The document discusses four common software development models: Waterfall, Spiral, Prototyping, and RAD (Rapid Application Development). It describes the key phases and characteristics of each model. The Waterfall model follows a linear sequence of phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. The Spiral model is iterative with a risk-analysis focus. Prototyping emphasizes early customer feedback through prototypes. RAD prioritizes rapid delivery of high priority functionality through reuse and automated tools. Each model has advantages for certain types of projects depending on requirements clarity, budget, and risks.
Software life cycle model: The descriptive and diagrammatic representation of the software life cycle
It represent all the activities performed on software product from the inception to retirement
It also depicts the order in which these activities are to be undertaken
More than one activity can be carried out in a single phase
The primary advantage of adhering to a life cycle model is that it encourages development of software in a systematic and disciplined manner
When a program is developed by a single programmer ,he has the freedom to decide the exact steps through which he will develop the program
Iterative Linear Sequential Model
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document discusses several software development process models:
- The Waterfall model is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It works best for small, well-defined projects.
- The Incremental model divides requirements into builds that each pass through phases of requirements, design, implementation, and testing in an iterative manner.
- Specialized models discussed include the Unified Process model, which incorporates iterative and incremental elements, and the Personal Software Process and Team Software Process which emphasize individual and team metrics, planning, and process improvement.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
This document discusses software process models. It begins by defining a software process as a structured set of activities required to develop software, including specification, analysis, design, implementation, validation, and evolution. It then describes several prescriptive process models: the waterfall model executes phases sequentially; incremental and evolutionary models iterate phases; and concurrent models perform phases in parallel. The document evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each model to determine the most appropriate approach based on project requirements and risks.
The document provides an overview of various software engineering process models including waterfall, rapid prototyping, incremental, evolutionary, spiral, and agile models like XP. It discusses the main characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each model. It also covers the Rational Unified Process (RUP) in detail including its iterative nature, use case driven approach, architecture centricity, and use of UML. Finally, it discusses process improvement frameworks like the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).
The document discusses several process models for software development projects, including code and fix, waterfall, incremental/iterative, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), and concurrent development models. Each model has advantages and disadvantages depending on factors like project size, requirements stability, and team expertise. Combinations of models may also be suitable in some cases.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
Software life cycle model: The descriptive and diagrammatic representation of the software life cycle
It represent all the activities performed on software product from the inception to retirement
It also depicts the order in which these activities are to be undertaken
More than one activity can be carried out in a single phase
The primary advantage of adhering to a life cycle model is that it encourages development of software in a systematic and disciplined manner
When a program is developed by a single programmer ,he has the freedom to decide the exact steps through which he will develop the program
Iterative Linear Sequential Model
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document discusses several software development process models:
- The Waterfall model is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It works best for small, well-defined projects.
- The Incremental model divides requirements into builds that each pass through phases of requirements, design, implementation, and testing in an iterative manner.
- Specialized models discussed include the Unified Process model, which incorporates iterative and incremental elements, and the Personal Software Process and Team Software Process which emphasize individual and team metrics, planning, and process improvement.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
This document discusses software process models. It begins by defining a software process as a structured set of activities required to develop software, including specification, analysis, design, implementation, validation, and evolution. It then describes several prescriptive process models: the waterfall model executes phases sequentially; incremental and evolutionary models iterate phases; and concurrent models perform phases in parallel. The document evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each model to determine the most appropriate approach based on project requirements and risks.
The document provides an overview of various software engineering process models including waterfall, rapid prototyping, incremental, evolutionary, spiral, and agile models like XP. It discusses the main characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each model. It also covers the Rational Unified Process (RUP) in detail including its iterative nature, use case driven approach, architecture centricity, and use of UML. Finally, it discusses process improvement frameworks like the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).
The document discusses several process models for software development projects, including code and fix, waterfall, incremental/iterative, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), and concurrent development models. Each model has advantages and disadvantages depending on factors like project size, requirements stability, and team expertise. Combinations of models may also be suitable in some cases.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
The document discusses software process models and characteristics. It describes the waterfall model as one of the first process development models, consisting of linear sequential phases from requirements to deployment with no feedback. The V-model is presented as a variation that uses unit and integration testing to verify design and acceptance testing to validate requirements. Key advantages of the waterfall model include its structure and management control, while disadvantages are the upfront requirements and lack of iterations. Prototyping is also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various software life cycle models, including waterfall, V-model, incremental, prototype, spiral, RAD and 4GT. It provides descriptions of each model's phases, advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall and V-model are presented as classic sequential models. Incremental and spiral models iterate through phases to allow for flexibility. Prototype and RAD models emphasize early prototypes. Risk analysis is a key part of the spiral model.
