The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC process - preliminary investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, software development, system testing, implementation and evaluation, and maintenance. The waterfall model is presented as a common SDLC approach, with its sequential phases of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
The document discusses operating systems and their key functions. It describes how an operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, managing resources like memory, processors, devices and information. It outlines important operating system functions such as memory management, processor management, device management, file management, security and job accounting. It also discusses different types of operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed and network operating systems.
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems including paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It defines key concepts such as logical versus physical addresses, page tables, frames, and how memory management units map between these spaces. Advantages and disadvantages of different algorithms like FIFO, LRU and clock are presented. The goals of memory management are to allow for more efficient use of limited memory and enable running multiple processes simultaneously.
The document discusses processor management in operating systems. It describes how operating systems use process scheduling to manage multiple processes running simultaneously on the CPU. Processes have a lifecycle that involves different states like ready, running, waiting etc. The processor manager consists of a job scheduler and process scheduler. The job scheduler balances groups of processes to optimize resource usage while the process scheduler selects the next process to run on the CPU using different scheduling algorithms like FCFS, priority scheduling, round robin etc. Each process is associated with a process control block that stores its state and execution details.
Operating system 06 operating system classificationVaibhav Khanna
Operating systems can be classified in several ways:
- Single-user, single-processor systems have one user and CPU. Examples include MS-DOS.
- Batch processing systems automatically execute jobs one after the other without user interference. A batch monitor controls the environment.
- Multiprogramming systems increase efficiency by allowing multiple jobs to reside in memory at once. The CPU switches between jobs during I/O waits.
- Time-sharing or multitasking systems further improve interaction by rapidly switching between jobs, giving the appearance that users interact with programs simultaneously.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, components, functions, and types. It discusses what an operating system is, its main components, and its key roles such as managing hardware resources, providing user interfaces, running application programs, and protecting system resources from unauthorized access. Different types of operating systems are also covered, from early batch processing and time-sharing systems to modern desktop, real-time, distributed, and mobile systems.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering topics such as the need for operating systems, their evolution over different generations from batch to real-time systems, and the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then discusses operating system services from both the user and system point of view, and provides case studies of the Windows and Linux operating systems.
The document discusses various concepts related to process management in operating systems including process scheduling, CPU scheduling, and process synchronization. It defines a process as a program in execution and describes the different states a process can be in during its lifecycle. It also discusses process control blocks which maintain information about each process, and various scheduling algorithms like first come first serve, shortest job first, priority and round robin scheduling.
The document discusses operating systems and their key functions. It describes how an operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, managing resources like memory, processors, devices and information. It outlines important operating system functions such as memory management, processor management, device management, file management, security and job accounting. It also discusses different types of operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed and network operating systems.
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems including paging, segmentation, and virtual memory. It defines key concepts such as logical versus physical addresses, page tables, frames, and how memory management units map between these spaces. Advantages and disadvantages of different algorithms like FIFO, LRU and clock are presented. The goals of memory management are to allow for more efficient use of limited memory and enable running multiple processes simultaneously.
The document discusses processor management in operating systems. It describes how operating systems use process scheduling to manage multiple processes running simultaneously on the CPU. Processes have a lifecycle that involves different states like ready, running, waiting etc. The processor manager consists of a job scheduler and process scheduler. The job scheduler balances groups of processes to optimize resource usage while the process scheduler selects the next process to run on the CPU using different scheduling algorithms like FCFS, priority scheduling, round robin etc. Each process is associated with a process control block that stores its state and execution details.
Operating system 06 operating system classificationVaibhav Khanna
Operating systems can be classified in several ways:
- Single-user, single-processor systems have one user and CPU. Examples include MS-DOS.
- Batch processing systems automatically execute jobs one after the other without user interference. A batch monitor controls the environment.
- Multiprogramming systems increase efficiency by allowing multiple jobs to reside in memory at once. The CPU switches between jobs during I/O waits.
- Time-sharing or multitasking systems further improve interaction by rapidly switching between jobs, giving the appearance that users interact with programs simultaneously.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, components, functions, and types. It discusses what an operating system is, its main components, and its key roles such as managing hardware resources, providing user interfaces, running application programs, and protecting system resources from unauthorized access. Different types of operating systems are also covered, from early batch processing and time-sharing systems to modern desktop, real-time, distributed, and mobile systems.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering topics such as the need for operating systems, their evolution over different generations from batch to real-time systems, and the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then discusses operating system services from both the user and system point of view, and provides case studies of the Windows and Linux operating systems.
The document discusses various concepts related to process management in operating systems including process scheduling, CPU scheduling, and process synchronization. It defines a process as a program in execution and describes the different states a process can be in during its lifecycle. It also discusses process control blocks which maintain information about each process, and various scheduling algorithms like first come first serve, shortest job first, priority and round robin scheduling.
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. Key points include:
- A process is an instance of a running program and includes the program code, data, resources used by the program, and process execution status information.
- The operating system uses process control blocks (PCBs) and tables to manage processes and allocate CPU, memory, I/O, and other resources among processes.
- Processes can be in different states like running, ready, blocked, or suspended. The operating system performs scheduling to switch processes in and out of the running state.
The document discusses various concepts related to process and thread scheduling in operating systems. It defines key terms like process, job, thread, context switching, and process states. It also explains different scheduling algorithms like round robin, shortest job first, priority scheduling, and multilevel feedback queue scheduling.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions of key terms like kernel, processes, memory management, file systems, etc. It discusses different types of operating systems like batch, time-sharing, distributed, and real-time operating systems. It also covers operating system components like process management, memory management, I/O management, and system calls. Finally, it discusses user interfaces, system programs, and services provided by operating systems.
This document provides an overview of processes and operating systems. It discusses key concepts like processes, multitasking, multiprocessing, and multithreading. It also covers scheduling algorithms like round robin, priority scheduling, and rate monotonic scheduling. Real-time operating systems prioritize tasks based on timing constraints to ensure deadlines are met. Preemption and priorities are important methods for scheduling in real-time systems.
