The form work is a temporary ancillary construction used as a mould for the structure, in which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and matures.
Cost of form work- 20 to 25 % of the cost of structure in building work
This document provides an overview of formwork and its types. Formwork is a temporary mold used to hold fresh concrete in shape until it hardens. It can be made from materials like steel, timber, plywood, aluminum, and plastic. There are different categories of formwork including conventional formwork built on-site, modern prefabricated forms for speed and efficiency, and engineered forms with a metal frame and covering. Common types include steel, timber, plywood, and aluminum forms. Formwork must be strong, rigid, prevent concrete leakage, and allow removal without damage to the concrete. It is an important but costly part of concrete construction.
Prestressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that uses compressive stresses applied during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur in use. There are three main types: pre-tensioned concrete uses steel tendons tensioned before concrete is placed; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses unstressed steel placed then tensioned after curing; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete provides freedom of movement between steel and concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete requires molds that can resist internal forces and calculations to account for losses over time. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like reduced cracking and corrosion, higher strength, and more economical construction for bridges compared to steel.
The document discusses the balanced cantilever method of bridge construction. It begins by explaining that this method is used for bridges with spans between 50-250m, and involves attaching precast or cast-in-place segments in an alternating manner from each end of cantilevers supported by piers. This method is well-suited for irregular spans, congested sites, and environmentally sensitive areas. It also discusses advantages like determinacy and reduced cracking risks. The document then goes into detail about construction sequences, member proportioning, superstructure types, and analysis of a specific balanced cantilever bridge in Kochi, India.
1. The document discusses the design of an Intze water storage tank for GRIET campus using manual calculations and STAAD Pro software.
2. It provides background on Intze tanks and their advantages over normal tanks. Design considerations like forces, materials and stresses are covered.
3. The existing water supply situation and need for a new tank in the campus is studied. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the designed tank are presented.
4. Both manual and STAAD analysis show the design is stable with no member failures. The manual design is adopted for construction.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
Conventional Indian construction industry has been forced to look for technology to address its demand & supply gap, diminishing skilled labour and stringent time frame.
Precast concrete construction methodology fits perfectly as an alternative for traditional construction with shorter construction duration and reduction in labor, while exceeding quality standards of conventional construction practices in India.
The success of this technology fully depends on the Architects, the Structural engineers and the Execution team who are willing to adapt this change from convention method of construction to the precast construction. Change gives us a lot of opportunity to adapt, innovate and implement new efficient technology which will be beneficial to the society at large margin.
This technology is becoming trend due to its huge advantages. But in recent past hazards attended to such construction due to collapse. So from the Structural Engineering point of view we have to design keeping in mind the structural safety against this type of collapse.
This document provides an overview of formwork and its types. Formwork is a temporary mold used to hold fresh concrete in shape until it hardens. It can be made from materials like steel, timber, plywood, aluminum, and plastic. There are different categories of formwork including conventional formwork built on-site, modern prefabricated forms for speed and efficiency, and engineered forms with a metal frame and covering. Common types include steel, timber, plywood, and aluminum forms. Formwork must be strong, rigid, prevent concrete leakage, and allow removal without damage to the concrete. It is an important but costly part of concrete construction.
Prestressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that uses compressive stresses applied during construction to oppose tensile stresses that occur in use. There are three main types: pre-tensioned concrete uses steel tendons tensioned before concrete is placed; bonded post-tensioned concrete uses unstressed steel placed then tensioned after curing; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete provides freedom of movement between steel and concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete requires molds that can resist internal forces and calculations to account for losses over time. Prestressed concrete provides benefits like reduced cracking and corrosion, higher strength, and more economical construction for bridges compared to steel.
The document discusses the balanced cantilever method of bridge construction. It begins by explaining that this method is used for bridges with spans between 50-250m, and involves attaching precast or cast-in-place segments in an alternating manner from each end of cantilevers supported by piers. This method is well-suited for irregular spans, congested sites, and environmentally sensitive areas. It also discusses advantages like determinacy and reduced cracking risks. The document then goes into detail about construction sequences, member proportioning, superstructure types, and analysis of a specific balanced cantilever bridge in Kochi, India.
1. The document discusses the design of an Intze water storage tank for GRIET campus using manual calculations and STAAD Pro software.
2. It provides background on Intze tanks and their advantages over normal tanks. Design considerations like forces, materials and stresses are covered.
3. The existing water supply situation and need for a new tank in the campus is studied. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the designed tank are presented.
4. Both manual and STAAD analysis show the design is stable with no member failures. The manual design is adopted for construction.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
Conventional Indian construction industry has been forced to look for technology to address its demand & supply gap, diminishing skilled labour and stringent time frame.
Precast concrete construction methodology fits perfectly as an alternative for traditional construction with shorter construction duration and reduction in labor, while exceeding quality standards of conventional construction practices in India.
