This document provides an overview of functional modeling and data flow diagrams. It discusses that functional modeling gives the process perspective of object-oriented analysis and defines the functions and data flows within a system. It then describes different types of functional models including functional flow block diagrams and data flow diagrams. It provides details on how to construct functional flow block diagrams including the use of function blocks, numbering, references, flow connections, direction and gates. It also notes some potential problems with functional modeling.
The document discusses functional modeling using activity diagrams and use cases. It provides guidelines for creating activity diagrams and use cases, including identifying activities, control flows, decisions, and parallel processes for activity diagrams. It also discusses writing use case descriptions in SVDPI form from an observer perspective and creating use case diagrams by connecting actors to use cases. The overall purpose is to understand and create functional models to document requirements and describe business processes.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to express design of software projects. There are two main categories of UML diagrams - structural diagrams which focus on static elements regardless of time, and behavioral diagrams which focus on dynamic features and business processes. Common UML diagram types include class, sequence, use case, activity, state machine, component, deployment and interaction diagrams.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
The document discusses the entity-relationship (E-R) data model. It defines key concepts in E-R modeling including entities, attributes, entity sets, relationships, and relationship sets. It describes different types of attributes and relationships. It also explains how to represent E-R diagrams visually using symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and lines to depict entities, relationships, keys, and cardinalities. Primary keys, foreign keys, and weak entities are also covered.
The document discusses functional modeling using activity diagrams and use cases. It provides guidelines for creating activity diagrams and use cases, including identifying activities, control flows, decisions, and parallel processes for activity diagrams. It also discusses writing use case descriptions in SVDPI form from an observer perspective and creating use case diagrams by connecting actors to use cases. The overall purpose is to understand and create functional models to document requirements and describe business processes.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to express design of software projects. There are two main categories of UML diagrams - structural diagrams which focus on static elements regardless of time, and behavioral diagrams which focus on dynamic features and business processes. Common UML diagram types include class, sequence, use case, activity, state machine, component, deployment and interaction diagrams.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
The document discusses the entity-relationship (E-R) data model. It defines key concepts in E-R modeling including entities, attributes, entity sets, relationships, and relationship sets. It describes different types of attributes and relationships. It also explains how to represent E-R diagrams visually using symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and lines to depict entities, relationships, keys, and cardinalities. Primary keys, foreign keys, and weak entities are also covered.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses state modeling and state diagrams. It defines states as representations of intervals of time that describe an object's behavioral condition. Events trigger transitions between states. A state diagram uses a graph to represent an object's states and the transitions between them caused by events. It specifies the object's response to input events over time. The document provides examples of how to notationally represent states, transitions, events, and other elements in a state diagram.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
Learn how and what is Spiral Model. This was made during 3RD Year. From Eastern Visayas State University - Main Campus, Tacloban City, Leyte, Philippines
CREATED BY:
Aguilar, Fatima Joy
Arpon, Benedict Julius Steven
The document discusses collaboration diagrams, which capture the dynamic behavior of objects collaborating to perform tasks. Collaboration diagrams illustrate object interactions through messages in a graph format. They show objects, links between objects, and messages to model control flow and coordination. Notations are used to represent classes, instances, links, messages, return values, self-messages, conditional messages, iteration, and collections of objects. Examples of converting sequence diagrams to collaboration diagrams for making a phone call, changing flight itineraries, and making a hotel reservation are provided.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
This document discusses database anomalies that can occur when data is stored in a single, unnormalized table. It provides examples of insert, delete, and update anomalies and how normalization helps address these issues. The document also demonstrates how to model relationships between entities as relations and add foreign keys to represent those relationships without anomalies.
The document discusses various aspects of object-oriented systems development including the software development life cycle, use case driven analysis and design, prototyping, and component-based development. The key points are:
1) Object-oriented analysis involves identifying user requirements through use cases and actor analysis to determine system classes and their relationships. Use case driven analysis is iterative.
2) Object-oriented design further develops the classes identified in analysis and defines additional classes, attributes, methods, and relationships to support implementation. Design is also iterative.
3) Prototyping key system components early allows understanding how features will be implemented and getting user feedback to refine requirements.
