The system development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework for developing information systems. It consists of several sequential phases: initial investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, system coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. In the past, the waterfall approach was used, but now developers may iterate between phases as needed. The goal is to conceive, design, and implement an information system to solve business problems.
The document describes the six phases of the systems development life cycle: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) systems analysis, 3) systems design, 4) systems development, 5) systems implementation, and 6) systems maintenance. Each phase involves specific activities like gathering requirements, designing system components, developing and acquiring software/hardware, testing, training users, and ongoing maintenance. Traceability matrices are used to map requirements to designs and validate that the life cycle process is followed.
What is Software or System ?
How to develop a good Software or System ?
What attributes of designing a good Software or System ?
Which methodology should be to design a good Software or System ?
What is SDLC ?
How many phases available in SDLC ?
The document summarizes the system development life cycle and the roles of a system analyst. It discusses the key phases of the SDLC including preliminary study, feasibility study, detailed system study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It also outlines the main roles of a system analyst which include defining requirements, prioritizing requirements, gathering user facts/data/opinions, evaluation and analysis, problem solving, and drawing specifications.
The document discusses the system analysis and design (SAD) process. It defines a system, explains the key components of a system (input, processing, output). It then outlines the main phases of the system development life cycle including preliminary system study, feasibility study, detailed investigation/analysis, system design, implementation, and maintenance. The goal of SAD is to analyze problems, requirements and design effective software solutions to address organizational needs.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) describes the process of planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. It involves several key phases: preliminary analysis, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, deployment, maintenance, and disposal. Each phase serves an important purpose in properly analyzing requirements, designing the system, developing and testing code, deploying the final product, and maintaining or replacing the system. Testing occurs at various stages to ensure quality and identify issues. The SDLC process helps information systems meet goals on time and on budget.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes various phases for developing and maintaining systems. The key phases are: system investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The feasibility study phase evaluates the technical, operational, economic, motivational, and schedule feasibility of a proposed system. The system analysis phase involves studying user requirements and the current system. System design then specifies how the new system will meet requirements through elements like data design, user interface design, and process design. This produces specifications for the system.
The document outlines the 8 phases of the system development life cycle: 1) defining mission and goals, 2) specifying information needs, 3) analyzing the existing system, 4) designing the new system, 5) coding the new system, 6) testing the new system, and 7) implementing the new system. It provides details on the key activities and objectives for each phase, from initially identifying problems and goals through implementing the new system and training users.
The system development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework for developing information systems. It consists of several sequential phases: initial investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, system coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. In the past, the waterfall approach was used, but now developers may iterate between phases as needed. The goal is to conceive, design, and implement an information system to solve business problems.
The document describes the six phases of the systems development life cycle: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) systems analysis, 3) systems design, 4) systems development, 5) systems implementation, and 6) systems maintenance. Each phase involves specific activities like gathering requirements, designing system components, developing and acquiring software/hardware, testing, training users, and ongoing maintenance. Traceability matrices are used to map requirements to designs and validate that the life cycle process is followed.
What is Software or System ?
How to develop a good Software or System ?
What attributes of designing a good Software or System ?
Which methodology should be to design a good Software or System ?
What is SDLC ?
How many phases available in SDLC ?
The document summarizes the system development life cycle and the roles of a system analyst. It discusses the key phases of the SDLC including preliminary study, feasibility study, detailed system study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It also outlines the main roles of a system analyst which include defining requirements, prioritizing requirements, gathering user facts/data/opinions, evaluation and analysis, problem solving, and drawing specifications.
The document discusses the system analysis and design (SAD) process. It defines a system, explains the key components of a system (input, processing, output). It then outlines the main phases of the system development life cycle including preliminary system study, feasibility study, detailed investigation/analysis, system design, implementation, and maintenance. The goal of SAD is to analyze problems, requirements and design effective software solutions to address organizational needs.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) describes the process of planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. It involves several key phases: preliminary analysis, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, deployment, maintenance, and disposal. Each phase serves an important purpose in properly analyzing requirements, designing the system, developing and testing code, deploying the final product, and maintaining or replacing the system. Testing occurs at various stages to ensure quality and identify issues. The SDLC process helps information systems meet goals on time and on budget.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes various phases for developing and maintaining systems. The key phases are: system investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The feasibility study phase evaluates the technical, operational, economic, motivational, and schedule feasibility of a proposed system. The system analysis phase involves studying user requirements and the current system. System design then specifies how the new system will meet requirements through elements like data design, user interface design, and process design. This produces specifications for the system.
The document outlines the 8 phases of the system development life cycle: 1) defining mission and goals, 2) specifying information needs, 3) analyzing the existing system, 4) designing the new system, 5) coding the new system, 6) testing the new system, and 7) implementing the new system. It provides details on the key activities and objectives for each phase, from initially identifying problems and goals through implementing the new system and training users.
