test environment,Integration testing,Non-incremental
Integration Testing,Incremental Integration Testing,Top-down Integration,Bottom-up Integration,Regression Testing,Smoke testing
Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object-Oriented Software, Test Strategies for WebApps, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging, Software Testing Fundamentals, White-Box Testing, Basis Path Testing,
Control Structure Testing
Software Testing Strategies, General Characteristics of Strategic Testing, Verification and Validation, Organizing for Software Testing, A Strategy for Testing Conventional Software, Levels of Testing for Conventional Software, Testing Strategy applied to Conventional Software, Startegic Issues-Ensuring a Successful Software Test Strategy, Fundamentals of Software Engineering
Software testing strategies And its typesMITULJAMANG
Software Testing is a type of investigation to find out if there is any default or error present in the software so that the errors can be reduced or removed to increase the quality of the software and to check whether it fulfills the specifies requirements or not.
According to Glen Myers, software testing has the following objectives:
The process of investigating and checking a program to find whether there is an error or not and does it fulfill the requirements or not is called testing.
When the number of errors found during the testing is high, it indicates that the testing was good and is a sign of good test case.Finding an unknown error that’s wasn’t discovered yet is a sign of a successful and a good test case
A strategy for software testing integrates the design of software test cases into a well-planned series of steps that result in successful development of the software.
Testing is the process of executing software to find defects and verify requirements are met. It involves executing a program or modules to observe behavior and outcomes, and analyze failures to locate and fix faults. The main purposes of testing are to demonstrate quality and proper behavior, and to detect and fix defects. Testing strategies include starting with individual component tests and progressing to integrated system tests. Different techniques like black-box and white-box testing are used at various stages. Manual testing is time-consuming while automated testing is faster and more reliable. Testing continues until quality goals are met or resources run out. Debugging locates and removes defects found via testing.
Unit 8 discusses software testing concepts including definitions of testing, who performs testing, test characteristics, levels of testing, and testing approaches. Unit testing focuses on individual program units while integration testing combines units. System testing evaluates a complete integrated system. Testing strategies integrate testing into a planned series of steps from requirements to deployment. Verification ensures correct development while validation confirms the product meets user needs.
Module V - Software Testing Strategies.pdfadhithanr
This document discusses strategies for software testing, including test planning, unit testing, integration testing, and validation. It provides details on:
- Developing a testing strategy that incorporates test planning, design, execution, data collection, and evaluation.
- Conducting unit testing on individual software components to test interfaces, data structures, paths, and boundaries.
- Performing integration testing by combining tested units and testing interfaces to avoid issues with data loss or component interactions.
- The goals of verification to ensure correct implementation and validation to ensure requirements traceability.
The document provides an overview of software testing strategies. It discusses that the main objective of software testing is to systematically find errors without taking much time. It emphasizes the importance of choosing the best testing strategy. It then covers various software testing strategies including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. Unit testing involves testing individual software components in isolation while integration testing focuses on testing the interaction between integrated components. The document contrasts the incremental and "big bang" approaches to integration testing and argues that the incremental approach is more effective.
This document discusses strategies for software testing at different stages of development. It begins by outlining a strategic approach starting with component testing and working outward to integration testing. Different techniques are appropriate at different stages. The stages discussed include unit testing, integration testing, function testing, performance testing, acceptance testing, and installation testing. Details are provided on techniques for each stage like top-down vs bottom-up integration testing. The roles of testers, tools, and documentation are also summarized.
This document discusses software testing practices and processes. It covers topics like unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, test planning, and test types. The key points are that testing aims to find errors, good testing uses both valid and invalid inputs, and testing should have clear objectives and be assigned to experienced people. Testing is done at the unit, integration and system levels using techniques like black box testing.
This document discusses various software testing techniques. It begins by explaining the goals of verification and validation as establishing confidence that software is fit for its intended use. It then covers different testing phases from component to integration testing. The document discusses both static and dynamic verification methods like inspections, walkthroughs, and testing. It details test case development techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. Finally, it covers white-box and structural testing methods that derive test cases from examining a program's internal structure.
The document discusses software testing and analysis. It describes the goals of verification and validation as establishing confidence that software is fit for purpose without being completely defect-free. Both verification and validation are whole-life cycle processes involving static and dynamic techniques to discover defects and assess usability. The document outlines different testing and inspection methods like unit testing, integration testing, walkthroughs, and inspections and their roles in the verification and validation process.
Testing is a process used to identify the correctness, completeness and quality of developed computer software. It involves finding differences between expected and observed behavior by executing the system with different inputs. The goal of testing is to maximize the number of discovered faults and increase reliability. Testing techniques include unit testing of individual components, integration testing of combined components, and system testing of the full application. Fault avoidance techniques like code reviews aim to prevent errors from being introduced.
Software Testing Strategies ,Validation Testing and System Testing.Tanzeem Aslam
1. The document presents strategies for software testing by four individuals for their professor Sir Salman Mirza.
2. It discusses various types of software testing like unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. Unit testing focuses on individual components while integration testing focuses on how components work together.
