This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. It describes the key phases and characteristics of each model, and provides guidance on when each model is best applied based on factors like requirements stability, technology maturity, and risk level. The document aims to help readers understand the different SDLC options and choose the model that is most suitable for their specific project needs and context.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
1) The waterfall model is a linear model that progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment phases. It works well for projects with stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
2) The V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each phase. It is good for high reliability projects but does not handle changes well.
3) Prototyping models involve building prototypes early for user feedback to refine requirements. This improves accuracy but risks scope creep.
4) Incremental models prioritize requirements and implement them in phases to deliver working functionality early. This reduces risk but requires strong planning.
5) The spiral model incorporates risk analysis and protot
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- The waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach with distinct phases for requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. It works well for projects with stable requirements.
- The V-shaped model emphasizes verification and validation testing at each phase. It is suited for projects requiring high reliability.
- Evolutionary prototyping involves building prototypes early and getting user feedback in iterations to refine requirements. It helps clarify unstable requirements.
- Rapid application development (RAD) emphasizes user involvement and productivity tools to reduce cycle times. It is suited when requirements are reasonably well known.
- Incremental development delivers partial systems in increments to get early benefits while allowing
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, spiral/iterative, and agile. It provides an overview of each model's phases and when they are best applied. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The agile model emphasizes speed, reduced documentation, and frequent customer feedback through shorter development cycles. SDLC models provide structure, standard processes and deliverables to software development projects.
The waterfall model is a sequential model for software development where progress flows in one direction like a waterfall from conception to maintenance. It involves 8 phases: definition, design, implementation, testing, integration, deployment, maintenance and support. While it provides structure and is good for stable requirements, it is difficult to change requirements or go back to previous phases and does not allow for much iteration. The waterfall model works best for projects with clearly defined requirements and stable scope, but may not be suitable if requirements are likely to change.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
1) The waterfall model is a linear model that progresses through requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment phases. It works well for projects with stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
2) The V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each phase. It is good for high reliability projects but does not handle changes well.
3) Prototyping models involve building prototypes early for user feedback to refine requirements. This improves accuracy but risks scope creep.
4) Incremental models prioritize requirements and implement them in phases to deliver working functionality early. This reduces risk but requires strong planning.
5) The spiral model incorporates risk analysis and protot
1. Software development life cycle models break down the development process into distinct phases to manage complexity. Common models include waterfall, incremental, evolutionary (like prototyping and spiral), and component-based.
2. The waterfall model follows linear sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Incremental models iterate through phases. Evolutionary models use prototypes to evolve requirements through customer feedback.
3. The spiral model is an evolutionary model representing phases as loops in a spiral, with risk assessment and reduction at each phase. It aims to minimize risk through iterative development and prototyping.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- The waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach with distinct phases for requirements, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. It works well for projects with stable requirements.
- The V-shaped model emphasizes verification and validation testing at each phase. It is suited for projects requiring high reliability.
- Evolutionary prototyping involves building prototypes early and getting user feedback in iterations to refine requirements. It helps clarify unstable requirements.
- Rapid application development (RAD) emphasizes user involvement and productivity tools to reduce cycle times. It is suited when requirements are reasonably well known.
- Incremental development delivers partial systems in increments to get early benefits while allowing
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, spiral/iterative, and agile. It provides an overview of each model's phases and when they are best applied. The waterfall model follows sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The agile model emphasizes speed, reduced documentation, and frequent customer feedback through shorter development cycles. SDLC models provide structure, standard processes and deliverables to software development projects.
The waterfall model is a sequential model for software development where progress flows in one direction like a waterfall from conception to maintenance. It involves 8 phases: definition, design, implementation, testing, integration, deployment, maintenance and support. While it provides structure and is good for stable requirements, it is difficult to change requirements or go back to previous phases and does not allow for much iteration. The waterfall model works best for projects with clearly defined requirements and stable scope, but may not be suitable if requirements are likely to change.