The document outlines the system development life cycle (SDLC) process, which includes 4 main phases: 1) Analysis to investigate business needs and requirements, 2) System design and development to design the system architecture and develop the software/hardware, 3) Implementation to test, train users, and convert to the new system, and 4) Maintenance and support to monitor performance, make updates, and fix errors after implementation. Each phase of the SDLC involves key activities and deliverables to progress the project from planning to operational use.
The document provides an overview of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process used to develop software in a logical, structured manner. It consists of six phases - system planning, system analysis, system design, system coding, system testing, and deployment and maintenance. The goal of the SDLC is to produce high-quality software that meets customer expectations with the highest quality, lowest cost, and shortest time. Each phase results in deliverables for the next phase and aims to gradually develop the system from inception of an idea through implementation and delivery.
Here are the DFD diagrams for the Online Auction System:
Level 0 (Context Level) DFD:
Online Auction System (Context Diagram)
Seller - Post Product Details
Buyer - View Auction Updates, Search Products, View Products
Level 1 DFD:
Online Auction System
Seller
- Post Product
- Product Details
Buyer
- Search Products
- View Products Details
Administrator
- Manage Products
- Manage Users
Database
- Product Details
- User Details
This shows the basic data flows in and out of the overall Online Auction System at a high level (Level 0) and then breaks it down further
Online auction system is web based application, in which the seller can sell the goods by sitting in his own house ,so the main advantage of this application is that there is no more system compatibility requirement problem. The main advantage of the online auction system is that the user can have the better choices for their investment and also it is time saving , and through this system user can invest in their own selected firm.
This document provides an overview of system development and information systems. It discusses reasons for creating or modifying systems, such as to correct problems or improve existing systems. It then describes the system development life cycle process, which involves six phases: preliminary investigation, system analysis, system design, system development, system implementation, and system operation and maintenance. It also discusses topics such as the roles of systems analysts, feasibility analysis, different approaches to system development, and implementation considerations.
The system development life cycle is a framework consisting of several stages used to develop information systems and software. It includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. The key stages are system analysis and design. The stages include recognition of needs, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. Each stage addresses important questions and lays the foundation for successful completion of subsequent stages.
The document discusses the process of system analysis and design. It describes the main steps as system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. System analysis involves studying the current system and user requirements to specify a new system. System design develops the new system structure based on analysis. The system is then coded, tested, and implemented before ongoing maintenance. The goal is to solve problems through an organized approach to system development.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which consists of 6 phases: 1) recognition of need, 2) feasibility study, 3) analysis, 4) design, 5) implementation, and 6) post-implementation and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, including that analysis involves defining system boundaries and collecting data, design determines how the problem will be solved through technical specifications, and implementation includes user training, testing, and file conversion. The overall SDLC process gives a system project meaning and direction by thoroughly understanding user needs from recognition through ongoing maintenance.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) describes the process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. It involves preliminary system study, feasibility study, detailed system study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The SDLC follows a structured process to ensure high quality systems while maximizing productivity and providing management controls. It originated in the 1960s to develop large scale business systems.
The document describes the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a process used to develop, implement, and retire information systems through several steps: initiation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It involves analyzing user needs, designing the system, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The waterfall model is presented as a common SDLC approach, consisting of sequential phases from requirements analysis through maintenance. Other SDLC models mentioned include iterative, spiral, object-oriented, rapid application development, and joint application development.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes 5 stages: system planning, system analysis, system design, system implementation, and system operation. The accountant plays an important role in several of these stages. In system planning, accountants provide expertise in evaluating feasibility and ensuring careful planning. In system analysis, accountants are important players in designing controls. In system design, accountants ensure accounting considerations are included. In implementation, accountants help with training and follow-up studies. In operation, accountants participate in post-implementation reviews and periodic system reviews.
Information System (IS) is a collection of components that work together to provide information to help in the operations and management of an organization.
The document discusses the stages of the system development life cycle (SDLC), including feasibility studies, system analysis, systems design, development, implementation, and maintenance. It provides details on the objectives and processes involved in each stage, such as defining requirements, designing system components, acquiring or developing software, testing the system, training users, and periodically evaluating systems once implemented.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It describes the main steps in SDLC as feasibility study, system analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Each step is then further explained. For example, feasibility study involves technical, economic, and operational feasibility analysis. System analysis involves requirements gathering and documentation. The document also briefly introduces some common SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, and spiral models.
The document provides an overview of a college website management system. It discusses the purpose and scope of the system, which is to automate college operations and provide services to members. It outlines the key functionality including online membership, tracking admissions and activities. The objectives are to make information retrieval and maintenance easy while adopting security measures. The proposed system would use ASP.NET for the front-end and be suitable for any education institute.