3. Validation testing ensures the software meets user requirements, while system testing evaluates the entire integrated system. Testing aims to find errors and should begin early in the development process.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing such as the testing life cycle, requirement traceability matrix, test planning, different types of testing, challenges in testing, test team approaches, and cost aspects. It emphasizes that testing is an important process to identify defects and improve quality but is often undervalued. A structured approach and clear policies are needed to make testing effective. Tracking metrics like defect trends and test team efficiency can help optimize the testing process.
This lecture is about the detail definition of software quality and quality assurance. Provide details about software tesing and its types. Clear the basic concepts of software quality and software testing.
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1. UNIT:IV
Software Testing Strategies
- A strategic approach to testing
- Test strategies for conventional software
- Test strategies for object-oriented software
- Validation testing
- System testing
- The art of debugging
2. Introduction
•
•
•
•
•
A strategy for software testing integrates the design of software test
cases into a well-planned series of steps that result in successful
development of the software
The strategy provides a road map that describes the steps to be taken,
when, and how much effort, time, and resources will be required
The strategy incorporates test planning, test case design, test
execution, and test result collection and evaluation
The strategy provides guidance for the practitioner and a set of
milestones for the manager
Because of time pressures, progress must be measurable and problems
must surface as early as possible
2
4. General Characteristics of
Strategic Testing
•
•
•
•
•
To perform effective testing, a software team should conduct effective
formal technical reviews
Testing begins at the component level and work outward toward the
integration of the entire computer-based system
Different testing techniques are appropriate at different points in time
Testing is conducted by the developer of the software and (for large
projects) by an independent test group
Testing and debugging are different activities, but debugging must be
accommodated in any testing strategy
4
5. Verification and Validation
•
•
Software testing is part of a broader group of activities called verification
and validation that are involved in software quality assurance
Verification (Are the algorithms coded correctly?)
– The set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific
function or algorithm
•
Validation (Does it meet user requirements?)
– The set of activities that ensure that the software that has been built is
traceable to customer requirements
5
6. Organizing for Software Testing
•
•
Testing should aim at "breaking" the software
Common misconceptions
– The developer of software should do no testing at all
– The software should be given to a secret team of testers who will test it
unmercifully
– The testers get involved with the project only when the testing steps are
about to begin
•
Reality: Independent test group
– Removes the inherent problems associated with letting the builder test the
software that has been built
– Removes the conflict of interest that may otherwise be present
– Works closely with the software developer during analysis and design to
ensure that thorough testing occurs
6
7. A Strategy for Testing
Conventional Software
Validation Testing
Integration Testing
Unit Testing
Br Nar
o a ro
de w
r s to
co
pe
System Testing
Ab
co strac
nc t
re to
te
Code
Design
Requirements
System Engineering
7
8. Levels of Testing for
Conventional Software
•
Unit testing
– Concentrates on each component/function of the software as implemented
in the source code
•
Integration testing
– Focuses on the design and construction of the software architecture
•
Validation testing
– Requirements are validated against the constructed software
•
System testing
– The software and other system elements are tested as a whole
8
9. Testing Strategy applied to
Conventional Software
•
Unit testing
– Exercises specific paths in a component's control structure to ensure
complete coverage and maximum error detection
– Components are then assembled and integrated
•
Integration testing
– Focuses on inputs and outputs, and how well the components fit together
and work together
•
Validation testing
– Provides final assurance that the software meets all functional, behavioral,
and performance requirements
•
System testing
– Verifies that all system elements (software, hardware, people, databases)
mesh properly and that overall system function and performance is
achieved
9
10. Testing Strategy applied to
Object-Oriented Software
•
•
•
•
Must broaden testing to include detections of errors in analysis and design
models
Unit testing loses some of its meaning and integration testing changes
significantly
Use the same philosophy but different approach as in conventional
software testing
Test "in the small" and then work out to testing "in the large"
– Testing in the small involves class attributes and operations; the main focus is
on communication and collaboration within the class
– Testing in the large involves a series of regression tests to uncover errors due
