This document discusses the classification of steel cross sections according to Indian Standard IS 800:2007. It explains that cross sections are classified into four classes - plastic, compact, semi-compact, and slender - based on their width-thickness ratio and ability to develop plastic hinges and plastic moment capacity. Formulas and limiting ratios for each class are provided. Three example cross sections are then classified - a ISHB 400 section is compact, a ISMC 300 section is plastic, and a ISA 150X150X12 angle section is semi-compact.
This document discusses the design of an isolated column footing, including:
1) Types of isolated column footings and factors that influence footing size like bearing capacity of soil.
2) Key sections to check for bending moment, shear, and development length.
3) Reinforcement requirements.
4) An example problem where a rectangular isolated sloped footing is designed for a column carrying an axial load of 2000 kN. Design checks are performed for footing size, bending moment, shear, development length, and reinforcement.
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
The document discusses the design of compression members according to IS 800:2007. It defines compression members as structural members subjected to axial compression/compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling. The two main types are columns and struts. Common cross-section shapes used include channels, angles, and hollow sections. The effective length of a member depends on its end conditions. Slenderness ratio is a parameter that affects the load carrying capacity, with higher ratios resulting in lower capacity. Design involves checking the member for short or long classification, buckling curve classification, and calculating the design compressive strength. Examples are included to demonstrate the design process.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
this slide will clear all the topics and problem related to singly reinforced beam by limit state method, things are explained with diagrams , easy to understand .
Grillage Analysis of T-Beam bridge, Box culvert and their Limit State Design; components of Bridges and loads acting on bridges are presented in this slide.
This document discusses the design of an isolated column footing, including:
1) Types of isolated column footings and factors that influence footing size like bearing capacity of soil.
2) Key sections to check for bending moment, shear, and development length.
3) Reinforcement requirements.
4) An example problem where a rectangular isolated sloped footing is designed for a column carrying an axial load of 2000 kN. Design checks are performed for footing size, bending moment, shear, development length, and reinforcement.
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
The document discusses the design of compression members according to IS 800:2007. It defines compression members as structural members subjected to axial compression/compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling. The two main types are columns and struts. Common cross-section shapes used include channels, angles, and hollow sections. The effective length of a member depends on its end conditions. Slenderness ratio is a parameter that affects the load carrying capacity, with higher ratios resulting in lower capacity. Design involves checking the member for short or long classification, buckling curve classification, and calculating the design compressive strength. Examples are included to demonstrate the design process.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
this slide will clear all the topics and problem related to singly reinforced beam by limit state method, things are explained with diagrams , easy to understand .
Grillage Analysis of T-Beam bridge, Box culvert and their Limit State Design; components of Bridges and loads acting on bridges are presented in this slide.
Analysis of simple beam using STAAD Pro (Exp No 1)SHAMJITH KM
The document describes analyzing a simple beam using STAAD.Pro software. It discusses the steps taken, which include generating the beam model geometry by adding nodes and a member, specifying member properties and support types, applying loads, performing analysis, and viewing the results in the form of structure diagrams showing values like bending moment and shear force. The overall aim was to familiarize the user with STAAD.Pro's interface and analyze a basic beam structure.
This document provides design recommendations for an isolated square footing foundation, including:
- The allowable bearing capacity of the soil is 314 kN/m^2 at a minimum depth of 2 meters.
- For a given service load of 1230.3 kN dead load and 210.6 kN live load, the required base area is calculated as 5.18 m^2 and the footing size is determined to be 2.3x2.3 meters.
- The required thickness is determined to be 500 mm based on checks for one-way shear, two-way punching shear, flexure in the long direction, and flexure in the short direction. Steel reinforcement of 12 bars of
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses counterfort retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall and lists common types, focusing on counterfort retaining walls. It describes the components and mechanics of counterfort walls, noting they are more economical than cantilever walls for heights over 6 meters. The document also covers forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating active and passive earth pressures, and stability conditions walls must satisfy including factors of safety against overturning and sliding and limiting maximum pressure at the base.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
The document provides details on the design of a reinforced concrete column footing to support a column with a load of 1100kN. It includes calculating the footing size as a 3.5m x 3.5m square to support the load, determining the reinforcement with 12mm diameter bars at 100mm spacing, and checking that the design meets requirements for bending capacity, shear strength, and development length. The step-by-step worked example shows how to analyze and detail the reinforcement of the column footing.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
This document discusses the design of column braces for structures. It defines braced and unbraced columns, with braced columns having zero sway and stability provided by walls or bracing, while unbraced columns are subjected to sway with stability only from other columns. It describes different types of internal and external bracing patterns and factors to consider in brace analysis, including displacement, base shear, wind loads, maximum shear and bending moments. The document provides guidelines for designing braces based on column moments and explains how bracing type affects seismic resistance parameters through a parametric study.