Evolutionary process models allow developers to iteratively create increasingly complete versions of software. Examples include the prototyping paradigm, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The prototyping paradigm uses prototypes to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model couples iterative prototyping with controlled development, dividing the project into framework activities. The concurrent development model concurrently develops components with defined interfaces to enable integration. These evolutionary models allow flexibility and accommodate changes but require strong communication and updated requirements.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
The document outlines the software testing life cycle (STLC) which is a systematic and planned process for testing software. The STLC includes requirement analysis to define what will be tested, test planning to identify activities, resources and schedules, test case development to detail test cases and data, test execution to run test cases and log results, and test cycle closure to generate reports and complete testing.
This document summarizes the waterfall model of software development. It describes the history and key phases of the waterfall model, including requirement gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. The advantages are that it is easy to implement for small projects and phases must be completed sequentially. Disadvantages include inability to easily change requirements late in the process and lack of feedback between phases.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the definition of software engineering, software components, characteristics of software, the software crisis, software quality attributes, and software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It discusses several SDLC models - waterfall model, prototype model, spiral model, evolutionary development model - outlining their phases and advantages/disadvantages.
Prototype Model
*Definition
*steps of prototype model
*Advantage and disadvantage
*Spiral model vs Prototype model vs RAD model
*When to use Prototype model
Thank you
The V-model is a software development lifecycle framework where each phase of development (requirements, design, implementation, testing) has a corresponding testing phase that validates the product. The V-model is best for small to medium projects with clearly defined requirements, and allows testing activities to start early by planning tests before coding begins. Key phases include requirements analysis, system design, module design and coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
This document discusses various software project estimation methods, including bottom-up, top-down, parametric, and analogy-based estimation. It describes the COCOMO model for estimating software development effort and provides details on its constants, development effort multipliers, and the stages of analogy-based estimation. Function point models like Mark II and COSMIC are also summarized as methods of measuring software size.
The document discusses software estimation and project planning. It covers estimating project cost and effort through decomposition techniques and empirical estimation models. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Decomposition techniques involve breaking down a project into functions and tasks to estimate individually, such as estimating lines of code or function points for each piece.
2) Empirical estimation models use historical data from past projects to generate estimates.
3) Key factors that affect estimation accuracy include properly estimating product size, translating size to effort/time/cost, and accounting for team abilities and requirements stability.
The document discusses the spiral model of software development. The spiral model is an iterative approach that combines prototyping and aspects of the waterfall model. It was defined by Barry Boehm in 1988 as a way to address risks through iterative evaluation and improvement of prototypes. The spiral model is best for medium to high risk projects where requirements are complex or expected to change. It involves evaluating prototypes, defining new prototypes based on learnings, and repeating this process until the final product is delivered.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process used for software projects within organizations. It describes the typical 7 phases of the SDLC: requirements collection and analysis, feasibility study, design, coding, testing, installation/deployment, and maintenance. Each phase is explained in 1-2 sentences. The document also briefly discusses the waterfall model design process and common problems in software development projects before introducing agile methodologies like SCRUM.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
The Spiral Model is a software development lifecycle model that combines elements of prototyping and the waterfall model. It involves iterating through phases for communication, planning, modeling, construction and deployment in spirals to obtain early feedback from customers. Each iteration allows for refinement of deliverables based on customer evaluations and helps manage risks for large, expensive and complex projects.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including its objectives, common phases and models. The key models described are waterfall, prototyping, spiral, RAD and agile. Waterfall is the classical sequential model but is inflexible. Prototyping and spiral address changing requirements through iterative cycles. RAD focuses on rapid development through reuse, workshops and early user testing. Agile methods emphasize speed, reduced formal processes and adaptability. The conclusion recommends RAD for mashup projects due to its support for iterative requirements changes and modular development.