The success of this technology fully depends on the Architects, the Structural engineers and the Execution team who are willing to adapt this change from convention method of construction to the precast construction. Change gives us a lot of opportunity to adapt, innovate and implement new efficient technology which will be beneficial to the society at large margin.
This technology is becoming trend due to its huge advantages. But in recent past hazards attended to such construction due to collapse. So from the Structural Engineering point of view we have to design keeping in mind the structural safety against this type of collapse.
Coffer dams are temporary structures built to exclude water from an area where permanent structures will be constructed. They allow construction to occur in dry conditions. There are several types of coffer dams depending on the depth of water, soil conditions, and available materials. Earthfill coffer dams use earthen embankments for shallow water, while more complex designs like braced sheet pile or cellular coffer dams are needed for deeper waters. Properly designed coffer dams prevent leakage and ensure the enclosed area remains dry for construction work.
This document summarizes a presentation on prestressed concrete. It begins with an introduction to prestressed concrete and how it overcomes weaknesses in concrete in tension. It then describes the principles of prestressing by inducing compressive stresses with high-strength tendons before loads are applied. The document compares reinforced concrete with prestressed concrete and describes the methods of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. It provides examples of prestressed concrete structures like beams, bridges and discusses advantages like reduced size and increased spans as well as disadvantages like higher material costs.
Suspension Bridges VS Cable-Stayed BridgesHussein Zidan
The document discusses different types of bridges including beam, truss, arch, suspension, cantilever, and cable-stayed bridges. It then focuses on suspension bridges, providing details on their construction and notable examples like the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan, which has the world's largest suspension bridge main span at 1,991 meters. Cable-stayed bridges are also examined, comparing their construction and forces to suspension bridges. The Russky Bridge in Russia is given as an example of a long cable-stayed bridge type.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document provides details of the analysis and design of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building project. It includes the objectives, which are to analyze and design the main structural elements of the building including slabs, columns, shear walls, and foundations. It also summarizes the building being a 12-storey residential building in Gorakhpur, India. The document outlines the various structural elements that will be designed, including flat slab structural systems, column types and design, shear wall design, and pile foundation design.
This document provides information on caissons, which are watertight structures used for deep foundations under water. It discusses the different types of caissons, including open caissons, box caissons, and pneumatic caissons. Open caissons are open at the top and bottom and used in sandy soils or where no firm bed is available at depth. Box caissons are closed at the bottom. Pneumatic caissons use compressed air to remove water from the working chamber, allowing foundation work in dry conditions. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of the different caisson types and their uses in construction.
This document discusses prestressed concrete bridges. It begins with definitions of prestressed concrete as concrete with internal stresses introduced to counteract external loads. It then provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, noting key innovators. Examples of prestressed concrete bridges in India are given, including the famous Pamban Road Bridge. The document goes on to explain the basic principles, terminology, types, and methods of prestressing, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete.
Diaphragm walls are underground retaining walls constructed using trench excavation supported by bentonite slurry. The process involves constructing guide walls, excavating a trench, installing reinforcement cages, and concreting. Diaphragm walls provide lateral support during deep excavations, serve as basement walls, and provide a water cutoff. They are suitable for use in congested areas and unstable soil below the water table.
The document discusses methods for strengthening structural members like beams and slabs that have insufficient strength. For beams, additional reinforcement can be added on the bottom and sides, and bonded with epoxy. For slabs, a reinforced concrete topping can be applied to create a composite section with the existing slab, using mechanical anchors and epoxy bonding. Proper preparation of surfaces, curing, and controlling deflection during strengthening are emphasized.
Design of short columns using helical reinforcementshivam gautam
Helical reinforcement, also known as spiral reinforcement, is used in circular concrete columns. It consists of longitudinal bars enclosed within a continuously wound spiral reinforcement. Helical reinforcement is sometimes designed instead of normal links for columns because it provides increased strength and ductility. The spiral reinforcement acts compositely with the concrete core and allows the column to sustain higher loads than those with normal links. It also minimizes the risk of stirrups opening during seismic events. The document then provides details on the design of helical reinforcement for short concrete columns, including governing equations and an example problem.
Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structuresShahrukh Niaz
Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structures involves repair techniques, underpinning, and addressing causes of damage. Repair restores structures to their previous condition while rehabilitation considers strength. Retrofitting modifies structures to increase resistance to seismic activity. Common repair techniques include crack injection, routing and sealing cracks, adding reinforcement, prestressing steel, and grouting. Underpinning strengthens foundations by extending them deeper or wider. Mass concrete and mini-pile underpinning are two types. Causes of damage to masonry buildings include heavy weight, low tensile strength, brittle behavior, and weak structural connections.
