Software life cycle model: The descriptive and diagrammatic representation of the software life cycle
It represent all the activities performed on software product from the inception to retirement
It also depicts the order in which these activities are to be undertaken
More than one activity can be carried out in a single phase
The primary advantage of adhering to a life cycle model is that it encourages development of software in a systematic and disciplined manner
When a program is developed by a single programmer ,he has the freedom to decide the exact steps through which he will develop the program
Iterative Linear Sequential Model
The document describes the waterfall model of software development. It consists of 5 sequential phases: 1) Requirement gathering and analysis, 2) Design, 3) Coding, 4) Testing, and 5) Maintenance. Each phase must be completed before moving to the next. The waterfall model provides structure, clear milestones, and is good for management control, but it does not allow for flexibility or iteration between phases. It is best used for projects with stable requirements that can be clearly defined upfront.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
The document discusses various aspects of the software process including software process models, generic process models like waterfall model and evolutionary development, process iteration, and system requirements specification. It provides details on each topic with definitions, characteristics, advantages and diagrams. The key steps in software process are specified as software specifications, design and implementation, validation, and evolution. Generic process models and specific models like waterfall, evolutionary development, and incremental delivery are explained.
The Waterfall model is a popular sequential model of the software development life cycle where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It consists of requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance phases. Though simple to understand and manage, the Waterfall model works best for smaller, well-defined projects as it is inflexible to changes and produces no working software until late in the cycle.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
The document discusses several prescriptive software process models including:
1) The waterfall model which follows sequential phases from requirements to deployment but lacks iteration.
2) The incremental model which delivers functionality in increments with each phase repeated.
3) Prototyping which focuses on visible aspects to refine requirements through iterative prototypes and feedback.
4) The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model which emphasizes very short development cycles of 60-90 days using parallel teams and automated tools. The document provides descriptions and diagrams of each model.
The document discusses the waterfall model of software development. It describes the five phases of the waterfall model as requirements gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It provides details on the activities in each phase, including documenting requirements, designing logical modules, writing code, testing software, and maintaining the system. The waterfall model is advantageous for small projects but inflexible if requirements change, as it is a sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next.
The document describes the waterfall model of software development. It consists of 5 sequential phases: 1) Requirement gathering and analysis, 2) Design, 3) Coding, 4) Testing, and 5) Maintenance. Each phase must be completed before moving to the next. The waterfall model provides structure, clear milestones, and is good for management control, but it does not allow for flexibility or iteration between phases. It is best used for projects with stable requirements that can be clearly defined upfront.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
The document discusses various aspects of the software process including software process models, generic process models like waterfall model and evolutionary development, process iteration, and system requirements specification. It provides details on each topic with definitions, characteristics, advantages and diagrams. The key steps in software process are specified as software specifications, design and implementation, validation, and evolution. Generic process models and specific models like waterfall, evolutionary development, and incremental delivery are explained.
The Waterfall model is a popular sequential model of the software development life cycle where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It consists of requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance phases. Though simple to understand and manage, the Waterfall model works best for smaller, well-defined projects as it is inflexible to changes and produces no working software until late in the cycle.
The document discusses key concepts in software design, including:
- Design involves modeling the system architecture, interfaces, and components before implementation. This allows assessment and improvement of quality.
- Important design concepts span abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. Architecture defines overall structure and interactions. Patterns help solve common problems.
- Separation of concerns and related concepts like modularity and information hiding help decompose problems into independently designed and optimized pieces to improve manageability. Functional independence means each module has a single, well-defined purpose with minimal interaction.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
The document discusses several prescriptive software process models including:
1) The waterfall model which follows sequential phases from requirements to deployment but lacks iteration.
2) The incremental model which delivers functionality in increments with each phase repeated.
3) Prototyping which focuses on visible aspects to refine requirements through iterative prototypes and feedback.
4) The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model which emphasizes very short development cycles of 60-90 days using parallel teams and automated tools. The document provides descriptions and diagrams of each model.
