1. Tension members are structural members subjected to axial pulling forces that cause elongation. Examples include wire ropes, stayed bridge decks, and bottom chords of trusses.
2. The design strength of a tension member must be greater than the factored tensile force and is limited by either yielding of the gross section, rupture of the critical section, or block shear failure.
3. Design of tension members considers the type of cross section, connections, and calculations of design strength based on yield strength, ultimate strength, and factors of safety. Safety is checked against tension, shear, and block shear failure modes.
Tension members are structural elements subjected to direct tensile loads. Their strength depends on factors like length of connection, size and spacing of fasteners, cross-sectional area, fabrication type, connection eccentricity, and shear lag. Failure can occur through gross section yielding, net section rupture, or block shear. Design involves selecting a member with sufficient gross area to resist factored loads in yielding, then checking strength considering net section rupture and block shear failure modes.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
Well foundations, also known as caissons, are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through unstable soil layers to more competent soil or bedrock. They are constructed by sinking a watertight retaining structure (caisson) into the ground and then filling it with concrete. Key components include the cutting edge, well curb, bottom plug, steining, top plug, and well cap. Construction involves excavating inside the caisson while applying an air pressure differential to counter soil and groundwater pressures (pneumatic caisson). Workers are at risk of decompression sickness if pressure changes are not controlled slowly.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
The document discusses various elements of building construction including:
- Common building components like foundations, walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows and other elements.
- Types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations.
- Classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure.
- Loads considered in building design such as dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.
- Principles of building planning including aspect, privacy, grouping, and flexibility.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Tension members are structural elements subjected to direct tensile loads. Their strength depends on factors like length of connection, size and spacing of fasteners, cross-sectional area, fabrication type, connection eccentricity, and shear lag. Failure can occur through gross section yielding, net section rupture, or block shear. Design involves selecting a member with sufficient gross area to resist factored loads in yielding, then checking strength considering net section rupture and block shear failure modes.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
Well foundations, also known as caissons, are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through unstable soil layers to more competent soil or bedrock. They are constructed by sinking a watertight retaining structure (caisson) into the ground and then filling it with concrete. Key components include the cutting edge, well curb, bottom plug, steining, top plug, and well cap. Construction involves excavating inside the caisson while applying an air pressure differential to counter soil and groundwater pressures (pneumatic caisson). Workers are at risk of decompression sickness if pressure changes are not controlled slowly.
This document provides guidance on the design of lacing and battens for built-up compression members. It discusses the key design considerations and calculations for both single and double lacing systems, including the angle of inclination, slenderness ratio, effective lacing length, bar width and thickness. Similar guidelines are given for battens, covering spacing, thickness, effective depth, transverse shear and overlap. The document also includes an example problem on designing a slab foundation for a column with given load and material properties.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
The document discusses various elements of building construction including:
- Common building components like foundations, walls, columns, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows and other elements.
- Types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations.
- Classification of buildings based on occupancy and structure.
- Loads considered in building design such as dead, live, wind, snow, and earthquake loads.
- Principles of building planning including aspect, privacy, grouping, and flexibility.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
This document discusses the design of combined footings. It defines a combined footing as one that supports two or more adjacent columns to provide uniform bearing pressure and minimize differential settlement. It describes the different types of combined footings based on connectivity (slab, slab-beam, strap-beam) and shape (rectangular, trapezoidal). The key steps of the design process are outlined, including determining the footing size based on load and soil capacity, performing structural analysis to calculate moments and shear, and designing the longitudinal, shear, and transverse reinforcement.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
Tension members can fail due to three modes:
1. Gross section yielding, where the entire cross-section yields
2. Net section yielding, where the reduced cross-section after subtracting holes yields
3. Block shear failure, which also occurs in welded connections along planes of shear and tension
The design strength is the minimum of the strengths from these three failure modes. Block shear is demonstrated using a failed gusset plate connection with failure planes around the weld. The problem determines the tensile strength of a plate connected to a gusset plate, calculating the strength based on gross section yielding, net section yielding, and block shear failure.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
Module 1 Behaviour of RC beams in Shear and TorsionVVIETCIVIL
This document summarizes key concepts related to shear and torsion behavior in reinforced concrete beams. It discusses modes of cracking in shear, shear failure modes, critical sections for shear design, the influence of axial forces and longitudinal reinforcement on shear strength, and shear transfer mechanisms. The key points covered include web shear cracking, flexure-shear cracking, diagonal tension failure, shear-compression and shear-tension failures, and the four mechanisms that contribute to shear transfer: aggregate interlock, dowel action, stirrups, and the interaction between axial compression and shear strength.