The document discusses various software production process models, including traditional waterfall models, iterative models like the spiral model, and agile methodologies. Waterfall models involve sequential phases from requirements to maintenance but lack flexibility. Iterative models divide the process into increments with feedback between phases. Agile methods like Scrum, Extreme Programming, and Smart emphasize rapid, incremental delivery, automating processes, and customer involvement. The choice of model depends on factors like requirements volatility, team experience, and project priorities.
The document discusses several common software life cycle models: the waterfall model, rapid application development (RAD) model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without overlap. The RAD model emphasizes rapid delivery through iterative prototyping. The prototyping model builds prototypes to refine requirements before full development. Finally, the spiral model takes a risk-driven approach to software development through iterative planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.
The V-model is a sequential software development lifecycle model where each phase of development has a corresponding testing phase. It is an extension of the waterfall model. In the V-model, testing phases such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing are planned and executed parallel to the development phases like business requirements, system design, architectural design, and module design. The V-model is best suited for projects with well-defined requirements that are unlikely to change.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, RAD, and agile. It provides details on the waterfall, iterative, spiral, and V-model approaches, including their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model is described as the classic sequential approach. The iterative model allows for incremental improvements through repeated cycles. The spiral model combines iterative and waterfall elements. The V-model associates testing with each development stage.
Process models are not perfect, but provide road map for software engineering work. Software models provide stability, control, and organization to a process that if not managed can easily get out of control
Software process models are adapted to meet the needs of software engineers and managers for a specific project.
1. object oriented concepts & principles poonam bora
Here is an object diagram defining the Book object with attributes and operations:
[OBJECT DIAGRAM]
Book: Book
- title: string
- author: string
- pages: int
+ read()
+ turnPage()
+ getTitle(): string
+ getAuthor(): string
This object diagram defines a Book object instantiated from the Book class. The Book object has:
- Private attributes title (string), author (string), and pages (int)
- Public operations read(), turnPage(), getTitle() which returns a string, and getAuthor() which returns a string
The colon (:) separates the object name from the class name. The visibility of each attribute
The document discusses various software engineering methodologies including the waterfall model, iterative model, Rational Unified Process (RUP), and agile methodologies like extreme programming (XP) and Scrum. It provides detailed descriptions of each methodology's phases and workflows. The waterfall model divides the life cycle into sequential phases while iterative models allow revisiting previous phases. RUP includes inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases. Agile prioritizes customer satisfaction, working software, and flexibility over documentation and processes.
This document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
- Software evolution and the need for maintenance to fix bugs and adapt to changes.
- The different categories of software maintenance including corrective, adaptive, and perfective maintenance.
- The high cost of software maintenance, which accounts for over 65% of the total software lifecycle costs.
- Software re-engineering to modify legacy code and make it more maintainable without changing functionality.
- Other topics covered include reverse engineering, configuration management, version control, risk analysis, and the COCOMO cost estimation model.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 4 of Ian Sommerville's Software Engineering textbook, including software process models, generic process models like waterfall, evolutionary development and component-based development, process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, validation and evolution. It also describes the Rational Unified Process model and the role of computer-aided software engineering tools in supporting software processes.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Software Process (UP). It discusses the history and development of UP over decades. Key aspects of UP include being use-case driven, architecture-centric, and iterative and incremental. UP recognizes four important aspects of software development: people, project, product, and process. Use cases drive the entire development process. UP emphasizes iterative development and producing incremental working software. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) provides additional tools and content to support applying UP.
This document provides an overview of different software process models including the waterfall model, V-model, evolutionary development, component-based development, and incremental delivery. It describes the key phases and activities in each model. The V-model is explained in detail with its distinct development and validation phases like requirements, design, coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Pros and cons of each model are also highlighted along with guidance on when each is generally most applicable.