to communication and collaboration among classes
•
Finally, the system as a whole is tested to detect errors in fulfilling
requirements
10
11. When is Testing Complete?
•
•
•
•
There is no definitive answer to this question
Every time a user executes the software, the program is being tested
Sadly, testing usually stops when a project is running out of time,
money, or both
One approach is to divide the test results into various severity levels
– Then consider testing to be complete when certain levels of errors no
longer occur or have been repaired or eliminated
11
12. Ensuring a Successful Software
Test Strategy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Specify product requirements in a quantifiable manner long before
testing commences
State testing objectives explicitly in measurable terms
Understand the user of the software (through use cases) and develop a
profile for each user category
Develop a testing plan that emphasizes rapid cycle testing to get quick
feedback to control quality levels and adjust the test strategy
Build robust software that is designed to test itself and can diagnose
certain kinds of errors
Use effective formal technical reviews as a filter prior to testing to
reduce the amount of testing required
Conduct formal technical reviews to assess the test strategy and test
cases themselves
Develop a continuous improvement approach for the testing process
through the gathering of metrics
12
14. Unit Testing
•
•
•
Focuses testing on the function or software module
Concentrates on the internal processing logic and data structures
Is simplified when a module is designed with high cohesion
– Reduces the number of test cases
– Allows errors to be more easily predicted and uncovered
•
Concentrates on critical modules and those with high cyclomatic
complexity when testing resources are limited
14
15. Targets for Unit Test Cases
•
Module interface
– Ensure that information flows properly into and out of the module
•
Local data structures
– Ensure that data stored temporarily maintains its integrity during all steps
in an algorithm execution
•
Boundary conditions
– Ensure that the module operates properly at boundary values established
to limit or restrict processing
•
Independent paths (basis paths)
– Paths are exercised to ensure that all statements in a module have been
executed at least once
•
Error handling paths
– Ensure that the algorithms respond correctly to specific error conditions
15
16. Common Computational Errors
in Execution Paths
•
•
•
•
•
Misunderstood or incorrect arithmetic precedence
Mixed mode operations (e.g., int, float, char)
Incorrect initialization of values
Precision inaccuracy and round-off errors
Incorrect symbolic representation of an expression (int vs. float)
16
17. Other Errors to Uncover
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Comparison of different data types
Incorrect logical operators or precedence
Expectation of equality when precision error makes equality unlikely
(using == with float types)
Incorrect comparison of variables
Improper or nonexistent loop termination
Failure to exit when divergent iteration is encountered
Improperly modified loop variables
Boundary value violations
17
18. Problems to uncover in
Error Handling
•
•
•
•
•
Error description is unintelligible or ambiguous
Error noted does not correspond to error encountered
Error condition causes operating system intervention prior to error
handling
Exception condition processing is incorrect
Error description does not provide enough information to assist in the
location of the cause of the error
18
19. Drivers and Stubs for
Unit Testing
•
Driver
– A simple main program that accepts test case data, passes such data to the
component being tested, and prints the returned results
•
Stubs
– Serve to replace modules that are subordinate to (called by) the
component to be tested
– It uses the module’s exact interface, may do minimal data manipulation,
provides verification of entry, and returns control to the module
undergoing testing
•
Drivers and stubs both represent overhead
– Both must be written but don’t constitute part of the installed software
product
19
21. Integration Testing
•
Defined as a systematic technique for constructing the software
architecture
– At the same time integration is occurring, conduct tests to uncover errors
associated with interfaces
•
•
Objective is to take unit tested modules and build a program structure
based on the prescribed design
Two Approaches
– Non-incremental Integration Testing
– Incremental Integration Testing
21
22. Non-incremental
Integration Testing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Commonly called the “Big Bang” approach
All components are combined in advance
The entire program is tested as a whole
Chaos results
Many seemingly-unrelated errors are encountered
Correction is difficult because isolation of causes is complicated
Once a set of errors are corrected, more errors occur, and testing appears
to enter an endless loop
22
23. Incremental Integration Testing
•
Three kinds
– Top-down integration
– Bottom-up integration
– Sandwich integration
•
•
•
•
The program is constructed and tested in small increments
Errors are easier to isolate and correct
Interfaces are more likely to be tested completely
A systematic test approach is applied
23
24. Top-down Integration
•
•
Modules are integrated by moving downward through the control
hierarchy, beginning with the main module
Subordinate modules are incorporated in either a depth-first or
breadth-first fashion
– DF: All modules on a major control path are integrated
– BF: All modules directly subordinate at each level are integrated
•
Advantages
– This approach verifies major control or decision points early in the test
process
•
Disadvantages
– Stubs need to be created to substitute for modules that have not been built
or tested yet; this code is later discarded
– Because stubs are used to replace lower level modules, no significant data
flow can occur until much later in the integration/testing process
24
25. Top Down Integration
A
B
top module is tested with
stubs
F
G
stubs are replaced one at
a time, "depth first"
C
as new modules are integrated,
some subset of tests is re-run
D
E
25
26. Bottom-up Integration
•
•
Integration and testing starts with the most atomic modules in the
control hierarchy
Advantages
– This approach verifies low-level data processing early in the testing
process
– Need for stubs is eliminated
•
Disadvantages
– Driver modules need to be built to test the lower-level modules; this code
is later discarded or expanded into a full-featured version
– Drivers inherently do not contain the complete algorithms that will
eventually use the services of the lower-level modules; consequently,
testing may be incomplete or more testing may be needed later when the
upper level modules are available
26
28. Sandwich Integration
•
•
•
Consists of a combination of both top-down and bottom-up integration
Occurs both at the highest level modules and also at the lowest level
modules
Proceeds using functional groups of modules, with each group
completed before the next
– High and low-level modules are grouped based on the control and data
processing they provide for a specific program feature
– Integration within the group progresses in alternating steps between the
high and low level modules of the group
– When integration for a certain functional group is complete, integration
and testing moves onto the next group
•
•
Reaps the advantages of both types of integration while minimizing
the need for drivers and stubs
Requires a disciplined approach so that integration doesn’t tend
towards the “big bang” scenario
28
30. Regression Testing
•
•
Each new addition or change to baseline software may cause problems
with functions that previously worked flawlessly.
