A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PRECAST CONSTRUCTION AND CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION FOR...Shabaz Khan
The document presents a comparative study between precast construction and conventional construction for low-cost housing. It analyzes the cost and time required for each type of construction based on a case study of a residential building project in Andhra Pradesh, India. The study found that precast construction has a slightly lower total cost (around 6% less) and significantly shorter completion time (355 days less) compared to conventional construction. It suggests several measures to promote increased use of precast construction in India, such as investment in research, standardization of elements, training more engineers, and government incentives.
Retaining walls are an integral part of any sea facing structure or structures which contain single or multiple basements. The PPT gives a general idea about retaining walls and also focuses on a case study of the retaining wall along the Worli Seaface in Mumbai, India.
This document summarizes different types of foundation failures. It reviews load transfer failures which occur when the foundation is unable to properly distribute the load of the structure into the soil. Design and construction errors are also discussed as a cause of failures. Lateral movements in the soil due to removal of side support or excessive overburden can result in lateral failures. Different failure modes such as floating foundations and effects of vibration are also reviewed through case studies. Proper identification of failure causes is important to provide suitable remedial measures.
There are mainly 2 types of foundation deep and shallow foundation.
under reamed pile foundation .
there are different types of foundation and underreamed pile foundation is a type of foundation which helps to increase the load bearing capacity of the soil.
there are different types of devices used for this construction such as spiral augers, boring guide , under reamer.
and the construction steps are shown in the slide , advantages and disadvantages etc.
and all the brief is given clearly in the slide .
This document provides a review of amphibious houses as a solution to flooding. It begins with an abstract discussing how population growth is increasing housing needs and environmental impacts. It then reviews 5 previous studies on amphibious housing concepts, methods, findings and applications. The objective, architecture, and methodology of amphibious houses are described. The houses are designed to float during floods and return to their original position when waters recede, allowing occupants to remain in their homes safely. The review concludes by acknowledging contributions and references several previous studies on amphibious housing designs.
The document discusses the construction of diaphragm walls. It begins by defining a diaphragm wall as a continuous reinforced concrete structure constructed panel by panel using an in-situ method. It then describes the typical construction sequence which involves building a guide wall, excavating the trench using a grab, supporting the trench with bentonite slurry, placing reinforcement, and pouring concrete to form each wall panel. The document provides details on the equipment used and explains steps like slurry cleaning and panel joining. It concludes by listing some advantages of diaphragm walls and providing examples of some deep walls constructed worldwide.
HCSE Provide Didderent Types of Retaining Walls in USA. A retaining wall is a structure that retains (holds back) any material (usually earth) and prevents it from sliding or eroding away.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PRECAST CONSTRUCTION AND CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION FOR...Shabaz Khan
The document presents a comparative study between precast construction and conventional construction for low-cost housing. It analyzes the cost and time required for each type of construction based on a case study of a residential building project in Andhra Pradesh, India. The study found that precast construction has a slightly lower total cost (around 6% less) and significantly shorter completion time (355 days less) compared to conventional construction. It suggests several measures to promote increased use of precast construction in India, such as investment in research, standardization of elements, training more engineers, and government incentives.
Retaining walls are an integral part of any sea facing structure or structures which contain single or multiple basements. The PPT gives a general idea about retaining walls and also focuses on a case study of the retaining wall along the Worli Seaface in Mumbai, India.
This document summarizes different types of foundation failures. It reviews load transfer failures which occur when the foundation is unable to properly distribute the load of the structure into the soil. Design and construction errors are also discussed as a cause of failures. Lateral movements in the soil due to removal of side support or excessive overburden can result in lateral failures. Different failure modes such as floating foundations and effects of vibration are also reviewed through case studies. Proper identification of failure causes is important to provide suitable remedial measures.
There are mainly 2 types of foundation deep and shallow foundation.
under reamed pile foundation .
there are different types of foundation and underreamed pile foundation is a type of foundation which helps to increase the load bearing capacity of the soil.
there are different types of devices used for this construction such as spiral augers, boring guide , under reamer.
and the construction steps are shown in the slide , advantages and disadvantages etc.
and all the brief is given clearly in the slide .