Software Lifecycle Models / Software Development Models
Types of Software development models
Waterfall Model
Features of Waterfall Model
Phase of Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Advantages of Prototype Model
Disadvantages of Prototype model
V Model
Advantages of V-model
Disadvantages of V-model
When to use the V-model
Incremental Model
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
INCREMENTAL MODEL LIFE CYCLE
When to use the Incremental model
Rapid Application Development RAD Model
phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model
Advantages of the RAD model
Disadvantages of RAD model
When to use RAD model
Agile Model
Advantages of Agile model
Disadvantages of Agile model
When to use Agile model
The document discusses software processes and iterative process models. It describes incremental delivery and spiral development as two iterative process models. Incremental delivery breaks development into increments with each delivering part of the functionality. Spiral development represents the process as a spiral with phases addressing objectives, risks, development and planning. Both models allow for iteration and incorporate user feedback earlier.
This document provides an overview of the waterfall model and spiral model of software development. It discusses the phases of each model including requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, and maintenance for the waterfall model. For the spiral model, the phases discussed are communication, planning and identification, risk analysis, and engineering and construction. The document also provides details on when each model is best used and their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its various stages and models. It provides definitions of key SDLC terms like waterfall model, verification and validation testing, integration testing, and system testing. It also describes different testing types like unit testing, component testing, and acceptance testing that occur at different stages of the SDLC.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
Software development life cycle (SDLC) ModelsAOmaAli
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It describes the waterfall model process with distinct phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. It also covers the V-model which incorporates testing at each phase. Other models discussed include prototyping, iterative/incremental and when each may be used based on project characteristics and requirements stability.
Process Model in Software Engineering.pptAtharvaBavge
Process models provide a structured approach to software engineering by defining key activities and flows. Generic process models include communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment activities. Process flows can be linear, iterative, evolutionary, or parallel. Prescriptive models like the waterfall model advocate an orderly approach but lack flexibility for changing requirements. The incremental and spiral models incorporate iteration and prototypes to accommodate change while still providing structure. Evolutionary approaches address changing requirements but require management of project planning and evolution speed.
The document provides details on the Scrum framework, which is an agile process for managing software development projects. Some key points:
- Scrum uses short "sprints" typically 2-4 weeks to rapidly develop working software through self-organizing cross-functional teams.
- Roles include the Product Owner who prioritizes features, the Scrum Master who facilitates the process, and the Team who does the work.
- Ceremonies like Sprint Planning, Daily Scrums, Sprint Reviews and Retrospectives provide transparency and opportunities to inspect and adapt the process as needed.
- Artifacts include the Product Backlog which contains all features, the Sprint Backlog which lists
The document discusses software process models and characteristics. It describes the waterfall model as one of the first process development models, consisting of linear sequential phases from requirements to deployment with no feedback. The V-model is presented as a variation that uses unit and integration testing to verify design and acceptance testing to validate requirements. Key advantages of the waterfall model include its structure and management control, while disadvantages are the upfront requirements and lack of iterations. Prototyping is also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses various software life cycle models, including waterfall, V-model, incremental, prototype, spiral, RAD and 4GT. It provides descriptions of each model's phases, advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall and V-model are presented as classic sequential models. Incremental and spiral models iterate through phases to allow for flexibility. Prototype and RAD models emphasize early prototypes. Risk analysis is a key part of the spiral model.
The document discusses various software production process models, including traditional waterfall models, iterative models like the spiral model, and agile methodologies. Waterfall models involve sequential phases from requirements to maintenance but lack flexibility. Iterative models divide the process into increments with feedback between phases. Agile methods like Scrum, Extreme Programming, and Smart emphasize rapid, incremental delivery, automating processes, and customer involvement. The choice of model depends on factors like requirements volatility, team experience, and project priorities.
The document discusses several common software life cycle models: the waterfall model, rapid application development (RAD) model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without overlap. The RAD model emphasizes rapid delivery through iterative prototyping. The prototyping model builds prototypes to refine requirements before full development. Finally, the spiral model takes a risk-driven approach to software development through iterative planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.
The V-model is a sequential software development lifecycle model where each phase of development has a corresponding testing phase. It is an extension of the waterfall model. In the V-model, testing phases such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing are planned and executed parallel to the development phases like business requirements, system design, architectural design, and module design. The V-model is best suited for projects with well-defined requirements that are unlikely to change.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, RAD, and agile. It provides details on the waterfall, iterative, spiral, and V-model approaches, including their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model is described as the classic sequential approach. The iterative model allows for incremental improvements through repeated cycles. The spiral model combines iterative and waterfall elements. The V-model associates testing with each development stage.