Regression testing re-executes a small subset of tests that have already
been conducted.
– Ensures that changes have not propagated unintended side effects
– Helps to ensure that changes do not introduce unintended behavior or
additional errors
– May be done manually or through the use of automated capture/playback
tools
•
Regression test suite contains three different classes of test cases.
– A representative sample of tests that will exercise all software functions
– Additional tests that focus on software functions that are likely to be
affected by the change
– Tests that focus on the actual software components that have been
changed
30
31. Smoke Testing
•
Taken from the world of hardware
– Power is applied and a technician checks for sparks, smoke, or other
dramatic signs of fundamental failure
•
Designed as a pacing mechanism for time-critical projects
– Allows the software team to assess its project on a frequent basis
•
Includes the following activities
– The software is compiled and linked into a build
– A series of breadth tests is designed to expose errors that will keep the
build from properly performing its function
• The goal is to uncover “show stopper” errors that have the highest likelihood
of throwing the software project behind schedule
– The build is integrated with other builds and the entire product is smoke
tested daily
• Daily testing gives managers and practitioners a realistic assessment of the
progress of the integration testing
– After a smoke test is completed, detailed test scripts are executed
31
32. Benefits of Smoke Testing
•
Integration risk is minimized
– Daily testing uncovers incompatibilities and show-stoppers early in the
testing process, thereby reducing schedule impact
•
The quality of the end-product is improved
– Smoke testing is likely to uncover both functional errors and architectural
and component-level design errors
•
Error diagnosis and correction are simplified
– Smoke testing will probably uncover errors in the newest components that
were integrated
•
Progress is easier to assess
– As integration testing progresses, more software has been integrated and
more has been demonstrated to work
– Managers get a good indication that progress is being made
32
33. Example
• Example of Smoke testing is explain below
•
Considering example in a project there are five modules like login,
view user, user detail page, new user creation, and task creation etc.
So in this five modules first of all developer perform the smoke
testing by executing all the extreme (major) functionality of modules
like user is able to login or not with valid login credentials and after
login new user can created or not, and user that is created viewed or
not. So it is obvious that this is the smoke testing always done by
developing team before submitting (releasing) the build to the testing
team.
33
35. Test Strategies for
Object-Oriented Software
•
•
•
With object-oriented software, you can no longer test a single operation in
isolation (conventional thinking)
Traditional top-down or bottom-up integration testing has little meaning
Class testing for object-oriented software is the equivalent of unit testing
for conventional software
– Focuses on operations encapsulated by the class and the state behavior of the
class
•
Drivers can be used
– To test operations at the lowest level and for testing whole groups of classes
– To replace the user interface so that tests of system functionality can be
conducted prior to implementation of the actual interface
•
Stubs can be used
– In situations in which collaboration between classes is required but one or
more of the collaborating classes has not yet been fully implemented
35
36. Test Strategies for ObjectOriented Software (continued)
•
Two different object-oriented testing strategies
– Thread-based testing
• Integrates the set of classes required to respond to one input or event for the
system
• Each thread is integrated and tested individually
• Regression testing is applied to ensure that no side effects occur
– Use-based testing
• First tests the independent classes that use very few, if any, server classes
• Then the next layer of classes, called dependent classes, are integrated
• This sequence of testing layer of dependent classes continues until the entire
system is constructed
36
38. Background
•
•
•
•
•
Validation testing follows integration testing
The distinction between conventional and object-oriented software disappears
Focuses on user-visible actions and user-recognizable output from the system
Demonstrates conformity with requirements
Designed to ensure that
–
–
–
–
–
All functional requirements are satisfied
All behavioral characteristics are achieved
All performance requirements are attained
Documentation is correct
Usability and other requirements are met (e.g., transportability, compatibility, error
recovery, maintainability)
• After each validation test
– The function or performance characteristic conforms to specification and is
accepted
– A deviation from specification is uncovered and a deficiency list is created
• A configuration review or audit ensures that all elements of the software
configuration have been properly developed, cataloged, and have the necessary
detail for entering the support phase of the software life cycle
38
39. Alpha and Beta Testing
•
Alpha testing
– Conducted at the developer’s site by end users
– Software is used in a natural setting with developers watching intently
– Testing is conducted in a controlled environment