This document provides a review of amphibious houses as a solution to flooding. It begins with an abstract discussing how population growth is increasing housing needs and environmental impacts. It then reviews 5 previous studies on amphibious housing concepts, methods, findings and applications. The objective, architecture, and methodology of amphibious houses are described. The houses are designed to float during floods and return to their original position when waters recede, allowing occupants to remain in their homes safely. The review concludes by acknowledging contributions and references several previous studies on amphibious housing designs.
The document discusses the construction of diaphragm walls. It begins by defining a diaphragm wall as a continuous reinforced concrete structure constructed panel by panel using an in-situ method. It then describes the typical construction sequence which involves building a guide wall, excavating the trench using a grab, supporting the trench with bentonite slurry, placing reinforcement, and pouring concrete to form each wall panel. The document provides details on the equipment used and explains steps like slurry cleaning and panel joining. It concludes by listing some advantages of diaphragm walls and providing examples of some deep walls constructed worldwide.
HCSE Provide Didderent Types of Retaining Walls in USA. A retaining wall is a structure that retains (holds back) any material (usually earth) and prevents it from sliding or eroding away.
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document discusses precast concrete stairs, which can be produced as individual step units or complete flights. Advantages include better quality control, space savings on site, and the ability to position units with semi-skilled labor. Common precast step units include rectangular cantilever, spandrel cantilever, and sector-shaped cantilever units. The document also outlines different configurations for in situ and precast concrete stairs and shows pictures from a precast concrete production hall.
The document discusses various types of retaining walls and their failure modes. It describes gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining walls. The five modes of failure are identified as sliding, overturning, bearing capacity, shallow shear, and deep shear failures. Factors of safety are provided for each failure mode. Two case studies of retaining wall collapses are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of various waterproofing methods. It defines waterproofing and explains the importance. It then describes conventional methods like brick bat coba, bituminous treatments, and box-type waterproofing. It also covers modern techniques like crystalline waterproofing and flexible membrane waterproofing systems. For each method, it provides details on materials, application procedures, advantages, and limitations. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on traditional and contemporary waterproofing options.
Diaphragm walls are underground retaining walls constructed using trench excavation supported by bentonite slurry. The process involves constructing guide walls, excavating a trench, installing reinforcement cages, and concreting. Diaphragm walls provide lateral support during deep excavations, serve as basement walls, and provide a water cutoff. They are suitable for use in congested areas and unstable soil below the water table.
This document discusses techniques for building earthquake resistant structures in India. It covers various sources of earthquakes and methods to resist seismic activity, including both active and passive systems. Some specific techniques mentioned are shear walls, bracing, dampers, isolation, and using light-weight materials. Suggestions are provided such as avoiding weak column designs, including thick slabs and cross walls, and following building codes.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
Mivan shuttering is a construction technique that uses aluminum formwork to provide strength and durability to buildings. The basic element is aluminum panels of varying sizes joined with a pin wedge system. Reinforcement is placed, then the light aluminum forms are erected to create walls and slabs. Concrete is poured to take the shape of the forms. When removed, the forms leave smooth monolithic structures requiring no plastering. Mivan shuttering allows for faster construction, less labor, and improved earthquake resistance compared to conventional techniques.
This document provides information on diaphragm walls, including:
- Diaphragm walls are reinforced concrete walls constructed using the slurry trench technique, reaching depths of up to 50m.
- They are commonly used as retaining walls, for supporting deep excavations, and as basement or underground structure walls.
- Construction involves excavating trenches using bentonite slurry, installing reinforcement cages, and pouring concrete to form wall panels either successively or alternately.
- Proper specifications are required for bentonite slurry, reinforcement, and construction methods to ensure continuity and water-tightness of the completed diaphragm wall structure.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
structure tube furniture
structure tube canada
tube structural system
tube structure design
tube frame building kits
tube structure buildings
tube framed buildings
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
STUDY ON BOT PROJECT WITH A CASE STUDY OF DELHI GURGAON EXPRESSWAYShabaz Khan
This document provides a case study of the Delhi Gurgaon Expressway project in India, which was developed as a public-private partnership using a build-operate-transfer (BOT) model. It describes the project background, financing and risks, construction delays, and lessons learned. The 27.7 km expressway was commissioned in 2018 after delays due to land acquisition issues and scope changes. It now carries over 180,000 vehicles per day, improving travel times between Delhi and Gurgaon.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions are unsuitable for surface foundations. Piles transfer structural loads deep into the ground until reaching a competent soil or bedrock layer. Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or a composite material. They are installed by driving, drilling, or jacking and attached to a pile cap. Pile foundations are classified based on material, soil type, and load transfer characteristics. Factors like soil bearing capacity, load intensity, and site conditions determine whether a pile foundation is necessary.