4) Component-based development exploits prefabric
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
The document discusses the building blocks of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key elements as things (abstractions), relationships (ties between things), and diagrams (groups of related things). The main things are structural (classes, interfaces, etc.), behavioral (interactions, state machines), grouping (packages), and annotational (notes). Relationships include dependencies, associations, generalizations, and realizations. Common diagrams are class, object, use case, sequence, collaboration, statechart, activity, and component diagrams.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used in software engineering to visualize the design of a system. There are two main types of UML diagrams: structural diagrams that depict the static elements of a system, and behavioral diagrams that show the dynamic interactions between structural elements over time. Behavioral diagrams include sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Sequence diagrams specifically depict the sequential order of interactions between objects in a system through message passing and lifelines.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
A class diagram shows the structure of a system through classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. It includes classes and their properties like attributes and methods. It also shows relationships between classes like associations, aggregations, generalizations, and dependencies. The class diagram is a key tool in object-oriented analysis and design.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC), including its objectives, main phases, and models. The key phases are requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, and operation/maintenance. Common models include waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and rapid application development (RAD). Waterfall is classical but inflexible, while prototyping allows customer feedback. Spiral reduces risks through iterations. RAD emphasizes reuse and rapid iterations. The conclusion recommends the RAD model for mashup development due to its speed, customer involvement, and support for modularized, multi-platform work.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
This document discusses data modeling and functional modeling techniques. [1] Data modeling is the process of creating a data model to define and analyze an organization's data requirements. It involves identifying entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. [2] Entity-relationship diagrams are used to graphically represent data models. [3] Functional modeling structures represent the functions and processes within a subject area using techniques like data flow diagrams and functional flow block diagrams.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses state modeling and state diagrams. It defines states as representations of intervals of time that describe an object's behavioral condition. Events trigger transitions between states. A state diagram uses a graph to represent an object's states and the transitions between them caused by events. It specifies the object's response to input events over time. The document provides examples of how to notationally represent states, transitions, events, and other elements in a state diagram.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
Learn how and what is Spiral Model. This was made during 3RD Year. From Eastern Visayas State University - Main Campus, Tacloban City, Leyte, Philippines
CREATED BY:
Aguilar, Fatima Joy
Arpon, Benedict Julius Steven
The document discusses collaboration diagrams, which capture the dynamic behavior of objects collaborating to perform tasks. Collaboration diagrams illustrate object interactions through messages in a graph format. They show objects, links between objects, and messages to model control flow and coordination. Notations are used to represent classes, instances, links, messages, return values, self-messages, conditional messages, iteration, and collections of objects. Examples of converting sequence diagrams to collaboration diagrams for making a phone call, changing flight itineraries, and making a hotel reservation are provided.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
This document discusses database anomalies that can occur when data is stored in a single, unnormalized table. It provides examples of insert, delete, and update anomalies and how normalization helps address these issues. The document also demonstrates how to model relationships between entities as relations and add foreign keys to represent those relationships without anomalies.
The document discusses various aspects of object-oriented systems development including the software development life cycle, use case driven analysis and design, prototyping, and component-based development. The key points are:
1) Object-oriented analysis involves identifying user requirements through use cases and actor analysis to determine system classes and their relationships. Use case driven analysis is iterative.
2) Object-oriented design further develops the classes identified in analysis and defines additional classes, attributes, methods, and relationships to support implementation. Design is also iterative.
3) Prototyping key system components early allows understanding how features will be implemented and getting user feedback to refine requirements.
4) Component-based development exploits prefabric
Interaction modeling describes how objects in a system interact and communicate through message passing. It uses several UML diagrams including use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. A use case diagram shows relationships between actors and use cases, while a sequence diagram depicts the temporal order of messages exchanged between objects to complete a scenario. An activity diagram models system workflows and dependencies between activities. A collaboration diagram displays message flows between objects to achieve a particular task.
