General presentation of under-reamed piles. Mainly for diploma engineers, it is really helpful as its objective, dimensions, usage, etc are shown with proper images. It will really helpful for the basic knowledge of under-reamed piles.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
Vibration method for ground improvement techniqueABHISHEK THAKKAE
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques, including vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage of pore water through columns of pervious material placed in soil. Soil nailing uses steel tendons drilled and grouted into soil to create a reinforced composite mass. Stone columns form vertical columns of compacted aggregate through problem soils to increase strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands using vibratory probes to achieve a denser soil structure. Dynamic compaction improves soil by repeatedly dropping heavy weights onto the ground from heights of 40 to 80 feet.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
This document provides information about pile foundations, including:
- Piles transfer structural loads through weak soil layers into stronger soils and rocks below.
- Common types of piles include pre-cast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete (e.g. Raymond, MacArthur), steel, timber, and composite piles.
- Piles are selected based on factors like soil properties, loading conditions, costs, and availability of materials. Proper pile type and design are necessary to safely support structures.
Vibration method for ground improvement techniqueABHISHEK THAKKAE
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques, including vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage of pore water through columns of pervious material placed in soil. Soil nailing uses steel tendons drilled and grouted into soil to create a reinforced composite mass. Stone columns form vertical columns of compacted aggregate through problem soils to increase strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands using vibratory probes to achieve a denser soil structure. Dynamic compaction improves soil by repeatedly dropping heavy weights onto the ground from heights of 40 to 80 feet.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions require deep foundations, such as with compressible, waterlogged, or deep soils. There are various types of piles classified by function (e.g. end bearing, friction, tension), material (e.g. concrete, timber, steel), and installation method (e.g. driven, cast-in-place). The load carrying capacity of piles can be determined through dynamic formulas, static formulas, load tests, or penetration tests. Factors like pile length, structure characteristics, material availability, loading types, and costs must be considered for proper pile selection.
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
This document summarizes different types of piles used in construction foundations including friction piles, end bearing piles, sheet piles, load piles, and more. It describes how piles can be made of timber, steel, concrete, or composites. The document also outlines various pile driving methods such as drop hammers, single/double acting steam hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory drivers, and safety procedures for pile driving operations.
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This seminar report discusses caisson foundations. Caissons are watertight structures used for deep foundations under water, such as for bridges, piers, and docks. There are three main types - open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons can take various shapes and are used when foundations need to extend below riverbeds or in deep water. Advantages include ability to reach large depths, but difficulties include tilting or sinking during construction. Caisson diseases can affect workers if decompressed too quickly from pressurized conditions.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Pavement materials in Road Constructionsrinivas2036
Different pavement materials used in the road construction. Importance of soil, aggregate pavement materials. Tests on Soil for pavement construction. Tests on aggregate for pavement construction.
Requirements of soil and aggregates in pavement.
This document discusses prestressed concrete bridges. It begins with definitions of prestressed concrete as concrete with internal stresses introduced to counteract external loads. It then provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, noting key innovators. Examples of prestressed concrete bridges in India are given, including the famous Pamban Road Bridge. The document goes on to explain the basic principles, terminology, types, and methods of prestressing, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
There are mainly 2 types of foundation deep and shallow foundation.
under reamed pile foundation .
there are different types of foundation and underreamed pile foundation is a type of foundation which helps to increase the load bearing capacity of the soil.
there are different types of devices used for this construction such as spiral augers, boring guide , under reamer.
and the construction steps are shown in the slide , advantages and disadvantages etc.
and all the brief is given clearly in the slide .
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Working Stress Method v/s Limit State MethodMachenLink
The document compares the Working Stress Method and Limit State Method for structural design. The Working Stress Method is an elastic, stress-based, deterministic design approach where members are designed to remain in the elastic range using allowable stresses. The Limit State Method is a plastic, strain-based, non-deterministic approach where partial safety factors are used and the material is allowed to yield and enter the plastic zone to reach ultimate strength.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
This document discusses under reamed piles, which are reinforced concrete piles with an enlarged bottom portion called a "bulb". The bulb increases the pile's load carrying capacity. Under reamed piles are constructed using manual tools including a spiral auger to bore the hole and an under-reamer to widen the bottom for the bulb. They are used in soils with low load capacity like black cotton soil, where the bulb increases stability and prevents cracking from soil expansion. Under reamed piles provide 15-20% cost savings over conventional foundations.