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
This document discusses the functions and types of foundations for building construction. It describes that foundations serve to distribute weight over a large area, prevent unequal settlement, provide a level surface, and stability against sliding and overturning. There are two main types - shallow foundations, which include isolated footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage footings, and mat/raft footings. Deep foundations include piles, cofferdams, and caissons. Shallow foundations transfer loads directly to the soil or bedrock, while deep foundations transfer loads to deeper, stronger layers using structural elements like piles.
The unconfined compression test is a type of unconsolidated-undrained test used for clay specimens. It involves compressing a cylindrical clay sample axially without lateral confinement. The major principal stress is the axial stress, while the minor principal stresses are zero. This allows measuring the unconfined compressive strength, sensitivity, shear strength parameters, and cohesion of cohesive soils. The test procedure involves extruding and trimming a soil specimen, measuring it, and compressing it at a controlled strain rate between loading plates while recording the load and stress. Parameters are calculated based on the failure load and specimen dimensions.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document discusses the design of tension members. It defines tension members as structural members subjected to axial pulling forces that cause elongation. Common examples given are wire ropes and bottom chords of trusses. The document outlines that tension members may consist of single sections or combinations/built-up sections. It then provides the design strength equations to check for yielding of the gross section, rupture of the critical section, and block shear failure. The design strength must be greater than the factored tensile force for the member to be adequate.
This document discusses tension members in structural engineering. It defines tension members as linear members that experience axial forces that elongate or stretch the member. Examples given include ropes, ties in trusses, suspenders in bridges. The document discusses the types of cross-sections used for tension members like angles, channels, rods. It also discusses the calculation of net effective sectional area and provides examples. Other topics covered include types of failures in tension members, design strength calculations, limiting slenderness ratios, tension splices, and lug angles.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
This document discusses riveted connections in steel structures. It describes the different types of rivets, including their shape and method of installation. Some key types are snap headed rivets, pan headed rivets, and flat counter sunk rivets. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of riveted connections. Advantages include ease of installation without electricity, while disadvantages include noise and required skilled labor. The document further explains different riveted joint configurations, including lap joints and butt joints, providing examples of single and double riveted versions of each. Finally, it briefly outlines potential failure modes of riveted connections, such as shear failure of rivets or plates, and bearing failure of plates or
This document discusses the design of combined footings. It defines a combined footing as one that supports two or more adjacent columns to provide uniform bearing pressure and minimize differential settlement. It describes the different types of combined footings based on connectivity (slab, slab-beam, strap-beam) and shape (rectangular, trapezoidal). The key steps of the design process are outlined, including determining the footing size based on load and soil capacity, performing structural analysis to calculate moments and shear, and designing the longitudinal, shear, and transverse reinforcement.
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
Tension members can fail due to three modes:
1. Gross section yielding, where the entire cross-section yields
2. Net section yielding, where the reduced cross-section after subtracting holes yields
3. Block shear failure, which also occurs in welded connections along planes of shear and tension
The design strength is the minimum of the strengths from these three failure modes. Block shear is demonstrated using a failed gusset plate connection with failure planes around the weld. The problem determines the tensile strength of a plate connected to a gusset plate, calculating the strength based on gross section yielding, net section yielding, and block shear failure.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
Module 1 Behaviour of RC beams in Shear and TorsionVVIETCIVIL
This document summarizes key concepts related to shear and torsion behavior in reinforced concrete beams. It discusses modes of cracking in shear, shear failure modes, critical sections for shear design, the influence of axial forces and longitudinal reinforcement on shear strength, and shear transfer mechanisms. The key points covered include web shear cracking, flexure-shear cracking, diagonal tension failure, shear-compression and shear-tension failures, and the four mechanisms that contribute to shear transfer: aggregate interlock, dowel action, stirrups, and the interaction between axial compression and shear strength.