The document discusses the building blocks of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key elements as things (abstractions), relationships (ties between things), and diagrams (groups of related things). The main things are structural (classes, interfaces, etc.), behavioral (interactions, state machines), grouping (packages), and annotational (notes). Relationships include dependencies, associations, generalizations, and realizations. Common diagrams are class, object, use case, sequence, collaboration, statechart, activity, and component diagrams.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used in software engineering to visualize the design of a system. There are two main types of UML diagrams: structural diagrams that depict the static elements of a system, and behavioral diagrams that show the dynamic interactions between structural elements over time. Behavioral diagrams include sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Sequence diagrams specifically depict the sequential order of interactions between objects in a system through message passing and lifelines.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It uses graphical notation to depict systems from initial design through detailed design. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. UML provides a standard way to communicate designs across development teams and is supported by many modeling tools.
A class diagram shows the structure of a system through classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between classes. It includes classes and their properties like attributes and methods. It also shows relationships between classes like associations, aggregations, generalizations, and dependencies. The class diagram is a key tool in object-oriented analysis and design.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC), including its objectives, main phases, and models. The key phases are requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, and operation/maintenance. Common models include waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and rapid application development (RAD). Waterfall is classical but inflexible, while prototyping allows customer feedback. Spiral reduces risks through iterations. RAD emphasizes reuse and rapid iterations. The conclusion recommends the RAD model for mashup development due to its speed, customer involvement, and support for modularized, multi-platform work.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
This document discusses data modeling and functional modeling techniques. [1] Data modeling is the process of creating a data model to define and analyze an organization's data requirements. It involves identifying entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. [2] Entity-relationship diagrams are used to graphically represent data models. [3] Functional modeling structures represent the functions and processes within a subject area using techniques like data flow diagrams and functional flow block diagrams.
Static modeling represents the static elements of software such as classes, objects, and interfaces and their relationships. It includes class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams show classes, attributes, and relationships between classes. Object diagrams show instances of classes and their properties. Dynamic modeling represents the behavior and interactions of static elements through interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and communication diagrams, as well as activity diagrams.
OMT uses three models - the object model, dynamic model, and functional model. The dynamic model represents the temporal, behavioral, and control aspects of a system using events, states, and state transitions. It shows how objects interact over time in response to events, and is represented through state diagrams that define the different states an object can be in and the events that trigger transitions between states.
If you're new to UML, our UML tutorial can get you on the right path. Learn more about what The Unified Modeling Language is, what it does, and why it's important.
This document provides an overview of static reservoir modeling. It discusses grid definition and selection, structural modeling using seismic data interpretation, stratigraphic modeling using well log correlation, lithological modeling to define facies distributions, and petrophysical modeling to estimate properties. Structural modeling involves identifying tops, interpreting faults manually or automatically using ant tracking. Stratigraphic modeling uses sequence stratigraphy and well log correlation. Lithological modeling integrates sedimentology, facies classification, and 3D distribution. Petrophysical modeling can be deterministic or stochastic to interpolate properties between wells.
The document describes data flow diagrams (DFDs), including how they differ from flowcharts by showing the flow of data rather than control flow. It then provides steps for creating DFDs using an example of a lemonade stand: 1) List activities, 2) Create a context-level DFD identifying sources and sinks, 3) Create a level 0 DFD identifying subprocesses, and 4) Create level 1 DFDs decomposing subprocesses and identifying data stores.
The document summarizes the evolution of the Cobb+Co Museum in Toowoomba, Australia over three stages from 1987 to the present. The museum initially followed a traditional model as an internal collection-focused institution from 1987-2001. From 2001-2010 it adopted a social enterprise model, becoming a community resource center focused on lifelong learning and inclusivity. Since 2010 it has operated as a creative-cultural industry model, serving as an innovation and design hub providing social, cultural and economic benefits to the community through heritage trades and handmade goods. The museum now uses its heritage assets to foster local prosperity, cohesion, sustainability and identity.
The document discusses various communication models that have been developed over time to conceptualize and simplify the complex process of human communication. It describes several "classical" models, including Aristotle's definition of rhetoric which focused on logos, pathos and ethos. It also summarizes Shannon and Weaver's influential 1949 mathematical model of communication and its key concepts of a sender, receiver, message, channel and noise. The document notes that while models are useful for clarifying complexity, they also have limitations such as potential oversimplification and missing important variables.