This document provides an overview of project evaluation and portfolio management. It discusses evaluating individual projects through a business case document covering introduction, proposed project details, market estimates, organizational impacts, benefits, costs, risks and a management plan. Project portfolio management aims to prioritize allocation of resources across all of an organization's projects by categorizing them, tracking performance, and balancing high-benefit low-risk and high-profit high-risk projects. Key evaluation techniques discussed are cost-benefit analysis, payback period, return on investment, discount factors, and net present value analysis which discounts future cash flows to evaluate project profitability.
The document discusses the waterfall model of software development. It describes the five phases of the waterfall model as requirements gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It provides details on the activities in each phase, including documenting requirements, designing logical modules, writing code, testing software, and maintaining the system. The waterfall model is advantageous for small projects but inflexible if requirements change, as it is a sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
Evolutionary process models allow developers to iteratively create increasingly complete versions of software. Examples include the prototyping paradigm, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The prototyping paradigm uses prototypes to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model couples iterative prototyping with controlled development, dividing the project into framework activities. The concurrent development model concurrently develops components with defined interfaces to enable integration. These evolutionary models allow flexibility and accommodate changes but require strong communication and updated requirements.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
The document outlines the software testing life cycle (STLC) which is a systematic and planned process for testing software. The STLC includes requirement analysis to define what will be tested, test planning to identify activities, resources and schedules, test case development to detail test cases and data, test execution to run test cases and log results, and test cycle closure to generate reports and complete testing.
This document summarizes the waterfall model of software development. It describes the history and key phases of the waterfall model, including requirement gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. The advantages are that it is easy to implement for small projects and phases must be completed sequentially. Disadvantages include inability to easily change requirements late in the process and lack of feedback between phases.
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the definition of software engineering, software components, characteristics of software, the software crisis, software quality attributes, and software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It discusses several SDLC models - waterfall model, prototype model, spiral model, evolutionary development model - outlining their phases and advantages/disadvantages.
Prototype Model
*Definition
*steps of prototype model
*Advantage and disadvantage
*Spiral model vs Prototype model vs RAD model
*When to use Prototype model
Thank you
The V-model is a software development lifecycle framework where each phase of development (requirements, design, implementation, testing) has a corresponding testing phase that validates the product. The V-model is best for small to medium projects with clearly defined requirements, and allows testing activities to start early by planning tests before coding begins. Key phases include requirements analysis, system design, module design and coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
This document discusses various software project estimation methods, including bottom-up, top-down, parametric, and analogy-based estimation. It describes the COCOMO model for estimating software development effort and provides details on its constants, development effort multipliers, and the stages of analogy-based estimation. Function point models like Mark II and COSMIC are also summarized as methods of measuring software size.
The document discusses software estimation and project planning. It covers estimating project cost and effort through decomposition techniques and empirical estimation models. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Decomposition techniques involve breaking down a project into functions and tasks to estimate individually, such as estimating lines of code or function points for each piece.
2) Empirical estimation models use historical data from past projects to generate estimates.
3) Key factors that affect estimation accuracy include properly estimating product size, translating size to effort/time/cost, and accounting for team abilities and requirements stability.
The document discusses the spiral model of software development. The spiral model is an iterative approach that combines prototyping and aspects of the waterfall model. It was defined by Barry Boehm in 1988 as a way to address risks through iterative evaluation and improvement of prototypes. The spiral model is best for medium to high risk projects where requirements are complex or expected to change. It involves evaluating prototypes, defining new prototypes based on learnings, and repeating this process until the final product is delivered.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process used for software projects within organizations. It describes the typical 7 phases of the SDLC: requirements collection and analysis, feasibility study, design, coding, testing, installation/deployment, and maintenance. Each phase is explained in 1-2 sentences. The document also briefly discusses the waterfall model design process and common problems in software development projects before introducing agile methodologies like SCRUM.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
The Spiral Model is a software development lifecycle model that combines elements of prototyping and the waterfall model. It involves iterating through phases for communication, planning, modeling, construction and deployment in spirals to obtain early feedback from customers. Each iteration allows for refinement of deliverables based on customer evaluations and helps manage risks for large, expensive and complex projects.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including its objectives, common phases and models. The key models described are waterfall, prototyping, spiral, RAD and agile. Waterfall is the classical sequential model but is inflexible. Prototyping and spiral address changing requirements through iterative cycles. RAD focuses on rapid development through reuse, workshops and early user testing. Agile methods emphasize speed, reduced formal processes and adaptability. The conclusion recommends RAD for mashup projects due to its support for iterative requirements changes and modular development.