This document discusses under reamed piles, which are reinforced concrete piles with an enlarged bottom portion called a "bulb". There are three types - single, double, and multiple reamed piles depending on the number of bulbs. Under reamed piles have a higher load carrying capacity than normal piles due to the bulb. They are used in soils with low load capacity or high water levels. The document describes how under reamed piles are constructed using manual methods, with a spiral auger to bore the hole and an under-reamer to widen the bottom for the bulb. Reinforcement is inserted before concreting the pile.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
This document summarizes different types of piles used in construction foundations including friction piles, end bearing piles, sheet piles, load piles, and more. It describes how piles can be made of timber, steel, concrete, or composites. The document also outlines various pile driving methods such as drop hammers, single/double acting steam hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory drivers, and safety procedures for pile driving operations.
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This seminar report discusses caisson foundations. Caissons are watertight structures used for deep foundations under water, such as for bridges, piers, and docks. There are three main types - open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Caissons can take various shapes and are used when foundations need to extend below riverbeds or in deep water. Advantages include ability to reach large depths, but difficulties include tilting or sinking during construction. Caisson diseases can affect workers if decompressed too quickly from pressurized conditions.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression before application of service loads. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loads and prevents cracking. There are two main methods: pre-tensioning applies tension before pouring concrete, while post-tensioning tensions strands after concrete curing. Pre-stressed concrete allows for smaller and lighter structures that resist loads, deflection, and cracking better than reinforced concrete.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
Pile foundation ppt 2 (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
Pile foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil is low or uneven and the soil is located at a greater depth. Piles transfer structural loads directly to the soil layer below by end bearing or side friction. Common pile types include timber, concrete, steel, and composite piles which are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Pile foundations provide solutions for difficult soil conditions like compressible, waterlogged, or made ground and are widely used for bridges, buildings, and marine structures.
Pavement materials in Road Constructionsrinivas2036
Different pavement materials used in the road construction. Importance of soil, aggregate pavement materials. Tests on Soil for pavement construction. Tests on aggregate for pavement construction.
Requirements of soil and aggregates in pavement.
This document discusses prestressed concrete bridges. It begins with definitions of prestressed concrete as concrete with internal stresses introduced to counteract external loads. It then provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, noting key innovators. Examples of prestressed concrete bridges in India are given, including the famous Pamban Road Bridge. The document goes on to explain the basic principles, terminology, types, and methods of prestressing, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
There are mainly 2 types of foundation deep and shallow foundation.
under reamed pile foundation .
there are different types of foundation and underreamed pile foundation is a type of foundation which helps to increase the load bearing capacity of the soil.
there are different types of devices used for this construction such as spiral augers, boring guide , under reamer.
and the construction steps are shown in the slide , advantages and disadvantages etc.
and all the brief is given clearly in the slide .
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Working Stress Method v/s Limit State MethodMachenLink
The document compares the Working Stress Method and Limit State Method for structural design. The Working Stress Method is an elastic, stress-based, deterministic design approach where members are designed to remain in the elastic range using allowable stresses. The Limit State Method is a plastic, strain-based, non-deterministic approach where partial safety factors are used and the material is allowed to yield and enter the plastic zone to reach ultimate strength.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
This document discusses under reamed piles, which are reinforced concrete piles with an enlarged bottom portion called a "bulb". The bulb increases the pile's load carrying capacity. Under reamed piles are constructed using manual tools including a spiral auger to bore the hole and an under-reamer to widen the bottom for the bulb. They are used in soils with low load capacity like black cotton soil, where the bulb increases stability and prevents cracking from soil expansion. Under reamed piles provide 15-20% cost savings over conventional foundations.
This document discusses under reamed piles, which are reinforced concrete piles with an enlarged bottom portion called a "bulb". There are three types - single, double, and multiple reamed piles depending on the number of bulbs. Under reamed piles have a higher load carrying capacity than normal piles due to the bulb. They are used in soils with low load capacity or high water levels. The document describes how under reamed piles are constructed using manual methods, with a spiral auger to bore the hole and an under-reamer to widen the bottom for the bulb. Reinforcement is inserted before concreting the pile.
Pile Foundation for advanced construction equipmentsNagma Modi
1) Pile foundations transfer structural loads deep into the ground through vertical piles that can be made of timber, concrete, or steel.
2) Piles are used when shallow foundations are not suitable due to deep bearing strata or poor soil conditions near the surface.
3) Piles are classified by their function as end bearing, friction, or a combination, and by material as concrete, steel, timber, etc. Proper pile spacing and group efficiency are considered for pile group design.