The document discusses the waterfall model of software development. It describes the five phases of the waterfall model as requirements gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It provides details on the activities in each phase, including documenting requirements, designing logical modules, writing code, testing software, and maintaining the system. The waterfall model is advantageous for small projects but inflexible if requirements change, as it is a sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
Software metrics can be used to measure various attributes of software products and processes. There are direct metrics that immediately measure attributes like lines of code and defects, and indirect metrics that measure less tangible aspects like functionality and reliability. Metrics are classified as product metrics, which measure attributes of the software product, and process metrics, which measure the software development process. Project metrics are used tactically within a project to track status, risks, and quality, while process metrics are used strategically for long-term process improvement. Common software quality attributes that can be measured include correctness, maintainability, integrity, and usability.
The document discusses the spiral model of software development. The spiral model is an iterative approach that combines prototyping and aspects of the waterfall model. It was defined by Barry Boehm in 1988 as a way to address risks through iterative evaluation and improvement of prototypes. The spiral model is best for medium to high risk projects where requirements are complex or expected to change. It involves evaluating prototypes, defining new prototypes based on learnings, and repeating this process until the final product is delivered.
Software Lifecycle Models / Software Development Models
Types of Software development models
Waterfall Model
Features of Waterfall Model
Phase of Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Advantages of Prototype Model
Disadvantages of Prototype model
V Model
Advantages of V-model
Disadvantages of V-model
When to use the V-model
Incremental Model
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
INCREMENTAL MODEL LIFE CYCLE
When to use the Incremental model
Rapid Application Development RAD Model
phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model
Advantages of the RAD model
Disadvantages of RAD model
When to use RAD model
Agile Model
Advantages of Agile model
Disadvantages of Agile model
When to use Agile model
The COCOMO model is a widely used software cost estimation model developed by Barry Boehm in 1981. It predicts effort, schedule, and staffing needs based on project size and characteristics. The Basic COCOMO model uses three development modes (Organic, Semidetached, Embedded) and a simple formula to estimate effort and schedule based on thousands of delivered source instructions. However, its accuracy is limited as it does not account for various project attributes known to influence costs. Function Point Analysis is an alternative size measurement that counts different types of system functions and complexity factors to estimate effort and cost.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The systematic use of proven principles, techniques ,languages and tools for the cost-effective analysis ,documentation and on-going evolution of user needs and the external behavior of a system to satisfy those user needs.
Requirement Elicitation
Facilitated Application Specification Technique(FAST)
Quality Function Deployment
USE-CASES
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
User Interface Design in Software Engineering SE15koolkampus
The document discusses principles of user interface design including interaction styles, information presentation, user support, and evaluation. It covers topics such as direct manipulation, menu selection, command languages, using color and graphics effectively, designing helpful error messages and documentation, and evaluating interfaces against usability specifications. The goal is to provide user-centered interfaces that are logical, consistent, and help users recover from errors.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering. It begins by defining requirements engineering as the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements. It then outlines the key tasks in requirements engineering: inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. For each task, it provides details on the goals and steps involved. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of requirements engineering and the various activities that comprise the process.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
This document discusses different types of software metrics including process, product, and project metrics. It defines metrics as quantitative measures of attributes and discusses how they can be used as indicators to improve processes and projects. Process metrics measure attributes of the development process over long periods of time. Product metrics measure attributes of the software at different stages. Project metrics are used to monitor and control projects. The document also discusses size-oriented and function-oriented metrics for normalization and comparison purposes. It provides examples of calculating function points and deriving metrics like errors per function point.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
Lect-4: Software Development Life Cycle Model - SPMMubashir Ali
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. It describes the key phases and characteristics of each model, and provides guidance on when each model is best applied based on factors like requirements stability, technology maturity, and risk level. The document aims to help readers understand the different SDLC options and choose the model that is most suitable for their specific project needs and context.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
Software metrics can be used to measure various attributes of software products and processes. There are direct metrics that immediately measure attributes like lines of code and defects, and indirect metrics that measure less tangible aspects like functionality and reliability. Metrics are classified as product metrics, which measure attributes of the software product, and process metrics, which measure the software development process. Project metrics are used tactically within a project to track status, risks, and quality, while process metrics are used strategically for long-term process improvement. Common software quality attributes that can be measured include correctness, maintainability, integrity, and usability.