The document discusses object modeling concepts including objects, classes, attributes, operations, associations, aggregation, generalization, constraints, and derived entities. Objects represent real-world concepts and promote understanding, while classes group similar objects. Relationships between classes like association, aggregation, and generalization are important modeling constructs. Constraints restrict allowable values and derived entities are computed from other objects or attributes.
The document discusses different modeling techniques used in software engineering. It describes data modeling, functional modeling, and behavioral modeling. Data modeling involves creating entity relationship diagrams and data dictionaries. Functional modeling uses data flow diagrams to show how data moves through processes. Behavioral modeling uses state transition diagrams to represent a system's states and transitions between states. The modeling techniques help describe requirements, design software, and validate systems.
Railway communication in Bangladesh began in 1862 with the opening of a 53.11 km broad gauge line. Over time, the railway network expanded, mostly inheriting lines from the British-established Assam Bengal railway system. Currently, Bangladesh Railway operates over 2,855 route km, with 923 km of broad gauge track and 1,822 km of meter gauge track. The key components of the railway system include rails, sleepers, ballast, fittings and fastenings to join rails and hold them in place, and various signaling systems.
The document discusses Remote Network Monitoring (RMON) and its capabilities. It describes RMON1 and RMON2, which allow network managers to monitor remote network segments. RMON1 provides traffic statistics, alarms, and packet capture capabilities. RMON2 adds support for monitoring network and application layers. The document outlines various RMON components like probes, and how RMON can be supported in Ethernet switches. It provides examples of RMON usage like with Cisco's Network Analysis Module.
Object Modelling in Software Engineeringguest7fe55d5e
This document discusses object modeling and class identification in software engineering. It covers:
1. The activities involved in object modeling including object identification, Abbott's technique, and identifying entity, boundary, and control objects.
2. The steps of object modeling including class identification, finding attributes, operations, and associations between classes.
3. Approaches to class identification including application domain, syntactic, design patterns, and component-based approaches.
4. Types of objects including entity, boundary, and control objects.
This document summarizes a case study of the Vancouver Convention Center expansion project in Vancouver, BC, Canada. The expansion was designed by LMN Architects, Musson Cattell Mackey Partnership, and DA Architects & Planners to triple the capacity of the original convention center. Key aspects of the design include its horizontal emphasis to preserve views, an extensive green roof, and floor-to-ceiling glazing allowing views of the waterfront. The expansion provides over 1 million square feet of new exhibition halls, ballrooms, meeting rooms, and outdoor event spaces.
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
Bangalore international exhibition centre case studyself employer
The Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC) was developed by the Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers' Association and dedicated to Naoroji Pirojsha Godrej. The complex is named the IMTMA-Naoroji Pirojsha Godrej International Exhibition & Conference Centre. The BIEC includes an entrance plaza, 5,600 square meter conference centre, and three large exhibition halls ranging from 6,600 to 9,800 square meters. It also features a food court and technology centre.
The document discusses key concepts in programming including algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode, and the program development life cycle (PDLC). It provides definitions and examples of each concept. The main points covered are:
- An algorithm is a series of steps to solve a problem with properties like finiteness and definiteness. Qualities of a good algorithm and levels of algorithm description are explained.
- Flowcharts use symbols to visually represent algorithms and program logic with benefits like clear communication. Examples of flowchart symbols and structures are given.
- Pseudocode resembles a simplified programming language and can be used to design algorithms with advantages like readability and ease of conversion to code.
- The PDLC is
Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing.pptxRivenBarquilla
The document provides information on preparing and interpreting technical drawings. It discusses basic symbols used in flow charting such as terminators, inputs/outputs, processes, decisions, and arrows. It also covers selecting the appropriate type of technical drawing according to job requirements, such as basic, cross-functional, and data flow diagrams. Finally, it outlines steps for interpreting symbols in a flow chart, such as examining each step and decision point to identify bottlenecks and rework loops.