This document discusses curing of concrete, which involves maintaining moisture content and temperature to allow desired properties to develop. Proper curing increases strength, durability, and resistance to damage. It describes the hydration process where water reacts with cement compounds. A minimum of 38% water by weight of cement is needed for full hydration. Self-curing concrete uses chemicals to retain mixing water and prevent drying. Membrane-forming compounds form films on concrete surfaces that reduce evaporation and allow curing without applied water. Different types of compounds and their application procedures are outlined.
Concrete box culvert design and detailing (british)Tony Gravagne, PE
This document provides a manual for the design and detailing of concrete culverts used by the Ministry of Transportation in Ontario. It includes definitions, notations, and general information on standard culvert types and dimensions. The manual then provides detailed guidance on the design and drawing details for rigid frame open footing culverts, rigid frame box culverts, and non-rigid frame box culverts. It also includes standard details for reinforcing steel, apron walls, header walls, skewed ends, extensions, intersecting drains and manholes, and retaining walls associated with culverts.
The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
This document outlines the topics covered in a graduation project on the behavior and design of masonry structures. It discusses the historical background of masonry construction, properties of masonry materials, common building units used, reinforcement, and loads. Design considerations are presented for masonry beams, shear walls, flexural behavior under various loads, and partially reinforced walls. The project provides information needed to research and design reinforced masonry structures.
Combine piled raft foundation (cprf)_Er.Karan ChauhanEr.Karan Chauhan
Combine Piled Raft Foundation(CPRF) is an emerging type of new foundation techniques in High rise buildings and skyscraper which raft as a shallow foundation and pile as deep foundation works sharing the total load and reduce settlement and bending moment. the modern approach of design philosophy is included in post graduation level with soil structure interaction of CPRF and this will use to understand the basic concept regarding it.
1) This document describes the design of a residential building located in Sirumalai, Dindigul district. It is a G+2 storied building located in a congested area without setbacks.
2) The methodology section outlines the process of drawing plans, locating columns and beams, applying dimensions, calculating loads, analyzing shear and bending moments, identifying critical structural elements, and designing the slab, beams, columns, and footings.
3) Key aspects of the design include the load calculations, analysis of the critical frame, design of the slab, beams, columns, and edge and corner footings. Reinforcement is designed according to code provisions.
This document discusses the design of combined footings. It defines a combined footing as one that supports two or more adjacent columns to provide uniform bearing pressure and minimize differential settlement. It describes the different types of combined footings based on connectivity (slab, slab-beam, strap-beam) and shape (rectangular, trapezoidal). The key steps of the design process are outlined, including determining the footing size based on load and soil capacity, performing structural analysis to calculate moments and shear, and designing the longitudinal, shear, and transverse reinforcement.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is classified based on size, material, and operation. Requirements include strength, water resistance, smooth surfaces. Common formwork includes foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs using timber, steel, aluminum, plastic. Removal timing depends on concrete type. Cost is 30-60% of concrete cost. Advanced systems like REVOLA and LOGICA use steel/plywood/polymer facing for crane-lifted walls and columns, withstanding high pressures.
The document discusses stress ribbon bridges, which are a type of suspension bridge where cables are embedded in the deck below the walking surface. Stress ribbon bridges follow a catenary profile and transmit loads via tension in the sagging deck to anchored abutments. The document outlines the history, form, construction techniques, applications, advantages, and recent advances of stress ribbon bridges. Stress ribbon bridges are economically efficient, aesthetically pleasing, require minimal maintenance, and can be erected without falsework.
Coffer dams are temporary structures built to exclude water from an area where permanent structures will be constructed. They allow construction to occur in dry conditions. There are several types of coffer dams depending on the depth of water, soil conditions, and available materials. Earthfill coffer dams use earthen embankments for shallow water, while more complex designs like braced sheet pile or cellular coffer dams are needed for deeper waters. Properly designed coffer dams prevent leakage and ensure the enclosed area remains dry for construction work.
This document summarizes a presentation on prestressed concrete. It begins with an introduction to prestressed concrete and how it overcomes weaknesses in concrete in tension. It then describes the principles of prestressing by inducing compressive stresses with high-strength tendons before loads are applied. The document compares reinforced concrete with prestressed concrete and describes the methods of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. It provides examples of prestressed concrete structures like beams, bridges and discusses advantages like reduced size and increased spans as well as disadvantages like higher material costs.
Suspension Bridges VS Cable-Stayed BridgesHussein Zidan
The document discusses different types of bridges including beam, truss, arch, suspension, cantilever, and cable-stayed bridges. It then focuses on suspension bridges, providing details on their construction and notable examples like the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan, which has the world's largest suspension bridge main span at 1,991 meters. Cable-stayed bridges are also examined, comparing their construction and forces to suspension bridges. The Russky Bridge in Russia is given as an example of a long cable-stayed bridge type.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document provides details of the analysis and design of a multi-storey reinforced concrete building project. It includes the objectives, which are to analyze and design the main structural elements of the building including slabs, columns, shear walls, and foundations. It also summarizes the building being a 12-storey residential building in Gorakhpur, India. The document outlines the various structural elements that will be designed, including flat slab structural systems, column types and design, shear wall design, and pile foundation design.