The document discusses the spiral model of software development. The spiral model is an iterative approach that combines prototyping and aspects of the waterfall model. It was defined by Barry Boehm in 1988 as a way to address risks through iterative evaluation and improvement of prototypes. The spiral model is best for medium to high risk projects where requirements are complex or expected to change. It involves evaluating prototypes, defining new prototypes based on learnings, and repeating this process until the final product is delivered.
Software Lifecycle Models / Software Development Models
Types of Software development models
Waterfall Model
Features of Waterfall Model
Phase of Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Advantages of Prototype Model
Disadvantages of Prototype model
V Model
Advantages of V-model
Disadvantages of V-model
When to use the V-model
Incremental Model
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
INCREMENTAL MODEL LIFE CYCLE
When to use the Incremental model
Rapid Application Development RAD Model
phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model
Advantages of the RAD model
Disadvantages of RAD model
When to use RAD model
Agile Model
Advantages of Agile model
Disadvantages of Agile model
When to use Agile model
The COCOMO model is a widely used software cost estimation model developed by Barry Boehm in 1981. It predicts effort, schedule, and staffing needs based on project size and characteristics. The Basic COCOMO model uses three development modes (Organic, Semidetached, Embedded) and a simple formula to estimate effort and schedule based on thousands of delivered source instructions. However, its accuracy is limited as it does not account for various project attributes known to influence costs. Function Point Analysis is an alternative size measurement that counts different types of system functions and complexity factors to estimate effort and cost.
This Presentation contains all the topics in design concept of software engineering. This is much more helpful in designing new product. You have to consider some of the design concepts that are given in the ppt
The systematic use of proven principles, techniques ,languages and tools for the cost-effective analysis ,documentation and on-going evolution of user needs and the external behavior of a system to satisfy those user needs.
Requirement Elicitation
Facilitated Application Specification Technique(FAST)
Quality Function Deployment
USE-CASES
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
User Interface Design in Software Engineering SE15koolkampus
The document discusses principles of user interface design including interaction styles, information presentation, user support, and evaluation. It covers topics such as direct manipulation, menu selection, command languages, using color and graphics effectively, designing helpful error messages and documentation, and evaluating interfaces against usability specifications. The goal is to provide user-centered interfaces that are logical, consistent, and help users recover from errors.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering. It begins by defining requirements engineering as the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements. It then outlines the key tasks in requirements engineering: inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. For each task, it provides details on the goals and steps involved. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of requirements engineering and the various activities that comprise the process.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
This document discusses different types of software metrics including process, product, and project metrics. It defines metrics as quantitative measures of attributes and discusses how they can be used as indicators to improve processes and projects. Process metrics measure attributes of the development process over long periods of time. Product metrics measure attributes of the software at different stages. Project metrics are used to monitor and control projects. The document also discusses size-oriented and function-oriented metrics for normalization and comparison purposes. It provides examples of calculating function points and deriving metrics like errors per function point.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
Lect-4: Software Development Life Cycle Model - SPMMubashir Ali
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. It describes the key phases and characteristics of each model, and provides guidance on when each model is best applied based on factors like requirements stability, technology maturity, and risk level. The document aims to help readers understand the different SDLC options and choose the model that is most suitable for their specific project needs and context.
Structured system analysis and design Jayant Dalvi
The document discusses four common software development models: Waterfall, Spiral, Prototyping, and RAD (Rapid Application Development). It describes the key phases and characteristics of each model. The Waterfall model follows a linear sequence of phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. The Spiral model is iterative with a risk-analysis focus. Prototyping emphasizes early customer feedback through prototypes. RAD prioritizes rapid delivery of high priority functionality through reuse and automated tools. Each model has advantages for certain types of projects depending on requirements clarity, budget, and risks.
The document discusses various approaches for selecting a project methodology, including whether to build a system in-house or outsource it. It covers the waterfall model, spiral model, prototyping, and incremental delivery. The key aspects addressed are identifying project characteristics and risks to determine the most appropriate software process model. Structured versus agile approaches are weighed in terms of balancing requirements specification with delivery speed.
A software process model is an abstraction of the software development process. The models specify the stages and order of a process. So, think of this as a representation of the order of activities of the process and the sequence in which they are performed
This chapter discusses software development processes, project planning, and effort estimation. It introduces several key concepts:
- Software development processes involve a series of steps and activities that produce intended outputs. Common process models include waterfall, iterative development, and agile methods.