This document provides an overview of project evaluation and portfolio management. It discusses evaluating individual projects through a business case document covering introduction, proposed project details, market estimates, organizational impacts, benefits, costs, risks and a management plan. Project portfolio management aims to prioritize allocation of resources across all of an organization's projects by categorizing them, tracking performance, and balancing high-benefit low-risk and high-profit high-risk projects. Key evaluation techniques discussed are cost-benefit analysis, payback period, return on investment, discount factors, and net present value analysis which discounts future cash flows to evaluate project profitability.
The document discusses the waterfall model of software development. It describes the five phases of the waterfall model as requirements gathering and analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. It provides details on the activities in each phase, including documenting requirements, designing logical modules, writing code, testing software, and maintaining the system. The waterfall model is advantageous for small projects but inflexible if requirements change, as it is a sequential process where each phase must be completed before the next.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides an overview of the key stages and characteristics of each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses to help determine when each model is best applied.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance and the importance of having a quality assurance plan that includes elements like defect tracking, testing at various stages of development, and code reviews.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Waterfall model, V-shaped model, Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. It provides details on the key steps and phases in each model as well as their strengths and weaknesses. The models range from traditional plan-driven approaches like Waterfall to more iterative approaches like RAD and Spiral that allow for user feedback and adjustments throughout the process.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. For each model, the key steps or phases are described along with strengths and weaknesses. When each model is most applicable is also discussed. The document then covers quality assurance planning and activities that should be included like defect tracking, testing at various levels, and technical reviews.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. It provides details on the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios for using each model. It also discusses quality assurance plans and techniques to ensure quality like defect tracking, unit testing, code reviews, integration testing, and system testing.
This document provides an overview of various software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. For each model, the key steps and processes are described, along with strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. Quality assurance practices like defect tracking, unit testing, and technical reviews are also discussed. The document serves as a comprehensive reference guide to the essential information about different SDLC approaches.
This document provides an overview of various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, Spiral, and Agile methods. Key aspects of each model are described such as typical phases, when each model is best suited, strengths, and weaknesses. Tailoring SDLC models to best fit individual projects is also discussed. The document concludes with a brief section on quality assurance and elements that should be considered in a quality assurance plan.
The document provides an overview of various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, Spiral, Agile approaches like Extreme Programming (XP) and Feature Driven Development (FDD). It describes the key phases, strengths, weaknesses and scenarios where each model is best suited. The SDLC models range from traditional plan-driven to more adaptive approaches and the choice of model depends on project factors like requirements, risks, schedules and team preferences.
The document provides an overview of various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, Spiral, Agile approaches like Extreme Programming (XP) and Feature Driven Development (FDD). It describes the key phases, strengths, weaknesses and scenarios where each model is best suited. The SDLC models range from traditional plan-driven to more adaptive approaches and the choice of model depends on project factors like requirements, risks, schedules and team preferences.
This document provides information on various software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including:
- The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) which defines 5 levels of process maturity for software development organizations.
- The Waterfall model which is a linear sequential flow process that is easy to understand but lacks flexibility.
- The V-Shaped model which is a variant of the Waterfall model that emphasizes verification and validation in parallel with development phases.
- Evolutionary Prototyping which builds prototypes to get early user feedback to refine requirements before final development.
- Rapid Application Development (RAD) which uses automated tools to accelerate the development cycle through close user involvement.
- Incremental development which priorit
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, agile, extreme programming (XP), feature driven design (FDD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), and adaptive SDLC models. It provides an overview of the key phases, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where each model is best applied.