This document summarizes the design of a single reinforced concrete corbel according to ACI 318-05. The corbel is 300mm wide and 500mm deep with 35MPa concrete and 415MPa steel reinforcement. It was designed to resist a vertical load of 370kN applied 100mm from the face of the column. The design includes checking the vertical load capacity, calculating the required shear friction and main tension reinforcement, and designing the horizontal reinforcement. The provided reinforcement of 3 No.6 bars for tension and 3 No.3 link bars at 100mm spacing was found to meet all design requirements.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Approximate analysis methods make simplifying assumptions to determine preliminary member forces and dimensions for indeterminate structures. Case 1 assumes diagonals cannot carry compression and shares shear between diagonals. Case 2 allows compression in diagonals. Portal and cantilever methods analyze frames by dividing into substructures at assumed hinge locations, solving each sequentially from top to bottom.
This document provides design aids for reinforced concrete structures based on Indian Standard IS: 456-1978 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
The design aids cover material strength and stress-strain relationships, flexural members, compression members, shear and torsion, development length and anchorage, working stress design, deflection calculation, and general tables. Charts and tables are provided for preliminary and final design of beams, slabs, and columns. Assumptions made in developing the design aids are explained. An example illustrates the use of the design aids. Important points regarding the use and limitations of the charts and tables are noted.
The design aids were prepared based on examination of international handbooks and consultation with Indian
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
1a iii classification of cross section for rolled sectionsSudhir Gayake
This document discusses the classification of cross-sectional shapes according to their ability to form plastic hinges and resist local buckling. It defines four classes of cross-sections: plastic, compact, semi-compact, and slender. Plastic sections can develop plastic hinges, compact sections can develop plastic moments but have inadequate rotation, semi-compact sections can reach yield stress but not plastic moments due to buckling, and slender sections buckle before yield. The document provides limiting width-to-thickness ratios for each class and works through numerical examples to classify I-beams, channels, and angles.
IRJET- Impact Resistances of Hybrid Steel Truss BeamsIRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the impact resistance of hybrid steel truss concrete beams (HSTCBs) under three-point loading using finite element analysis.
2) Nine HSTCB models with varying truss configurations and impact velocities were analyzed. The model with a cover plate and no confinement had the lowest displacement and highest stiffness, indicating better impact resistance.
3) Analysis of load-deflection graphs and maximum deformation showed that the HSTCB model with a cover plate and no confinement performed best in resisting impact across different velocities tested.
Analysis of simple beam using STAAD Pro (Exp No 1)SHAMJITH KM
The document describes analyzing a simple beam using STAAD.Pro software. It discusses the steps taken, which include generating the beam model geometry by adding nodes and a member, specifying member properties and support types, applying loads, performing analysis, and viewing the results in the form of structure diagrams showing values like bending moment and shear force. The overall aim was to familiarize the user with STAAD.Pro's interface and analyze a basic beam structure.
This document provides design recommendations for an isolated square footing foundation, including:
- The allowable bearing capacity of the soil is 314 kN/m^2 at a minimum depth of 2 meters.
- For a given service load of 1230.3 kN dead load and 210.6 kN live load, the required base area is calculated as 5.18 m^2 and the footing size is determined to be 2.3x2.3 meters.
- The required thickness is determined to be 500 mm based on checks for one-way shear, two-way punching shear, flexure in the long direction, and flexure in the short direction. Steel reinforcement of 12 bars of
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses counterfort retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall and lists common types, focusing on counterfort retaining walls. It describes the components and mechanics of counterfort walls, noting they are more economical than cantilever walls for heights over 6 meters. The document also covers forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating active and passive earth pressures, and stability conditions walls must satisfy including factors of safety against overturning and sliding and limiting maximum pressure at the base.
- There are four main methods to measure the load carrying capacity of piles: static methods, dynamic formulas, in-situ penetration tests, and pile load tests.