- Project planning involves tracking progress, organizing personnel, and estimating effort and schedule. Tools like Gantt charts, histograms, and expenditure tracking can be used.
- Effort estimation methods include expert judgment, algorithmic techniques like COCOMO II, and machine learning approaches. Estimates should be refined repeatedly as uncertainty decreases over the project lifecycle.
This document provides an overview of various software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. For each model, the key steps and processes are described, along with strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. Quality assurance practices like defect tracking, unit testing, and technical reviews are also discussed. The document serves as a comprehensive reference guide to the essential information about different SDLC approaches.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. It provides details on the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios for using each model. It also discusses quality assurance plans and techniques to ensure quality like defect tracking, unit testing, code reviews, integration testing, and system testing.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance and the importance of having a quality assurance plan that includes elements like defect tracking, testing at various stages of development, and code reviews.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides details on the key steps and phases in each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses. The models range from traditional plan-driven approaches like Waterfall to more iterative approaches like RAD and Spiral that allow for user feedback and adjustments throughout the process.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
Sadeed Ameen is a determined PHP and Java developer with over 3 years of experience in software development and entrepreneurship. He has worked as a developer at AIBlocks India in Trivandrum from 2015 to 2020 where he created web applications using PHP, SQL, JavaScript and other libraries. He also developed computer vision components using OpenCV in Java. Sadeed is fluent in English and Malayalam and has basic skills in Hindi and Arabic.
The document discusses key concepts in software engineering including:
1. The differences between programs and software products. Software products are larger, have multiple users, and follow a more systematic development process.
2. Software is defined as the instructions, data structures, and documentation that make up a computer system. It is developed rather than manufactured.
3. Software engineering aims to apply systematic and quantifiable approaches to software development, operation, and maintenance to produce reliable software economically.
Intelligent traffic information and control systemSADEED AMEEN
This document proposes an intelligent traffic information and control system that uses image processing and wireless communication to control traffic lights. A camera at intersections will capture images and detect vehicle presence to adjust light durations accordingly. An emergency vehicle clearance system will turn all lights green on its path. Zigbee modules allow wireless communication between an ambulance and traffic controller. Additionally, a traffic management system and chatbot provide traffic information to users. The system will use incremental development, initially controlling lights with Arduino then adding congestion control with image processing.
THE WAY IN WHICH PEOPLE AQUIRE INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR LOCALITY , WEATHER CON...SADEED AMEEN
TO IMPROVE THE WAY IN WHICH PEOPLE AQUIRE INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR LOCALITY , WEATHER CONDITIONS AND OTHER NECESSARY FACILITIES ON THEIR HANDHELD DEVICES WITHOUT CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET.
WEGET: WIRELESS ENABLED GEO TAGGING SYSTEM
INFORMATION ACCESS LIKE LOCAL WEATHER,MAPS ETC NEEDS CONSTANT INTERNET CONNECTION .
AS THE INTERNET DATA COVERS INFORMATION ABOUT A LARGE AREA , VARIATIONS IN A SMALL AREA WILL BE UNCLEAR.
MAIN UNITS OF OUR SYSTEM ARE:
1. SENSOR FUSION MODULE
2. ROUTER MODULE
3. SERVER
SENSOR FUSION MODULE
IT IS A PLATFORM IN WHICH MORE THAN ONE SENSORS ARE USED.
IT IS USED TO ACCESS DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS SUCH AS TEMPERATURE , PRESSURE ,pH ,MOISTURE ETC.
ROUTER MODULE
THESE ARE SPECIAL ROUTERS WITH MEMORY CAPACITY ,WHICH WILL LOAD DATA FROM THE SENSORS.
THEN THIS DATA IS CONVERTED INTO USEFUL INFORMATION USING OUR ALGORITHIM.
THIS INFORMATION IS DISPLAYED USING OUR USER FRIENDLY INTERFACE.
SERVER
IT TAKES INFORMATION FROM ALL WEGET UNITS
THE INFORMATION IS SORTED, LABELLED AND STORED TO THE DATABASE.