Software Engineering Important Short Question for ExamsMuhammadTalha436
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. The software development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases like requirements, design, implementation, testing, etc.
2. The waterfall model and its phases from modeling to maintenance.
3. The purpose of feasibility studies, data flow diagrams, and entity relationship diagrams.
4. Different types of testing done during the testing phase like unit, integration, system, black box and white box testing.
Information System Acquisition & Lifecycle: system acquisition process, phases: Initiation, Planning, Procurement, System Development, System Implementation, Maintenance & Operations, and Closeout. development models.
The document discusses system analysis and development models. It describes the need for system analysis from various points of view like system objectives, boundaries, importance, etc. It then explains the key stages in system analysis like system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. It also discusses various system analysis tools like data flow diagrams, decision tables, etc.
2 System development life cycle has six stages of creating a sys.docxtamicawaysmith
2 System development life cycle has six stages of creating a system. 3 Each step is important as it plays a significant role in a project. The development cycle involves the developing and implementing systems in order to retire the information systems from initiating, analyzing, designing the systems to the implementation and maintenance phases. The process is best used when creating or updating a database system and is most useful when undertaking a large project.
· Planning- Stage where you outline the problem, the main objectives, and all resources which will be required for use. 4 After that, you choose if you will create a new system, make some upgrades to the existing system or just leave the current system as it is.
· System Analysis- Determination of the client’s needs. The client is tangled as they clarify how they need the development to be carried out and in what way it will ensemble their needs. 4 Thus, documents the necessities and gets a sign-off from both the customer and administration to go forward with the system.
· System Design- It is the architectural phase. The members derive the logical plan and construction of flow of information for the system. Concrete coding is not yet underway at this period.
· System Implementation- We begin the actual coding of the system begin. Developing and installing of the system begins here. Maintenance, as well as any other future updates of the system, are carried out in this phase.
4 · System testing and Integration- After coding is comprehensive, the system goes over a severe test to see if it has any excuses and that it is steady. Once it concludes the assessments, the consumer can now use it.
· System maintenance- If a consumer has any inquiry or apprehensions about the system, they can get sustenance from the designers who remain to maintain the system. Operations such as backups and recovery can be performed in this stage as well as issuing of permissions by the system’s administrator.
Methodologies Software methodology is an outline used to assemble, strategize and regulate the development of a system. 4 Agile, RAD and JAD are software procedures, though, vary from each other.
3 Agile methodology is used for taking on software engineering schemes. They try to decrease peril by developing software in repetitions that can take up to 4 weeks. After 4 weeks have gone off each repetition, the members re-evaluate plan significances. It inspires teamwork.
There are several variances between JAD and RAD procedures. While both JAD and RAD employ teams that are contain users, managers, and Information Technology staff, they have quite a few points of dissimilarity. For example, JAD stresses on team-based information-gathering missions, that are only one phase of the growth process. RAD, however, is more of a trampled form of the whole process (Topi & Tucker, 2014). JAD is a prototypical that combines together commercial areas and IT professionals in a highly engrossed workshop. The prime re ...
YCIS_Forensic_Image Enhancement and Edge detection.pptxSharmilaMore5
This document discusses edge detection operators in digital image processing using Python. It covers several common edge detection techniques including Sobel, Prewitt, Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG), and Canny edge detectors. For each technique, it provides a brief overview of the algorithm, examples of advantages and limitations, and potential applications of edge detection such as medical imaging, satellite imagery, and face/fingerprint recognition. Edge detection is an important preprocessing step that identifies boundaries between objects and background in an image.
YCIS_Forensic PArt 1 Digital Image Processing.pptxSharmilaMore5
Basics of Digital Image Processing
Use of DIP in Society
Digital Image Processing Process
Why do we process images?
Image Enhancement and Edge detection
Python
How are we using Python in DIP
The document outlines the system development life cycle (SDLC) process, which includes 4 main phases: 1) Analysis to investigate business needs and requirements, 2) System design and development to design the system architecture and develop the software/hardware, 3) Implementation to test, train users, and convert to the new system, and 4) Maintenance and support to monitor performance, make updates, and fix errors after implementation. Each phase of the SDLC involves key activities and deliverables to progress the project from planning to operational use.
The document provides an overview of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process used to develop software in a logical, structured manner. It consists of six phases - system planning, system analysis, system design, system coding, system testing, and deployment and maintenance. The goal of the SDLC is to produce high-quality software that meets customer expectations with the highest quality, lowest cost, and shortest time. Each phase results in deliverables for the next phase and aims to gradually develop the system from inception of an idea through implementation and delivery.