This document provides information on caissons, which are watertight structures used for deep foundations under water. It discusses the different types of caissons, including open caissons, box caissons, and pneumatic caissons. Open caissons are open at the top and bottom and used in sandy soils or where no firm bed is available at depth. Box caissons are closed at the bottom. Pneumatic caissons use compressed air to remove water from the working chamber, allowing foundation work in dry conditions. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of the different caisson types and their uses in construction.
This document discusses prestressed concrete bridges. It begins with definitions of prestressed concrete as concrete with internal stresses introduced to counteract external loads. It then provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, noting key innovators. Examples of prestressed concrete bridges in India are given, including the famous Pamban Road Bridge. The document goes on to explain the basic principles, terminology, types, and methods of prestressing, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete.
Diaphragm walls are underground retaining walls constructed using trench excavation supported by bentonite slurry. The process involves constructing guide walls, excavating a trench, installing reinforcement cages, and concreting. Diaphragm walls provide lateral support during deep excavations, serve as basement walls, and provide a water cutoff. They are suitable for use in congested areas and unstable soil below the water table.
The document discusses methods for strengthening structural members like beams and slabs that have insufficient strength. For beams, additional reinforcement can be added on the bottom and sides, and bonded with epoxy. For slabs, a reinforced concrete topping can be applied to create a composite section with the existing slab, using mechanical anchors and epoxy bonding. Proper preparation of surfaces, curing, and controlling deflection during strengthening are emphasized.
Design of short columns using helical reinforcementshivam gautam
Helical reinforcement, also known as spiral reinforcement, is used in circular concrete columns. It consists of longitudinal bars enclosed within a continuously wound spiral reinforcement. Helical reinforcement is sometimes designed instead of normal links for columns because it provides increased strength and ductility. The spiral reinforcement acts compositely with the concrete core and allows the column to sustain higher loads than those with normal links. It also minimizes the risk of stirrups opening during seismic events. The document then provides details on the design of helical reinforcement for short concrete columns, including governing equations and an example problem.
Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structuresShahrukh Niaz
Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structures involves repair techniques, underpinning, and addressing causes of damage. Repair restores structures to their previous condition while rehabilitation considers strength. Retrofitting modifies structures to increase resistance to seismic activity. Common repair techniques include crack injection, routing and sealing cracks, adding reinforcement, prestressing steel, and grouting. Underpinning strengthens foundations by extending them deeper or wider. Mass concrete and mini-pile underpinning are two types. Causes of damage to masonry buildings include heavy weight, low tensile strength, brittle behavior, and weak structural connections.
This document discusses curing of concrete, which involves maintaining moisture content and temperature to allow desired properties to develop. Proper curing increases strength, durability, and resistance to damage. It describes the hydration process where water reacts with cement compounds. A minimum of 38% water by weight of cement is needed for full hydration. Self-curing concrete uses chemicals to retain mixing water and prevent drying. Membrane-forming compounds form films on concrete surfaces that reduce evaporation and allow curing without applied water. Different types of compounds and their application procedures are outlined.
Concrete box culvert design and detailing (british)Tony Gravagne, PE
This document provides a manual for the design and detailing of concrete culverts used by the Ministry of Transportation in Ontario. It includes definitions, notations, and general information on standard culvert types and dimensions. The manual then provides detailed guidance on the design and drawing details for rigid frame open footing culverts, rigid frame box culverts, and non-rigid frame box culverts. It also includes standard details for reinforcing steel, apron walls, header walls, skewed ends, extensions, intersecting drains and manholes, and retaining walls associated with culverts.
The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
This document outlines the topics covered in a graduation project on the behavior and design of masonry structures. It discusses the historical background of masonry construction, properties of masonry materials, common building units used, reinforcement, and loads. Design considerations are presented for masonry beams, shear walls, flexural behavior under various loads, and partially reinforced walls. The project provides information needed to research and design reinforced masonry structures.
Combine piled raft foundation (cprf)_Er.Karan ChauhanEr.Karan Chauhan
Combine Piled Raft Foundation(CPRF) is an emerging type of new foundation techniques in High rise buildings and skyscraper which raft as a shallow foundation and pile as deep foundation works sharing the total load and reduce settlement and bending moment. the modern approach of design philosophy is included in post graduation level with soil structure interaction of CPRF and this will use to understand the basic concept regarding it.
1) This document describes the design of a residential building located in Sirumalai, Dindigul district. It is a G+2 storied building located in a congested area without setbacks.