THIS DATABASE IS USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS AND FOR THE PREDICITION OF WEATHER CONDITIONS AND TO MAP VARIATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.
WORKING OF SENSORS
THE TEMPERATURE SENSORS WILL SENSE VARIATIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AND IT CAN BE USED TO PREDICT FOREST FIRES, WIND CURRENTS AND CAN BE USED TO WARN ABOUT SUN BURN.
THE PRESSURE SENSORS WILL REGISTER CHANGE IN PRESSURE WHICH CAN BE USED TO PREDICT CYCLONES.
THE SOIL pH SENSOR AND MOISTURE SENSORS CAN BE USED CHECK SOIL POLLUTION LEVELS.
THE RAIN WATER pH SENSOR WILL B USED TO FIND LEVELS OF CONTAMINANTS IN AIR.
OTHER MAJOR USES:
FINDING AND ALLOCATION OF PARKING LOCATIONS
LOCAL MAPS WITH MAJOR DETAILS SUCH AS LANDMARKS ,HOTELS, ETC THAT CAN BE RATED BY THE USERS.
Tails is an operating system like Windows or Mac OS, but one specially designed to preserve your anonymity and privacy
Tails or The Amnesic Incognito Live System is a security-focused Debian-based Linux distribution aimed at preservingprivacy and anonymity
All its outgoing connections are forced to go through Tor,[4] and direct (non-anonymous) connections are blocked
The system is designed to be booted as a live DVD or live USB, and will leave no trace (digital footprint) on the machine unless explicitly told to do so. The Tor Project has provided most of the financial support for its development
it is the latest operating system,
In human-computer interaction, an organic user interface (OUI) is defined as a user interface with a non-flat display. After Engelbart and Sutherland's Graphical User Interface (GUI), which is based on the cathode ray tube (CRT), and Kay and Weiser's Ubiquitous Computing, which is based on the flat panel liquid-crystal display (LCD), OUI represents the third wave of display interaction paradigms, pertaining to multi-shaped and flexible displays. In an OUI, the display surface is always the locus of interaction, and may actively or passively change shape upon analog (i.e., as close to non-quantized as possible) inputs. These inputs are provided through direct physical gestures, rather than through indirect point-and-click control. The term "Organic" in OUI was derived from organic architecture, referring to the adoption of natural form to design a better fit with human ecology. The term also alludes to the use of organic electronics for this purpose.
The three design principles of OUI ar Input equals output,Function equals form and Form follows flow. Input equals output means output is generated graphically on the screen on the basis of input provided by a control device such as a mouse. Function equals form means the shape of an interface determines its physical functionality. Form follows flow indicates OUIs physically adapt to the context of a user's multiple activities
an organic user interface (OUI) is defined as a user interface with a non-flat display
In an OUI, the display surface is always the locus of interaction, and may actively or passively change shape upon analog (i.e., as close to non-quantized as possible) inputs. These inputs are provided through direct physical gestures, rather than through indirect point-and-click control. The term "Organic" in OUI was derived from organic architecture, referring to the adoption of natural form to design a better fit with human ecology. The term also alludes to the use of organic electronics for this purpose
The three design principles of OUI ar Input equals output,Function equals form and Form follows flow. Input equals output means output is generated graphically on the screen on the basis of input provided by a control device such as a mouse. Function equals form means the shape of an interface determines its physical functionality. Form follows flow indicates OUIs physically adapt to the context of a user's multiple activities
8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
- The 8+8+8 rule offers a general guideline. You may need to adjust the schedule depending on your individual needs and commitments.
- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the creation of images and videos, enabling the generation of highly realistic and imaginative visual content. Utilizing advanced techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and neural style transfer, AI can transform simple sketches into detailed artwork or blend various styles into unique visual masterpieces. GANs, in particular, function by pitting two neural networks against each other, resulting in the production of remarkably lifelike images. AI's ability to analyze and learn from vast datasets allows it to create visuals that not only mimic human creativity but also push the boundaries of artistic expression, making it a powerful tool in digital media and entertainment industries.