- The ultimate load capacity (Qu) of an individual pile or pile group equals the sum of the point resistance (Qp) at the pile tip and the shaft resistance (Qs) developed along the pile shaft through friction between the soil and pile.
- Meyerhof's method is commonly used to calculate Qp in sand based on the effective vertical pressure at the pile tip multiplied by the bearing capacity factor Nq.
The document provides details on the design of a reinforced concrete column footing to support a column with a load of 1100kN. It includes calculating the footing size as a 3.5m x 3.5m square to support the load, determining the reinforcement with 12mm diameter bars at 100mm spacing, and checking that the design meets requirements for bending capacity, shear strength, and development length. The step-by-step worked example shows how to analyze and detail the reinforcement of the column footing.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
This document discusses the design of column braces for structures. It defines braced and unbraced columns, with braced columns having zero sway and stability provided by walls or bracing, while unbraced columns are subjected to sway with stability only from other columns. It describes different types of internal and external bracing patterns and factors to consider in brace analysis, including displacement, base shear, wind loads, maximum shear and bending moments. The document provides guidelines for designing braces based on column moments and explains how bracing type affects seismic resistance parameters through a parametric study.
This document summarizes the design of a single reinforced concrete corbel according to ACI 318-05. The corbel is 300mm wide and 500mm deep with 35MPa concrete and 415MPa steel reinforcement. It was designed to resist a vertical load of 370kN applied 100mm from the face of the column. The design includes checking the vertical load capacity, calculating the required shear friction and main tension reinforcement, and designing the horizontal reinforcement. The provided reinforcement of 3 No.6 bars for tension and 3 No.3 link bars at 100mm spacing was found to meet all design requirements.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
Prestress loss occurs as prestress reduces over time from its initial applied value. There are two types of prestress loss - immediate losses during prestressing/transfer and long-term time-dependent losses. Immediate losses include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction. Long-term losses include creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel. The quantification of losses is based on strain compatibility between concrete and steel. For a pre-tensioned concrete sleeper, the percentage loss due to elastic shortening was calculated to be approximately 2.83% based on the stress in concrete at the level of the tendons.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Approximate analysis methods make simplifying assumptions to determine preliminary member forces and dimensions for indeterminate structures. Case 1 assumes diagonals cannot carry compression and shares shear between diagonals. Case 2 allows compression in diagonals. Portal and cantilever methods analyze frames by dividing into substructures at assumed hinge locations, solving each sequentially from top to bottom.
This document provides design aids for reinforced concrete structures based on Indian Standard IS: 456-1978 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
The design aids cover material strength and stress-strain relationships, flexural members, compression members, shear and torsion, development length and anchorage, working stress design, deflection calculation, and general tables. Charts and tables are provided for preliminary and final design of beams, slabs, and columns. Assumptions made in developing the design aids are explained. An example illustrates the use of the design aids. Important points regarding the use and limitations of the charts and tables are noted.
The design aids were prepared based on examination of international handbooks and consultation with Indian
This resource material is exclusively for the purpose of knowledge dissemination for the use of Civil engineering Fraternity, professionals & students.
This file contains state of art techniques adopted & practiced as per IS456 code provisions for analysis design & detailing of flat slab structural systems.
The presentation aims to provide clear,concise, technical details of flat slabs design.
The presentation deals with structural actions & behavior of flat slabs with visual representations obtained through finite element analysis.
The knowledge gained can be used for designing building structures frequently encountered in construction.
The presentation covers an important feature of slab systems supported on rigid & flexible support & clearly demarcates the minimum beam dimensions required to consider the supports to be either rigid or flexible.
The presentation alsoincludes clear technical drawings to highlight the importance of detailing w.r.t. rebar lay out - positioning & curtailment. Typical section drawing through middle & column strips are also included for visualizing rebar patterns in 3 -d views.
This presentation is an outcome of series of lectures for undergrad & grad students studying in civil engineering.
My next presentation would be on Analysis & design of deep beams.
Kindly mail me ( vvietcivil@gmail.com) your questions & valuable feedback.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
1a iii classification of cross section for rolled sectionsSudhir Gayake
This document discusses the classification of cross-sectional shapes according to their ability to form plastic hinges and resist local buckling. It defines four classes of cross-sections: plastic, compact, semi-compact, and slender. Plastic sections can develop plastic hinges, compact sections can develop plastic moments but have inadequate rotation, semi-compact sections can reach yield stress but not plastic moments due to buckling, and slender sections buckle before yield. The document provides limiting width-to-thickness ratios for each class and works through numerical examples to classify I-beams, channels, and angles.