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
This document discusses the functions and types of foundations for building construction. It describes that foundations serve to distribute weight over a large area, prevent unequal settlement, provide a level surface, and stability against sliding and overturning. There are two main types - shallow foundations, which include isolated footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage footings, and mat/raft footings. Deep foundations include piles, cofferdams, and caissons. Shallow foundations transfer loads directly to the soil or bedrock, while deep foundations transfer loads to deeper, stronger layers using structural elements like piles.
The unconfined compression test is a type of unconsolidated-undrained test used for clay specimens. It involves compressing a cylindrical clay sample axially without lateral confinement. The major principal stress is the axial stress, while the minor principal stresses are zero. This allows measuring the unconfined compressive strength, sensitivity, shear strength parameters, and cohesion of cohesive soils. The test procedure involves extruding and trimming a soil specimen, measuring it, and compressing it at a controlled strain rate between loading plates while recording the load and stress. Parameters are calculated based on the failure load and specimen dimensions.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document discusses the design of tension members. It defines tension members as structural members subjected to axial pulling forces that cause elongation. Common examples given are wire ropes and bottom chords of trusses. The document outlines that tension members may consist of single sections or combinations/built-up sections. It then provides the design strength equations to check for yielding of the gross section, rupture of the critical section, and block shear failure. The design strength must be greater than the factored tensile force for the member to be adequate.
This document discusses tension members in structural engineering. It defines tension members as linear members that experience axial forces that elongate or stretch the member. Examples given include ropes, ties in trusses, suspenders in bridges. The document discusses the types of cross-sections used for tension members like angles, channels, rods. It also discusses the calculation of net effective sectional area and provides examples. Other topics covered include types of failures in tension members, design strength calculations, limiting slenderness ratios, tension splices, and lug angles.
IRJET- Comparision between Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Cold ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the experimental and analytical investigation of the structural behavior of cold formed steel angle sections under tension loading. 108 specimens of different cold formed steel angle sections with varying thicknesses were tested experimentally. The ultimate loads from the experiments were then compared to the predicted loads from several international design codes - Australian/New Zealand standard AS/NZS 4600-2005, American Iron and Steel Institute AISI Manual from 2001, and British Standard BS 5950-1998 Part 5. In general, the codes provided conservative predictions of the ultimate loads compared to the experimental values. Tables 1 and 2 show examples of the comparison between experimental and predicted ultimate loads for various angle section specimens.
Design aids for tension members as per revised is 800 2007eSAT Journals
Abstract The B.I.S. recently revised the new IS: 800-2007 . This is based on limit state method. This new code includes variety in elements like tension members, compression members , flexural members, combined connection, combined axial and bending design of members. The B.I.S. has yet not published any design aids based on new IS: 800-2007. For saving time in various design of structural steel section, one need to have their own computer programme or design aids or spreadsheet which is based on IS: 800-2007. In this research we have developed excel programme spreadsheet to analyze & design tension members, which will help the structural designer to save their time in designs. Also we have prepared design aids to find out the capacity on angled tension member with single row of bolts connected to the gusset plate. Keywords: Tension members, Design aids , IS:800-2007 , Analysis , Designing , Spreadsheet, Structural steel
Design of Connections in Tubular StructureIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of various steel tubular connections. It begins with an introduction to the importance of properly designing steel connections. It then describes different types of connections classified by the loads they resist (tension, compression, shear, moment) and their restraint level (fully restrained, partially restrained, simple shear). The document goes on to provide specific design examples for several common tubular connections, including bolted and welded bracing connections, a bolted shear connection for secondary beams, and both bolted and welded beam-column junction connections. Design calculations are shown for checking the strength of plates, bolts, and welds for each connection.
Cost Optimization of a Tubular Steel Truss Using Limit State Method of DesignIJERA Editor
Limit state method helps to design structures based on both safety and serviceability. The structures are designed to withstand ultimate loads or the loads at which failure occurs unlike working stress method where only service loads are considered. This leads to enhanced safety. Also unlike the working stress method, the structures are economical. It is also better than ultimate load method as serviceability requirement is also taken care of by considering various safety factors for all the load types and structures do not undergo massive deflection and cracks. For tubular sections, higher strength to weight ratio could result in upto 30% savings in steel .Due to the high torsional rigidity and compressive strength, Tubular sections behave more efficiently than conventional steel section This study is regarding the economy, load carrying capacity of all structural members and their corresponding safety measures.