Here are the DFD diagrams for the Online Auction System:
Level 0 (Context Level) DFD:
Online Auction System (Context Diagram)
Seller - Post Product Details
Buyer - View Auction Updates, Search Products, View Products
Level 1 DFD:
Online Auction System
Seller
- Post Product
- Product Details
Buyer
- Search Products
- View Products Details
Administrator
- Manage Products
- Manage Users
Database
- Product Details
- User Details
This shows the basic data flows in and out of the overall Online Auction System at a high level (Level 0) and then breaks it down further
Online auction system is web based application, in which the seller can sell the goods by sitting in his own house ,so the main advantage of this application is that there is no more system compatibility requirement problem. The main advantage of the online auction system is that the user can have the better choices for their investment and also it is time saving , and through this system user can invest in their own selected firm.
This document provides an overview of system development and information systems. It discusses reasons for creating or modifying systems, such as to correct problems or improve existing systems. It then describes the system development life cycle process, which involves six phases: preliminary investigation, system analysis, system design, system development, system implementation, and system operation and maintenance. It also discusses topics such as the roles of systems analysts, feasibility analysis, different approaches to system development, and implementation considerations.
The system development life cycle is a framework consisting of several stages used to develop information systems and software. It includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. The key stages are system analysis and design. The stages include recognition of needs, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. Each stage addresses important questions and lays the foundation for successful completion of subsequent stages.
The document discusses the process of system analysis and design. It describes the main steps as system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. System analysis involves studying the current system and user requirements to specify a new system. System design develops the new system structure based on analysis. The system is then coded, tested, and implemented before ongoing maintenance. The goal is to solve problems through an organized approach to system development.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which consists of 6 phases: 1) recognition of need, 2) feasibility study, 3) analysis, 4) design, 5) implementation, and 6) post-implementation and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, including that analysis involves defining system boundaries and collecting data, design determines how the problem will be solved through technical specifications, and implementation includes user training, testing, and file conversion. The overall SDLC process gives a system project meaning and direction by thoroughly understanding user needs from recognition through ongoing maintenance.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) describes the process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. It involves preliminary system study, feasibility study, detailed system study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The SDLC follows a structured process to ensure high quality systems while maximizing productivity and providing management controls. It originated in the 1960s to develop large scale business systems.
The document describes the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a process used to develop, implement, and retire information systems through several steps: initiation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It involves analyzing user needs, designing the system, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The waterfall model is presented as a common SDLC approach, consisting of sequential phases from requirements analysis through maintenance. Other SDLC models mentioned include iterative, spiral, object-oriented, rapid application development, and joint application development.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes 5 stages: system planning, system analysis, system design, system implementation, and system operation. The accountant plays an important role in several of these stages. In system planning, accountants provide expertise in evaluating feasibility and ensuring careful planning. In system analysis, accountants are important players in designing controls. In system design, accountants ensure accounting considerations are included. In implementation, accountants help with training and follow-up studies. In operation, accountants participate in post-implementation reviews and periodic system reviews.
Information System (IS) is a collection of components that work together to provide information to help in the operations and management of an organization.
The document discusses the stages of the system development life cycle (SDLC), including feasibility studies, system analysis, systems design, development, implementation, and maintenance. It provides details on the objectives and processes involved in each stage, such as defining requirements, designing system components, acquiring or developing software, testing the system, training users, and periodically evaluating systems once implemented.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It describes the main steps in SDLC as feasibility study, system analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Each step is then further explained. For example, feasibility study involves technical, economic, and operational feasibility analysis. System analysis involves requirements gathering and documentation. The document also briefly introduces some common SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, and spiral models.
The document provides an overview of a college website management system. It discusses the purpose and scope of the system, which is to automate college operations and provide services to members. It outlines the key functionality including online membership, tracking admissions and activities. The objectives are to make information retrieval and maintenance easy while adopting security measures. The proposed system would use ASP.NET for the front-end and be suitable for any education institute.
Software Engineering Important Short Question for ExamsMuhammadTalha436
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. The software development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases like requirements, design, implementation, testing, etc.
2. The waterfall model and its phases from modeling to maintenance.
3. The purpose of feasibility studies, data flow diagrams, and entity relationship diagrams.
4. Different types of testing done during the testing phase like unit, integration, system, black box and white box testing.
Information System Acquisition & Lifecycle: system acquisition process, phases: Initiation, Planning, Procurement, System Development, System Implementation, Maintenance & Operations, and Closeout. development models.
The document discusses system analysis and development models. It describes the need for system analysis from various points of view like system objectives, boundaries, importance, etc. It then explains the key stages in system analysis like system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. It also discusses various system analysis tools like data flow diagrams, decision tables, etc.
2 System development life cycle has six stages of creating a sys.docxtamicawaysmith
2 System development life cycle has six stages of creating a system. 3 Each step is important as it plays a significant role in a project. The development cycle involves the developing and implementing systems in order to retire the information systems from initiating, analyzing, designing the systems to the implementation and maintenance phases. The process is best used when creating or updating a database system and is most useful when undertaking a large project.