This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of multistory building design and analysis. It discusses reinforced concrete multistory buildings consisting of slabs, beams, girders and columns forming a rigid monolithic system. It also describes how multistory buildings can be modeled as three-dimensional space frames and analyzed independently in two perpendicular horizontal axes. Finally, it covers various structural analysis methods that can be used depending on the building size and importance, ranging from approximate manual methods to more sophisticated computer-based techniques.
Diaphragm walls are underground structural elements.
It is an in-situ reinforced concrete structure that is constructed panel by panel.
Diaphragm walls are ideal for soft clays and loose sands below the water table where there is a need to control lateral movements.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
This document discusses precast concrete stairs, which can be produced as individual step units or complete flights. Advantages include better quality control, space savings on site, and the ability to position units with semi-skilled labor. Common precast step units include rectangular cantilever, spandrel cantilever, and sector-shaped cantilever units. The document also outlines different configurations for in situ and precast concrete stairs and shows pictures from a precast concrete production hall.
The document discusses various types of retaining walls and their failure modes. It describes gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining walls. The five modes of failure are identified as sliding, overturning, bearing capacity, shallow shear, and deep shear failures. Factors of safety are provided for each failure mode. Two case studies of retaining wall collapses are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of various waterproofing methods. It defines waterproofing and explains the importance. It then describes conventional methods like brick bat coba, bituminous treatments, and box-type waterproofing. It also covers modern techniques like crystalline waterproofing and flexible membrane waterproofing systems. For each method, it provides details on materials, application procedures, advantages, and limitations. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on traditional and contemporary waterproofing options.
Diaphragm walls are underground retaining walls constructed using trench excavation supported by bentonite slurry. The process involves constructing guide walls, excavating a trench, installing reinforcement cages, and concreting. Diaphragm walls provide lateral support during deep excavations, serve as basement walls, and provide a water cutoff. They are suitable for use in congested areas and unstable soil below the water table.
This document discusses techniques for building earthquake resistant structures in India. It covers various sources of earthquakes and methods to resist seismic activity, including both active and passive systems. Some specific techniques mentioned are shear walls, bracing, dampers, isolation, and using light-weight materials. Suggestions are provided such as avoiding weak column designs, including thick slabs and cross walls, and following building codes.
This document discusses the design of flat slab structures. It begins by defining a flat slab as a type of slab supported directly on columns without beams. It then provides details on the types of flat slabs, their common uses in buildings, and benefits such as flexibility in layout and reduced construction time. The document goes on to discuss key design considerations for flat slabs including thickness, drops, column heads, and methods of analysis. It focuses on the direct design method and provides limitations for its use.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
Mivan shuttering is a construction technique that uses aluminum formwork to provide strength and durability to buildings. The basic element is aluminum panels of varying sizes joined with a pin wedge system. Reinforcement is placed, then the light aluminum forms are erected to create walls and slabs. Concrete is poured to take the shape of the forms. When removed, the forms leave smooth monolithic structures requiring no plastering. Mivan shuttering allows for faster construction, less labor, and improved earthquake resistance compared to conventional techniques.
This document provides information on diaphragm walls, including:
- Diaphragm walls are reinforced concrete walls constructed using the slurry trench technique, reaching depths of up to 50m.
- They are commonly used as retaining walls, for supporting deep excavations, and as basement or underground structure walls.
- Construction involves excavating trenches using bentonite slurry, installing reinforcement cages, and pouring concrete to form wall panels either successively or alternately.
- Proper specifications are required for bentonite slurry, reinforcement, and construction methods to ensure continuity and water-tightness of the completed diaphragm wall structure.
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
structure tube furniture
structure tube canada
tube structural system
tube structure design
tube frame building kits
tube structure buildings
tube framed buildings
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
Slip form construction is a method where concrete is poured into a continuously moving form to construct structures without joints. There are two main types - vertical slip forming used for tall structures like buildings and towers, and horizontal slip forming for pavement. The moving formwork is supported by hydraulic jacks and remains intact until the entire structure is completed, allowing faster construction at lower cost compared to traditional formwork. Slip forming produces monolithic, jointless structures but requires careful planning of the construction process and a skilled workforce.