Embedded System,
Real Time Operating System Concept
Architecture of kernel
Task
Task States
Task scheduler
ISR
Semaphores
Mailbox
Message queues
Pipes
Events
Timers
Memory management
Introduction to Ucos II RTOS
Study of kernel structure of Ucos II
Synchronization in Ucos II
Inter-task communication in Ucos II
Memory management in Ucos II
Porting of RTOS.
Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the kernel
Kernel loads
Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service – system call
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their main components and functions. It discusses different types of operating systems including mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, and handheld systems. For each type, it highlights some of their key characteristics and how operating systems have evolved to support different computing environments.
The document discusses processes and process scheduling in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that changes state as it runs. Process information is stored in a process control block. Processes move between ready, running, waiting, and terminated states. The operating system uses long-term and short-term schedulers to select which processes to move between queues like ready and device queues. Context switching occurs when the CPU switches between processes. Processes can cooperate through communication and synchronization using message passing between mailboxes. Client-server systems use sockets and remote procedure calls to enable remote communication.
1. Single partition allocation allocates memory such that the operating system resides in lower memory and user processes in higher memory. Limit and relocation registers protect processes. Multiple partition allocation divides memory into partitions, with each process allocated one partition.
2. A process control block (PCB) contains process state, scheduling information, registers, and memory allocation details. Useful PCB information includes the program counter, I/O status, process state like ready or running, accounting data, and CPU registers.
3. Preemptive scheduling interrupts running lower priority processes to run higher priority ones, like round robin. Non-preemptive scheduling runs processes to completion without interruption, like first-come first-
1) The operating system performs several key functions including booting the system, loading the kernel, starting system services, handling interrupts, and scheduling processes.
2) Multiprogramming and multitasking allow multiple jobs or processes to run concurrently by switching the CPU between them, improving efficiency when a process is waiting for I/O.
3) The operating system manages processes, memory, files, storage, and performs caching to improve performance.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming lecture on real-time operating systems (RTOS) for embedded systems. It includes the syllabus, which covers operating system basics, types of operating systems, tasks/processes/threads, multiprocessing/multitasking, task scheduling, and how to choose an RTOS. The document discusses the architecture and services of general operating systems and real-time kernels, including task management, scheduling, synchronization, and time management.
The document discusses operating systems and some of their core concepts. It defines an operating system as a program that manages computer hardware and acts as an intermediary between users and the computer. It then discusses key OS components like process management, memory management, and protection systems. It also covers concepts like multiprocessing, threads, process states, and context switching.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including processes, threads, interprocess communication, deadlocks, and scheduling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from first to fourth generation. Key concepts covered include processes, files, system calls, command interpreters, and signals. Operating system structures like monolithic, layered, and client-server models are summarized. Common interprocess communication problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers, and dining philosophers problems are also briefly outlined. Finally, it discusses process scheduling algorithms, deadlock conditions and strategies to handle deadlocks.
ITFT_Device management in Operating SystemSneh Prabha
This document discusses different approaches to device management in computer systems, including direct I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, memory mapped I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). It describes how each approach handles coordination between software and hardware to complete I/O operations and optimize CPU usage. The key aspects covered are device drivers, buffering techniques, and the design of interfaces between applications, drivers, and device controllers.
An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It provides an environment for users to run programs efficiently and conveniently by managing resources like the CPU, memory, storage, and I/O devices. Operating systems exist to make computing usable by allocating resources fairly between programs and users. Common types include batch, time-sharing, and real-time operating systems.
The document provides information about real-time systems and real-time operating systems (RTOS). It defines a real-time system as one where the correctness depends not only on logical results but also the time when results are delivered. An RTOS is designed to meet the strict timing constraints of real-time applications through features like multitasking, interrupt handling, and predictable scheduling. Key considerations for selecting an RTOS include its real-time capabilities, footprint, interrupt latencies, available APIs, and development tools.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions such as managing resources, acting as an interface between hardware and software, and providing services like I/O control and error handling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to time-sharing systems. Key concepts in OS development include processes, memory management, security, scheduling, and a layered system structure.
The document discusses process management in operating systems. It covers control blocks, interrupts, process states, scheduling algorithms like FIFO, SJF, SRTF, Round Robin and priority scheduling. It also discusses queuing, multiprogramming vs time sharing and scheduling criteria like CPU utilization, throughput, turnaround time and waiting time. Scheduling can be long, medium or short term and algorithms include priority queues and multilevel feedback queues.
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. A process is a program in execution that has its own address space and CPU. Processes go through various states like ready, running, waiting, and terminated. The operating system uses process control blocks to manage processes and maintain process information. It also uses process scheduling queues and performs long, short, and medium-term scheduling of processes. Threads are lightweight sub-processes that can run independently within a process and allow for parallel execution.
The document discusses information security and the goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA). It defines various cybercrimes like hacking, viruses, and phishing. The legal framework for cybercrime in India is the Information Technology Act of 2000, which aims to facilitate electronic commerce and records. Various types of cybercrimes are outlined like those against individuals, property, government, and society. Common cybercrimes include hacking, cyber stalking, and financial fraud.
This document discusses different types of information systems including transaction processing systems, office automation systems, process control systems, decision support systems, and human resource information systems. It provides details on transaction processing systems including their purpose of recording day-to-day business transactions, the types of decisions they support, and examples. It also describes office automation systems and their components which integrate functions like electronic publishing, communication, collaboration, image processing and office management to improve efficiency. Finally, it outlines the components and functions of human resource information systems for managing employee information.
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. Key points include:
- A process is an instance of a running program and includes the program code, data, resources used by the program, and process execution status information.
- The operating system uses process control blocks (PCBs) and tables to manage processes and allocate CPU, memory, I/O, and other resources among processes.
- Processes can be in different states like running, ready, blocked, or suspended. The operating system performs scheduling to switch processes in and out of the running state.