IRJET- Impact Resistances of Hybrid Steel Truss BeamsIRJET Journal
1) The document investigates the impact resistance of hybrid steel truss concrete beams (HSTCBs) under three-point loading using finite element analysis.
2) Nine HSTCB models with varying truss configurations and impact velocities were analyzed. The model with a cover plate and no confinement had the lowest displacement and highest stiffness, indicating better impact resistance.
3) Analysis of load-deflection graphs and maximum deformation showed that the HSTCB model with a cover plate and no confinement performed best in resisting impact across different velocities tested.
T Shape Beam Column Joint Retrofitting by using GFRPIRJET Journal
This document discusses retrofitting existing T-shaped reinforced concrete beam-column joints using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) through finite element modeling and analysis. The study models a control T-joint and three retrofitted specimens with different GFRP wrapping schemes in ANSYS software. Material properties and loading/boundary conditions are defined. Results show that the maximum equivalent stress and load carrying capacity increased in the retrofitted specimens compared to the non-retrofitted joint, with increases of up to 34.54% for the different GFRP schemes. The analysis demonstrates that GFRP is an effective technique for seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete beam-column joints.
A Study of Reduced Beam Section Profiles using Finite Element AnalysisIOSR Journals
Abstract: Reduced beam section (RBS) is one of the several connection types, which is economical and
popular for use in new steel moment frame structures in seismic zone. To form RBS connection, some portion of
the beam flanges at a short distance from column face is purposefully trimmed so that the yielding and plastic
hinge occurs within this area of flanges. Use of RBS connection is found advantageous due to: a) the shear
force in the panel zone is reduced; b) the force demand in column continuity plates i.e. stiffeners are reduced;
and c) strong-column – weak-beam requirement is satisfied. Although, radius cut RBS is qualified by
ANSI/AISC, FEMA codes, various flange cut shapes like constant, tapered, radius cut, drilled holes are possible
to reduce the cross sectional area of beam flanges. The purpose of this study is to understand behavior of RBS
beam-to-column moment connections for various flange cut geometries. This document represents nonlinear
finite element analysis of the connection models performed using the computer program, ANSYS/Multiphysics
Keywords - Steel structures, steel connections, reduced beam section, RBS profiles
Seismic Behavior Of Double Steel Plate Composite Wall Under Cyclic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic behavior of double steel plate composite walls (DSPCWs) under cyclic loading through finite element analysis. Six DSPCW models were developed varying the aspect ratio (length to width ratio) and tie stud spacing. Lower aspect ratios and smaller tie stud spacings improved the wall's energy dissipation, ductility, and resistance to strength and stiffness degradation under cyclic loads. The analysis found the aspect ratio and tie stud spacing significantly impacted the wall's hysteretic response, failure mechanism, strength deterioration, and stiffness. Walls with lower aspect ratios or smaller tie stud spacings exhibited greater seismic resistance and deformation capacity.
Seismic and premature failure enhancement study in Jumbo beams and columns un...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of jumbo beams and columns with different types of reduced beam section (RBS) connections through numerical modeling and simulation. It finds that using RBS connections can increase the load capacity of jumbo sections compared to no RBS. Among the RBS connection types modeled (flange cut, web cut, holes in flange, slit in flange), the flange cut with slit connection resulted in the lowest equivalent plastic strain in both the beam and column, indicating it optimizes plastic hinge relocation and reduces premature failure under seismic loading.
IRJETI Comparison of RC Beam-Column Joint with GFRC Beam-Column Joint using S...IRJET Journal
This study compares reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints to glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) beam-column joints using finite element analysis in ANSYS. A corner beam-column joint from a two-story building was modeled in SolidWorks and analyzed in ANSYS under 10 N/mm and 20 N/mm loads. The GFRC joint showed significantly less deformation than the RC joint, with deformations reduced by 4-6% when using GFRC. Therefore, using GFRC can improve joint performance by reducing deformations.