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The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models and methodologies. It provides an overview of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) which defines 5 levels of process maturity. It then describes several common SDLC models - waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile. For each model, it outlines the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best applied. It emphasizes that the best approach depends on the specific project's needs and that models can be tailored or combined as needed.
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2) A definition of computer communication as the process of transferring data, instructions, and information between two or more computers or devices.
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- Different categories of computers including personal computers, mobile devices, servers, mainframes and embedded systems.
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Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
2. SDLC Model
A framework that describes the activities
performed at each stage of a software
development project.
3. Capability Maturity Model
(CMM)
• A bench-mark for measuring the maturity
of an organization’s software process
• CMM defines 5 levels of process maturity
based on certain Key Process Areas (KPA)
5. Life Cycle Model
It provides a fixed generic framework that can be tailored to a
specific project.
Project specific parameters will include:
Size, (person-years)
Budget,
Duration
project plan = lifecycle model + project parameters
6. By changing the lifecycle model, we can
Improve
• Development speed (time to market)
• Product quality
• Project visibility
• Administrative overhead
• Risk exposure
• Customer relations, etc, etc.
7. The Waterfall Model
The waterfall model is the classic lifecycle model
It is widely known, understood and (commonly?) used.
In some respect, waterfall is the ”commonsense” approach.
Introduced by Royce in 1970.
8. Waterfall Model
• Requirements – defines needed
information, function, behavior,
performance and interfaces.
• Design – data structures, software
architecture, interface
representations, algorithmic details.
• Implementation – source code,
database, user documentation,
testing.
9.
10. Waterfall Strengths
• Easy to understand, easy to use
• Provides structure to inexperienced staff
• Milestones are well understood
• Sets requirements stability
• Good for management control (plan, staff, track)
• Works well when quality is more important than cost or
schedule
11. Waterfall Deficiencies
1. Idealised, does not match reality well.
2. Doesn’t reflect iterative nature of exploratory development.
3. Unrealistic to expect accurate requirements so early in
project
4. Software is delivered late in project, delays discovery of
serious errors.
5. Difficult to integrate risk management
6. Difficult and expensive to make changes to documents,
”swimming upstream”.
7. Significant administrative overhead, costly for small teams
and projects.
12. When to use the Waterfall
Model
• Requirements are very well known
• Product definition is stable
• Technology is understood
• New version of an existing product
• Porting an existing product to a new platform.
13. V-Shaped SDLC Model
• A variant of the Waterfall
that emphasizes the
verification and validation
of the product.
• Testing of the product is
planned in parallel with a
corresponding phase of
development
14. V-Shaped Steps
• Project and Requirements
Planning – allocate resources
• Product Requirements and
Specification Analysis –
complete specification of the
software system
• Architecture or High-Level
Design – defines how software
functions fulfill the design
• Detailed Design – develop
algorithms for each
architectural component
• Production, operation and
maintenance – provide for
enhancement and corrections
• System and acceptance
testing – check the entire
software system in its
environment
• Integration and Testing – check
that modules interconnect
correctly
• Unit testing – check that each
module acts as expected
• Coding – transform algorithms
into software
15. V-Shaped Strengths
• Emphasize planning for verification and
validation of the product in early stages
of product development
• Each deliverable must be testable
• Project management can track progress
by milestones
• Easy to use
16. V-Shaped Weaknesses
• Does not easily handle concurrent events
• Does not handle iterations or phases
• Does not easily handle dynamic changes in
requirements
• Does not contain risk analysis activities
17. When to use the V-Shaped Model
• Excellent choice for systems requiring high reliability –
hospital patient control applications
• All requirements are known up-front
• Solution and technology are known
18. Structured Evolutionary
Prototyping Model
• Developers build a prototype during the requirements
phase
• Prototype is evaluated by end users
• Users give corrective feedback
• Developers further refine the prototype
• When the user is satisfied, the prototype code is
brought up to the standards needed for a final product.
19.