The document discusses various concepts related to process and thread scheduling in operating systems. It defines key terms like process, job, thread, context switching, and process states. It also explains different scheduling algorithms like round robin, shortest job first, priority scheduling, and multilevel feedback queue scheduling.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions of key terms like kernel, processes, memory management, file systems, etc. It discusses different types of operating systems like batch, time-sharing, distributed, and real-time operating systems. It also covers operating system components like process management, memory management, I/O management, and system calls. Finally, it discusses user interfaces, system programs, and services provided by operating systems.
This document provides an overview of processes and operating systems. It discusses key concepts like processes, multitasking, multiprocessing, and multithreading. It also covers scheduling algorithms like round robin, priority scheduling, and rate monotonic scheduling. Real-time operating systems prioritize tasks based on timing constraints to ensure deadlines are met. Preemption and priorities are important methods for scheduling in real-time systems.
Embedded System,
Real Time Operating System Concept
Architecture of kernel
Task
Task States
Task scheduler
ISR
Semaphores
Mailbox
Message queues
Pipes
Events
Timers
Memory management
Introduction to Ucos II RTOS
Study of kernel structure of Ucos II
Synchronization in Ucos II
Inter-task communication in Ucos II
Memory management in Ucos II
Porting of RTOS.
Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the kernel
Kernel loads
Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service – system call
Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their main components and functions. It discusses different types of operating systems including mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, and handheld systems. For each type, it highlights some of their key characteristics and how operating systems have evolved to support different computing environments.
The document discusses processes and process scheduling in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that changes state as it runs. Process information is stored in a process control block. Processes move between ready, running, waiting, and terminated states. The operating system uses long-term and short-term schedulers to select which processes to move between queues like ready and device queues. Context switching occurs when the CPU switches between processes. Processes can cooperate through communication and synchronization using message passing between mailboxes. Client-server systems use sockets and remote procedure calls to enable remote communication.
1. Single partition allocation allocates memory such that the operating system resides in lower memory and user processes in higher memory. Limit and relocation registers protect processes. Multiple partition allocation divides memory into partitions, with each process allocated one partition.
2. A process control block (PCB) contains process state, scheduling information, registers, and memory allocation details. Useful PCB information includes the program counter, I/O status, process state like ready or running, accounting data, and CPU registers.
3. Preemptive scheduling interrupts running lower priority processes to run higher priority ones, like round robin. Non-preemptive scheduling runs processes to completion without interruption, like first-come first-
1) The operating system performs several key functions including booting the system, loading the kernel, starting system services, handling interrupts, and scheduling processes.
2) Multiprogramming and multitasking allow multiple jobs or processes to run concurrently by switching the CPU between them, improving efficiency when a process is waiting for I/O.
3) The operating system manages processes, memory, files, storage, and performs caching to improve performance.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming lecture on real-time operating systems (RTOS) for embedded systems. It includes the syllabus, which covers operating system basics, types of operating systems, tasks/processes/threads, multiprocessing/multitasking, task scheduling, and how to choose an RTOS. The document discusses the architecture and services of general operating systems and real-time kernels, including task management, scheduling, synchronization, and time management.
The document discusses operating systems and some of their core concepts. It defines an operating system as a program that manages computer hardware and acts as an intermediary between users and the computer. It then discusses key OS components like process management, memory management, and protection systems. It also covers concepts like multiprocessing, threads, process states, and context switching.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including processes, threads, interprocess communication, deadlocks, and scheduling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from first to fourth generation. Key concepts covered include processes, files, system calls, command interpreters, and signals. Operating system structures like monolithic, layered, and client-server models are summarized. Common interprocess communication problems like the bounded buffer, readers-writers, and dining philosophers problems are also briefly outlined. Finally, it discusses process scheduling algorithms, deadlock conditions and strategies to handle deadlocks.
ITFT_Device management in Operating SystemSneh Prabha
This document discusses different approaches to device management in computer systems, including direct I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, memory mapped I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). It describes how each approach handles coordination between software and hardware to complete I/O operations and optimize CPU usage. The key aspects covered are device drivers, buffering techniques, and the design of interfaces between applications, drivers, and device controllers.
An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It provides an environment for users to run programs efficiently and conveniently by managing resources like the CPU, memory, storage, and I/O devices. Operating systems exist to make computing usable by allocating resources fairly between programs and users. Common types include batch, time-sharing, and real-time operating systems.
The document provides information about real-time systems and real-time operating systems (RTOS). It defines a real-time system as one where the correctness depends not only on logical results but also the time when results are delivered. An RTOS is designed to meet the strict timing constraints of real-time applications through features like multitasking, interrupt handling, and predictable scheduling. Key considerations for selecting an RTOS include its real-time capabilities, footprint, interrupt latencies, available APIs, and development tools.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, describing their functions such as managing resources, acting as an interface between hardware and software, and providing services like I/O control and error handling. It discusses the evolution of operating systems from simple batch systems to time-sharing systems. Key concepts in OS development include processes, memory management, security, scheduling, and a layered system structure.
The document discusses process management in operating systems. It covers control blocks, interrupts, process states, scheduling algorithms like FIFO, SJF, SRTF, Round Robin and priority scheduling. It also discusses queuing, multiprogramming vs time sharing and scheduling criteria like CPU utilization, throughput, turnaround time and waiting time. Scheduling can be long, medium or short term and algorithms include priority queues and multilevel feedback queues.
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. A process is a program in execution that has its own address space and CPU. Processes go through various states like ready, running, waiting, and terminated. The operating system uses process control blocks to manage processes and maintain process information. It also uses process scheduling queues and performs long, short, and medium-term scheduling of processes. Threads are lightweight sub-processes that can run independently within a process and allow for parallel execution.
The document discusses information security and the goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA). It defines various cybercrimes like hacking, viruses, and phishing. The legal framework for cybercrime in India is the Information Technology Act of 2000, which aims to facilitate electronic commerce and records. Various types of cybercrimes are outlined like those against individuals, property, government, and society. Common cybercrimes include hacking, cyber stalking, and financial fraud.