IRJET- Analysis of Precast Post Tensioned Segmental Bridge Column using AnsysIRJET Journal
This document analyzes a precast post-tensioned segmental bridge column using ANSYS software. The researchers modeled square and circular column sections with energy dissipation bars and shape memory alloy bars as reinforcement. Both column sections were subjected to a 5000 kN load. The square column deflected 0.0006346 mm with an equivalent stress of 0.04525 MPa, resisting shear between -5.877x10-8 to 4.8186x10-8 N/mm2. The circular column deflected 7.9939x10-5 mm with an equivalent stress of 0.00050612 N/mm2, resisting shear up to 5.9112x10-9 N/mm2.
The document is a past exam paper for a Civil Engineering course assessing design of reinforced concrete elements. It contains multiple choice and long answer questions testing concepts like assumptions in elastic reinforced concrete theory, types of shear failures, purposes of corner reinforcements, definitions of terms like torsional shear and development length, and differences between short and long columns. It also provides design problems for a reinforced concrete beam and one-way slab requiring calculation of reinforcement areas, spacing, shear checks, and live and dead loads.
Influence of Semi-Rigid Connection on Behaviour of Steel Space Frame Under St...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the influence of semi-rigid connections on the behavior of steel space frames under static loads. It describes a 10-story steel space frame model with beam-column connections that vary in fixity from fully rigid to fully pinned. Static analysis is performed to calculate the structural responses for different connection fixity factors. The results show that to achieve maximum design moments in beams, the moments at supports and mid-span should be equal, which occurs for fixity factors between 0.5-0.6. Compared to rigid frames, semi-rigid frames experience increased bending deformation and higher primary bending moments. Overall, the study finds that semi-rigid connections significantly impact structural requirements and responses under static loads.
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on modeling and analyzing a 15-story steel building with and without reduced beam sections (RBS) using time history analysis. The study found that using RBS increased the building's time period by 25% and increased deflections and drifts compared to a building with regular beams. However, base shear was nearly identical between the two buildings. While RBS increased deformations, it also reduced the total steel material needed by about 11.5 tons, providing a cost savings of around $7,480. Therefore, RBS can improve seismic performance by shifting plastic hinging away from beam-column connections while also offering a cost benefit from reduced material.
Study of elastic properties of RC beam under Static LoadIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to determine the modulus of elasticity of reinforced concrete beams with varying parameters such as grade of concrete, percentage of steel reinforcement, and spacing of shear stirrups. Finite element models of reinforced concrete beams were created in ANSYS with different concrete grades (M20, M25, M30) and percentages of steel reinforcement (0.34% to 0.74%). The models were analyzed under static loads to determine properties like cracking load and deflection. Load-deflection curves showed that beams with reinforcement had higher elastic limits and failure loads compared to plain concrete beams.
Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Steel Beam at Diverse LoadingIRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed the flexural behavior of steel channel sections (ISMC75) under different loading conditions. The channel section was tested as a simply supported beam under two-point loading applied at either the web or flange. When loaded at the flange, the channel section carried 47% higher loads than when loaded at the web, reaching its plastic moment capacity. Deflections were also higher under flange loading. The results provide data on the flexural behavior and load-carrying capacity of channel sections based on the point of load application.
NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF BEAM COLUMN JOINT REINFORCED WITH GFRP BARS AND STIRRUPSIRJET Journal
The document numerically evaluates different types of beam-column joints reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and steel stirrups using ANSYS software. It analyzes the seismic behavior and energy absorption capacity of interior and corner beam-column joints reinforced with various combinations of GFRP and steel. The analysis found that beam-column joints with GFRP main bars and steel stirrups had the highest energy absorption capacity and yield strength compared to other reinforcement configurations.
IRJET- Analytical Investigation on Precast Concrete Column to Column Conn...IRJET Journal
This document analytically investigates connections between precast concrete columns. Three types of column-to-column connections are modeled and analyzed: 1) a long bolt connection using bolts passing through end plates, 2) a welded steel bearing face connection, and 3) a reinforcing bar coupling connection. The long bolt connection is analyzed using finite element software and found to have a total deformation of 0.35476mm and normal stresses of 14.733MPa and -16.684MPa under monotonic loading, within permissible limits. The document also provides details on modeling the connections and material properties used in the analysis.
IRJET- Behavior of Beam Column Joint in RCC Frames Subjected to Lateral LoadingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the behavior of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete frames subjected to lateral loading using SAP2000 software. The paper models and analyzes 3, 10, 20, and 30-story reinforced concrete frames to compare the displacement, stress, shear force, and moment results when the beam-column joint is modeled as either fully rigid, fully ductile, or semi-rigid. Tables of results are presented comparing values at different story levels for the different joint rigidity assumptions. The objective is to determine an optimum joint rigidity that avoids fully rigid or fully ductile behavior.