· Planning- Stage where you outline the problem, the main objectives, and all resources which will be required for use. 4 After that, you choose if you will create a new system, make some upgrades to the existing system or just leave the current system as it is.
· System Analysis- Determination of the client’s needs. The client is tangled as they clarify how they need the development to be carried out and in what way it will ensemble their needs. 4 Thus, documents the necessities and gets a sign-off from both the customer and administration to go forward with the system.
· System Design- It is the architectural phase. The members derive the logical plan and construction of flow of information for the system. Concrete coding is not yet underway at this period.
· System Implementation- We begin the actual coding of the system begin. Developing and installing of the system begins here. Maintenance, as well as any other future updates of the system, are carried out in this phase.
4 · System testing and Integration- After coding is comprehensive, the system goes over a severe test to see if it has any excuses and that it is steady. Once it concludes the assessments, the consumer can now use it.
· System maintenance- If a consumer has any inquiry or apprehensions about the system, they can get sustenance from the designers who remain to maintain the system. Operations such as backups and recovery can be performed in this stage as well as issuing of permissions by the system’s administrator.
Methodologies Software methodology is an outline used to assemble, strategize and regulate the development of a system. 4 Agile, RAD and JAD are software procedures, though, vary from each other.
3 Agile methodology is used for taking on software engineering schemes. They try to decrease peril by developing software in repetitions that can take up to 4 weeks. After 4 weeks have gone off each repetition, the members re-evaluate plan significances. It inspires teamwork.
There are several variances between JAD and RAD procedures. While both JAD and RAD employ teams that are contain users, managers, and Information Technology staff, they have quite a few points of dissimilarity. For example, JAD stresses on team-based information-gathering missions, that are only one phase of the growth process. RAD, however, is more of a trampled form of the whole process (Topi & Tucker, 2014). JAD is a prototypical that combines together commercial areas and IT professionals in a highly engrossed workshop. The prime re ...
YCIS_Forensic_Image Enhancement and Edge detection.pptxSharmilaMore5
This document discusses edge detection operators in digital image processing using Python. It covers several common edge detection techniques including Sobel, Prewitt, Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG), and Canny edge detectors. For each technique, it provides a brief overview of the algorithm, examples of advantages and limitations, and potential applications of edge detection such as medical imaging, satellite imagery, and face/fingerprint recognition. Edge detection is an important preprocessing step that identifies boundaries between objects and background in an image.
YCIS_Forensic PArt 1 Digital Image Processing.pptxSharmilaMore5
Basics of Digital Image Processing
Use of DIP in Society
Digital Image Processing Process
Why do we process images?
Image Enhancement and Edge detection
Python
How are we using Python in DIP
Visualization and Matplotlib using Python.pptxSharmilaMore5
This document provides an overview of Matplotlib, a Python data visualization library. It discusses Matplotlib's pyplot and OO APIs, how to install Matplotlib, create basic plots using functions like plot(), and customize plots using markers and line styles. It also covers displaying plots, the Matplotlib user interface, Matplotlib's relationships with NumPy and Pandas, and examples of different types of graphs and charts like line plots that can be created with Matplotlib.
Sustainable Development in IT and Engineering.pptxSharmilaMore5
Introduction
Sustainable development
Articles in Sustainable development
Computational sustainability in CE & IT
Green IT and Green ICT
Geneva meet on 29 March 2022
The 6 Principles for Resilient Infrastructure
Ecosystem Approach
Things we can Do
Some Ways to Contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Conclusion
Fact Finding Techniques:
Introduction to Fact finding techniques,
Decision Tables and trees,
Normalization and its types-
(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and Boyce code normal forms),
Introduction to Object oriented programming concepts.
PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES _Chapter 1.pptSharmilaMore5
This document provides an overview of the Principles of Programming Languages course, including its learning objectives, types of programming languages, reasons for studying different languages, language evaluation criteria, commonly used languages, and the compilation process. The key topics covered are:
- The course aims to help students understand different programming language designs, learn new languages more quickly, and grasp basic implementation techniques.
- Programming languages allow communication with computers and can be low-level like machine language, high-level like Python, or middle-level.
- Important reasons for studying multiple languages include increased ability to solve problems, choose the right language, and understand language implementation.
- The compilation process translates high-level code into machine-readable format through
Dr. Sharmila Sharad More discusses regression analysis using Python. Regression analysis seeks relationships between variables, such as how employee salaries relate to experience, education, role, and city. Logistic regression specifically is used for binary classification problems to predict whether an event occurs or not based on independent variables. Examples include predicting email spam, fraudulent transactions, and whether tumors are malignant or benign. Logistic regression calculates the probability of a binary event and deals with classification issues.