•
Beta testing
– Conducted at end-user sites
– Developer is generally not present
– It serves as a live application of the software in an environment that
cannot be controlled by the developer
– The end-user records all problems that are encountered and reports these
to the developers at regular intervals
•
After beta testing is complete, software engineers make software
modifications and prepare for release of the software product to the
entire customer base
39
41. Different Types
•
Recovery testing
– Tests for recovery from system faults
– Forces the software to fail in a variety of ways and verifies that recovery
is properly performed
– Tests reinitialization, checkpointing mechanisms, data recovery, and
restart for correctness
•
Security testing
– Verifies that protection mechanisms built into a system will, in fact,
protect it from improper access
•
Stress testing
– Executes a system in a manner that demands resources in abnormal
quantity, frequency, or volume
•
Performance testing
– Tests the run-time performance of software within the context of an
integrated system
– Often coupled with stress testing and usually requires both hardware and
software instrumentation
– Can uncover situations that lead to degradation and possible system
failure
41
44. Debugging Process
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Debugging occurs as a consequence of successful testing
It is still very much an art rather than a science
Good debugging ability may be an innate human trait
Large variances in debugging ability exist
The debugging process begins with the execution of a test case
Results are assessed and the difference between expected and actual performance
is encountered
This difference is a symptom of an underlying cause that lies hidden
The debugging process attempts to match symptom with cause, thereby leading
to error correction
44
45. The Debugging Process
test cases
new test
regression cases
suspected
tests
causes
corrections
identified
causes
45
results
Debugging
46. Debugging Effort
time required
to diagnose the
symptom and
determine the
cause
time required
to correct the error
and conduct
regression tests
46
47. Symptoms & Causes
symptom and cause may be
geographically separated
symptom may disappear when
another problem is fixed
cause may be due to a
combination of non-errors
cause may be due to a system
or compiler error
symptom
cause
cause may be due to
assumptions that everyone
believes
symptom may be intermittent
47
48. Why is Debugging so Difficult?
•
•
•
•
The symptom and the cause may be geographically remote
The symptom may disappear (temporarily) when another error is
corrected
The symptom may actually be caused by nonerrors (e.g., round-off
accuracies)
The symptom may be caused by human error that is not easily traced
(continued on next slide)
48
49. Why is Debugging so Difficult?
(continued)
•
•
•
•
The symptom may be a result of timing problems, rather than processing
problems
It may be difficult to accurately reproduce input conditions, such as
asynchronous real-time information
The symptom may be intermittent such as in embedded systems involving
both hardware and software
The symptom may be due to causes that are distributed across a number of
tasks running on different processes
49
50. Debugging Strategies
•
•
•
•
Objective of debugging is to find and correct the cause of a software
error
Bugs are found by a combination of systematic evaluation, intuition,
and luck
Debugging methods and tools are not a substitute for careful
evaluation based on a complete design model and clear source code
There are three main debugging strategies
– Brute force
– Backtracking
– Cause elimination
50
51. Strategy #1: Brute Force
•
•
•
•
Most commonly used and least efficient method
Used when all else fails
Involves the use of memory dumps, run-time traces, and output
statements
Leads many times to wasted effort and time
51
52. Strategy #2: Backtracking
•
•
•
•
Can be used successfully in small programs
The method starts at the location where a symptom has been
uncovered
The source code is then traced backward (manually) until the location
of the cause is found
In large programs, the number of potential backward paths may
become unmanageably large
52
53. Strategy #3: Cause Elimination
•
Involves the use of induction or deduction and introduces the concept of
binary partitioning
– Induction (specific to general): Prove that a specific starting value is true; then
prove the general case is true
– Deduction (general to specific): Show that a specific conclusion follows from a
set of general premises
•
•
•
•
Data related to the error occurrence are organized to isolate potential
causes
A cause hypothesis is devised, and the aforementioned data are used to
prove or disprove the hypothesis
Alternatively, a list of all possible causes is developed, and tests are
conducted to eliminate each cause
If initial tests indicate that a particular cause hypothesis shows promise,
data are refined in an attempt to isolate the bug
53
54. Three Questions to ask Before
Correcting the Error
•
Is the cause of the bug reproduced in another part of the program?
– Similar errors may be occurring in other parts of the program
•
What next bug might be introduced by the fix that I’m about to make?
– The source code (and even the design) should be studied to assess the
coupling of logic and data structures related to the fix
•
What could we have done to prevent this bug in the first place?