Software Design is a process of describing, organizing and structuring the components of a system. It is like set of blueprints in which various components of the system are shown.
http://www.isquareit.edu.in/
This document provides an overview of architectural modeling techniques in software engineering, including component diagrams, deployment diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It describes the key elements and purposes of each type of diagram. Component diagrams show the organization and dependencies among software components, while deployment diagrams model the physical deployment of artifacts across nodes. Collaboration diagrams emphasize the structural relationships between objects that send and receive messages during interactions.
A structure chart represents the modules, dependencies, and parameters of a software system. It breaks a system down into its lowest functional modules and sub-modules, showing how they interact through control and data flows. Structure charts differ from flow charts in that they explicitly show modules, data interchange between modules, and do not impose a sequential order on tasks.
for coding and implementation, there is a need of more specific and detailed requirements. The output of this process can directly be used into implementation in programming languages.
Function oriented design decomposes a software system into interacting units with clearly defined functions. It uses strategies like data flow diagrams, data dictionaries, structure charts, and pseudo code. Data flow diagrams show how data flows through a system. Data dictionaries define all data elements and structures. Structure charts partition a system into boxes and show module hierarchy and interaction. Pseudo code describes system characteristics using structured English phrases.
The document discusses digital design methodology at different levels of abstraction: gate level, register level, and processor level. It describes how a digital design can be represented behaviorally, structurally, and through physical implementation. The key levels in computer design are the processor level (architecture), register transfer level, and gate level. Lower levels have more detail but faster speeds, while higher levels have less detail but allow more complex functions. Computer-aided design tools like simulators and synthesizers help address complexity through iterative design processes.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. It discusses the key concepts of object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also provides an overview of the different types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. The document emphasizes the importance of use case diagrams for requirements analysis and provides rules and examples for developing use case diagrams.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and unified modeling language (UML) diagrams. It discusses the key concepts of object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and the phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also provides an overview of the different types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. Finally, it discusses use case diagrams in more detail including their introduction, importance, rules, and examples.
The document discusses architectural design for software systems. It covers topics such as software architecture, data design, architectural styles, analyzing architectural alternatives, and mapping requirements to architectural designs. The key aspects are:
1) Architectural design represents the structure of data and program components to build a computer system. It begins with data design and derives architectural representations.
2) Software architecture allows analysis of design effectiveness and consideration of alternatives to reduce risks.
3) Common architectural styles include data-centered, data flow, call-and-return, object-oriented, and layered styles.
4) Requirements are mapped to architectural designs through techniques like transform mapping and transaction mapping. The resulting design is then refined.
This document provides an overview of functional modeling and the Object Modeling Technique (OMT) methodology for object-oriented systems analysis and design. It describes functional modeling using data flow diagrams and the key components of OMT, including the analysis, design, and implementation phases. The analysis phase involves creating object, dynamic, and functional models to specify the system. Comparisons are made between OMT and other methodologies like Structured Analysis/Design and Jackson Structured Design.
This document discusses functional modeling and data flow diagrams (DFDs) for object-oriented systems. It provides an overview of the following topics:
1. Functional modeling uses DFDs to represent how input and output values are derived in a program through processes and data flows.
2. DFDs graphically show the flow of data through a system using processes, data stores, flows, and external entities. They can be layered with increasing specificity.
3. Specifying operations for a functional model involves identifying inputs/outputs, building the DFD, describing functions, identifying constraints, and specifying optimization criteria.
4. The document also briefly introduces the Object Modeling Technique (OMT) methodology
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the origins of UML and how it was created through the unification of several object-oriented modeling languages. It then describes the main types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, state machine diagrams, and others. For each diagram type, it provides an example diagram and discusses when and how it should be used. The document is intended to teach students about UML and the various diagrams that can be used for software modeling and design.
This document defines and provides examples of various modeling techniques used in systems analysis and design:
1) Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) visually represent the flow of data through a system and its processes, data stores, external entities, and levels of abstraction.
2) Decision tables organize the conditions and expected outcomes of decision logic in a matrix format.
3) Decision charts use a tree structure to model decisions, consequences, probabilities, costs, and utilities.
4) Structure charts describe the hierarchical modular structure and relationships between functions, subfunctions, modules, and control logic (conditions, loops, data coupling) within a system or computer program.