Chap 1 Fundamentals of Cyber Security _ Intr to Cyber types.pptxSharmilaMore5
Unit 1: Introduction to Cyber Security and various challenges in cyber security
1.1. Overview of Cyber Security,
1.2. Internet Governance – Challenges and Constraints,
1.3. Cyber Threats: - Cyber Warfare-Cyber Crime-Cyber Terrorism-Cyber Espionage,
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
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1. (BAST -306)
Software Analysis
and Design
Dr Sharmila Sharad More,
Assistant Professor , Dept Of Science and Computer
Science,
MIT, ACSC,Alandi, Pune
2.
3. Unit-I Introduction to SDLC –
(9)
Content we have to discuss in
Unit –I-
What is System and its elements?
What SDLC,
Waterfall Model,
Prototype model,
Spiral Model and
RAD Model
Systems development is systematic process
which includes phases such as planning,
analysis, design, deployment, and
maintenance
Whenever we starts developing a new product, it is
important to follow the system development life cycle.
4. System:
A system is a organized combination of resources working together to convert inputs into
useful output.
It is derived from a Greek word ‘system’.
A system is an organized grouping of interdependent components working together
according a plan to fulfill predetermined objectives ( or linked together according to a plan to
achieve a specific goal.)
Characteristics of system:
· Predetermined Objectives
· It can be further subdivided
· All components can be interdependent or interrelated
E.g.- Traffic Management System, Payroll System, Automatic Library System,Information System.
Types of System:
1. · Physical System
2. · Abstract System
3. · Open System
4. · Close System
5. · Deterministic System
6. · Probabilistic System
7. · Introduction System
What is System and its elements?
5. 1. Physical System:
A physical system can be tangible or visible which can be touch and also be counted.
Physical system can be operated statically or dynamically.
2. Abstract System:
It can be conceptual or intangible.
For ex: A model of organization represents the concept.
3. Open System:
An open system is that interacts freely with outside environment and also it can be affected
from outside environment. When the environment changes the open system must also
change in order to adopt itself to the environment otherwise it will be fail.
4. Deterministic System:
Deterministic system operates in a manner that stat of the system at a time is already
determined and we can also predict the next state of the system without error.
For ex: The output of computer system is deterministic.
5. Probabilistic System:
The probabilistic system works in a predictable manner. If we can predict the stat of the
system then it is probabilistic.
For ex: Economic forecasting
6. Elements of system:
A system’s objectives are expressed in terms of output is needs to produce, the inputs are the
data which are processed while the output i.e. information are the outcome of the process.
In addition there are two more components
i. Control
It makes the system to operate within supportable performance levels. Control of the system
is the decision maker that controls the activities of accepting input, process & producing the
output.
ii. Feedback
It is the information on how well a system is performing & it is essential for system
modifications.
System may use feedback for control the information generated by comparing results with
acceptable level of performance (standards) and informing the control elements of the
difference is termed as feedback.
In feedback control the output is fed back to input. It allows to be majored against some
standards and making adjustment in the processing accordingly.
7. The software development life cycle (SDLC)
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a process which is used to develop software.
SDLC is a step by step procedure need to be followed by the organization to design and develop a high quality
product.
The phases of software development life cycle are which describes that how to develop, maintain particular software.
The life cycle aims to develop a good quality product/software.
SDLC produces intermediate products that can be reviewed to check whether they work according to customer
requirement.
It should result in a high quality system that meets customer expectations, reaches completion within time and cost
evaluations, and works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned Information Technology infrastructure.
It is a well defined process by which a system is planned, developed and implemented.
The system development starts with the requirement for improving their business system.
Whenever we starts developing a new product, it is important to follow the system development life
cycle.
8. There are 8 activities involves in SDLC :-
· Preliminary Investigation (Problem
Identification)
· Feasibility study
· System analysis
· System designing
· Development of software(Coding)
· System testing
· Implementation & Evaluation
· Maintenance
10. 1. Preliminary Investigation OR Problem Identification:
One of most difficult task of the system analyst is identifying the real problem of the existing system.
It defines the user requirements or what the user expects from the new system. This also includes the
rough idea of the resource requirements as well as estimated time for completion and number of
persons expected to be involve in each phase.
Problem identification helps in :- i. Defining a problem
ii. Setting proper system goal
iii. Determining the boundaries of the project by
considering the limitations of available resources
2. Feasibility study:
It determine the possibility of either improving the existing system or developing the complete new
system. It helps to obtain an overview of the problem and to get rough assessment of whether physical
solution exist. The purpose of feasibility study is to determine whether the requested system
successfully realizable.
There are four aspects of feasibility study :- i. Technical feasibility
ii. Economical feasibility
iii. Operational feasibility
iv. Behavioural feasibility
11. i. Technical feasibility:
It involves the required and existing computer system, hardware, software & to what extent it can support
the proposed application.