2) The methodology section outlines the process of drawing plans, locating columns and beams, applying dimensions, calculating loads, analyzing shear and bending moments, identifying critical structural elements, and designing the slab, beams, columns, and footings.
3) Key aspects of the design include the load calculations, analysis of the critical frame, design of the slab, beams, columns, and edge and corner footings. Reinforcement is designed according to code provisions.
This document discusses the design of combined footings. It defines a combined footing as one that supports two or more adjacent columns to provide uniform bearing pressure and minimize differential settlement. It describes the different types of combined footings based on connectivity (slab, slab-beam, strap-beam) and shape (rectangular, trapezoidal). The key steps of the design process are outlined, including determining the footing size based on load and soil capacity, performing structural analysis to calculate moments and shear, and designing the longitudinal, shear, and transverse reinforcement.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to hold wet concrete in desired shape until it hardens. It is classified based on size, material, and operation. Requirements include strength, water resistance, smooth surfaces. Common formwork includes foundations, walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs using timber, steel, aluminum, plastic. Removal timing depends on concrete type. Cost is 30-60% of concrete cost. Advanced systems like REVOLA and LOGICA use steel/plywood/polymer facing for crane-lifted walls and columns, withstanding high pressures.
The document discusses stress ribbon bridges, which are a type of suspension bridge where cables are embedded in the deck below the walking surface. Stress ribbon bridges follow a catenary profile and transmit loads via tension in the sagging deck to anchored abutments. The document outlines the history, form, construction techniques, applications, advantages, and recent advances of stress ribbon bridges. Stress ribbon bridges are economically efficient, aesthetically pleasing, require minimal maintenance, and can be erected without falsework.
Caissons_Advanced Construction Technology (Semester-6), Civil EngineeringA Makwana
It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.
It is sunk into the ground to some desired depth and then filled with concrete thus forming a foundation.
Most often used in the construction of bridge piers & other structures that require foundation beneath rivers & other bodies of water. This is because caissons can be floated to the job site and sunk into place.
The document discusses trussed tube structures, which use diagonal bracing on the exterior of the building. This bracing transfers both gravity and lateral loads, allowing the structure to resist wind and seismic forces more effectively. It eliminates the need for interior columns, increasing interior space flexibility. Examples given are the John Hancock Center, with distinctive x-bracing that absorbs forces in all dimensions, and the Onterie Center, with perimeter diagonal shear walls that allow for fewer, more widely spaced columns and larger windows than framed tube structures.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain poured concrete until it cures and can support itself. It needs to be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and withstand pouring and compaction loads. New materials like steel and plastics are now used for formwork in addition to wood. Slipforming allows for continuous vertical pouring of concrete structures like building cores without relying on external support, by using a formwork that rises slowly on its own as concrete is added.
This document discusses bridges in hilly areas and the various challenges associated with their construction. It outlines different types of bridges suitable for hilly regions, including beam bridges, truss bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, tied-arch bridges, suspension bridges, and cable-stayed bridges. For each bridge type, it provides a brief definition and example image. It also discusses challenges like foundation construction, substructure, superstructure, plant and materials management, and financing.
This document discusses formwork used for concrete structures. It begins with defining formwork as a temporary supporting structure used to form concrete into required shapes and sizes. Formwork is then classified based on the system used, materials, and application. Specific formwork types are described, including conventional timber formwork, proprietary modular systems, aluminum formwork, slip forming, and tunnel forming. Components, uses, and construction processes are outlined for walls, columns, beams, and other concrete elements. Considerations for precast versus cast-in-place formwork are also covered.
This document provides an analysis and design of the structural elements for a multi-storey residential building, including slabs, columns, shear walls, and foundations. It discusses the objectives, general approach, types of buildings and concrete mixtures used. The structural elements are then analyzed and designed according to the given specifications and loadings, with reinforcement details provided for slabs, columns, shear walls, and pile caps.
Connections of earthquake resisting precast reinforced concrete building(en n...Dhamu Vankar
This document discusses connections in precast reinforced concrete buildings for earthquake resistance. It begins with an introduction to precast concrete and its advantages. It then describes various precast structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and footings. Different precast building systems are discussed along with the types of connections needed between elements. Examples of connection types and a case study of a precast building in India are provided. Standards and references on precast seismic design are listed at the end.
The document summarizes various reinforced concrete structural elements used in building construction, including:
1. Columns, beams, slabs, staircases, lintels, chhajjas (eaves), canopies, and coffer slabs are discussed. Columns transfer loads from above to the foundation. Beams provide horizontal load resistance and resist bending. Slabs are floor and ceiling elements supported by columns and beams.