– This is the first step toward software quality assurance
– By correcting the process as well as the product, the bug will be removed
from the current program and may be eliminated from all future programs
54
56. Characteristics of Testable
Software
•
Operable
– The better it works (i.e., better quality), the easier it is to test
•
Observable
– Incorrect output is easily identified; internal errors are automatically
detected
•
Controllable
– The states and variables of the software can be controlled directly by the
tester
•
Decomposable
– The software is built from independent modules that can be tested
independently
(more on next slide)
56
57. Characteristics of Testable
Software (continued)
•
Simple
– The program should exhibit functional, structural, and code simplicity
•
Stable
– Changes to the software during testing are infrequent and do not
invalidate existing tests
•
Understandable
– The architectural design is well understood; documentation is available
and organized
57
58. Test Characteristics
•
A good test has a high probability of finding an error
– The tester must understand the software and how it might fail
•
A good test is not redundant
– Testing time is limited; one test should not serve the same purpose as
another test
•
A good test should be “best of breed”
– Tests that have the highest likelihood of uncovering a whole class of
errors should be used
•
A good test should be neither too simple nor too complex
– Each test should be executed separately; combining a series of tests could
cause side effects and mask certain errors
58
59. Two Unit Testing Techniques
• Black-box testing
– Knowing the specified function that a product has been designed to perform, test
to see if that function is fully operational and error free
– Includes tests that are conducted at the software interface
– Not concerned with internal logical structure of the software
• White-box testing
– Knowing the internal workings of a product, test that all internal operations are
performed according to specifications and all internal components have been
exercised
– Involves tests that concentrate on close examination of procedural detail
– Logical paths through the software are tested
– Test cases exercise specific sets of conditions and loops
59
61. White-box Testing
•
•
Uses the control structure part of component-level design to derive the
test cases
These test cases
– Guarantee that all independent paths within a module have been exercised
at least once
– Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides
– Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds
– Exercise internal data structures to ensure their validity
“Bugs lurk in corners and congregate at boundaries”
61
62. Basis Path Testing
•
•
•
•
White-box testing technique proposed by Tom McCabe
Enables the test case designer to derive a logical complexity measure
of a procedural design
Uses this measure as a guide for defining a basis set of execution paths
Test cases derived to exercise the basis set are guaranteed to execute
every statement in the program at least one time during testing
62
63. Flow Graph Notation
• A circle in a graph represents a node, which stands for a sequence of one
or more procedural statements
• A node containing a simple conditional expression is referred to as a
predicate node
– Each compound condition in a conditional expression containing one or more
Boolean operators (e.g., and, or) is represented by a separate predicate node
– A predicate node has two edges leading out from it (True and False)
• An edge, or a link, is a an arrow representing flow of control in a specific
direction
– An edge must start and terminate at a node
– An edge does not intersect or cross over another edge
• Areas bounded by a set of edges and nodes are called regions
• When counting regions, include the area outside the graph as a region,
too
63
65. Independent Program Paths
•
•
•
Defined as a path through the program from the start node until the
end node that introduces at least one new set of processing statements
or a new condition (i.e., new nodes)
Must move along at least one edge that has not been traversed before
by a previous path
Basis set for flow graph on previous slide
–
–
–
–
•
Path 1: 0-1-11
Path 2: 0-1-2-3-4-5-10-1-11
Path 3: 0-1-2-3-6-8-9-10-1-11
Path 4: 0-1-2-3-6-7-9-10-1-11
The number of paths in the basis set is determined by the cyclomatic
complexity
65
66. Cyclomatic Complexity
•
•
•
•
Provides a quantitative measure of the logical complexity of a program
Defines the number of independent paths in the basis set
Provides an upper bound for the number of tests that must be conducted to
ensure all statements have been executed at least once
Can be computed three ways
– The number of regions
– V(G) = E – N + 2, where E is the number of edges and N is the number of
nodes in graph G
– V(G) = P + 1, where P is the number of predicate nodes in the flow graph G
•
Results in the following equations for the example flow graph
– Number of regions = 4
– V(G) = 14 edges – 12 nodes + 2 = 4
– V(G) = 3 predicate nodes + 1 = 4
66
67. Deriving the Basis Set and Test Cases
1)
2)
3)
4)
Using the design or code as a foundation, draw a corresponding
flow graph
Determine the cyclomatic complexity of the resultant flow graph
Determine a basis set of linearly independent paths
Prepare test cases that will force execution of each path in the basis
set
67
68. A Second Flow Graph Example
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
A: x++;
if (x > 999)
goto D;
if (x % 11 == 0)
goto B;
else goto A;
1
2
3
B: if (x % y == 0)
goto C;
else goto A;
4
5
C: printf("%dn", x);
goto A;
6
7
8
D: printf("End of listn");
return 0;
}
3
int functionY(void)
{
int x = 0;
int y = 19;
4
5
6
8
13
9
16
11
10
7
17
12
14
15
68
