System development life cycle

PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(1) Mission and goals :
It is the first stage of system development life cycle. The initial step
involves the preparation of a mission and goals which lists the
Problem Definition, Objectives of the Study, benefits of the new
system, etc. in the light of the user requirements. The system
proposal is prepared by the System Analyst (who studies the
system)according to the users needs and the user may accept the
proposal and the cycle proceeds to the next stage.
(2) Information needs specifications:  
The detailed investigation of the system is carried out in accordance
with the objectives of the proposed system. This involves detailed
study of various operations performed by a system and their
relationships within and outside the organisation. During this
process, data are collected related to the study. Interviews, on-site
observation and questionnaire are the tools used for detailed
system study. Using the following steps it becomes easy to draw the
exact boundary of the new system under consideration:
 
• Keeping in view the problems and new requirements
 
• Workout the pros and cons including new areas of the system 
(4) System Analysis:  
Systems analysis is a process of collecting factual data, understand
the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending
feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning. It

involves the study of business processes, gathering operational
data, understand the information flow etc.
The major objectives of systems analysis are to find answers for
each business process: What, Why, Who, and How it is done. It is
more of a thinking process and involves the creative skills of the
System Analyst. It attempts to give birth to a new efficient system
that satisfies the current needs of the user and has scope for future
growth within the organizational constraints.
(5) System Design:
Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the
existing system, the new system must be designed. This is the
phase of system designing. The logical system design arrived at as
a result of systems analysis is converted into physical system
design. Normally, the design proceeds in two stages:
• Preliminary or General Design
• Structured or Detailed Design 
 
In the design stage, the programming language and the hardware
and software platform in which the new system will run are also
decided. 
(6) Coding:
The system design needs to be implemented to make it a workable
system. This demands the coding of design into computer
understandable language, i.e., programming language. This is also
called the programming phase in which the programmer converts
the program specifications into computer instructions, which we
refer to as programs.

It is an important stage where the deﬁned procedures are
transformed into control speciﬁcations by the help of a computer
language. The programs coordinate the data movements and
control the entire process in a system.
(7) Testing:
Before actually implementing the new system into operation, a test
run of the system is done for removing the bugs, if any. It is an
important phase of a successful system. After codifying the whole
programs of the system, a test plan should be developed. The
output of the test run should match the expected results.
Sometimes, system testing is considered a part of implementation
process.
 
 
(8) Implementation:
After having the user acceptance of the new system developed, the
implementation phase begins. Implementation is the stage of a
project during which theory is turned into practice. The major steps
involved in this phase are:
• Acquisition and Installation of Hardware and Software
• Conversion
• User Training &
• Documentation

System development life cycle

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