Process models are not perfect, but provide road map for software engineering work. Software models provide stability, control, and organization to a process that if not managed can easily get out of control
Software process models are adapted to meet the needs of software engineers and managers for a specific project.
1. object oriented concepts & principles poonam bora
Here is an object diagram defining the Book object with attributes and operations:
[OBJECT DIAGRAM]
Book: Book
- title: string
- author: string
- pages: int
+ read()
+ turnPage()
+ getTitle(): string
+ getAuthor(): string
This object diagram defines a Book object instantiated from the Book class. The Book object has:
- Private attributes title (string), author (string), and pages (int)
- Public operations read(), turnPage(), getTitle() which returns a string, and getAuthor() which returns a string
The colon (:) separates the object name from the class name. The visibility of each attribute
The document discusses various software engineering methodologies including the waterfall model, iterative model, Rational Unified Process (RUP), and agile methodologies like extreme programming (XP) and Scrum. It provides detailed descriptions of each methodology's phases and workflows. The waterfall model divides the life cycle into sequential phases while iterative models allow revisiting previous phases. RUP includes inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases. Agile prioritizes customer satisfaction, working software, and flexibility over documentation and processes.
This document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
- Software evolution and the need for maintenance to fix bugs and adapt to changes.
- The different categories of software maintenance including corrective, adaptive, and perfective maintenance.
- The high cost of software maintenance, which accounts for over 65% of the total software lifecycle costs.
- Software re-engineering to modify legacy code and make it more maintainable without changing functionality.
- Other topics covered include reverse engineering, configuration management, version control, risk analysis, and the COCOMO cost estimation model.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 4 of Ian Sommerville's Software Engineering textbook, including software process models, generic process models like waterfall, evolutionary development and component-based development, process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, validation and evolution. It also describes the Rational Unified Process model and the role of computer-aided software engineering tools in supporting software processes.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Software Process (UP). It discusses the history and development of UP over decades. Key aspects of UP include being use-case driven, architecture-centric, and iterative and incremental. UP recognizes four important aspects of software development: people, project, product, and process. Use cases drive the entire development process. UP emphasizes iterative development and producing incremental working software. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) provides additional tools and content to support applying UP.
This document provides an overview of different software process models including the waterfall model, V-model, evolutionary development, component-based development, and incremental delivery. It describes the key phases and activities in each model. The V-model is explained in detail with its distinct development and validation phases like requirements, design, coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Pros and cons of each model are also highlighted along with guidance on when each is generally most applicable.
Software Lifecycle Models / Software Development Models
Types of Software development models
Waterfall Model
Features of Waterfall Model
Phase of Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Advantages of Prototype Model
Disadvantages of Prototype model
V Model
Advantages of V-model
Disadvantages of V-model
When to use the V-model
Incremental Model
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
INCREMENTAL MODEL LIFE CYCLE
When to use the Incremental model
Rapid Application Development RAD Model
phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model
Advantages of the RAD model
Disadvantages of RAD model
When to use RAD model
Agile Model
Advantages of Agile model
Disadvantages of Agile model
When to use Agile model
The document discusses software processes and iterative process models. It describes incremental delivery and spiral development as two iterative process models. Incremental delivery breaks development into increments with each delivering part of the functionality. Spiral development represents the process as a spiral with phases addressing objectives, risks, development and planning. Both models allow for iteration and incorporate user feedback earlier.
This document provides an overview of the waterfall model and spiral model of software development. It discusses the phases of each model including requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, and maintenance for the waterfall model. For the spiral model, the phases discussed are communication, planning and identification, risk analysis, and engineering and construction. The document also provides details on when each model is best used and their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its various stages and models. It provides definitions of key SDLC terms like waterfall model, verification and validation testing, integration testing, and system testing. It also describes different testing types like unit testing, component testing, and acceptance testing that occur at different stages of the SDLC.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
Software development life cycle (SDLC) ModelsAOmaAli
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It describes the waterfall model process with distinct phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. It also covers the V-model which incorporates testing at each phase. Other models discussed include prototyping, iterative/incremental and when each may be used based on project characteristics and requirements stability.