Effect of connection eccentricity in the behaviour of steel tension membersIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses the effect of connection eccentricity on the behavior of steel tension members. Connection eccentricity occurs when the location of bolt connectors does not coincide with the member's centroidal axis, inducing bending.
2) Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS on various steel angle sections (ISA 50x50x6, ISA 65x65x6, ISA 75x75x6) to predict their failure capacities under different eccentric connection configurations. Results were compared to experimental data.
3) Current design specifications do not consider the detrimental bending effects of connection eccentricity, which can significantly reduce a member's failure capacity. Both experimental and computational analyses were performed to better understand these impacts.
1) Connections are an important part of steel structures as they allow different structural elements to act together as a single unit by transferring forces between members. Common types of connections include riveted, bolted, welded, and pinned connections.
2) Bolted connections use bolts with heads and threaded ends to connect structural elements. Steel washers are often included to distribute clamping pressure and prevent bearing on connected pieces.
3) Design of bolted connections considers factors like bolt grade, type of joint, edge and end distances, pitch, and capacity in shear, tension, and bearing to ensure the connection can safely transfer loads between members. Failure can occur in bolts or connected elements due to various limit
IRJET- Analysis of Hot Rolled Steel Angles Under TensionIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the block shear capacity and failure mechanisms of hot rolled steel angles used as tension members. It discusses the design strengths according to yielding of the gross section, rupture of the critical section, and block shear. Block shear is a failure that combines tensile rupture on one plane and shear yield or rupture on a perpendicular plane. The document outlines the methodology used to test steel angle specimens in a Universal Testing Machine and compares the results to design equations in the Indian code IS 800:2007. It was found that the limit state method provides more accurate design strengths and is more economical than other methods. Testing confirmed that locally available steel angles meet code criteria.
The document provides information about designing and analyzing a cotter joint. It discusses the components of a cotter joint, including the cotter pin, socket, and spigot. It outlines various failure modes to consider in design, such as tensile failure of the rods, shear failure of the cotter pin, and crushing failure of the socket end. Empirical equations are presented for determining dimensions based on factors like applied load, material properties, and stress limits. Design procedures are described step-by-step, and examples are included to demonstrate applying the equations to size cotter joint components.
There are three main steps to designing a column splice:
1. Determine loads on the splice from axial, bending and shear forces. For axial loads, splices are designed to carry 50% of the load for machined ends or 100% for non-machined ends.
2. Design the splice plates to resist the loads using the yield stress as the design strength. Plate size is calculated based on load and stress.
3. Determine the number and size of bolts required based on the plate load capacity and bolt strengths in shear or bearing. Splice widths match the column and minimum plate thickness is 6mm.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON RIGID CONNECTION DESIGN OF FRAMED MULTI STOREYED STEEL...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on rigid connection design of a three-storey steel building based on IS and AISC codes. The building is modeled and analyzed for various loads. The connections - baseplate, moment, and shear - are designed manually based on IS codes and using IDEASTATICA software based on AISC codes. Key connection details like plate dimensions, weld sizes, number/size of bolts are presented. The results obtained from manual and software methods are compared. The objectives are to analyze and design the building and foundation, and compare connection designs from the two codes.
IRJET- Analytical Investigation on Precast Concrete Column to Column Conn...IRJET Journal
This document analytically investigates connections between precast concrete columns. Three types of column-to-column connections are modeled and analyzed: 1) a long bolt connection using bolts passing through end plates, 2) a welded steel bearing face connection, and 3) a reinforcing bar coupling connection. The long bolt connection is analyzed using finite element software and found to have a total deformation of 0.35476mm and normal stresses of 14.733MPa and -16.684MPa under monotonic loading, within permissible limits. The document also provides details on modeling the connections and material properties used in the analysis.