It answers following questions :-
o Whether the system can be carried out with existing equipment’s ?
o Whether the existing software is enough ?
o If a new technology is required how best it can be implemented ?
ii. Economic feasibility:
It involves post benefit analysis to determine the benefit and savings that are expected from new system
and compared with costs. It benefits out weight cost then decision is made to design and implement new
system.
iii. Operational feasibility:
It concerns with human, organisational and political aspects. It covers technical performance as well as
acceptance within the organisation. It determines the general attitude and job skills of existing personals
and whether any restructuring of jobs will be acceptable to the current user.
iv. Behavioural feasibility:
It includes how strong the reaction of staff will be towards the development of new system that involves
computer’s use in their daily work. So resistant to change is identified.
12. 3. System analysis:
It involves detailed understanding of all important facts of the business area under investigation. This require data
collection from a verity of sources such as questionnaires, forms, interviews, study of existing documents. It can be
involved the direct observation in the organisation and collected documents to understand the whole existing system.
4. System designing:
In this process the primary object is to identify user requirements and to build a system that satisfies these requirements.
Design of the system is mainly the logical design that can be sketch on a paper or on a computer. It includes physical
design elements, describes the data to be inputted.
The process involved in manipulation of data & output design represents:-
i. File structure, storage devices etc
ii. Database is also designed in this phase
iii. Changes to be made in the organisational structure of the firm are outlines
iv. Input, Output, files, forms and procedures are planned
v. Finally standards for testing, documentation, system control are designed.
5. Development of software: The actual software development process begins at this phase.
Development is a phase where detailed design is used to actually construct and build the system. In this phase the system
is decided whether to buy commercial software or to develop new customized program with the help of the programmers.
The choice depends upon the cost of software and cost of programming.
6. System testing:
Testing is a process of making sure that the program performs the intended task. Once the system is designed it should be
tested for validity. During this phase the system is used experimentally to ensure that software does not fail and it will
work according to its specification. It is tested with special test data.
13. 7. Implementation & Evaluation:
This is the final phase of development. It consists of installing hardware, programs, collecting data and
organizing people to interact with and run the system. In this phase user actually starts using the system
therefore it also involves training of users and provides friendly documentation.
Evaluation is the process of verifying the capability of a system after it put into operation to see whether
it meets the objective or not. It includes response time, overall reliability and limitations user behaviour.
8. Maintenance:
It is process of incorporating changes in the implemented existing system.
i. Enhancement: Adding new functions or additional capability of the system.
ii. Adaptation: Customizing the software to run in a new environment.
iii. Correction : Correcting the bugs in the existing software
14. • The Waterfall Model was the first Process Model to be introduced.
• It is also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model.
• It is very simple to understand and use.
• In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the
next phase can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases.
• Waterfall approach was first SDLC Model to be used
widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the
project.
• In "The Waterfall" approach, the whole process of
software development is divided into separate
phases.
• In this Waterfall model, typically, the outcome of one phase
acts as the input for the next phase sequentially. ….called as
Cascading Model
Waterfall Model
15. When to use -Waterfall Model :-
Waterfall model can be used when -Requirements are not changing
frequently
Application is not complicated and big
Project is short
Requirement is clear
Environment is stable
Technology and tools used are not dynamic and is stable
Resources are available and trained
16. Requirement Gathering stage During this phase, detailed requirements of the software system
to be developed are gathered from client
Design Stage Plan the programming language, for Example Java, PHP, .net
or database like Oracle, MySQL, etc.
Or other high-level technical details of the project
Coding Stage After design stage, it is built stage, that is nothing but coding the
software
Test Stage In this phase, you test the software to verify that it is built as per
the specifications given by the client.
Deployment stage Deploy the application in the respective environment
Maintenance stage Once your system is ready to use, you may later require change
the code as per customer request
17. Advantages Dis-Advantages
Before the next phase of development, each phase
must be completed
Error can be fixed only during the phase
Suited for smaller projects where requirements are
well defined
It is not desirable for complex project where
requirement changes frequently
They should perform quality assurance test
(Verification and Validation) before completing each
stage
• Testing period comes quite late in the developmental
process
Elaborate documentation is done at every phase of the
software's development cycle
Documentation occupies a lot of time of developers
and testers
Project is completely dependent on project team with
minimum client intervention
• Clients valuable feedback cannot be included with
ongoing development phase
Any changes in software is made during the process
of the development
Small changes or errors that arise in the completed
software may cause a lot of problems
Advantages and Disadvantages of Waterfall-Model
18. Prototype Model
• In this Prototype Model before designing phase, a
prototype is developed, tested, reviewed and approved by
the customer, after that design will be ready for coding,
testing, installation and maintenance will takes place.
• This prototype is prepared based on the customer
requirements.
• Prototype testing is checking for the required
components are present or not.