IRJET-Study on Behaviour of Retrofitted RC Beam-Column Exterior Joints with G...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on retrofitting reinforced concrete beam-column exterior joints with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping to improve their seismic performance. Three 1/5th scale specimens of a beam-column joint from a prototype 5-story building were tested: one unretrofitted control specimen and two specimens retrofitted with one or two layers of GFRP wrapping after being loaded to 70% of their ultimate capacity. Testing showed that the retrofitted specimens had increased load capacity, energy absorption, and ductility compared to the unretrofitted joint. Specifically, the single layer retrofitted joint was able to regain its original strength and had 60% more energy absorption than the control, while the double layer retrofitted
Study The Structural Performance of Cold Formed Steel Sigma Face-to- Face Con...IRJET Journal
This study analyzed the structural performance of cold-formed steel sigma face-to-face concrete columns with varying screw spacing through finite element modeling and analysis. Tests were conducted by varying the screw spacing from 600mm to 150mm, which increased the load-bearing capacity by 14.6-17.5%. Finite element models were developed and validated against test results. Parametric analyses were performed to analyze the effects of screw spacing and shear stiffness on the elastic buckling load and ultimate load-carrying capacity. The results showed that a screw spacing of 100mm had the highest ultimate load capacity compared to 150mm and 200mm spacing.
This document investigates how different parameters affect the dynamic performance of steel/wood sandwich beams as compared to a solid steel beam. Theoretical and experimental analyses were conducted to determine the damped and undamped natural frequencies of beams with varying face thicknesses, core thicknesses, widths, and lengths. The results showed that sandwich beams have higher stiffness-to-weight ratios and damping capacity than solid steel beams. Increasing face or core thickness increases natural frequencies, while increasing length decreases frequencies. The selection of optimal sandwich beam parameters depends on application requirements.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Environmental Sanitation- Water treatment plant, STP, Drinking water standard...Valmik Mahajan
The document is a course outline for an Environmental Sanitation class taught at Sanjivani College of Engineering in Kopargaon, India. The course covers topics like water treatment, wastewater treatment, drinking water standards, the flow diagram of a wastewater treatment plant, municipal solid waste management, recycling waste, and the disposal of electronic and biomedical wastes. It is taught by Professor V.M. Mahajan for first year civil engineering students.
Ecology, Ecosystem, and Types of conventional energy sources.pdfValmik Mahajan
The document discusses types of energy sources, dividing them into conventional sources like coal and natural gas, and non-conventional sources like solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and geothermal energy. It was presented by Professor V.M. Mahajan of the Civil Engineering department at Sanjivani College of Engineering in Kopargaon, India as part of a course on the basics of civil engineering for first year B.Tech students.
Unit 1 Properties of Fluid - slideshare.pdfValmik Mahajan
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics for a civil engineering course. It defines a fluid as a substance that continuously deforms under the application of shear stress, regardless of the magnitude of stress. Fluids are classified as liquids or gases depending on their molecular spacing. The document outlines the key differences between solids and fluids, noting that solids can resist shear stress while fluids deform continuously. It also introduces some fundamental fluid mechanics concepts like fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics, which study fluids at rest, in motion without forces, and in motion with forces, respectively. The overall document serves as an introductory overview of fluid properties and the basic study of fluids.
This document provides an introduction to welded connections used in civil engineering structures. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of welded connections, the different types of welded joints including butt welds, fillet welds, and slot and plug welds. It also outlines specifications for welding based on the IS 800:2007 code and provides the formula for calculating the design strength of welds.
1. Tension members are structural members subjected to axial pulling forces that cause elongation. Examples include wire ropes, stayed bridge decks, and bottom chords of trusses.
2. The design strength of a tension member must be greater than the factored tensile force and is limited by either yielding of the gross section, rupture of the critical section, or block shear failure.
3. Design of tension members considers the type of cross section, connections, and calculations of design strength based on yield strength, ultimate strength, and factors of safety. Safety is checked against tension, shear, and block shear failure modes.
1) Connections are an important part of steel structures as they allow different structural elements to act together as a single unit by transferring forces between members. Common types of connections include riveted, bolted, welded, and pinned connections.