STUDY ON BOT PROJECT WITH A CASE STUDY OF DELHI GURGAON EXPRESSWAYShabaz Khan
This document provides a case study of the Delhi Gurgaon Expressway project in India, which was developed as a public-private partnership using a build-operate-transfer (BOT) model. It describes the project background, financing and risks, construction delays, and lessons learned. The 27.7 km expressway was commissioned in 2018 after delays due to land acquisition issues and scope changes. It now carries over 180,000 vehicles per day, improving travel times between Delhi and Gurgaon.
Piles are deep foundations used to transfer structural loads through weak or wet soils to stronger soils below. Piles can be classified based on function (end bearing, friction, tension), material (concrete, timber, steel), or installation method (driven, cast-in-place). Key factors in pile design include soil properties, load types, and groundwater conditions. The ultimate load capacity of a pile considers end bearing and side friction, while the allowable load uses a factor of safety. Dynamic testing and soil parameters can be used to estimate pile capacities.
Pile foundations are commonly used when soil conditions are unsuitable for surface foundations. Piles transfer structural loads deep into the ground until reaching a competent soil or bedrock layer. Piles can be made of concrete, timber, steel, or a composite material. They are installed by driving, drilling, or jacking and attached to a pile cap. Pile foundations are classified based on material, soil type, and load transfer characteristics. Factors like soil bearing capacity, load intensity, and site conditions determine whether a pile foundation is necessary.
This document provides specifications for reinforced cement concrete work. It discusses formwork, reinforcement, and concreting requirements. Formwork must be made of seasoned wood boards at least 30mm thick. Reinforcement bars must meet specifications and be free of rust and contaminants. Concrete proportions and mixing are also specified, with cement to sand to aggregate ratios provided for different mixes. Proper curing and finishing of concrete surfaces is emphasized.
This document provides an overview of multistory building design and analysis. It discusses reinforced concrete multistory buildings consisting of slabs, beams, girders and columns forming a rigid monolithic system. It also describes how multistory buildings can be modeled as three-dimensional space frames and analyzed independently in two perpendicular horizontal axes. Finally, it covers various structural analysis methods that can be used depending on the building size and importance, ranging from approximate manual methods to more sophisticated computer-based techniques.
Diaphragm walls are underground structural elements.
It is an in-situ reinforced concrete structure that is constructed panel by panel.
Diaphragm walls are ideal for soft clays and loose sands below the water table where there is a need to control lateral movements.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
1. There are three main types of seawalls: vertical, curved, and mound. Vertical seawalls are the easiest to design and construct but can become undermined. Curved seawalls reduce wave reflection and turbulence but are more complex to design. Mound seawalls provide maximum wave energy dissipation but are less durable and have a shorter lifespan.
2. Several seawall systems are described: gravity walls, L-shaped walls with buttresses, and systems that use piles or diaphragm walls to provide support independently of soil weight. Pile-supported systems are less vulnerable to scour but more expensive. Diaphragm systems are flexible and independent of soil surcharge weight.
Retaining walls have the primary function of retaining soils at an angle greater than the soil's natural angle of repose. There are several types of retaining walls including mass retaining walls, cantilever walls, counterfort retaining walls, and precast concrete retaining walls. Design considerations for retaining walls include preventing overturning, forward sliding, using suitable materials, and not overloading the subsoil.
Retaining walls are structures used to retain soil or rock in a vertical position. Common materials used include wood, steel, concrete, and gabions. Retaining walls are classified as externally or internally stabilized. Externally stabilized include in-situ and gravity walls. Internally stabilized include reinforced soils and in-site reinforcement. Design considerations include ensuring stability against overturning, sliding, and overloading soils. Design also accounts for active and passive earth pressures. Common gravity wall types are massive gravity, crib, and cantilever walls. In-situ walls include sheet pile, soldier pile, and slurry walls. Reinforced and geosynthetic retaining walls are advanced wall types.
- Retaining walls retain soil or earth at angles steeper than its natural angle of repose, usually in a near-vertical position.
- The design of retaining walls considers the lateral pressures of the retained soil and any subsoil water. Walls are designed so that overturning, sliding, and bending failures do not occur.
- Common types of retaining walls include gravity walls, cantilever walls, counterfort walls, precast concrete walls, and crib walls. Proper drainage of retained soil is important for wall stability.