• This Prototype Model is same as waterfall model, but
in this model we need to develop prototype and
customer interaction will be there. Since there is
customer interaction there will be less chance of
rejection.
19. When to use Prototype model:
• Whenever the customer not clears about the requirement in this situation we generally go for
prototype model.
• If it is complex project then prototype model makes clear understand the requirement.
• Prototyping make sure that the customer constantly work with the system and provide a feedback
about the system.
• By using this prototype, customer can understand the requirements of desired system and also
the customer can get an “actual feel” of the system.
• It is an attractive idea for complex and bigger systems.
20. Advantages Disadvantages
Customer satisfaction exists, because customer can feel the
product at very early stage.
There are no parallel deliverables
If there is missing functionality can be identified easily It is a time consuming if customer ask for
changes in prototype
There will be less chance of software rejection This methodology may increase the system
complexity as scope of the system may
expand beyond original plans.
Requirement changes are allowed. The invested effort in the preparation of
prototypes may be too much if not properly
monitored.
Due to customer approval we can find the errors at early
stage
Customer may get confused in the
prototypes and real systems.
Customer involvement will be there in the development
where its leads to better solutions for any confusion /
complexity / difficult functions
The developed prototype can be re-used by developer and
test engineer.
21. Spiral Model
• The spiral model combines the idea of iterative development with the systematic, controlled
aspects of the waterfall model.
• This Spiral model is a combination of iterative development process model and sequential linear
development model i.e. the waterfall model with a very high emphasis on risk analysis.
• It allows incremental releases of the product or incremental refinement through each iteration
around the spiral.
The spiral model has four phases.
A software project repeatedly passes through these phases in iterations called Spirals.
Identification
Design
Construct or Build
Evaluation and Risk Analysis
22.
23. Identification
• This phase starts with gathering the business requirements in the baseline spiral.
• In the subsequent spirals as the product matures, identification of system requirements, subsystem
requirements and unit requirements are all done in this phase.
• This phase also includes understanding the system requirements by continuous communication
between the customer and the system analyst.
• At the end of the spiral, the product is deployed in the identified market.
Design
• The Design phase starts with the conceptual design in the baseline spiral and involves architectural
design, logical design of modules, physical product design and the final design in the subsequent
spirals.
24. Construct or Build
• The Construct phase refers to production of the actual software product at every spiral.
• In the baseline spiral, when the product is just thought of and the design is being developed a
POC (Proof of Concept) is developed in this phase to get customer feedback.
• Then in the subsequent spirals with higher clarity on requirements and design details a working
model of the software called build is produced with a version number.
• These builds are sent to the customer for feedback.
Evaluation and Risk Analysis
• Risk Analysis includes identifying, estimating and monitoring the technical feasibility and
management risks, such as schedule slippage and cost overrun.
• After testing the build, at the end of first iteration, the customer evaluates the software and
provides feedback.
25. Advantages Disadvantages
Changing requirements can be accommodated. Management is more complex.
Allows extensive use of prototypes End of the project may not be known early.
Requirements can be captured more
accurately.
Not suitable for small or low risk projects and could be
expensive for small projects.
Users see the system early. Process is complex
Development can be divided into smaller parts
and the risky parts can be developed earlier
which helps in better risk management
Spiral may go on indefinitely.
Large number of intermediate stages requires excessive
documentation.
26. • RAD model is Rapid Application
Development model.
• It is a type of incremental model.
• In RAD model the components or functions
are developed in parallel as if they were mini
projects.
• The developments are time boxed, delivered
and then assembled into a working prototype.
RAD model
• This can quickly give the customer something
to see and use and to provide feedback
regarding the delivery and their requirements.
27. The phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model are:
Business modeling: The information flow is identified between various business functions.
Data modeling: Information gathered from business modeling is used to define data objects that
are needed for the business.
Process modeling: Data objects defined in data modeling are converted to achieve the business
information flow to achieve some specific business objective. Description are identified and
created for CRUD of data objects.
Application generation: Automated tools are used to convert process models into code and the
actual system.
Testing and turnover: Test new components and all the interfaces.
28. When to use RAD model:
• RAD should be used when there is a need to create a system that can be modularized in 2-3
months of time.
• It should be used if there’s high availability of designers for modeling and the budget is high
enough to afford their cost along with the cost of automated code generating tools.
• RAD SDLC model should be chosen only if resources with high business knowledge are
available and there is a need to produce the system in a short span of time (2-3 months).
29. Advantages Disadvantages
Reduced development time. Depends on strong team and individual
performances for identifying business
requirements.
Increases reusability of components. Only system that can be modularized can be
built using RAD.
Quick initial reviews occur. Requires highly skilled developers/designers.
Integration from very beginning solves a lot
of integration issues.
High dependency on modeling skills
Encourages customer feedback. Inapplicable to cheaper projects as cost of
modeling and automated code generation is
very high.