IRJET - Design and Analysis of Residential Institute BuildingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a residential building with 4 floors (G+3). Key steps included:
1) Designing structural elements like slab, beam, column, footing using limit state and working stress methods with M25 concrete and Fe415 steel. Slab was designed as one-way and two-way. Beams and columns were designed for bending and shear.
2) Analyzing the building frame using STAAD.Pro software to calculate loads, moments, and shear forces.
3) Detailed calculations for slab, beam, and column design showing reinforcement requirements and checks for strength and serviceability. Water tank and septic tank were also designed.
The document discusses the design of steel structures according to BS 5950. It provides definitions for key terms related to steel structural elements and their design. These include beams, columns, connections, buckling resistance, capacity, and more. It then discusses the design process and different types of structural forms like tension members, compression members, beams, trusses, and frames. The properties of structural steel and stress-strain behavior are also covered. Methods for designing tension members, including consideration of cross-sectional area and end connections, are outlined.
07-Strength of Bolted Connections (Steel Structural Design & Prof. Shehab Mou...Hossam Shafiq II
1. The document discusses different types and grades of bolts used in structural connections including A307, A325, and A490 bolts. It provides nominal tensile and shear strengths for each grade.
2. Bolted connections are classified based on the tightening method as snug-tight, pretensioned, or slip-critical. Pretensioned and slip-critical connections are used for load reversal or combined shear and tension loading.
3. Common methods to fully tension high-strength bolts include the turn-of-nut method, calibrated wrench method, and direct tension indicators.
The document provides an example calculation to determine the factor resistance of a bolted connection considering slip-critical
The document discusses guidelines for detailing reinforcement in concrete structures. It begins by defining detailing as the preparation of working drawings showing the size and location of reinforcement. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. The document then discusses sources of tension in concrete structures from various loading conditions like bending, shear, and connections. It provides equations from AS3600-2009 for calculating minimum development lengths for reinforcing bars to develop their yield strength based on bar size, concrete strength, and transverse reinforcement. It also discusses lap splice requirements. In summary, the document provides best practice guidelines for detailing reinforcement to efficiently resist loads and control cracking in concrete structures.
1) The document discusses the design of laterally supported flexural steel members. It covers topics like conditions for beams to qualify as laterally supported, modes of failure for beams, and design procedures.
2) An example problem is presented showing the design of a simply supported laterally supported beam carrying a factored point load at midspan. The design is carried out selecting an appropriate I-section, checking shear and bending capacity, and verifying against web buckling and crippling.
3) Key steps in the design of laterally supported beams are outlined, including determining loads, selecting section, classification, checking shear and bending strength, and verifying local failures like web buckling and crippling are
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to analyze stress concentrations at bolt hole locations in lap joints. A 3D finite element model of a lap joint was developed using Abaqus software. Non-linear analysis considered the stress-strain behavior of materials and interactions between bolt and plate surfaces. Parametric studies varied the end distance and compared results to failure criteria in design codes. Stress patterns were compared to bearing capacity equations to determine the optimum end distance that prevents premature failure.
PARAMETRIC STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FOUR TYPES OF FASTENER MODELING IN CHANNE...ijmech
In this paper, some parametric studies on four types of Channel type tension fitting’s fasteners’ stiffness
modeling is presented. Tension fittings are commonly classified into five types. They are Bathtub fitting,
Channel fitting, Angle fitting, ‘PI’ fitting and Double angle fitting. Tension fittings are conservatively sized
as their weight is usually small relative to their importance. In the previous studies, the channel fitting was
considered to be fixed at all the fastener locations. Thus, the results obtained were conservative because
the load was getting reacted at the first line of fasteners only. In order to study the effect of fastener’s
flexibility and hence the load flow inside the tension fitting two methods (Tate & Swift) of fastener modeling
were employed in the previous study. It observed that, the flexible boundary condition allow for a better
load flow into the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary condition. In this study, fastener
flexibility with two more methods (Grumann and Huth) is performed on the distribution of internal stresses
in the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary conditions. Also comparison of previous results
(Tate and Swift) is made with Grumann and Huth methods of modeling of fastener. Aluminum alloy 7050-
T7452 is selected for the study.