Cross-Cultural Leadership and CommunicationMattVassar1
Business is done in many different ways across the world. How you connect with colleagues and communicate feedback constructively differs tremendously depending on where a person comes from. Drawing on the culture map from the cultural anthropologist, Erin Meyer, this class discusses how best to manage effectively across the invisible lines of culture.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
2. SOFTWARE PROCESS MODEL
• To solve actual problems in industry ,the software team has to
incorporate a development strategy that encompasses the
process ,methods and tools and the generic phases
• This strategy is referred to as a process model or a software
engineering paradigm
• The process model for software engineering is chosen based
on the nature of the project and application, the methods and
tools to be used and the controls and the deliverables that are
required
6. • Status quo represents the current state of affairs.
• Problem definition identifies the specific problem to be solved
• Technical development solves the problem through the application
of technology
• Solution integration delivers the results(e.g.
documents,programs,data,new business function, new product)to
those who requested the solution
• The generic phases and steps are mapped into these stages.
7. Why software life cycle model?
• Software life cycle model: The descriptive and diagrammatic
representation of the software life cycle
• It represent all the activities performed on software product from
the inception to retirement
• It also depicts the order in which these activities are to be
undertaken
• More than one activity can be carried out in a single phase
• The primary advantage of adhering to a life cycle model is that it
encourages development of software in a systematic and
disciplined manner
• When a program is developed by a single programmer ,he has
the freedom to decide the exact steps through which he will
develop the program
8. Why software life cycle model?
• A life cycle model also defines the entry and exit criteria for every
phase
• A phase can begin only when the corresponding phase-entry criteria
are satisfied
• Also, a phase is considered to be complete only when the
corresponding exit criteria are satisfied
• But when a software is developed by a team it is necessary to have a
precise understanding among the team members as to when to do what.
• Otherwise it will lead to chaos and project failure
• A documented life cycle model prevents misinterpretations and also
helps in identifying inconsistencies ,redundancies and omissions in the
development process
9. Software life cycle model
• Software life cycle models:
• Linear Sequential
Model(Waterfall model)
• Prototyping Model
• Incremental model
• Spiral model
10. Linear Sequential Model
• Sometimes called classic life cycle or waterfall model
• Suggests a systematic ,sequential approach to software
development that begins at system level and progresses
through analysis, design, coding ,testing and support.
• The water fall model is illustrated as below.
12. • The classic life cycle - oldest and most widely used
paradigm
• Activities ‘flow’ from one phase to another
• In iterative waterfall model, if there are corrections,
return to a previous phase and ‘flow’ from there again
• Good for planning and well-defined/repeated projects
14. Linear Sequential Model
• Linear Sequential model encompasses the following
activities:
• System /information engineering and modeling
– Software is always a part of a larger system(or business)
– Work begins by establishing the requirements for all system
elements and allocating some subset of these requirements to
software
– System view is essential when software must interacts with
other elements such as hardware, people and databases.
– System engineering and analysis encompass requirements
gathering at the system level with a small amount of top design
and analysis
15. Linear Sequential Model
• Software requirements analysis
– This process is intensified and focused specifically on software
– To understand the nature of the programs to be built, the
software engineer(analyst) must understand the information
domain for the software as well as the required function,
behaviour, performance and interface
– Requirements for both the system and the software are
documented and reviewed with the customers
16. Linear Sequential Model
• Design
– Software design is a multistep process that focuses on four distinct
attributes of a program:
– Data structure
– Software architecture
– Interface representation
– Procedural(algorithmic) detail
– The design process translates requirements into a representation of the
software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins
– Deign is also documented and becomes part of software configuration.
17. Linear Sequential Model
• Code Generation
– The design must be translated into a machine –readable form.
– The code generation step performs this task
• Testing
– The testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all
statements have been tested
– Also focuses on the functional externals i.e conducting tests to uncover errors and
ensure that defined input will produce actual results that agree with required results
• Maintenance/Support
– Software will undergo change after it is delivered to the
customer (except embedded software)
– Change will occur because of correction, adaptation or
enhancement.
– Software support/maintenance reapplies each of the preceding
phases to an existing program rather than a new one
18. Linear Sequential Model
• Advantage
– Simple model
– Works best when requirements of a problem are reasonably well understood
• Disadvantages
– Real projects rarely follow the sequential flow that the model proposes
– Changes can cause confusion as the project team proceeds
– It is often difficult for the customer to state all requirements explicitly
– The linear sequential model requires this and has difficulty accommodating the
natural uncertainty that exists at the beginning of many projects
– The customer must have patience.