69. A Sample Function to Diagram and Analyze
1
2
3
int functionZ(int y)
{
int x = 0;
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
while (x <= (y * y))
{
if ((x % 11 == 0) &&
(x % y == 0))
{
printf(“%d”, x);
x++;
} // End if
else if ((x % 7 == 0) ||
(x % y == 1))
{
printf(“%d”, y);
x = x + 2;
} // End else
printf(“n”);
} // End while
0
1
2
printf("End of listn");
return 0;
} // End functionZ
69
70. A Sample Function to Diagram and Analyze
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
while (x <= (y * y))
{
if ((x % 11 == 0) &&
(x % y == 0))
{
printf(“%d”, x);
x++;
} // End if
else if ((x % 7 == 0) ||
(x % y == 1))
{
printf(“%d”, y);
x = x + 2;
} // End else
printf(“n”);
} // End while
0
1
2
printf("End of listn");
return 0;
} // End functionZ
3
int functionZ(int y)
{
int x = 0;
4
6
12
7
13
9
10
15
16
18
20
21
70
71. Loop Testing - General
•
•
A white-box testing technique that focuses exclusively on the validity
of loop constructs
Four different classes of loops exist
–
–
–
–
•
Simple loops
Nested loops
Concatenated loops
Unstructured loops
Testing occurs by varying the loop boundary values
– Examples:
for (i = 0; i < MAX_INDEX; i++)
while (currentTemp >= MINIMUM_TEMPERATURE)
71
72. Testing of Simple Loops
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Skip the loop entirely
Only one pass through the loop
Two passes through the loop
m passes through the loop, where m < n
n –1, n, n + 1 passes through the loop
‘n’ is the maximum number of allowable passes through the loop
72
73. Testing of Nested Loops
1)
2)
3)
4)
Start at the innermost loop; set all other loops to minimum values
Conduct simple loop tests for the innermost loop while holding the
outer loops at their minimum iteration parameter values; add other
tests for out-of-range or excluded values
Work outward, conducting tests for the next loop, but keeping all
other outer loops at minimum values and other nested loops to
“typical” values
Continue until all loops have been tested
73
74. Testing of Concatenated Loops
•
•
For independent loops, use the same approach as for simple loops
Otherwise, use the approach applied for nested loops
74
75. Testing of Unstructured Loops
•
•
Redesign the code to reflect the use of structured programming
practices
Depending on the resultant design, apply testing for simple loops,
nested loops, or concatenated loops
75
77. Black-box Testing
•
•
•
•
•
Complements white-box testing by uncovering different classes of
errors
Focuses on the functional requirements and the information domain of
the software
Used during the later stages of testing after white box testing has been
performed
The tester identifies a set of input conditions that will fully exercise all
functional requirements for a program
The test cases satisfy the following:
– Reduce, by a count greater than one, the number of additional test cases
that must be designed to achieve reasonable testing
– Tell us something about the presence or absence of classes of errors,
rather than an error associated only with the specific task at hand
77
78. Black-box Testing Categories
•
•
•
•
•
Incorrect or missing functions
Interface errors
Errors in data structures or external data base access
Behavior or performance errors
Initialization and termination errors
78
79. Questions answered by
Black-box Testing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
How is functional validity tested?
How are system behavior and performance tested?
What classes of input will make good test cases?
Is the system particularly sensitive to certain input values?
How are the boundary values of a data class isolated?
What data rates and data volume can the system tolerate?
What effect will specific combinations of data have on system
operation?
79
80. Equivalence Partitioning
•
•
•
•
•
A black-box testing method that divides the input domain of a
program into classes of data from which test cases are derived
An ideal test case single-handedly uncovers a complete class of errors,
thereby reducing the total number of test cases that must be developed
Test case design is based on an evaluation of equivalence classes for
an input condition
An equivalence class represents a set of valid or invalid states for
input conditions
From each equivalence class, test cases are selected so that the largest
number of attributes of an equivalence class are exercise at once
80
81. Guidelines for Defining
Equivalence Classes
•
If an input condition specifies a range, one valid and two invalid equivalence
classes are defined
– Input range: 1 – 10
•
If an input condition requires a specific value, one valid and two invalid
equivalence classes are defined
– Input value: 250
•
Eq classes: {250}, {x < 250}, {x > 250}
If an input condition specifies a member of a set, one valid and one invalid
equivalence class are defined
– Input set: {-2.5, 7.3, 8.4}
•
Eq classes: {1..10}, {x < 1}, {x > 10}
Eq classes: {-2.5, 7.3, 8.4}, {any other x}
If an input condition is a Boolean value, one valid and one invalid class are
define
– Input: {true condition}
Eq classes: {true condition}, {false condition}
81
82. Boundary Value Analysis
•
•
A greater number of errors occur at the boundaries of the input domain
rather than in the "center"
Boundary value analysis is a test case design method that
complements equivalence partitioning
– It selects test cases at the edges of a class
– It derives test cases from both the input domain and output domain
82
83. Guidelines for
Boundary Value Analysis
•
•
•
•
1. If an input condition specifies a range bounded by values a and b,
test cases should be designed with values a and b as well as values just
above and just below a and b
2. If an input condition specifies a number of values, test case should
be developed that exercise the minimum and maximum numbers.