The document discusses soil exploration, which involves investigating subsoil conditions through field and laboratory tests to obtain information needed for foundation design. It describes various boring and sampling methods used to collect disturbed and undisturbed soil samples at different depths for testing and analysis. The goal is to determine soil type, strength, compressibility and other parameters critical to foundation type selection and design of safe bearing pressures.
The document discusses various drilling methods used for extracting samples from the ground including percussion drilling, auger drilling, rotary drilling, cable tool drilling, and air core drilling. Percussion drilling involves repeatedly lifting and dropping a heavy bit attached to rope to break up the earth. Auger drilling uses a helical screw that is rotated into the ground to lift cuttings up the borehole. Rotary drilling applies high-speed rotation and downward thrust to drilling rods with a cutting bit to drill through rock and soil. Cable tool drilling also involves repeated lifting and dropping but of a drill stem to force a bit into the ground. Air core drilling uses compressed air to remove cuttings made drilling unconsolidated ground with steel or tungsten
The document provides information about caissons, which are watertight structures used in construction projects involving excavation below water levels. It discusses different types of caissons including box caissons, open or well caissons, pneumatic caissons, and multiple well or monolith caissons. Methods of constructing and sinking each type are described. Advantages and uses of caissons are outlined. Health risks associated with working under compressed air in pneumatic caissons, known as caisson sickness, are also summarized.
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figures Denish Jangid Open we...Denish Jangid
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figuresOpen wells (Dug wells) Tube wells Wells and Tube Wells Irrigation in India Merit & Wells with Impervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WELL BASED ON TYPE
OF Lining
Well with pervious lining : These type of wells are suitable in coarse formations these are constructed by masonry of dry bricks or stones without any binding materials. So the water supply enters from the wall of well therefore the flow is radial. Such wells are provided with bottom plug so the flow is not combination of radial and spherical.well with pervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF TUBE WELL BASED ON SUPPLY SYSTEM Strainer type tube well Cavity tube well
Slotted Type Tube well
Well foundations, also known as caissons, are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through unstable soil layers to more competent soil or bedrock. They are constructed by sinking a watertight retaining structure (caisson) into the ground and then filling it with concrete. Key components include the cutting edge, well curb, bottom plug, steining, top plug, and well cap. Construction involves excavating inside the caisson while applying an air pressure differential to counter soil and groundwater pressures (pneumatic caisson). Workers are at risk of decompression sickness if pressure changes are not controlled slowly.
This document discusses different types of foundations including pier foundations, well foundations, and foundations in black cotton soil. It provides details on:
- Pier foundations consist of large diameter concrete columns that transfer loads to firm strata below. They are used when a heavy structure must be built over soft soil.
- Well foundations (caissons) are box-like structures sunk from land or water surfaces to transmit loads to hard strata below deep waters. They are used for bridges, docks, and other waterfront structures.
- Special considerations for foundations in black cotton soils include removing shrinkable top layers, using pier foundations, and installing sand-filled drainage pipes to prevent swelling and shrinking from damaging the structure.
The document discusses different types of foundations including pier foundations, well foundations, and foundations for sloping sites. It provides details on:
- Pier foundations consist of large diameter concrete columns that transfer loads to firm strata below. They are used when heavy structures must be built over soft soil.
- Well foundations (caissons) are box-like structures sunk from the surface to transmit loads through deep water. Types include box, open, and pneumatic caissons.
- In sloping sites, stepped footings are preferred over sloped footings to address construction issues like reinforcement lengths and formwork. The number of steps should be minimized for efficiency.
This document discusses different types of piles classified based on their material composition. It describes pre-cast concrete piles, cast-in-situ concrete piles including driven piles and bored piles, timber piles, steel piles, and composite piles. Specific pile types are explained in detail such as Raymond piles and McArthur cased piles. Piles transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil and are used when shallow foundations are inadequate.
The document discusses different aspects of groundwater, including:
1. It describes the different zones of groundwater - the zone of aeration near the surface and the saturated zone below.
2. Sources of groundwater are discussed, including wells, springs, infiltration galleries, and karez. Wells can be open dug wells or tube wells, with open wells having larger diameters but lower yields.
3. The uses of groundwater are listed as agriculture, domestic, industrial, cooling, and providing village water supplies.