2. Staircases can be made of reinforced concrete and come in different arrangements like straight flights or landings. Lintels support walls above openings. Chhajjas project from walls to provide shade. Canopies provide shelter from weather. Coffer slabs have sunken, decorated
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The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various individuals who supported and guided interns during their internship at Paragon Constructors. It then outlines details about the stakeholders in the Emaar Giga Coral Towers project, including the project client, contractor, and consultant. It proceeds to describe Paragon Constructors, Emaar, and Nespak and their roles. It concludes by describing the 18 day construction cycle for each floor of the towers, including formwork, reinforcement, concreting, and other activities.
Pile foundations_Advanced Construction TechnologyA Makwana
Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
The document is a presentation on formwork construction techniques. It defines formwork as molds used to shape concrete until it gains strength. Formwork is commonly made from steel or timber and must be strong, leak-proof, and allow concrete to be placed. It discusses different types of formwork for walls, columns, slabs, beams, and other structures. The presentation emphasizes that formwork must safely contain wet concrete under pressure while meeting requirements for strength, quality, safety, and economy.
Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and construction loads. Common materials for formwork include timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures. Failure to properly brace, support, or remove formwork can lead to collapse during construction.
Tensile structures provide large column-free interior spaces through the use of tensioned fabric membranes maintained under tension by cable or truss networks. They offer several advantages over conventional structures like flexibility in design, natural daylighting, low costs, and minimal maintenance. However, the lightweight nature of fabric requires careful consideration of structural form finding, static and dynamic load analysis, and material patterning during the design process to develop stable, efficient tensile structures.
This document discusses box culverts and their components and construction. It begins by defining a culvert as a cross-drainage structure less than 6 meters long. It then describes box culverts, noting they consist of rectangular or square openings constructed monolithically with abutments and piers. Box culverts are typically constructed where soil is soft to distribute load over a wider area. They are made of concrete and can redirect water flow. The document outlines the wet cast and dry cast construction methods and lists the typical components of a box culvert. It also discusses the loads box culverts are subject to and their applications, advantages, and thank you.
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
Similar to Form work_Advanced Construction Technology (Semester-6), Civil Engineering (20)
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
This document summarizes a research study on the use of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks in construction projects in India. The study involved surveying engineers, consultants, and traders using a questionnaire to understand their perceptions of AAC blocks compared to clay bricks. The collected data was analyzed using the chi-square test through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results of the chi-square tests showed that for contractors in Rajkot, engineers in Surat, and contractors in Vadodara, the majority of variables accepted the null hypothesis that AAC block quality is much better than clay bricks. However, for engineers in Vadodara, one variable rejected the null hypothesis. Overall, the
This document provides an overview of brick manufacturing and fly ash utilization. It discusses the constituents of brick earth and fly ash, as well as the manufacturing process which involves preparing clay, molding bricks, drying, and burning. Field testing methods for bricks are outlined. Characteristics of a first class brick and quality testing methods are also described. The document then covers how fly ash is disposed of from power plants and potential applications in construction, including advantages and disadvantages of fly ash use. Fly ash bricks are one highlighted application.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
This document discusses making concrete more economical by using stone chip aggregates from marble, granite, and kotastone cutting waste. It aims to reduce both environmental impacts and production costs of concrete by utilizing industrial waste from stone processing plants. The authors explore using stone chip aggregates generated as waste from cutting marble, granite, and kotastone in the construction industry.
This book discusses bacterial concrete as a new construction material. It explores how certain bacteria can help concrete self-heal micro-cracks by precipitating minerals to plug cracks. The book examines how bacteria that precipitate calcite could provide a sustainable and embedded mechanism for autonomously repairing cracks in concrete and preventing structural failure. It also presents case studies on this novel biomineralization technique of using specific bacteria in concrete.
This research book analyzes risk in Public Private Partnership projects using Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods. It identifies the main risk categories and factors of PPP projects through MCDM to help with proper risk management, which is important for the success of PPPs. MCDM approaches are useful for complex decision problems and are applied here to evaluate risks and determine the best alternatives for PPP projects.
This research examines eco-friendly mortar by partially replacing cement with carbon black powder at percentages ranging from 0-30%. Compression strength, water absorption, split tensile strength, and durability tests were conducted on mortar samples cured for 7, 14, 28, and 56 days to determine the optimum replacement percentage. The aim is to investigate how carbon black powder replacement affects the behavior and strength of mortar.
This research book provides information on identifying risk factors and perceptions of construction practitioners in India regarding risks in high-rise construction projects. It examines the importance of different construction risks and how risks should be assigned between contract parties. The book discusses how all construction projects face risks that can cause time and cost overruns if not properly managed through identification, assessment, response, and control.