A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm or process. It uses standard symbols to visually depict the steps of a process and the flow of data between those steps. Flowcharts help clarify processes, communicate logic, aid in effective analysis and problem solving, and serve as documentation for programs. While they make logic clear, flowcharts can become complex and costly for large programs, and difficult to modify or keep updated.
SOURCE CODE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (GITHUB)Gracy Joseph
GitHub is a web-based hosting service for Git repositories that offers both source code management features and additional collaboration tools. Unlike Git, which is command-line based, GitHub provides a graphical web and desktop interface. It allows for access control and features like wikis, task tracking, and bug reporting for each project. Both free and paid plans are offered, with free accounts commonly used for open source projects. As the largest code host, GitHub has over 3.4 million users and has become a staple for open source developers and a replacement for resumes sought by some employers.
object oriented programming part inheritance.pptxurvashipundir04
The document discusses the key concepts in C++ program development including the Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC), variables and data types, operators, control structures, functions, arrays, pointers, identifiers, and keywords. The PDLC follows an iterative process with phases like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment and maintenance. Variables store data of built-in types like integers while functions perform tasks. Arrays store multiple elements in contiguous memory and pointers reference the memory locations of other variables. Identifiers name program elements and keywords are reserved words with special meanings.
Flow charts are diagrams that represent a sequence of steps to solve a problem. They use standard symbols to visually depict the logic and processes within a program or system. Flow charts facilitate communication between programmers and non-technical stakeholders. Guidelines for effective flow charts include using a logical structure, clear symbols, and ensuring the chart has a defined start and end. Pseudocode and structured English are additional tools to represent programming logic at a higher level before implementation in a specific coding language.
OOAD Part A Question with answer and Part B & C questions.
References :
1) Previous University Questions.
2) Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development by Craig Larman.
3) Google search engine for text and images.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to document and visualize the design of object-oriented software systems. It was developed in the 1990s to standardize the different object-oriented modeling notations that existed. UML is based on several influential object-oriented analysis and design methodologies. It includes diagrams for modeling a system's structural and behavioral elements, and has continued to evolve with refinements and expanded applicability. Use case diagrams are one type of UML diagram that are used to define system behaviors and goals from the perspective of different user types or external entities known as actors.
UML component diagrams describe software components and their dependencies. A component represents a modular and replaceable unit with well-defined interfaces. Component diagrams show the organization and dependencies between components using interfaces, dependencies, ports, and connectors. They can show both the external view of a component's interfaces as well as its internal structure by nesting other components or classes.
Activity diagrams show the flow and sequence of activities in a system by depicting actions, decisions, and parallel processes through graphical symbols like activities, transitions, decisions, and swimlanes. They are used to model workflows, use cases, and complex methods by defining activities, states, objects, responsibilities, and connections between elements. Guidelines are provided for creating activity diagrams, such as identifying the workflow objective, pre/post-conditions, activities, states, objects, responsibilities, and evaluating for concurrency.
Object diagrams represent a snapshot of a system at a particular moment, showing the concrete instances of classes and their relationships. They capture the static view of a system to show object behaviors and relationships from a practical perspective. Unlike class diagrams which show abstract representations, object diagrams depict real-world objects and their unlimited possible instances. They are used for forward and reverse engineering, modeling object relationships and interactions, and understanding system behavior.
Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects over time by depicting object lifelines and messages exchanged. They emphasize the time ordering of messages. To create a sequence diagram, identify participating objects and messages, lay out object lifelines across the top, and draw messages between lifelines from top to bottom based on timing. Activation boxes on lifelines indicate when objects are active. Sequence diagrams help document and understand the logical flow of a system.
State chart diagrams define the different states an object can be in during its lifetime, and how it transitions between states in response to events. They are useful for modeling reactive systems by describing the flow of control from one state to another. The key elements are initial and final states, states represented by rectangles, and transitions between states indicated by arrows. State chart diagrams are used to model the dynamic behavior and lifetime of objects in a system and identify the events that trigger state changes.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and use cases. It defines what a use case is, including that it captures a user's interaction with a system to achieve a goal. It describes the key components of a use case diagram, including actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension. An example use case diagram for a money withdrawal from an ATM is presented to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for documenting use cases with descriptions of flows, exceptions, and other details are also provided.