This document discusses different types of information systems including transaction processing systems, office automation systems, process control systems, decision support systems, and human resource information systems. It provides details on transaction processing systems including their purpose of recording day-to-day business transactions, the types of decisions they support, and examples. It also describes office automation systems and their components which integrate functions like electronic publishing, communication, collaboration, image processing and office management to improve efficiency. Finally, it outlines the components and functions of human resource information systems for managing employee information.
CRM systems allow companies to manage customer information and interactions. They streamline business processes to improve customer service, increase sales, and discover new customers. Successful CRM requires defining objectives and strategies, selecting the right software solution, providing training, and understanding costs. CRM software must manage data and processes, be easy to implement and use, and have a clear total cost of ownership. Relationship marketing aims to build long-term relationships through strong economic, technical and social ties. It involves different levels from basic marketing to partnership. CRM impacts the traditional 4Ps of marketing by customizing products, negotiating prices, offering direct distribution options, and emphasizing individual communication.
This document discusses various sales promotion techniques and personal selling. It provides definitions of sales promotion as activities that provide extra value or incentives to stimulate immediate sales. Personal selling is defined as presenting goods and services face-to-face to convince customers to buy. Key aspects of personal selling discussed are the personal interaction, persuasion abilities of salespeople, and flexibility of their approach. The AIDAS formula is also mentioned as the steps of personal selling - Attention, Interest, Desire, Action, Satisfaction.
The document summarizes the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It describes how MIS emerged as a field to bridge the gap between computer programmers and business needs. It traces the evolution from early computers used for scientific calculations to modern systems that process business data and support decision making. It also outlines key components of business information systems and typical career paths for MIS professionals.
Marketing Management ii unit iii sales promotionArnav Chowdhury
This document discusses various sales promotion techniques and personal selling. It provides definitions of sales promotion as activities that provide extra value or incentives to stimulate immediate sales. Personal selling is defined as presenting goods and services face-to-face to convince customers to buy. Key aspects of personal selling discussed are the personal interaction, persuasion abilities of salespeople, and flexibility of their approach. The AIDAS formula is also mentioned as a framework for effective personal selling.
The document discusses various aspects of advertising including its features, importance, types, and process of creation. It notes that advertising plays a vital role in various fields like education, health, technology, and more. It helps inform people, create awareness, and expand markets. The document also outlines the steps involved in creating an advertisement, from briefing to execution and performance evaluation. It provides an overview of the advertising industry in India, its market size and share across different media. The Indian digital ad market is projected to grow significantly in the coming years.
The document discusses software processes and iterative process models. It describes incremental delivery and spiral development as two iterative process models. Incremental delivery breaks development into increments with each delivering part of the functionality. Spiral development represents the process as a spiral with phases addressing objectives, risks, development and planning. Both models allow for iteration and incorporate user feedback earlier.
The document outlines the key steps in creating a functional testing strategy:
1. Understanding system requirements to identify business processes, data, and security needs.
2. Identifying test scenarios to describe specific business processes to test.
3. Defining test objectives to ensure the system's functionality, data accuracy, and security.
This document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes several phases: system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The system analysis phase involves studying the current system and specifying requirements for a new system. This includes collecting data, conducting interviews, and documenting processes. In system design, tools like flowcharts and data flow diagrams are used to design the new system based on requirements. Then coding converts the design into a program. Testing identifies bugs before implementation in the production environment. Maintenance is needed to fix errors and update the system over time.
The document discusses different systems development life cycles (SDLC) including the traditional SDLC model and alternatives like prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), and Joint Application Development (JAD). The traditional SDLC model involves phases like requirements definition, feasibility study, systems analysis, systems design, implementation, and maintenance. However, it has some limitations that newer approaches aim to address, focusing more on user involvement, flexibility, and rapid iterations.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) describes the process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. It involves preliminary system study, feasibility study, detailed system study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The SDLC follows a structured process to ensure high quality systems while maximizing productivity and providing management controls. It originated in the 1960s to develop large scale business systems.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes preliminary investigation, requirements analysis, system design, software development, system testing, and implementation and maintenance. It describes the purpose and history of SDLC as emerging in the 1960s to address the "software crisis". It also outlines the main steps and activities in each phase of the SDLC process.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which involves 6 main steps: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) requirements analysis, 3) system design, 4) system acquisition and development, 5) system testing, and 6) implementation and maintenance. It describes each step in detail, including gathering user requirements, designing and selecting a software model, testing the system, training users, and evaluating the results. The SDLC aims to efficiently develop high-quality software through a structured process of analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance activities.
The document discusses several approaches to system development including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements analysis to maintenance. The prototyping model develops initial prototypes to refine user requirements, while the incremental model delivers software in iterations. The spiral model combines elements of waterfall and prototyping, with risk analysis and evaluation at each phase.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which consists of 6 phases: 1) recognition of need, 2) feasibility study, 3) analysis, 4) design, 5) implementation, and 6) post-implementation and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, including that analysis involves defining system boundaries and collecting data, design determines how the problem will be solved through technical specifications, and implementation includes user training, testing, and file conversion. The overall SDLC process gives a system project meaning and direction by thoroughly understanding user needs from recognition through ongoing maintenance.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering processes. It discusses that a software process involves a series of defined activities that lead to the development of a software product. The key activities include specification, design, validation, and evolution. It also describes the requirements engineering process, software design process, programming and debugging, validation through testing, and evolution of software systems.
System Analysis and Design Project documentationMAHERMOHAMED27
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This document provides an introduction to computing, software engineering, and the system development life cycle (SDLC). It discusses software and what software engineering entails. It also describes different types of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools that can be used at various stages of the SDLC, including upper CASE tools for planning, analysis and design, and lower CASE tools for implementation, testing and maintenance. Finally, it outlines the phases of the SDLC process - preliminary investigation, planning, system analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance.
This document provides an overview of system development and information systems. It discusses reasons for creating or modifying systems, such as to correct problems or improve existing systems. It then describes the system development life cycle process, which involves six phases: preliminary investigation, system analysis, system design, system development, system implementation, and system operation and maintenance. It also discusses topics such as the roles of systems analysts, feasibility analysis, different approaches to system development, and implementation considerations.