- Retaining walls retain soil or earth at slopes steeper than the angle of repose of the soil material. Their main function is to retain soils at angles greater than what the soil would naturally form on its own.
- The design of retaining walls considers the lateral pressures of the retained soil and any subsurface water. Walls must be designed so they do not overturn, slide, or experience excessive bending.
- Common types of retaining walls include gravity walls, cantilever walls, counterfort walls, and precast concrete walls. Proper drainage behind the wall is important to prevent issues from hydrostatic pressure buildup.
This document discusses different types of retaining walls and their construction methods. It describes gravity walls, sheet pile walls, cantilever walls, and anchored walls. It also discusses soil nailing, diaphragm walls, and bracing used for deep excavations. Key details include the steps for constructing retaining walls, advantages of concrete walls, advantages and disadvantages of CFA piles, applications and materials used for soil nailing, and the sequence of work for installing diaphragm walls. A case study describes an L-shaped cantilever retaining wall project in New Cairo City.
This document provides information about retaining walls, including:
1. Definitions of retaining walls and their purpose of retaining soil at slopes greater than the angle of repose.
2. Explanations of the main types of retaining walls - gravity, cantilevered, counterfort, precast concrete, and sheet pile walls.
3. Descriptions of design considerations for retaining walls including soil type, drainage, joints, and the active and passive forces acting on the wall that impact its stability.
Retaining walls are structures designed to hold back earth and materials from sliding and are used when there is a need to hold earth or other materials in a vertical position. There are different types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, buttress, basement/foundation walls, and bridge abutments. Stability is analyzed using various methods such as the method of slices, Bishop's method, Sarma method, and Lorimer's method. Reinforced earth uses geosynthetic materials like geogrids and geocells to reinforce soil and is commonly used in retaining walls.
The document discusses foundations and roof structures. It describes foundations as having substructures below ground level that transmit loads to the soil, and superstructures above ground. It outlines different types of shallow foundations like isolated footings, strip footings, combined footings, and raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations. The document also defines key terms for roofs like pitch, eaves, ridges, and discusses roof structural elements like purlins, battens, and trusses. Roof design considerations include strength, weather resistance, insulation, and drainage.
Retaining walls are structures designed to hold back material like earth to prevent sliding or erosion. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity walls made of concrete, stone, or brick which rely on their weight for stability. Reinforced retaining walls use reinforcement bars and concrete or masonry for stability. Mechanically stabilized earth walls use soil reinforced with steel or geotextiles in layers. Hybrid or composite walls combine mass with reinforcement.
here we know about Types , uses and selection of a retaining wall and their stability
overturning
sliding
Bearing capacity failure
comparison
soil nailing
This document discusses different types of retaining walls used in landscape architecture. It describes gravity retaining walls, pile retaining walls, and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity retaining walls rely on their own weight to stand up, pile retaining walls use deep piles driven into the ground, and cantilever retaining walls are made of reinforced concrete with a thin stem and base slab. The document also discusses anchored retaining walls, which use deep cables or wires driven into the ground for stability on high walls. It notes several factors that are important for stability, such as properly resisting lateral pressure, preventing water accumulation, and using expansion joints.
This document provides an overview of building substructures and foundations. It discusses the main types of shallow foundations, which are suitable for smaller buildings, including pad footings, strip footings, and raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations, which are required for larger buildings or where soil conditions require foundations to be placed deeper, such as pile foundations. The key functions of foundations are to distribute structural loads over a large soil area, transmit loads uniformly, and provide a stable base for the building. Foundation type selection depends on factors like building loads, soil type, and cost.
The document summarizes key building components and structures used in civil engineering. It discusses different types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations. It also describes different building materials like brick masonry, stone masonry, beams, columns, and their classifications. Requirements of good foundations and concepts of bearing capacity and settlement of foundations are explained.
The document discusses repairs and rehabilitation for low strength masonry buildings. It describes the typical components and materials used in these buildings and how their lifespan depends on geography, materials, technology, and workmanship. Common issues like cracking in structural members, floors, and non-structural elements as well as leakage are discussed along with their causes. Methods for investigating cracks and strengthening buildings are provided, such as adding reinforced concrete stitching blocks and bands. Recommendations are given for allowable building heights and strengthening based on the building category.