Environmental Sanitation- Water treatment plant, STP, Drinking water standard...Valmik Mahajan
The document is a course outline for an Environmental Sanitation class taught at Sanjivani College of Engineering in Kopargaon, India. The course covers topics like water treatment, wastewater treatment, drinking water standards, the flow diagram of a wastewater treatment plant, municipal solid waste management, recycling waste, and the disposal of electronic and biomedical wastes. It is taught by Professor V.M. Mahajan for first year civil engineering students.
Ecology, Ecosystem, and Types of conventional energy sources.pdfValmik Mahajan
The document discusses types of energy sources, dividing them into conventional sources like coal and natural gas, and non-conventional sources like solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and geothermal energy. It was presented by Professor V.M. Mahajan of the Civil Engineering department at Sanjivani College of Engineering in Kopargaon, India as part of a course on the basics of civil engineering for first year B.Tech students.
Unit 1 Properties of Fluid - slideshare.pdfValmik Mahajan
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics for a civil engineering course. It defines a fluid as a substance that continuously deforms under the application of shear stress, regardless of the magnitude of stress. Fluids are classified as liquids or gases depending on their molecular spacing. The document outlines the key differences between solids and fluids, noting that solids can resist shear stress while fluids deform continuously. It also introduces some fundamental fluid mechanics concepts like fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics, which study fluids at rest, in motion without forces, and in motion with forces, respectively. The overall document serves as an introductory overview of fluid properties and the basic study of fluids.
This document provides an introduction to welded connections used in civil engineering structures. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of welded connections, the different types of welded joints including butt welds, fillet welds, and slot and plug welds. It also outlines specifications for welding based on the IS 800:2007 code and provides the formula for calculating the design strength of welds.
This document discusses the classification of steel cross sections according to Indian Standard IS 800:2007. It explains that cross sections are classified into four classes - plastic, compact, semi-compact, and slender - based on their width-thickness ratio and ability to develop plastic hinges and plastic moment capacity. Formulas and limiting ratios for each class are provided. Three example cross sections are then classified - a ISHB 400 section is compact, a ISMC 300 section is plastic, and a ISA 150X150X12 angle section is semi-compact.
This document discusses three main structural design philosophies: the working stress method, ultimate load design method, and limit state method. It focuses on explaining the limit state method, which designs structures to acceptable safety and serviceability limits before failure. The limit state method multiplies loads by load factors and uses partial safety factors for loads and materials resistance. It considers strength and serviceability limit states, and designs structures using factored load combinations that produce the maximum forces and structural effects.
This document discusses various types of rolled steel sections used in construction. It describes 1) flat hot rolled sections like plates, flat bars, round bars, and square bars, 2) hot rolled beams of different sizes designated by codes like ISJB, ISLB, ISMB, ISHB, ISWB, and ISSC, 3) hot rolled channels similarly designated by codes like ISJC, ISLC, ISMC, and ISMCP, 4) angle sections designated by codes like ISEA, ISA, 5) rolled I sections designated by codes like ISJT, ISLT, ISHT, and ISNT. The document provides details on the Indian Standard codes for different types of rolled steel sections.
This document discusses the properties of structural steel. It begins by classifying different types of steel based on their ultimate or yield strength, such as Fe415 and Fe500. The mechanical properties of steel depend on its chemical composition, rolling method, thickness, and whether it undergoes heat treatment. Some key properties discussed include the modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion, and ultimate tensile strength. Relevant Indian standards for steel structures are also listed. Finally, a typical stress-strain curve for mild steel is depicted and explained.
This document provides an introduction to steel structures. It defines what a structure is as a combination of connected members that sustain and transfer applied loads safely to the ground. Structural engineering deals with analyzing and designing structures to resist loads. Steel structures are assembled from rolled steel elements connected by rivets, bolts or welds. Compared to concrete, steel structures have a smaller weight to strength ratio, faster construction, easier transportation and alteration, larger scrap value, and ultimate recycling ability.
The document appears to be a scanned receipt or invoice containing over 20 pages of dense text and numbers. It lists various items, quantities, prices, and totals but does not provide any contextual information about the purpose or nature of the transaction. The extensive length and small text size would make it difficult to understand or extract useful information from this document with just a 3 sentence summary.