This document discusses software quality and metrics. It defines software quality as conformance to requirements, standards, and implicit expectations. It outlines ISO 9126 quality factors like functionality, reliability, usability, and maintainability. It describes five views of quality: transcendental, user, manufacturing, product, and value-based. It also discusses types of metrics like product, process, and project metrics. Product metrics measure characteristics like size, complexity, and quality level. The document provides guidelines for developing, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting software metrics.
This document discusses key concepts in software design engineering including analysis models, design models, the programmer's approach versus best practices, purposes of design, quality guidelines, design principles, fundamental concepts like abstraction and architecture, and specific design concepts like patterns, modularity, and information hiding. It emphasizes that design is important for translating requirements into a quality software solution before implementation begins.
The document provides an overview of architectural design in software engineering. It defines software architecture as the structure of components, relationships between them, and properties. The key steps in architectural design are creating data design, representing structure, analyzing styles, and elaborating chosen style. It emphasizes software components and their focus. Examples of architectural styles discussed include data flow, call-and-return, data-centered, and virtual machine.
Object oriented concepts can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Objects have state, behavior, and identity. State represents the properties and values of an object, behavior is defined by the operations or methods that can be performed on an object, and identity uniquely distinguishes one object from all others. Key concepts in object orientation include abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, hierarchy, polymorphism, and life span of objects. These concepts help organize programs through the definition and use of classes and objects.
Unit 7 performing user interface designPreeti Mishra
The document discusses user interface design principles and models. It provides three key principles for user interface design:
1. Place users in control of the interface and allow for flexible, interruptible, and customizable interaction.
2. Reduce users' memory load by minimizing what they need to remember, establishing defaults, and progressively disclosing information.
3. Make the interface consistent across screens, applications, and interaction models to maintain user expectations.
It also describes four models involved in interface design: the user profile model, design model, implementation model, and user's mental model. The role of designers is to reconcile differences across these models.
Unit 8 discusses software testing concepts including definitions of testing, who performs testing, test characteristics, levels of testing, and testing approaches. Unit testing focuses on individual program units while integration testing combines units. System testing evaluates a complete integrated system. Testing strategies integrate testing into a planned series of steps from requirements to deployment. Verification ensures correct development while validation confirms the product meets user needs.
This document discusses requirements analysis and design. It covers the types and characteristics of requirements, as well as the tasks involved in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. It also discusses problems that commonly occur in requirements practices and solutions through proper requirements engineering. Additionally, it outlines goals and elements of analysis modeling, including flow-oriented, scenario-based, class-based, and behavioral modeling. Finally, it discusses the purpose and tasks of design engineering in translating requirements models into design models.
Design process interaction design basicsPreeti Mishra
This document provides an introduction to interaction design basics and terms. It discusses that interaction design involves creating technology-based interventions to achieve goals within constraints. The design process has several stages and is iterative. Interaction design starts with understanding users through methods like talking to and observing them. Scenarios are rich stories used throughout design to illustrate user interactions. Basic terms in interaction design include goals, constraints, trade-offs, and the design process. Usability and user-centered design are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of design process and factors that affect user experience in interface design. It discusses various principles and heuristics to support usability, including learnability, flexibility, and robustness. The document outlines principles that affect these factors, such as predictability, consistency and dialog initiative. It also discusses guidelines for improving usability through user testing and iterative design. The document emphasizes the importance of usability and provides several heuristics and guidelines to measure and improve usability in interface design.
Design process evaluating interactive_designsPreeti Mishra
The document discusses various methods for evaluating interactive systems, including expert analysis methods like heuristic evaluation and cognitive walkthrough, as well as user-based evaluation techniques like observational methods, query techniques, and physiological monitoring. It provides details on the process for each method and considerations for when each may be most appropriate. Evaluation aims to determine a system's usability, identify design issues, compare alternatives, and observe user effects. The criteria discussed include expert analysis, user-based, and model-based approaches.