The document discusses the process of system analysis and design. It describes the main steps as system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. System analysis involves studying the current system and user requirements to specify a new system. System design develops the new system structure based on analysis. The system is then coded, tested, and implemented before ongoing maintenance. The goal is to solve problems through an organized approach to system development.
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).pptxsandhyakiran10
The document describes the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It involves several key phases: problem definition, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, system development, implementation, and maintenance. In the system analysis phase, requirements are gathered through interviews, documentation review, and other techniques. System design then specifies how the system will meet requirements through elements like the user interface, data design, and process design. The system is built during development, tested, and then implemented, which may involve training, file conversion, and evaluation. Maintenance keeps the system meeting needs with ongoing support. Accountants can be involved throughout by specifying needs, testing, and using the new system.
The document outlines the 8 phases of the system development life cycle: 1) defining mission and goals, 2) specifying information needs, 3) analyzing the existing system, 4) designing the new system, 5) coding the new system, 6) testing the new system, and 7) implementing the new system. It provides details on the key activities and objectives for each phase, from initially identifying problems and goals through implementing the new system and training users.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Implementation is generally considered the most expensive stage of software development. It requires the most resources like programmers, testers etc.
2. Most errors are introduced in the requirements and design phases where misunderstandings between users and developers are common.
3. Project managers say that scope creep and changing requirements are the worst problems in software projects as they lead to cost overruns and missed deadlines.
Software testing and introduction to qualityDhanashriAmbre
The document provides an overview of software testing and quality assurance. It defines software testing as a process to investigate quality and find defects between expected and actual results. Testing is necessary to ensure software is defect-free per customer specifications and increases reliability. The document then discusses types of errors like ambiguous specifications, misunderstood specifications, and logic/coding errors. It outlines the software development life cycle including phases like planning, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is described in 1-2 sentences.
Sources of Funds, Venture Capital System, Designing a Funding Strategy, What investors look in a pitch funding, Current funding options available in GLobal Market
Core Concept of Marketing, Nature and Scope of Marketing, Importance, Selling Vs Marketing, Marketing Concepts, Segmentation, Basis of Segmentation, Targeting, Strategies of Targeting, Positioning, Strategieis of Positioning, Consumer Markets and Buying Behaviour, Consumer Behaviour, Buying Decision Behaviour
Entreprenuership Development Plan, Institutional Support System, National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development, STEPs stands for Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park, National Alliance for Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE), Technical Consultancy Organizations (TCOs), National Small Industries Corporation, Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI), IFCI (Industrial Finance Corporation of India), ICICI (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India) , RUDSETI (Rural Development and Self Employment Training Institute), Rural Development and Human Development Training Programs, Technology Transfer Programs
Joint ventures allow companies to share financial risk and resources to undertake new business ventures. They provide access to new markets and expertise while reducing costs through resource sharing. Notable Indian joint ventures include Maruti Suzuki, Sony India, and Bharti Walmart. Acquisitions involve one company purchasing another to gain control of its assets and operations. Mergers combine two companies into a new entity with mutual agreement between partners. Franchising is a business model where franchisees operate under an established brand in exchange for fees. Exit strategies like sale, IPO, or liquidation allow business owners to realize returns and transition out of their investment.
The document outlines the key elements that should be addressed when launching a new business, including registering the business legally and obtaining necessary licenses, setting up tax and insurance, protecting intellectual property, establishing a separate bank account, ensuring compliance with employment laws, drafting contracts and agreements, creating an online presence through a website and social media, and developing a branding strategy. Completing these formalities helps to legally establish the business and sets it up for compliant and successful operations.
Business Research Methodology ( Data Collection)Arnav Chowdhury
The document discusses data collection methods for research studies. It covers key topics such as sampling procedures, sample size determination, sampling methods, types of data, and methods for collecting data. Specifically, it describes the 7 steps for sampling procedures which include defining the population, determining the sampling method, sample size determination, creating a sampling frame, selecting the sample, obtaining consent, and collecting data. It also discusses common sampling methods like random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Finally, it outlines various data collection techniques including surveys, observations, experiments, interviews, and secondary data analysis.
Planning and organizing Entrepreneurial VentureArnav Chowdhury
Define Process of planning
entrepreneurial venture, How to Organize business research
tool and techniques, Define Life cycle of venture, Define Problem solving approaches,What are the ways of financing new venture
Introduction to entrepreneurship: What are Entrepreneurship Traits, Define Entrepreneur decision making process
What is the Role of entrepreneurship in economy
Analyze Concept of start up and forms of ownership
Role of Women entrepreneur and challenges
Orange Education Pvt Ltd is presenting a workshop on using ICT tools in education led by Dr. Arnav Chowdhury, Assistant Professor at AFMR Indore. The workshop will discuss how ICT can increase students' interest in learning through multimedia content like videos and games. ICT also promotes interactivity and active participation from students in the learning process. It further allows for close communication between students and teachers and personalization of up-to-date content and resources to local realities. Some ICT tools that can develop literacy discussed are drawing programs, web design, digital video, email, web searching, wikis, word processing, and blogs.
Cyber Safety Mechanism: Introduction, brief Introduction about Policies involved in cyber safety mechanism and purpose of implementing cyber security model
Information Technology Law (Cyber Law): Evolution of the IT Act 2000 and Its amendments: Genesis and Necessity, advantages.
Antivirus Techniques: Firewalls, Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Intrusion Prevention System (IPS).
Brief Introduction about Anti-Phishing Approach (Common Strategies Used For Secured Authentication): Authentication using passwords like One Time Password (OTP) generators, Two Factor Authentications, Secure Socket Layer (SSL), Secure Electronic Transaction (SET), Cryptography.