Process Model in Software Engineering.pptAtharvaBavge
Process models provide a structured approach to software engineering by defining key activities and flows. Generic process models include communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment activities. Process flows can be linear, iterative, evolutionary, or parallel. Prescriptive models like the waterfall model advocate an orderly approach but lack flexibility for changing requirements. The incremental and spiral models incorporate iteration and prototypes to accommodate change while still providing structure. Evolutionary approaches address changing requirements but require management of project planning and evolution speed.
The document provides details on the Scrum framework, which is an agile process for managing software development projects. Some key points:
- Scrum uses short "sprints" typically 2-4 weeks to rapidly develop working software through self-organizing cross-functional teams.
- Roles include the Product Owner who prioritizes features, the Scrum Master who facilitates the process, and the Team who does the work.
- Ceremonies like Sprint Planning, Daily Scrums, Sprint Reviews and Retrospectives provide transparency and opportunities to inspect and adapt the process as needed.
- Artifacts include the Product Backlog which contains all features, the Sprint Backlog which lists
The document provides details about the waterfall model of software development. It discusses the history and key phases of the waterfall model including requirement gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the waterfall model such as it being easy to implement but inflexible to changes. Overall, the document gives an overview of the waterfall model software development lifecycle.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
1. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance.
2. The spiral model adds risk analysis and prototyping to the waterfall model in iterative cycles.
3. Evolutionary prototyping builds prototypes to refine requirements through user feedback before full development.
4. The incremental model prioritizes requirements and delivers them in groups to provide early functionality.
The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process for developing software that consists of multiple stages. The Waterfall model was the first process model introduced and consists of sequential phases where each phase must be completed before moving to the next. Iterative models develop software through repeated cycles, implementing portions of requirements at a time and incorporating feedback between cycles.
ISTQB - Software development life cycleHoangThiHien1
The document discusses various software development lifecycle models and when each is best used. It describes the waterfall, V-shaped, incremental, RAD, agile, iterative, spiral and prototype models. For each model, it provides advantages, disadvantages and considerations for when the model should be used. Testing is recommended throughout the development lifecycle, with test activities corresponding to each development phase.
The document compares and contrasts several software engineering process models:
The Waterfall model is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It is easy to manage but difficult to change requirements later. Evolutionary models like incremental and spiral models involve user feedback in iterative development cycles to refine requirements. Rapid prototyping creates samples to assess functionality and refine designs based on user feedback. The Fountain model is similar to Waterfall but allows revisiting previous phases. Formal transformation uses mathematics to reduce errors through iterative transformations. The Reuse-oriented approach develops software through existing code and processes to reduce costs and time.
A software process model is an abstraction of the software development process. The models specify the stages and order of a process. So, think of this as a representation of the order of activities of the process and the sequence in which they are performed
This document discusses several software process models including the linear sequential model, incremental model, RAD model, evolutionary process model, prototyping model, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The linear sequential model or waterfall model involves requirement gathering, design, coding, testing, and maintenance phases. The incremental model combines elements of the waterfall model to produce increments of the software. The RAD model aims to develop a fully functional system within 60-90 days through short development cycles. Evolutionary process models allow for changes at any time, including prototyping, spiral, and concurrent development models. The spiral model uses iterative risk analysis and the concurrent model represents development activities and their associated states.
This document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including iterative and spiral models. The iterative model involves building a product incrementally in iterations, with requirements evolving in each iteration based on user feedback. The spiral model similarly progresses in iterations but places more emphasis on risk analysis. Each spiral involves planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation phases. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of each model, as well as the role of management in software projects, including planning, monitoring and control, and termination analysis.
The document discusses several software process models:
- The Linear Sequential (Waterfall) Model is a simple, systematic approach where each phase must be completed before moving to the next. It is best for small, well-defined projects.
- The Incremental Model applies the Linear Sequential Model iteratively to increments, delivering working software in stages. This allows for early delivery and flexibility.
- The Prototyping Model involves building prototypes to refine requirements through client feedback in iterations. This helps establish clear objectives.
- Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a fast version of the Linear Sequential Model using a component-based approach to accelerate delivery of fully functional projects.
The Waterfall model is a popular and simple software development life cycle model. It involves sequential phases from requirements definition through design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Each phase must be completed fully before the next phase starts, with no overlapping activities. The model works well for projects with well-defined requirements and fixed scope but is less suitable for complex or long-term projects where requirements may change.
The document discusses several software development models:
- The Waterfall Model is a sequential design process with distinct phases that must be completed before moving to the next. It works well for smaller, lower-risk projects.