This document defines infrastructure as the basic facilities and installations that help governments and communities function, such as roads, schools, utilities, and housing. It provides examples of infrastructure like roads, power lines, ports, and telecommunications, which are essential for economic development. The document also notes that housing, education, and health services are part of infrastructure development, as they improve people's quality of life. It concludes by listing the academic credentials of the authors of the book on infrastructure engineering and management.
Utilization of Industrial Waste in Pervious ConcreteA Makwana
This book examines the use of industrial waste materials as partial replacements for cement in pervious concrete. Pervious concrete contains coarse aggregate but little to no fine aggregate, cement, and water. It allows water to pass through easily. The study partially replaces cement in pervious concrete with waste glass powder, ceramic waste, agricultural waste, and paper waste. The goal is to examine strength and permeability properties while reducing cement usage and costs and utilizing industrial waste materials. Pervious concrete with glass powder provided the highest compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability compared to conventional concrete and other waste material mixtures.
Ready Mixed Concrete Selection through Management ApproachA Makwana
The document discusses the need for a scientific approach for selecting ready mixed concrete. The ready mixed concrete industry is growing worldwide but current selection approaches lack methodology and consideration of multiple criteria. The researchers plan to develop a mathematical selection approach using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution methods. This will help decision makers systematically understand the problem and select the best ready mixed concrete considering all aspects of the process.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
The document discusses expansion joints in civil engineering structures. It defines expansion joints as gaps provided in structures to allow for movement due to temperature changes and prevent cracking. It describes the different types of joints used in concrete and factors that affect the need for expansion joints like material properties and building size. The document outlines best practices for expansion joint design, including proper spacing and installation. It discusses common expansion joint materials like joint fillers, sealing compounds, and water bars used to make the joints watertight. The document also presents a case study on issues with untreated or poorly installed expansion joints like leakage and cracking.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
POSTER PRESENTATION_BRICKS SELECTION THROUGH MANAGEMENT APPROACH BY AHP, RII,...A Makwana
The document describes criteria for selecting between different types of bricks for construction. It evaluates clay bricks, fly ash bricks with and without human hair, and sugarcane bagasse ash bricks. The criteria considered are cost, time, quality, and quantity. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), relative importance index (RII), and importance index (IMP.I.) methods are used to rank the brick types based on each criterion. Based on the analysis, fly ash bricks rank highest overall with cost as the most important factor by AHP and delivery time as most important by RII. The study aims to provide a management approach for brick selection using multiple criteria analysis techniques.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
3. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
• Form work for R.C.C. wall, slab, beam &
column
• Centering for arches of large spans and dams
• Design features for temporary works
• Slip formwork
• False work for Bridges
3Prof. Ashish Makwana
4. FORM WORK
• The form work is a temporary ancillary construction
used as a mould for the structure, in which concrete
is placed and in which it hardens and matures.
• Cost of form work- 20 to 25 % of the cost of
structure in building work
4Prof. Ashish Makwana
5. FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE
STRUCTURES SHOULD BE
• Strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight
of the fresh concrete plus any constructional live
loads.
• Rigid enough to retain the shape without undue
deformation.
• Economical in terms of the total cost of the forms
and the concrete surface finishing when required.
• Sufficiently watertight to avoid leakage at the
joints.
5Prof. Ashish Makwana
8. FORMWORK ECONOMY
• Design the formwork to provide adequate but not
excessive strength and rigidity.
• Fabricate the forms into modular sizes to provide
more reuses without refabricating when practical.
• Prepare working drawings prior to fabricating the
forms.
• Prefabricate form sections on the ground rather than
on scaffolding.
• Use the most economical formwork material
considering the initial cost and reuses.
8Prof. Ashish Makwana
9. FORMWORK ECONOMY (continued..)
• Use no more nails than are needed to join the forms
together safely.
• Remove the formwork as soon as it is permissible.
• Clean and oil forms by using releasing agent after
each use.
• When it is permissible install construction joins to
reduce the total quantity of form material required
and permit the carpenters to work more
continuously.
9Prof. Ashish Makwana
14. FORM WORK FOR R.C.C. WALL
• Wall formwork is a simpler than for other concrete
units as the actual forces against it are less, most of
the load being carried vertically downwards.
• The panels at both sides are held in position by
ties.
• Ties are also used as spacer, arranging wall
thickness.
• WaII support systems are usually sloping props
at satisfactory intervals.
14Prof. Ashish Makwana
16. FORM WORK FOR COLUMN
• Column formwork is made usually with either timber
or metal panels.
• The principle is to create an enclosed box with
frames at the exact size of the column and fix it
tightly on the kicker left from base or at the last
stage of column concreting.
• The box is held in position by steel column clamps
or bolted yokes and supported by timber studs or
props.
16Prof. Ashish Makwana
18. FORM WORK FOR
R.C.C. SLAB
• Floors require a large area of formwork to be
provided usually from beam to beam.