Unit II discusses cyber crime, including the methods and taxonomy of cyber attacks. The cyber world refers to the online environment where people interact through digital media like sharing and consuming content. Cyber crime involves any criminal activity using computers or networks and can be for profit, to damage systems, or use computers to spread illegal materials. Cyber attacks are classified based on the responsible agent as cyber warfare by states, cyber crime by individuals/organizations, or cyber terrorism. Common cyber attacks include injection attacks, DNS spoofing, and denial of service attacks on websites, as well as viruses, worms, and trojans on systems. Reasons for cyber crime include the ease of accessing systems, ability to store data in small spaces, complexity of systems, negligence
Information Technology and Modern Gadgets: Introduction, Utilization of Various Gadgets, Advantages of modern gadgets, Disadvantages of modern gadgets, Top 10 gadgets in India with small description.
This document outlines a pyramid model for classifying different types of information systems based on their purpose and use within an organization. At the bottom is transaction processing systems which manage basic operations and data. Next is management information systems which provide structured reports to aid middle management. Then decision support systems which help senior managers analyze existing data and simulate future outcomes. The top level is executive information systems which provide both internal and external data to executives for strategic planning.
The document discusses information systems, their components, and their impacts. It describes:
1) The key components of information systems including hardware, software, databases, human resources, and procedures.
2) The attributes of quality information including being timely, complete, concise, relevant, precise, and in an appropriate form.
3) The impacts of information systems including new organizational structures, economic and entrepreneurial impacts, and social impacts related to privacy, intellectual property, education, and computer crime.
The document discusses the functions of management, specifically planning. It defines planning as looking ahead and determining future courses of action. Planning bridges the gap between the present and desired future state. The document outlines the steps in the planning function which include establishing objectives and premises, choosing alternative courses of action, formulating derivative plans, securing cooperation, and follow up/appraisal. It also describes characteristics of planning such as it being goal-oriented, continuous, and flexible. Finally, it discusses different types of plans including operational, tactical, strategic, and contingency plans.
The document discusses fundamentals of digital images including representation as pixels, color models like RGB and CMYK, color depth, resolution, and file formats. It also covers topics like dithering, 2D graphics as vector or raster, and image compression standards. Key aspects covered include how pixels and bit depth determine color representation, uses of RGB vs CMYK color schemes, and how dithering creates illusions of additional colors through pixel arrangement.
ScyllaDB Real-Time Event Processing with CDCScyllaDB
ScyllaDB’s Change Data Capture (CDC) allows you to stream both the current state as well as a history of all changes made to your ScyllaDB tables. In this talk, Senior Solution Architect Guilherme Nogueira will discuss how CDC can be used to enable Real-time Event Processing Systems, and explore a wide-range of integrations and distinct operations (such as Deltas, Pre-Images and Post-Images) for you to get started with it.
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
Introducing BoxLang : A new JVM language for productivity and modularity!Ortus Solutions, Corp
Just like life, our code must adapt to the ever changing world we live in. From one day coding for the web, to the next for our tablets or APIs or for running serverless applications. Multi-runtime development is the future of coding, the future is to be dynamic. Let us introduce you to BoxLang.
Dynamic. Modular. Productive.
BoxLang redefines development with its dynamic nature, empowering developers to craft expressive and functional code effortlessly. Its modular architecture prioritizes flexibility, allowing for seamless integration into existing ecosystems.
Interoperability at its Core
With 100% interoperability with Java, BoxLang seamlessly bridges the gap between traditional and modern development paradigms, unlocking new possibilities for innovation and collaboration.
Multi-Runtime
From the tiny 2m operating system binary to running on our pure Java web server, CommandBox, Jakarta EE, AWS Lambda, Microsoft Functions, Web Assembly, Android and more. BoxLang has been designed to enhance and adapt according to it's runnable runtime.
The Fusion of Modernity and Tradition
Experience the fusion of modern features inspired by CFML, Node, Ruby, Kotlin, Java, and Clojure, combined with the familiarity of Java bytecode compilation, making BoxLang a language of choice for forward-thinking developers.
Empowering Transition with Transpiler Support
Transitioning from CFML to BoxLang is seamless with our JIT transpiler, facilitating smooth migration and preserving existing code investments.
Unlocking Creativity with IDE Tools
Unleash your creativity with powerful IDE tools tailored for BoxLang, providing an intuitive development experience and streamlining your workflow. Join us as we embark on a journey to redefine JVM development. Welcome to the era of BoxLang.
Test Management as Chapter 5 of ISTQB Foundation. Topics covered are Test Organization, Test Planning and Estimation, Test Monitoring and Control, Test Execution Schedule, Test Strategy, Risk Management, Defect Management
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
Discover the Unseen: Tailored Recommendation of Unwatched ContentScyllaDB
The session shares how JioCinema approaches ""watch discounting."" This capability ensures that if a user watched a certain amount of a show/movie, the platform no longer recommends that particular content to the user. Flawless operation of this feature promotes the discover of new content, improving the overall user experience.
JioCinema is an Indian over-the-top media streaming service owned by Viacom18.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
ScyllaDB Leaps Forward with Dor Laor, CEO of ScyllaDBScyllaDB
Join ScyllaDB’s CEO, Dor Laor, as he introduces the revolutionary tablet architecture that makes one of the fastest databases fully elastic. Dor will also detail the significant advancements in ScyllaDB Cloud’s security and elasticity features as well as the speed boost that ScyllaDB Enterprise 2024.1 received.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
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This time, we're diving into the murky waters of the Fuxnet malware, a brainchild of the illustrious Blackjack hacking group.
Let's set the scene: Moscow, a city unsuspectingly going about its business, unaware that it's about to be the star of Blackjack's latest production. The method? Oh, nothing too fancy, just the classic "let's potentially disable sensor-gateways" move.
In a move of unparalleled transparency, Blackjack decides to broadcast their cyber conquests on ruexfil.com. Because nothing screams "covert operation" like a public display of your hacking prowess, complete with screenshots for the visually inclined.
Ah, but here's where the plot thickens: the initial claim of 2,659 sensor-gateways laid to waste? A slight exaggeration, it seems. The actual tally? A little over 500. It's akin to declaring world domination and then barely managing to annex your backyard.
For Blackjack, ever the dramatists, hint at a sequel, suggesting the JSON files were merely a teaser of the chaos yet to come. Because what's a cyberattack without a hint of sequel bait, teasing audiences with the promise of more digital destruction?