- The Prototype Model is used when requirements are unclear. Prototypes are created and evaluated by users in iterations until requirements are met.
- The Iterative Model breaks development into smaller chunks. Features are designed, developed, and tested in repeated cycles with user evaluation and changes between each iteration.
- Rapid Application Development (RAD) combines iterative and prototyping concepts with an emphasis on quickly understanding and meeting customer needs.
A software process model is an abstract representation of a process that guides the coordination and control of tasks needed to develop software. Common models include waterfall, prototype, rapid application development, evolutionary development, incremental, iterative, spiral, and component-based development. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Iterative models allow for incremental development and feedback through multiple iterations. The spiral model combines iterative development with risk analysis through iterations called spirals.
The document discusses various software development process models:
- Waterfall model is characterized by feedback loops and documentation-driven. It is idealized and doesn't match reality well.
- Rapid prototyping model involves building prototypes during requirements phase for user evaluation and feedback. It allows for flexible design but may continue indefinitely.
- Spiral model is a simplified form of waterfall plus risk analysis. Each phase is preceded by risk analysis and followed by evaluation and planning.
- Incremental model divides the project into builds to slowly add functionality with each release. It delivers portions of product quickly but requires good planning.
- The conclusions state different models have their own strengths and weaknesses. The best approach is to mix and match
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models: waterfall model, iterative model, and spiral model. It provides details on each model type, including their process steps, merits, demerits, and when each is best used. The waterfall model follows sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The iterative model repeats the waterfall phases for incremental releases. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative, with each loop consisting of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
Introduction to Software Engineering and Software Process Modelssantoshkawade5
S/W Engineering
Software Engineering Fundamentals: Introduction to software engineering, The Nature of Software, Defining Software, Software Engineering Practice.
A Generic Process Model, defining a Framework Activity, Identifying a Task Set, Process Patterns, Process Assessment and Improvement, Prescriptive Process Models, The Waterfall Model, Incremental Process Models, Evolutionary Process Models, Concurrent Models, A Final Word on Evolutionary Processes. Unified Process, Agile software development: Agile methods, plan driven and agile development.
The document discusses several software development process models:
- The waterfall model is a sequential process with distinct phases from conception to maintenance. It works well for small, stable projects.
- The prototype model develops throwaway prototypes for user feedback to refine requirements. It is useful for complex systems with significant user interaction.
- The incremental model produces working software in modules, with each release adding functionality until complete. It allows for flexibility and early delivery.
- The spiral model is iterative like the incremental model but emphasizes risk analysis in each phase. It is well-suited for large, critical projects.
- The agile model delivers working software frequently through rapid, incremental cycles with user collaboration, valuing interaction over process.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including different types of software, software classification, software attributes, and common software development process models. It describes system software and application software, and distinguishes between generic/off-the-shelf software and custom software. Popular process models covered include waterfall, prototyping, and rapid application development (RAD). The waterfall model and its stages are explained in detail.
Similar to Structured system analysis and design (20)
Structured system analysis and design Jayant Dalvi
The document discusses principles and guidelines for designing user interfaces, input, output, and forms for a structured system analysis and design. Some key points:
1. The user interface is the most important part of the system for users and should be informative, appealing, user-friendly, and attractive.
2. Input design involves data collection, validation, and ensuring the interface allows for efficient user interaction. Output design focuses on principles like simplicity, timeliness, and promoting decision making.
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3. WATERFALL MODEL
• Winston Royce introduced the Waterfall Model in 1970.
• This model has five phases: Requirements analysis and specification,
design, implementation, and unit testing, integration and system
testing, and operation and maintenance.
• The steps always follow in this order and do not overlap.
• The developer must complete every phase before the next phase
begins.
• This model is named "Waterfall Model", because its diagrammatic
representation resembles a cascade of waterfalls.
4.
5. PHASES OF WATERFALL MODEL
1. Requirement Gathering and analysis − All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this
phase and documented in a requirement specification document.
2. System Design − The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and the system design is
prepared. This system design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and helps in defining the overall
system architecture.
3. Implementation − With inputs from the system design, the system is first developed in small programs called units,
which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality, which is referred to as
Unit Testing.
1. Integration and Testing − All the units developed in the implementation phase are integrated into a system after testing
of each unit. Post integration the entire system is tested for any faults and failures.