2) Bolted connections use bolts with heads and threaded ends to connect structural elements. Steel washers are often included to distribute clamping pressure and prevent bearing on connected pieces.
3) Design of bolted connections considers factors like bolt grade, type of joint, edge and end distances, pitch, and capacity in shear, tension, and bearing to ensure the connection can safely transfer loads between members. Failure can occur in bolts or connected elements due to various limit
This document discusses three main structural design philosophies: the working stress method, ultimate load design method, and limit state method. It focuses on explaining the limit state method, which designs structures to acceptable safety and serviceability limits before failure. The limit state method multiplies loads by load factors and uses partial safety factors for loads and materials resistance. It considers strength and serviceability limit states, and designs structures using factored load combinations that produce the maximum forces and structural effects.
This document discusses various types of rolled steel sections used in construction. It describes 1) flat hot rolled sections like plates, flat bars, round bars, and square bars, 2) hot rolled beams of different sizes designated by codes like ISJB, ISLB, ISMB, ISHB, ISWB, and ISSC, 3) hot rolled channels similarly designated by codes like ISJC, ISLC, ISMC, and ISMCP, 4) angle sections designated by codes like ISEA, ISA, 5) rolled I sections designated by codes like ISJT, ISLT, ISHT, and ISNT. The document provides details on the Indian Standard codes for different types of rolled steel sections.
This document discusses the properties of structural steel. It begins by classifying different types of steel based on their ultimate or yield strength, such as Fe415 and Fe500. The mechanical properties of steel depend on its chemical composition, rolling method, thickness, and whether it undergoes heat treatment. Some key properties discussed include the modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion, and ultimate tensile strength. Relevant Indian standards for steel structures are also listed. Finally, a typical stress-strain curve for mild steel is depicted and explained.
This document provides an introduction to steel structures. It defines what a structure is as a combination of connected members that sustain and transfer applied loads safely to the ground. Structural engineering deals with analyzing and designing structures to resist loads. Steel structures are assembled from rolled steel elements connected by rivets, bolts or welds. Compared to concrete, steel structures have a smaller weight to strength ratio, faster construction, easier transportation and alteration, larger scrap value, and ultimate recycling ability.
The document appears to be a scanned receipt or invoice containing over 20 pages of dense text and numbers. It lists various items, quantities, prices, and totals but does not provide any contextual information about the purpose or nature of the transaction. The extensive length and small text size would make it difficult to understand or extract useful information from this document with just a 3 sentence summary.
Composting & Vermicomposting for Kitchen WasteValmik Mahajan
This document discusses composting and vermicomposting as methods for managing kitchen waste. It begins by defining the composition of kitchen waste and what items can and cannot be composted. It then explains the basics of composting, including the aerobic and anaerobic processes. Vermicomposting is introduced as using earthworms to break down organic materials. The roles of earthworms and types of earthworms are outlined. Issues around kitchen waste management include proper separation and maintaining ideal moisture and environmental conditions for microbes and worms. The document concludes by noting that vermicomposting can help reduce problems from kitchen waste like odors and nutrient loss.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603
( An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NAAC ‘A’ Grade, NBA Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Unit I : Classification of sections
By
Prof V M Mahajan (Asst. Professor)
Department of Civil Engineering
Email Id: mahajanvalmik@sanjivani.org.in
2. Classification of cross section
Fig. Moment – rotation behaviour of the four classes of cross section
As per the (IS 800:2007, Cl. No. 3.7, page no. 17)
To determine the strength of structural steel component requires to
consider first behaviour and the second overall member behaviour
c/s are placed in four behavioural classes.
depends upon material yield and
width to thickness ratio of component.
3. Classification of cross section
a) class 1 (plastic)- c/s can develop plastic hinges and rotation capacity
required for failure of the structure by formation of plastic mechanism,
b/tf < 9.4
b) class 2 (compact)- c/s can develop plastic moment of resistance, but
have inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of plastic
mechanism, due to local buckling, b/tf < 10.5
c) class 3 (semi-compact)- extreme fiber in compression can reach yield
stress, but cannot develop the plastic moment of resistance, due to local
buckling,
b/t f < 15.7
d) Class 4 (slender)- elements buckle locally even before reaching yield
stress.
b/t f > 15.7
Yield stress ratio,
yf/250
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