Foundations understanding users and interactionsPreeti Mishra
This document discusses qualitative user research methods. It explains that qualitative research helps understand user behavior, which is too complex to understand solely through quantitative data. Qualitative research methods include interviews, observation, and persona creation. Personas are fictional user archetypes created from interview data to represent different types of users. They are useful for product design by providing empathy for users and guiding decisions. The document provides details on creating personas and using scenarios to represent how personas would interact with a product.
This document provides an introduction to human-computer interaction (HCI). It defines HCI as a discipline concerned with studying, designing, building, and implementing interactive computing systems for human use, with a focus on usability. The document outlines various perspectives in HCI including sociology, anthropology, ergonomics, psychology, and linguistics. It also defines HCI and lists 8 guidelines for creating good HCI, such as consistency, informative feedback, and reducing memory load. The importance of good interfaces is discussed, noting they can make or break a product's acceptance. Finally, some principles and theories of user-centered design are introduced.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
2. Introduction
• Functional Modelling gives the process perspective of
the object-oriented analysis model
• And an overview of what the system is supposed to do.
• It defines the function of the internal processes in
the system with the aid of Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs).
• It depicts the functional derivation of the data values
without indicating how they are derived when they are
computed, or why they need to be computed.
• A functional modelling perspective concentrates on
describing the dynamic process.
3. Various Functional Models
• One of the first well defined function models, was the
Functional Flow Block Diagram (FFBD) developed by the
defence-related TRW Incorporated in the 1950s.
• Data Flow Diagram
5. Introduction
• The FFBD notation was developed in the 1950s, and is
widely used in classical systems engineering.
• FFBDs are one of the classic business process modelling
methodologies, along with :
– flow charts,
– data flow diagrams,
– control flow diagrams, etc
6. Function flow block
diagram
• A functional block diagram is a block diagram, that
describes the functions and interrelationships of a system.
The functional block diagram can picture:
– Functions of a system pictured by blocks
– Input and output elements of a block pictured with lines, and
– Relationships between the functions
– Functional sequences and paths for matter and or signals
– The block diagram can use additional schematic symbols to show
particular properties.
– Specific function block diagram are the classic Functional Flow
Block Diagram, and the Function Block Diagram (FBD) used in the
design of programmable logic controllers.
7. • Function block: Each function on an FFBD
should be separate and be represented by
single box (solid line). Each function needs
to stand for definite, finite, discrete
action to be accomplished by system
elements.
• Function numbering: Each level should have
a consistent number scheme and provide
information concerning function origin.
These numbers establish identification and
relationships that will carry through all
Functional Analysis and Allocation activities
and facilitate traceability from lower to
top levels.
8. • Functional reference: Each diagram should contain a
reference to other functional diagrams by using a
functional reference (box in brackets).
• Flow connection: Lines connecting functions should only
indicate function flow and not a lapse in time or
intermediate activity.
• Flow direction: Diagrams should be laid out so that the
flow direction is generally from left to right. Arrows are
often used to indicate functional flows.
9. • Summing gates: A circle is used to
denote a summing gate and is used when
AND/OR is present. AND is used to
indicate parallel functions and all
conditions must be satisfied to proceed.
OR is used to indicate that alternative
paths can be satisfied to proceed.
• GO and NO-GO paths: “G” and “bar G”
are used to denote “go” and “no-go”
conditions. These symbols are placed
adjacent to lines leaving a particular
function to indicate alternative paths.
10. • AND: A condition in which all
preceding or succeeding paths are
required.
• Exclusive OR: A condition in which one
of multiple preceding or succeeding
paths is required, but not all.
• Inclusive OR: A condition in which
one, some, or all of the multiple
preceding or succeeding paths are
required
12. Problems with Functional
Modeling
• Functional Modeling is not about modeling real things. It is
about writing expressions which describe the relationship
between things. Also, one tends to model what the
program does, not what it does it to.
• Functional Programming encourages writing pure, generic
functions which allow making decisions at the top level of
the call hierarchy. This is the opposite philosophy to
Object-oriented design, which encourages deferring actual
behaviour to decisions taken low down by overriding class
methods.
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