Composting & Vermicomposting for Kitchen WasteValmik Mahajan
This document discusses composting and vermicomposting as methods for managing kitchen waste. It begins by defining the composition of kitchen waste and what items can and cannot be composted. It then explains the basics of composting, including the aerobic and anaerobic processes. Vermicomposting is introduced as using earthworms to break down organic materials. The roles of earthworms and types of earthworms are outlined. Issues around kitchen waste management include proper separation and maintaining ideal moisture and environmental conditions for microbes and worms. The document concludes by noting that vermicomposting can help reduce problems from kitchen waste like odors and nutrient loss.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603
( An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NAAC ‘A’ Grade, NBA Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Unit I : Tension members
By
Prof V M Mahajan (Asst. Professor)
Department of Civil Engineering
Email Id: mahajanvalmik@sanjivani.org.in
2. (i) Various cross sections such as solid threaded rod, cable and angle
sections.
(ii) Limit strength due to yielding of gross section, rupture of critical section and
block shear failure.
(iii) Design of tension member: using single and double angle sections, connections
of member with gusset plate by bolts and welds.
Definition- Tension members are linear structural
members subjected to axial forces which will elongate
(yield) the member.
Eg. Wire rope of a cable
stayed bridge supporting deck. or
A bottom chord of a truss member.
As the member is subjected to axial pull force it
elongates and does not buckle therefore no need
of classifying type of section. 2
3. 3
1. A tension member may consist of
single rolled section or
combination of sections as a
built up section.
2. Usually single angle and double
angle sections with gusset plate are
commonly used for truss members.
3. Rods or flat plates may be used
for bracing system in truss or built
up columns.
4. Wire ropes and cables are used
in case of suspension bridges.
5. The design strength (Td) of the member shall be greater than factored tensile
force (Tu) acting on it: Td>Tu,
The design strength(Td) of tension member is least of
• Design strength due to yielding of gross section (Tdg)
• Design strength due to Rupture of critical section (Tdn)
• Design strength due to block shear (Tdb)
(1) Design strength due to yielding of gross section (Tdg)-
where,
fy = yield strength of material (250MPa)
Ag = gross area of cross section
m0 = partial safety factor for failure in tension by
yielding = 1.10 (IS 800:2007, Table No.5, pg. No. 30)
5
fy×Ag
T
m0
dg
6. (2) Design strength due to Rupture of critical section (Tdn)-
a) Plates & threaded rods-(IS 800:2007, Cl. No. 6.3.1, Pg. No. 32)
where,
fu = Ultimate tensile strength of material (410MPa)
An = Net area of cross section after deduction for bolt holes
for chain bolting
An = Net area of cross section after deduction for bolt holes
for staggered or zig-zag bolting
m1 = partial safety factor for ultimate tension failure by
rupture = 1.25 (IS 800:2007, Table No.5 Pg. No. 30)
6
m1
dn
fu×An×0.9
T
tdhnbnA
t
g
Pn
dhnbnA
4
' 2
7. b) Single Angles- (IS 800:2007, Cl. No. 6.3.3, Pg. No. 33)
where,
Anc = net area of connected leg
Ago = gross area of outstanding leg
fy and fu = yield and ultimate stress respectively
= 1.4 - 0.076(w/t)(fy /fu)(bs/Lc) < (fu × mo)/fy × m1) , but > 0.7
w= outstand leg width
7
m0m1
dn
fy×Ago×fu×Anc×0.9
T
8. bs = Shear lag width, t= thickness of leg
Lc = distance between outermost bolts /equivalent length of welding in load
direction.
(3) Design strength due to block shear(Tdb)-(IS 800:2007, Cl. No. 6.4.1, pg.no. 33)
The failure of the end connection as a unit along the centers of the bolt
holes in tension and shear plane is termed as block failure. The block shear
strength (Tdb) is least of the below;
8
Lc
p
m01
db2
m1m0
db1
fy×Atg
×3
fu×Avn×0.9
T
fu×Atn×0.9
×3
fy×Avg
T
m
OR
9. where,
Avg and Avn = minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted
force respectively
Atg and Atn = minimum gross and net area in tension from the hole to the toe of
the angle perpendicular to the line of transmitted force
9
Tension area
Shear area
e p p p
e
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