– A working version of the programs will not be available until late in the project
time-span
– A major blunder ,if undetected until the working program is reviewed can be
disastrous
– Leads to “blocking states”
– Some project team members must wait for other members of the team to
complete dependent tasks
– It can cause delay
19. Prototyping model
• A customer defines a set of general objectives for software.
• But does not identify detailed input processing or output requirements.
• The developer may be unsure of the efficiency of an algorithm, the
adaptability of an OS or the form that a human/machine interaction should
take.
• In such cases a prototyping paradigm can be used.
• The prototyping model suggests that before development of the actual
software ,a working prototype of the system should be built first.
• A prototype is a toy implementation of a system, usually exhibiting limited
functional capabilities, low reliability and inefficient performance.
20. Prototyping model
• Several reasons for developing a prototype:
– To illustrate the input data formats ,messages and the interactive dialogues to
the customer
– It is a valuable mechanism for gaining better understandability of the customer
needs
– For many functionalities such as Graphical User Interface(GUI) part of a
system ,it is much easier for the user to form his opinion by experimenting with
a working model rather than just trying to imagine the working of a
hypothetical system
– It helps to critically examine the technical issues associated with the product
development
• E.g. the design decisions depends on issues like the response time of hardware controller or
efficiency of the sorting algorithm which can be resolved using prototype
– It is impossible to “get it right” the first time and we must plan to throw away
the first product in-order to develop a good product.
22. Prototyping model
• The model starts with an initial requirements gathering phase.
• A quick design is carried out and the prototype model is built using several
shortcuts.
• The shortcuts might involve using inefficient, inaccurate or dummy functions
– E.g. a function may produce the desired by using a table look-up rather
than performing actual computations
• The prototype product usually turns out to be a very crude version of the
actual system
• The developed prototype is submitted to the customer for his evaluation
• Based on the user feedback ,the requirements are refined.
• This cycle continues until the user approves the prototype
• The actual system is then developed using the iterative or classical waterfall
23. Prototyping model
• Disadvantage
– In prototyping model of software development ,the requirement analysis and
specification phase become redundant
• Advantages
– The code for the prototype is usually thrown away ,however the experience
gathered from developing the prototype helps a great deal in developing the
actual system
– Therefore ,even though the construction of a working prototype model might
involve additional costs, for systems with ambiguous user requirements and
unresolved technical issues ,the overall development cost will be lower than
that of an equivalent system developed using the waterfall model .
– Since the user requirements are properly defined and technical issues are
properly and satisfactorily resolved as a result of experimenting with the
prototype model, it minimizes change requests and redesign cost after the
system is delivered to the customer
24. Evolutionary Model
• Also known as successive version model.
• In this model, the system is first broken down into several modules or
functional units that can be incrementally implemented and delivered.
• This model is iterative.
• Used to develop increasingly more complete versions of the software.
– E.g. suppose A,B,C are modules of a software product that are
incrementally developed a delivered
25. Evolutionary Model
•The developers first develop the core module of the system.
•The initial product skeleton is then refined into increasing levels of
capability by adding new functionalities in successive versions.
•Each version of the product is a functioning system capable of
performing some useful work.
26. Evolutionary Model
• Advantages
– The user of an evolutionary model gets a chance to experiment
with a partially developed system much before the actual fully
developed version is released .
– Thus this model facilitates to elicit the exact requirements of the
user for incorporating into the fully developed system.
– Also the core modules get tested thoroughly ,thereby reducing
chances of errors in the final product
• Disadvantages
– In most practical problems ,it is difficult to subdivide the problem into
several functional units that can be incrementally implemented and
delivered.
– Therefore ,this model is useful only for large problems, where it is
easier to identify modules for incremental implementation.
28. Incremental model
• The incremental model combines elements of the linear sequential
model applied with the iterative philosophy of prototyping.
• It uses the linear sequences in a staggered fashion as calendar time
progresses.
• Each line sequence produces a deliverable “increment “ of the
software.
• Incremental model is illustrated below.