20. Structured Evolutionary
Prototyping Steps
• A preliminary project plan is developed
• An partial high-level paper model is created
• The model is source for a partial requirements
specification
• A prototype is built with basic and critical attributes
• The designer builds
– the database
– user interface
– algorithmic functions
• The designer demonstrates the prototype, the user
evaluates for problems and suggests improvements.
• This loop continues until the user is satisfied
21. Structured Evolutionary
Prototyping Strengths
• Customers can “see” the system requirements as they are being gathered
• Developers learn from customers
• A more accurate end product
• Unexpected requirements accommodated
• Allows for flexible design and development
• Steady, visible signs of progress produced
• Interaction with the prototype stimulates awareness of additional needed
functionality
22. Structured Evolutionary
Prototyping Weaknesses
• Tendency to abandon structured program development
for “code-and-fix” development
• Bad reputation for “quick-and-dirty” methods
• Overall maintainability may be overlooked
• The customer may want the prototype delivered.
• Process may continue forever (scope creep)
23. When to use
Structured Evolutionary Prototyping
• Requirements are unstable or have to be clarified
• As the requirements clarification stage of a waterfall model
• Develop user interfaces
• Short-lived demonstrations
• New, original development
• With the analysis and design portions of object-oriented
development.
24. Rapid Application Model
(RAD)
• Requirements planning phase (a workshop utilizing structured
discussion of business problems)
• User description phase – automated tools capture information from
users
• Construction phase – productivity tools, such as code generators,
screen generators, etc. inside a time-box. (“Do until done”)
• Cut over phase -- installation of the system, user acceptance
testing and user training
25. RAD Strengths
• Reduced cycle time and improved productivity with fewer people
means lower costs
• Customer involved throughout the complete cycle minimizes risk of
not achieving customer satisfaction and business needs
• Focus moves from documentation to code (WYSIWYG).
• Uses modeling concepts to capture information about business,
data, and processes.
26. RAD Weaknesses
• Accelerated development process must give quick responses to the
user
• Risk of never achieving closure
• Hard to use with legacy systems
• Developers and customers must be committed to rapid-fire
activities in an abbreviated time frame.
27. When to use RAD
• User involved throughout the life cycle
• Project can be time-boxed
• Functionality delivered in increments
28. Timeboxing is a Planning technique common in planning projects (typically for
software development), where the schedule is divided into a number of
separate time periods (timeboxes, normally two to six weeks long), with each
part having its own deliverables, deadline and budget. Timeboxing is a core
aspect of rapid application development (RAD) software development
processes such as dynamic systems development method (DSDM) and agile
software development.
Timeboxes are used as a form of risk management, especially for tasks that
may easily extend past their deadlines. The end date (deadline) is one of the
primary drivers in the planning and should not be changed as it is usually linked
to a delivery date of the product. If the team exceeds the deadline, the team
failed in proper planning and / or effective execution of the plan. This can be the
result of: the wrong people on the wrong job (lack of communication between
teams, lack of experience, lack of commitment / drive / motivation, lack of
speed) or underestimation of the (complexity of the) requirements
29. Incremental SDLC Model
• Construct a partial
implementation of a total
system
• Then slowly add increased
functionality
• The incremental model
prioritizes requirements of the
system and then implements
them in groups.
• Each subsequent release of
the system adds function to the
previous release, until all
designed functionality has
been implemented.
30. Incremental Model Strengths
• Develop high-risk or major functions first
• Each release delivers an operational product
• Customer can respond to each build
• Uses “divide and conquer” breakdown of tasks
• Lowers initial delivery cost
• Initial product delivery is faster
• Customers get important functionality early
• Risk of changing requirements is reduced
31. Incremental Model
Weaknesses
• Requires good planning and design
• Requires early definition of a complete and fully
functional system to allow for the definition of
increments
• Well-defined module interfaces are required (some will
be developed long before others)
• Total cost of the complete system is not lower
32. When to use the Incremental
Model
• Most of the requirements are known up-front but are expected to
evolve over time
• A need to get basic functionality to the market early
• On projects which have lengthy development schedules
• On a project with new technology
33. Spiral SDLC Model
• Adds risk analysis,
and RAD prototyping
to the waterfall model
• Each cycle involves
the same sequence of
steps as the waterfall
process model
34. Spiral Quadrant
Determine objectives, alternatives and
constraints
• Objectives: functionality, performance,
hardware/software interface, critical success factors,
etc.