2. Deployment of system − Once the functional and non-functional testing is done; the product is deployed in the
customer environment or released into the market.
3. Maintenance − There are some issues which come up in the client environment. To fix those issues, patches are
released. Also to enhance the product some better versions are released. Maintenance is done to deliver these
changes in the customer environment.
6. • When to use SDLC Waterfall Model?
1. When the requirements are constant and not changed regularly.
2. A project is short
3. Where the tools and technology used is consistent and is not changing
4. When resources are well prepared and are available to use.
• Advantages of Waterfall model
• This model is simple to implement also the number of resources that are required for it is
minimal.
• The requirements are simple and explicitly declared; they remain unchanged during the
entire project development.
• The start and end points for each phase is fixed, which makes it easy to cover progress.
• The release date for the complete product, as well as its final cost, can be determined
before development.
• It gives easy to control and clarity for the customer due to a strict reporting system.
7. • Disadvantages of Waterfall model
1. In this model, the risk factor is higher, so this model is not suitable for more
significant and complex projects.
2. This model cannot accept the changes in requirements during
development.
3. It becomes tough to go back to the phase. For example, if the application
has now shifted to the coding phase, and there is a change in requirement,
It becomes tough to go back and change it.
4. Since the testing done at a later stage, it does not allow identifying the
challenges and risks in the earlier phase, so the risk reduction strategy is
difficult to prepare.
8. SPIRAL MODEL
• The spiral model, initially proposed by Boehm, is an evolutionary
software process model that couples the iterative feature of
prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the linear
sequential model.
• It implements the potential for rapid development of new versions of
the software.
• Using the spiral model, the software is developed in a series of
incremental releases.
• During the early iterations, the additional release may be a paper
model or prototype. During later iterations, more and more complete
versions of the engineered system are produced.
9.
10. PHASES OF SPRIAL MODEL
Each cycle in the spiral is divided into four parts:
1) Identification
• This phase starts with gathering the business requirements in the baseline spiral. In the
subsequent spirals as the product matures, identification of system requirements,
subsystem requirements and unit requirements are all done in this phase.
• This phase also includes understanding the system requirements by continuous
communication between the customer and the system analyst. At the end of the spiral,
the product is deployed in the identified market.
2) Design
• The Design phase starts with the conceptual design in the baseline spiral and involves
architectural design, logical design of modules, physical product design and the final
design in the subsequent spirals.
11. 3) Construct or Build
• The Construct phase refers to production of the actual software product
at every spiral. In the baseline spiral, when the product is just thought of
and the design is being developed a POC (Proof of Concept) is developed
in this phase to get customer feedback.
• Then in the subsequent spirals with higher clarity on requirements and
design details a working model of the software called build is produced
with a version number. These builds are sent to the customer for
feedback.
4) Evaluation and Risk Analysis
• Risk Analysis includes identifying, estimating and monitoring the
technical feasibility and management risks, such as schedule slippage
and cost overrun. After testing the build, at the end of first iteration, the
customer evaluates the software and provides feedback.
12. • When to use Spiral Model?
1. When deliverance is required to be frequent.
2. When the project is large
3. When requirements are unclear and complex
4. When changes may require at any time
5. Large and high budget projects
• Advantages
1. High amount of risk analysis
2. Useful for large and mission-critical projects.
• Disadvantages
1. Can be a costly model to use.
2. Risk analysis needed highly particular expertise
3. Doesn't work well for smaller projects.
13. PROTOTYPE MODEL
• The Software Prototyping refers to building software application
prototypes which displays the functionality of the product under
development, but may not actually hold the exact logic of the original
software.
• It enables to understand customer requirements at an early stage of
development.
• It helps get valuable feedback from the customer and helps software
designers and developers understand about what exactly is expected
from the product under development.
14. PROTOTYPE MODEL
• Prototype is a working model of software with some limited
functionality.
• The prototype does not always hold the exact logic used in the actual
software application and is an extra effort to be considered under
effort estimation.
• Prototyping is used to allow the users evaluate developer proposals
and try them out before implementation.
• It also helps understand the requirements which are user specific and
may not have been considered by the developer during product
design.
16. PHASES OF PROTOTYPE MODEL
1) Basic Requirement Identification
• This step involves understanding the very basics product requirements especially in terms of user interface. The more
intricate details of the internal design and external aspects like performance and security can be ignored at this stage.