• Timber floor formwork consists of timber boards or
plywood sheets supported on a framework and
resting on a series of timber joists.
• Again timber and metal props can be used for
vertical supports.
• Metal panels can be used and bolted or clipped
together and held in place by a system of metal
beams or a tabular scaffold system.
• Adjustable props need for levelling purposes.
18Prof. Ashish Makwana
20. FORM WORK FOR
R.C.C. BEAM
• Beam formwork consists of open through section
and because it is not closed at the top requires
more supporting framework to restrain the sides.
• The supports need to be maintained to the soffit and
also provide lateral support to the sides.
• In timber this is done by the use of a headtree
across the top of a vertical member.
• Metal panels are used with corner pieces, but
timber headtrees are needed for vertical support.
20Prof. Ashish Makwana
21. No Description of structural member
Period of
time
1
Walls, columns and vertical sides of
beams
1 to 2 days
2 Slabs (props left under) 3 days
3 Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
4
Removal of props to slabs
(a) For slabs spanning upto 4.5 m 7 days
(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
5
Removal of props to beams and arches
(a) Spanning upto 6 m 14 days
(b) spanning over 6 m 21 days
21
Table 1: Period of removal of formwork
Prof. Ashish Makwana
22. CENTERING FOR ARCHES OF
LARGE SPANS AND DAMS
• Centering is a type of falsework: the temporary
structure upon which the stones of an arch are laid
during construction.
• Once the arch is complete, it supports itself, but until
the keystone is inserted, it has no strength and
needs the centering to keep the voussoirs in their
correct relative positions.
• A simple centering without a truss is called a
common centering. The cross piece connecting
centering frames are called a lag.
22Prof. Ashish Makwana
24. DESIGN FEATURES FOR
TEMPORARY WORKS
• Strength: Forms and shutters have to be designed
to support dead weight, live load and hydrostatic
pressure. Sheathing must be rigid enough to resist
bulging.
• Speedy erection and dismantling: The formwork sho
uld be simple to remove without causing damage to
the concrete.
• Tightness of joints: The liquid retaining properties
the formwork must be adequate to prevent leakage
of cement and fine aggregate from the concrete.
24Prof. Ashish Makwana
25. DESIGN FEATURES FOR TEMPORARY WORKS (continued..)
• Rigidity: Brace formwork and support to ensure
no movement may take place under wind pressure,
or when the concrete is being placed and vibrated.
• Ease of handling: Forms and shutters must be of a
size and weight that can be handled by the labour
and plant available on site.
• Removal of debris: Provide all formwork with special
cleanout holes to allow for the removal of sawdust, s
havings, and other debris from the bottom of the for
mwork before the pour begins.
25Prof. Ashish Makwana
26. DESIGN FEATURES FOR TEMPORARY WORKS (continued..)
• Reuse:
– Design for unit construction, if possible, so that
at you can strike and reuse as soon as possible.
– Use clamps, wedges, and similar devices to hold
sections of formwork in place.
– Avoid nailing as much as possible, nail holes and
bruising of the timber will spoil
formwork for further use.
– The formwork material must be durable and capa
ble of producing a good surface finish.
26Prof. Ashish Makwana
27. SLIP FORMWORK
• This is a form which is continually being moved
upwards, or sideways, as the concrete is being
poured.
• The rate of movement is regulated so that the forms
leave the concrete only after it is strong enough to
retain its shape and support the weights imposed on
it.
• Vertical structures such as chimneys (Huntly Power
Station) and cooling towers (Ohaaki Thermal Power
Station) are often done this way.
27Prof. Ashish Makwana
30. FALSEWORK FOR BRIDGES
• Falsework is temporary structure or framework used
in construction to support materials, equipment, or
formwork.
• Most falsework is vertical, supporting beams and
slabs. Falsework must be engineer designed.
• As well as supporting the weight, allowance must
made for sideway pressures such as wind, stacks
materials causing eccentric loading, props out of
plumb, formwork being struck by machinery or crane
loads.
30Prof. Ashish Makwana
31. FALSE WORK FOR BRIDGES (continued..)
• Falsework can be:
– timber;
– scaffold tube with adjustable screw jacks, top or
bottom, or both;
– proprietary prop such as Acrow prop;
– proprietary braced frame such as Acrow shore;
– proprietary floor centre (a telescopic beam);
– proprietary beam clamps such as Acrow beam
clamp which combines formwork and falsework.
31Prof. Ashish Makwana
32. FALSE WORK FOR BRIDGES (continued..)
SETTING UP FALSEWORK
• Base must be level and firm. A sole plate is
preferable.
• Props and frames must be placed as per design.
• Place props centrally under members
• Brace falsework in two directions
• Floor centres must have full bearing for the end
tongues.
• Beams must be centred over props to prevent
eccentric (out of line) loading.
32Prof. Ashish Makwana
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