The document discusses types of soil sampling methods and procedures. It describes disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and the different types of samplers used to collect each including split spoon, scraper bucket, Shelby tube, and piston samplers. It also outlines information obtained from soil sampling like soil types, depth to groundwater, and permeability, and details that should be included in the boring and sampling record.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations, including different types of piles classified by material, length, orientation, and installation method. Piles transfer structural loads to deeper firm soil layers when the top soil is loose, soft, or swelling. Piles are long slender columns that can be driven, bored, or cast in place using materials like concrete, steel, or timber. Driven piles compact the surrounding soil to increase capacity, while cast-in-place piles are constructed by drilling holes and filling with concrete to avoid disturbing soil. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of different pile types.
Chapter 4.2 coffer dam, well foundation-final1DYPCET
The document discusses cofferdams, which are temporary structures used to keep water and soil out of excavation sites. It describes the types of cofferdams, factors affecting their design, and advantages. It also covers well foundations, including definitions, components, construction sequences, design considerations, causes of tilts/shifts, and precautions to prevent them. Risks to workers from decompression sickness when working under pressure (caisson disease) are also outlined.
This document discusses various methods of boring into soil and rock to obtain samples at different depths. It describes auger boring, which uses hand or powered soil augers to drill holes. It also outlines shell and auger boring, wash boring using pressurized water, percussion boring using repeated blows, and rotary drilling which rotates a cutting bit to extract cylindrical core samples. The purpose of boring is to gather reliable subsurface information for engineering design and construction projects.
This document discusses different types of boring methods used for soil exploration, including auger boring, shell and auger boring, wash boring, percussion boring, and rotary boring. It provides details on how each method works and the types of soils it can be used for. The document also discusses different types of samplers used including open-drive, thin-walled, split-spoon, piston, and scraper bucket samplers. It provides a brief overview of how each sampler works and the type of samples it can obtain.
Deep foundations such as piles, piers, and caissons are required when surface soil cannot support a structure or when a firm soil layer is too deep to be reached economically by shallow foundations. Piles are slender structural members made of steel, concrete, or wood that are driven or cast in place into the ground. Piles transfer structural loads through skin friction or end bearing. Common pile installation methods include dropping weight hammers, diesel hammers, vibratory hammers, and jacking. Piers are larger diameter cast in place foundations used in dry areas. Caissons are hollow watertight structures sunk into place under bodies of water to form foundations.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
2. INTRODUCTION
Under reamed piles are made by C.B.R.I.( Central Building Research Institute).
They are made of R.C.C.
In the bottom portion of the pile, enlarged portion is given which is called ‘under reamed’
or ‘bulb’.
If pile has one bulb, it is called single reamed, if the pile has two bulbs then it is called
double reamed, and if there are more than two bulbs, it is called multiple under reamed
piles.
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4. FEATURES
Dia. Of the pile = 20 to 50cm
Dia. Of the bulb = 2 to 3 times of dia. of pile
Length of the pile = 3 to 8m
Spacing between two piles = 2 to 4m
Spacing between two bulbs = 1.25 to 1.5 times of bulb dia.
Load carrying capacity = 20 to 40 ton
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5. APPLICATIONS
1. Black cotton soil expands as it comes in contact with water and it gets contracted as it is
dried out. Because of this reason, there may be a chance of cracks in the structure. To avoid
such damage, under reamed pile are used in black cotton soil.
2. When the soil doesn’t have much load carrying capacity, under reamed piles are used to
increase the capacity.
3. It is used when the water level in sandy soil is high.
4. When there are lifting forces acting, it should be used.
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6. INCREASING LOAD CARRYING
CAPACITY
1. By putting more bulbs
2. By increasing the dia. of bulb
3. By increasing the length of pile
4. By providing proper reinforcement
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7. Construction of under reamed pile
Under reamed piles are mostly constructed by manual work.
The machine for the construction of pile is made by C.B.R.I. Rurki.
The machine is easy to use and it is light weighted.
It consists of three tools :
1. Spiral Auger
2. Under – reamer
3. Boring guide
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8. Spiral auger is used to make a hole in the land for the under reamed pile.
The auger contains special cutter at the bottom to dig the land.
The soil that is dug is taken out by the bucket.
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13. Special cutter is used for making the bulb. By putting enough pressure, we can increase the
dia. of bulb.
The auger is kept through the tripod and after than the digging is done. So the digging is
done in the vertical direction.
After digging the desired depth, the auger is pulled out. The reinforcement is then inserted
in the hole. Concreting is done. If more than one pile, beam is constructed which connect
the piles and make them act like a single unit. The wall is than constructed on the beam.
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15. ADVANTAGES
1. It is 15 to 20% cheaper than the strip footing.
2. Less material required.
3. Digging is normal so the work is carried out for anytime of the year.
4. No back filling is required.
5. Shoring is not required.
6. Dewatering is not necessary.
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