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This document presents a comprehensive analysis of the Fuxnet malware, attributed to the Blackjack hacking group, which has reportedly targeted infrastructure. The analysis delves into various aspects of the malware, including its technical specifications, impact on systems, defense mechanisms, propagation methods, targets, and the motivations behind its deployment. By examining these facets, the document aims to provide a detailed overview of Fuxnet's capabilities and its implications for cybersecurity.
The document offers a qualitative summary of the Fuxnet malware, based on the information publicly shared by the attackers and analyzed by cybersecurity experts. This analysis is invaluable for security professionals, IT specialists, and stakeholders in various industries, as it not only sheds light on the technical intricacies of a sophisticated cyber threat but also emphasizes the importance of robust cybersecurity measures in safeguarding critical infrastructure against emerging threats. Through this detailed examination, the document contributes to the broader understanding of cyber warfare tactics and enhances the preparedness of organizations to defend against similar attacks in the future.
MongoDB to ScyllaDB: Technical Comparison and the Path to SuccessScyllaDB
What can you expect when migrating from MongoDB to ScyllaDB? This session provides a jumpstart based on what we’ve learned from working with your peers across hundreds of use cases. Discover how ScyllaDB’s architecture, capabilities, and performance compares to MongoDB’s. Then, hear about your MongoDB to ScyllaDB migration options and practical strategies for success, including our top do’s and don’ts.
Elasticity vs. State? Exploring Kafka Streams Cassandra State StoreScyllaDB
kafka-streams-cassandra-state-store' is a drop-in Kafka Streams State Store implementation that persists data to Apache Cassandra.
By moving the state to an external datastore the stateful streams app (from a deployment point of view) effectively becomes stateless. This greatly improves elasticity and allows for fluent CI/CD (rolling upgrades, security patching, pod eviction, ...).
It also can also help to reduce failure recovery and rebalancing downtimes, with demos showing sporty 100ms rebalancing downtimes for your stateful Kafka Streams application, no matter the size of the application’s state.
As a bonus accessing Cassandra State Stores via 'Interactive Queries' (e.g. exposing via REST API) is simple and efficient since there's no need for an RPC layer proxying and fanning out requests to all instances of your streams application.
Enterprise Knowledge’s Joe Hilger, COO, and Sara Nash, Principal Consultant, presented “Building a Semantic Layer of your Data Platform” at Data Summit Workshop on May 7th, 2024 in Boston, Massachusetts.
This presentation delved into the importance of the semantic layer and detailed four real-world applications. Hilger and Nash explored how a robust semantic layer architecture optimizes user journeys across diverse organizational needs, including data consistency and usability, search and discovery, reporting and insights, and data modernization. Practical use cases explore a variety of industries such as biotechnology, financial services, and global retail.
MongoDB vs ScyllaDB: Tractian’s Experience with Real-Time MLScyllaDB
Tractian, an AI-driven industrial monitoring company, recently discovered that their real-time ML environment needed to handle a tenfold increase in data throughput. In this session, JP Voltani (Head of Engineering at Tractian), details why and how they moved to ScyllaDB to scale their data pipeline for this challenge. JP compares ScyllaDB, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL, evaluating their data models, query languages, sharding and replication, and benchmark results. Attendees will gain practical insights into the MongoDB to ScyllaDB migration process, including challenges, lessons learned, and the impact on product performance.
2. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a
conceptual model which includes policies
and procedures for developing or altering
systems throughout their life cycles.
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
3. SDLC is used by analysts to develop an
information system. SDLC includes the following
activities −
•requirements
•design
•implementation
•testing
•deployment
•operations
•maintenance
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
4. Phases of SDLC
•Preliminary Investigation (Problem
Identification)
Feasibility study
System analysis
System designing
Development of software
System testing
Implementation & Evaluation
Maintenance
6. Problem identification helps in :-
i. Defining a problem
ii. Setting proper system goal
iii. Determining the boundaries
of the project by considering the limitations of
available resources
1. Preliminary Investigation OR Problem Identification:
8. 2. Feasibility study:
There are four aspects of feasibility study :-
i. Technical feasibility
ii. Economical feasibility
iii. Operational feasibility
iv. Behavioural feasibility
9. i. Technical feasibility:
It involves the required and existing computer system,
hardware, software & to what extent it can support the
proposed application.
It answers following questions :-
o Whether the system can be carried out with existing
equipments ?
o Whether the existing software is enough ?
o If a new technology is required how best it can be
implemented ?
10. ii. Economic feasibility:
It involves post benefit analysis to determine the
benefit and savings that are expected from new
system and compared with costs. It benefits out
weight cost then decision is made to design and
implement new system.
iii. Operational feasibility:
It concerns with human, organisational and political
aspects. It covers technical performance as well as
acceptance within the organisation. It determines
the general attitude and job skills of existing
personals and whether any restructuring of jobs will
be acceptable to the current user.
11. iv. Behavioural feasibility:
It includes how strong the reaction of staff will be
towards the development of new system that
involves computer’s use in their daily work. So
resistant to change is identified.
13. System Analysis
The major objectives of systems analysis are to find
answers for each business process:
•What is being done?
•How is it being done?
•Who is doing it?
•When is he doing it? Why is it being done?
•How can it be improved?
14. System Analysis Involves in:
•collecting factual data
•understand the processes involved
•identifying problems and recommending feasible
suggestions
This involves studying the
•business processes
• gathering operational data
• understand the information flow
• finding out bottlenecks
•evolving solutions for overcoming the weaknesses
of the system.
16. System Design
•The logical design produced during the
analysis is turned into a physical design
•A detailed description of what is needed to
solve original problem.
•Input, output, databases, forms, codification
schemes and processing specifications are
drawn up in detail
•The programming language and the
hardware and software platform in which the
new system will run are also decided
17. System Design
•Data structure, control process, equipment source,
workload and limitation of the system, Interface,
documentation, training, procedures of using the
system, taking backups and staffing requirement are
decided at this stage.