2) Developing the initial Prototype
• The initial Prototype is developed in this stage, where the very basic requirements are showcased and user interfaces are
provided. These features may not exactly work in the same manner internally in the actual software developed. While,
the workarounds are used to give the same look and feel to the customer in the prototype developed.
3) Review of the Prototype
• The prototype developed is then presented to the customer and the other important stakeholders in the project. The
feedback is collected in an organized manner and used for further enhancements in the product under development.
4) Revise and Enhance the Prototype
• The feedback and the review comments are discussed during this stage and some negotiations happen with the
customer based on factors like – time and budget constraints and technical feasibility of the actual implementation. The
changes accepted are again incorporated in the new Prototype developed and the cycle repeats until the customer
expectations are met.
17. PROS AND CONS OF MODEL
• The advantages of the Prototyping Model are as follows −
• Increased user involvement in the product even before its
implementation.
• Since a working model of the system is displayed, the users get
a better understanding of the system being developed.
• Reduces time and cost as the defects can be detected much
earlier.
• Quicker user feedback is available leading to better solutions.
• Missing functionality can be identified easily.
• Confusing or difficult functions can be identified.
• The Disadvantages of the Prototyping Model are as follows −
• Risk of insufficient requirement analysis owing to too much
dependency on the prototype.
• Users may get confused in the prototypes and actual systems.
• Practically, this methodology may increase the complexity of
the system as scope of the system may expand beyond
original plans.
• Developers may try to reuse the existing prototypes to build
the actual system, even when it is not technically feasible.
• The effort invested in building prototypes may be too much if
it is not monitored properly.
18. RAD MODEL
• RAD is a linear sequential software development process model that emphasizes a concise
development cycle using an element based construction approach. If the requirements are well
understood and described, and the project scope is a constraint, the RAD process enables a
development team to create a fully functional system within a concise time period.
• RAD (Rapid Application Development) is a concept that products can be developed faster and of
higher quality through:
1. Gathering requirements using workshops or focus groups
2. Prototyping and early, reiterative user testing of designs
3. The re-use of software components
4. A rigidly paced schedule that refers design improvements to the next product version
5. Less formality in reviews and other team communication
20. PHASES OF RAD MODEL
1.Business Modelling: The information flow among business functions is defined by answering questions like
what data drives the business process, what data is generated, who generates it, where does the information go,
who process it and so on.
2. Data Modelling: The data collected from business modeling is refined into a set of data objects (entities) that
are needed to support the business. The attributes (character of each entity) are identified, and the relation
between these data objects (entities) is defined.
3. Process Modelling: The information object defined in the data modeling phase are transformed to achieve the
data flow necessary to implement a business function. Processing descriptions are created for adding, modifying,
deleting, or retrieving a data object.
4. Application Generation: Automated tools are used to facilitate construction of the software; even they use the
4th GL techniques.
5. Testing & Turnover: Many of the programming components have already been tested since RAD emphasis
reuse. This reduces the overall testing time. But the new part must be tested, and all interfaces must be fully
exercised.
21. RAD MODEL
• When to use RAD Model?
1. When the system should need to create the
project that modularizes in a short span
time (2-3 months).
2. When the requirements are well-known.
3. When the technical risk is limited.
4. When there's a necessity to make a system,
which modularized in 2-3 months of period.
5. It should be used only if the budget allows
the use of automatic code generating tools.
• Advantage of RAD Model
1. This model is flexible for
change.
2. In this model, changes are
adoptable.
3. Each phase in RAD brings
highest priority functionality to
the customer.
4. It reduced development time.
5. It increases the reusability of
features.
22. DISADVANTAGE OF RAD MODEL
• It required highly skilled designers.
• All application is not compatible with RAD.
• For smaller projects, we cannot use the RAD model.
• On the high technical risk, it's not suitable.
• Required user involvement.
23. COMPARISON OF MODELS
MODELS/PARE
METERS
nature of
requirement
customer
interaction
risk level technology domain
knowledge
focus
waterfall model progressive
demands
on continuous
basis
medium config mgmt high solution
implementation
spiral model complex,
customer
specific
on continuous
basis
high integrated very high technology,
customer
satisfaction
prototype simple rigorous very low proven technological prototype
progess and
solution
RAD simple initial low team mgmt
skills
customer
interaction
on achitecture