• Alternatives: build, reuse, buy, sub-contract, etc.
• Constraints: cost, schedule, interface, etc.
35. Spiral Quadrant
Evaluate alternatives, identify and
resolve risks
• Study alternatives relative to objectives and constraints
• Identify risks (lack of experience, new technology, tight
schedules, poor process, etc.
• Resolve risks (evaluate if money could be lost by
continuing system development
37. Spiral Quadrant
Plan next phase
• Typical activities
– Develop project plan
– Develop configuration management plan
– Develop a test plan
– Develop an installation plan
38. Spiral Model Strengths
• Provides early indication of insurmountable risks, without much cost
• Users see the system early because of rapid prototyping tools
• Critical high-risk functions are developed first
• The design does not have to be perfect
• Users can be closely tied to all lifecycle steps
• Early and frequent feedback from users
• Cumulative costs assessed frequently
39. Spiral Model Weaknesses
• Time spent for evaluating risks too large for small or low-risk projects
• Time spent planning, resetting objectives, doing risk analysis and
prototyping may be excessive
• The model is complex
• Risk assessment expertise is required
• Spiral may continue indefinitely
• Developers must be reassigned during non-development phase activities
• May be hard to define objective, verifiable milestones that indicate
readiness to proceed through the next iteration
40. When to use Spiral Model
• When creation of a prototype is appropriate
• When costs and risk evaluation is important
• For medium to high-risk projects
• Long-term project commitment unwise because of potential changes to
economic priorities
• Users are unsure of their needs
• Requirements are complex
• New product line
• Significant changes are expected (research and exploration)
41. Agile SDLC’s
• Speed up or bypass one or more life cycle phases
• Usually less formal and reduced scope
• Used for time-critical applications
• Used in organizations that employ disciplined methods
42. Some Agile Methods
• Adaptive Software Development (ASD)
• Feature Driven Development (FDD)
• Crystal Clear
• Dynamic Software Development Method (DSDM)
• Rapid Application Development (RAD)
• Scrum
• Extreme Programming (XP)
• Rational Unify Process (RUP)
43. Dynamic Systems Development Method
(DSDM)
Applies a framework for RAD and short time frames
Paradigm is the 80/20 rule
– majority of the requirements can be delivered in a
relatively short amount of time.
44. DSDM Principles
1. Active user involvement imperative (Ambassador users)
2. DSDM teams empowered to make decisions
3. Focus on frequent product delivery
4. Product acceptance is fitness for business purpose
5. Iterative and incremental development - to converge on a solution
6. Requirements initially agreed at a high level
7. All changes made during development are reversible
8. Testing is integrated throughout the life cycle
9. Collaborative and co-operative approach among all stakeholders essential
45. DSDM Lifecycle
• Feasibility study
• Business study – prioritized requirements
• Functional model iteration
– risk analysis
– Time-box plan
• Design and build iteration
• Implementation
46. Adaptive Steps
1. Project initialization – determine intent of project
2. Determine the project time-box (estimation duration of the project)
3. Determine the optimal number of cycles and the time-box for each
4. Write an objective statement for each cycle
5. Assign primary components to each cycle
6. Develop a project task list
7. Review the success of a cycle
8. Plan the next cycle
47. Tailored SDLC Models
• Any one model does not fit all projects
• If there is nothing that fits a particular project, pick a model that
comes close and modify it for your needs.
• Project should consider risk but complete spiral too much – start
with spiral & pare it done
• Project delivered in increments but there are serious reliability
issues – combine incremental model with the V-shaped model
• Each team must pick or customize a SDLC model to fit its project
48. Readings & References
• Software Project Management by Bob Hughes &
Mike Cotterell (Chapter 4)