•There are several tools and techniques used for
describing the system design of the system. These
tools and techniques are: Flowchart, Data flow
diagram (DFD), Data dictionary, Structured English,
Decision table and Decision tree
19. Development of Software (Coding)
•A programmer, network engineer and/or database
developer are brought on to do the major work on
the project.
•The programmer converts the program
specifications into computer instructions, which we
refer to as programs.
•Programming tools like compilers, interpreters and
language like c, c++, and java etc., are used for
coding .with respect to the type of application.
21. Testing
After codifying the whole programs of the
system, a test plan should be developed and
run on a given set of test data. The output of
the test run should match the expected
results.
Using the test data following test run are
carried out:
•Program test
•System test
22. Testing
Program test : When the programs have been coded
and compiled and brought to working conditions,
they must be individually tested with the prepared
test data. All verification and validation be checked
and any undesirable happening must be noted and
debugged (error corrected).
System Test : The complete system is executed on
the actual data. At each stage of the execution, the
results or output of the system is analyzed. During
the result analysis, it may be found that the outputs
are not matching the expected output of the system.
In such case, the errors in the particular programs
are identified and are fixed and further tested for the
expected output.
24. Implementation & Evaluation
The major steps involved in this phase are:
•Acquisition and Installation of Hardware and
Software
•Conversion
•User Training
•Documentation
25. Implementation & Evaluation
During this phase, all the programs of the system are
loaded onto the user’s computer. After loading the
system, training of the user starts. Main topics of
such type of training are:
•How to execute the package?
•How to enter the data?
•How to process the data (processing details)?
•How to take out the reports?
26. Implementation & Evaluation
After the users are trained about the computerized
system, working has to shift from manual to
computerized working. The process is
called Changeover. The following strategies are
followed for changeover of the system.
Direct Changeover: This is the complete
replacement of the old system by the new system. It
is a risky approach and requires comprehensive
system testing and training.
Parallel run : In parallel run both the systems, i.e.,
computerized and manual, are executed
simultaneously for certain defined period. The same
data is processed by both the systems.
27. Implementation & Evaluation
The documentation of the system is also one of the
most important activity in the system development
life cycle.
User Documentation: It is a complete description of
the system from the user’s point of view detailing
how to use or operate the system. It also includes
the major error messages likely to be encountered
by the user.
System Documentation: It contains the details of
system design, programs, their coding, system flow,
data dictionary, process description, etc. This helps
to understand the system and permit changes to be
made in the existing system to satisfy new user
needs.
29. Maintenance
It has been seen that there are always some errors
found in the systems that must be noted and
corrected. It also means the review of the system
from time to time. The review of the system is done
for:
•knowing the full capabilities of the system
•knowing the required changes or the additional
requirements
•studying the performance.
30. Waterfall Model
• The Waterfall Model was the first Process
Model to be introduced. It is also referred to
as a linear-sequential life cycle model.
• The Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC
approach that was used for software
development.
33. Waterfall Model
• Requirement Gathering and analysis − All
possible requirements of the system to be
developed are captured in this phase and
documented in a requirement specification
document.
35. Waterfall Model
• System Design − The requirement
specifications from first phase are studied in
this phase and the system design is prepared.
This system design helps in specifying
hardware and system requirements and helps
in defining the overall system architecture.
37. Waterfall Model
• Implementation − With inputs from the
system design, the system is first developed in
small programs called units, which are
integrated in the next phase. Each unit is
developed and tested for its functionality,
which is referred to as Unit Testing.
39. Waterfall Model
• Integration and Testing − All the units
developed in the implementation phase are
integrated into a system after testing of each
unit. Post integration the entire system is
tested for any faults and failures.
41. Waterfall Model
• Deployment of system − Once the functional
and non-functional testing is done; the
product is deployed in the customer
environment or released into the market.
43. Waterfall Model
• Maintenance − There are some issues which
come up in the client environment. To fix
those issues, patches are released. Also to
enhance the product some better versions are
released. Maintenance is done to deliver
these changes in the customer environment.
44. Advantages of Waterfall Model
• Simple and easy to understand and use
• Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model. Each
phase has specific deliverables and a review process.
• Phases are processed and completed one at a time.
• Works well for smaller projects where requirements
are very well understood.
• Clearly defined stages.
• Well understood milestones.
• Easy to arrange tasks.
• Process and results are well documented.
45. Disadvantages of Waterfall Model
• High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
• Not a good model for complex and object-oriented
projects.
• Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
• Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at
a moderate to high risk of changing. So, risk and
uncertainty is high with this process model.
• It is difficult to measure progress within stages.
• Cannot accommodate changing requirements.
• Adjusting scope during the life cycle can end a project.
48. Spiral Model
Phase Name Activities performed Deliverables / Output
Planning -Requirements are studied and gathered.
- Feasibility study
- Reviews and walkthroughs to streamline the
requirements
Requirements understanding
document
Finalized list of requirements.
Risk Analysis Requirements are studied and brain storming
sessions are done to identify the potential risks
Once the risks are identified , risk mitigation
strategy is planned and finalized
Document which highlights all
the risks and its mitigation
plans.
Engineering Actual development and testing if the software
takes place in this phase
Code
Test cases and test results
Test summary report and defect
report.
Evaluation Customers evaluate the software and provide
their feedback and approval
Features implemented
document
49. Spiral model is used in the following
scenarios
• When the project is large.
• Where the software needs continuous risk
evaluation.
• Requirements are a bit complicated and require
continuous clarification.
• Software requires significant changes.
• Where enough time frame is their to get end user
feedback.
• Where releases are required to be frequent.
50. Advantages of using Spiral Model
• Development is fast
• Larger projects / software are created and
handled in a strategic way
• Risk evaluation is proper.
• Control towards all the phases of development.
• More and more features are added in a
systematic way.
• Software is produced early.
• Has room for customer feedback and the changes
are implemented faster.
51. Disadvantages of using Spiral Model
• Risk analysis is important phase so requires
expert people.
• Is not beneficial for smaller projects.
• Spiral may go infinitely.
• Documentation is more as it has intermediate
phases.
• It is costly for smaller projects.