Values just above and just below the minimum and maximum are also
tested
Apply guidelines 1 and 2 to output conditions; produce output that
reflects the minimum and the maximum values expected; also test the
values just below and just above
If internal program data structures have prescribed boundaries (e.g., an
array), design a test case to exercise the data structure at its minimum
and maximum boundaries
83
85. Introduction
• It is necessary to test an object-oriented system at a variety of different levels
• The goal is to uncover errors that may occur as classes collaborate with one
another and subsystems communicate across architectural layers
– Testing begins "in the small" on methods within a class and on collaboration
between classes
– As class integration occurs, use-based testing and fault-based testing are applied
– Finally, use cases are used to uncover errors during the software validation phase
• Conventional test case design is driven by an input-process-output view of
software
• Object-oriented testing focuses on designing appropriate sequences of
methods to exercise the states of a class
85
86. Testing Implications for
Object-Oriented Software
•
•
•
•
Because attributes and methods are encapsulated in a class, testing
methods from outside of a class is generally unproductive
Testing requires reporting on the state of an object, yet encapsulation
can make this information somewhat difficult to obtain
Built-in methods should be provided to report the values of class
attributes in order to get a snapshot of the state of an object
Inheritance requires retesting of each new context of usage for a class
– If a subclass is used in an entirely different context than the super class,
the super class test cases will have little applicability and a new set of
tests must be designed
86
87. Applicability of Conventional
Testing Methods
•
White-box testing can be applied to the operations defined in a class
– Basis path testing and loop testing can help ensure that every statement in
an method has been tested
•
Black-box testing methods are also appropriate
– Use cases can provide useful input in the design of black-box tests
87
88. Fault-based Testing
•
•
The objective in fault-based testing is to design tests that have a high
likelihood of uncovering plausible faults
Fault-based testing begins with the analysis model
– The tester looks for plausible faults (i.e., aspects of the implementation of
the system that may result in defects)
– To determine whether these faults exist, test cases are designed to exercise
the design or code
•
If the analysis and design models can provide insight into what is
likely to go wrong, then fault-based testing can find a significant
number of errors
88
89. Fault-based Testing
(continued)
•
•
Integration testing looks for plausible faults in method calls or
message connections (i.e., client/server exchange)
Three types of faults are encountered in this context
– Unexpected result
– Wrong method or message used
– Incorrect invocation
•
•
•
The behavior of a method must be examined to determine the
occurrence of plausible faults as methods are invoked
Testing should exercise the attributes of an object to determine
whether proper values occur for distinct types of object behavior
The focus of integration testing is to determine whether errors exist in
the calling code, not the called code
89
90. Fault-based Testing
vs. Scenario-based Testing
•
Fault-based testing misses two main types of errors
– Incorrect specification: subsystem doesn't do what the user wants
– Interactions among subsystems: behavior of one subsystem creates
circumstances that cause another subsystem to fail
•
A solution to this problem is scenario-based testing
– It concentrates on what the user does, not what the product does
– This means capturing the tasks (via use cases) that the user has to
perform, then applying them as tests
– Scenario-based testing tends to exercise multiple subsystems in a single
test
90
91. Random Order Testing
(at the Class Level)
•
•
•
Certain methods in a class may constitute a minimum behavioral life
history of an object (e.g., open, seek, read, close); consequently, they
may have implicit order dependencies or expectations designed into
them
Using the methods for a class, a variety of method sequences are
generated randomly and then executed
The goal is to detect these order dependencies or expectations and make
appropriate adjustments to the design of the methods
91
92. Partition Testing (at the Class Level)
• Similar to equivalence partitioning for conventional software
• Methods are grouped based on one of three partitioning approaches
• State-based partitioning categorizes class methods based on their ability to
change the state of the class
– Tests are designed in a way that exercise methods that change state and those that
do not change state
• Attribute-based partitioning categorizes class methods based on the attributes
that they use
– Methods are partitioned into those that read an attribute, modify an attribute, or do
not reference the attribute at all
• Category-based partitioning categorizes class methods based on the generic
function that each performs
– Example categories are initialization methods, computational methods, and
termination methods
92
93. Multiple Class Testing
•
•
Class collaboration testing can be accomplished by applying random
testing, partition testing, scenario-based testing and behavioral
testing
The following sequence of steps can be used to generate multiple
class random test cases
1)
2)
3)
4)
For each client class, use the list of class methods to generate a series of
random test sequences; use these methods to send messages to server
classes
For each message that is generated, determine the collaborator class and
the corresponding method in the server object
For each method in the server object (invoked by messages from the
client object), determine the messages that it transmits
For each of these messages, determine the next level of methods that are
invoked and incorporate these into the test sequence
93
94. Tests Derived from
Behavior Models
• The state diagram for a class can be used to derive a sequence of tests that
will exercise the dynamic behavior of the class and the classes that
collaborate with it
• The test cases should be designed to achieve coverage of all states
– Method sequences should cause the object to transition through all allowable
states
• More test cases should be derived to ensure that all behaviors for the class
have been exercised based on the behavior life history of the object
• The state diagram can be traversed in a "breadth-first" approach by
exercising only a single transition at a time
– When a new transition is to be tested, only previously tested transitions are
used
94