30. Incremental model
• When an incremental model is used, the first increment is often a core product.
• i.e. basic requirements are addressed, but many supplementary features remain
undelivered.
• The core product is used by the customer or undergoes detailed review.
• As a result of use or evaluation ,a plan is developed for the next increment.
• The plan addresses the modification of the core product to better meet the needs
of the customer and the delivery of additional features and functionality.
• This process is repeated following the delivery of each increment, until the
complete product is produced.
31. Incremental model
• For e.g. ,suppose a word processing software is developed using
incremental model.
• It might deliver the basic file management, editing and document
production functions in the first increment.
• More sophisticated editing and document production capabilities in the
second increment
• Spelling and grammar checking in the third increment.
• Advanced page layout capability in the fourth increment.
32. Incremental model
• Advantages
– Incremental model is useful when staffing is unavailable for a
complete implementation by the business deadline that has been
established for the project.
– Early increments can be implemented with fewer people
– If the core product is well received then additional staff (if
required )can be added to implement the next increment.
– Also can be planned to manage technical risks.
33. Spiral model
• Is an evolutionary process model that couples the iterative nature of
prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the linear
sequential model.
• It provides the potential for rapid development of incremental
versions of the software.
• Using spiral model ,the software is developed in a series of
incremental releases.
• During the early iterations ,the increment release might be a paper
model or prototype.
• Later it will be developed to a complete versions of the engineered
system.
• Mainly there are six regions:
35. Spiral model
• Customer communication
• Tasks required to establish effective communication between
developer and customer
• Planning
• Tasks required to define resources ,timelines and other project
related information
• Risk analysis
• Tasks required to assess both technical and management risks
• Engineering
• Tasks required to build one or more representation of the
application
• Construction and Release
• Tasks required to construct ,test ,install and provide user support.
• Customer evaluation
• Tasks required to obtain customer feedback based on evaluation of
software representations created during the engineering stage and
implemented during the installation stage
36. Spiral model
• Each of the regions is populated by a set of work tasks ,called task set.
• Task sets are adapted to the characteristic of the project to be undertaken.
• For small projects these no. of work tasks will be low, but for large project
it will be high to achieve higher level of formality.
• In all these cases, the umbrella activities (e.g. SCM, SQA etc )are applied
• As this evolutionary process begins ,the software engineering team moves
around the spiral in a clockwise direction ,beginning at center.
• The first circuit around the spiral might result in the development of a
product specification.
37. Spiral model
• Subsequent passes around the spiral might be used to develop a prototype and
then progressively more sophisticated versions of the software.
• Each pass through the planning region results in adjustments to the project
plan.
• Cost and schedule are adjusted based on feedback derived from customer
evaluation.
• In addition, the project manager adjusts the planned no. of iterations required
to complete the software.
• Unlike other process models that end when software is delivered, the spiral
model can be adapted to apply throughout the life of the computer s/w
• The circuits around the spiral might represent
• Concept development project
• New Product development project
• Product enhancement project
• The spiral model demands a direct consideration of technical risks at all
stages of the project
38. Spiral model
• Advantages
• Unlike classical process models that end when software is delivered
, the spiral model can be adapted to apply throughout the life of the
computer software.
• The project entry axis is the basis for this.
• Each cube placed along the axis can be used to represent the
starting point for different types of projects.
• A ‘concept development project’ starts at the core of the spiral and
will continue until concept development is complete.
• If a concept is developed to an actual product, the process proceeds
through the next cube(new product development project entry
point)and a new development project is initiated .
• The new product will evolve through a number of iterations around
the spiral.
• i.e. the spiral remains operative until the software is retired
39. Spiral model
• Whenever a change is initiated ,the process starts at the appropriate
entry point(e.g. product enhancement)
• The spiral model is a realistic approach to the development of large
–scale systems and software.
• Because software evolves as the process progresses, the developer
and customer better understand and react to risks at each
evolutionary level.
• It uses prototyping as risk reduction mechanism(mainly consider
technical risks)
• Disadvantages
– It demands considerable risk assessment expertise and relies on this
expertise for success.
– If a major risk is not uncovered and managed ,problems will
undoubtedly occur.
– It may be difficult to convince customer that the evolutionary approach
is controllable.