The document discusses different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, buttress, sheet pile, bridge, and mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls. It describes the basic design and components of each type of wall. It also covers earth pressure on retaining walls, advantages and disadvantages of retaining walls, and recent advancements in retaining wall technology such as various precast concrete panel systems and geosynthetic reinforced soil structures.
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Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
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3. RETAINING WALLS
• The structures which are constructed to retain
the earth or other loose material which are
unable to stand vertically by itself are called as
“retaining walls”.
• They can also be used to support grounds at
different levels on both sides of wall.
• The material retained by wall is called as
“backfill”.
4. TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS
On the basis of shape & mode of resisting
pressure due to backfill.
1. Gravity retaining wall
2. Semi-Gravity retaining wall
3. Cantilever retaining wall
4. Counterfort retaining wall
5. Buttress wall
5. 1. GRAVITY RETAINING WALL
•The walls which resists the earth pressure due to backfill by its own weight.
•They are constructed with stone masonry or plain concrete.
6. 2. SEMI-GRAVITY RETAINING WALL
• The size of section of a gravity retaining wall may be
reduced if a small amount of reinforcement is provided
near the back face. Such walls are known as Semi-
gravity retaining wall.
7. 3.CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
• Cantilever retaining walls are made of reinforced cement concrete.
• The wall consist of a thin stem and a base slab cast monolithically.
8. 4. COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL
• Counterfort retaining walls have thin vertical slabs, known as Counterfort,
spaced across the vertical stem at regular intervals.
• Counterforts tie vertical stem with the base slab.
•The purpose of providing Counterfort is to reduce shear force &bending
moment in the vertical stem & the base slab.
9. 5. BUTTRESS WALL
• It is similar to the Counterfort retaining wall in which Counterfort, called as
buttresses are provided on the opposite side of the backfill & act as compression
struts.
10. MODES OF FAILURE
There are 5
types of
modes of
failure
• Sliding Failure
• Overturning Failure
• Bearing capacity Failure
• Shallow shear Failure
• Deep shear Failure
11. Case 1
• In San Diego, California , failure in retaining
wall was observed.
• The wall was constructed as a basement wall
for a large building .In 1984, the building was
demolished and the site was turned into a
parking lot.
• The basement wall received lateral support
from the foundation , a bowstring roof truss,
and perpendicular building walls.
12. • When the building was demolished , the
retaining wall became a cantilevered wall with
no lateral support except from footing.
Active Earth Pressure
`
Cracks
Lateral Support
13. • Hence this case is remarkable case of failure
of retaining wall due to reduction of lateral
pressure.
• The movement of wall versus time is not at
constant rate ,but rather intermittent.
• Data indicates that as the wall moves
forward,cracks open up and lateral movement
ceases for a while.
14. As Wall moves
forward
Soil thrust is
reduced
Takes time for
soil to re-contact
with back face of
the wall
15.
16. Case 2
• This case study involves damage of retaining
caused by Northridge earthquake(january 17
,1994) in california.
• The magnitude of earthquake was recorded to
be 6.7 in richter scale.
17. Factors affecting the magnitude of
earthquake forces on the wall-
• Size of wall.
• Distance of retaining wall from the earth
quake epicenter.
• Duration of earthquake.
• Mass of soil retained by wall.
• Property of soil.
18. • In this case the EQSEARCH a computer
programme was used to estimate the peak
ground acceleration at that location.
• So , we can estimate the additional force
exerted by earthquake.
20. • A retaining wall was constructed near the top
of the slop and the house was built in front of
the wall.
• The house provides lateral support to some
portion of retaining wall and those portions
didn’t sustain any damage during earthquake.
• The portion of retaining wall that didn’t
recieve lateral support from the house
experienced tilting and cracking during
Northridge earthquake .
21. • In this case additional earthquake force is
exerted on the wall.
• Also,The affect of Northridge earthquake was
to densify the backfill and increase the lateral
pressure.
• So, it is a case of failure of retaining wall in
which additional forces gerenated by
earthquake was not considered in design.
23. FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SLIDING
• The factor of safety for sliding of the retaining
wall is defined as the resisting forces divided
by the driving force.
• F = (Sliding friction force + Allowable passive
resultant force)/ active earth pressure
resultant force
=(μW+Pp)/Pa
24. Where,
μ = friction coefficient between the concrete
foundation and bearing soil
W=resultant vertical force
Pp=passive resultant force
Pa=active earth resultant force
25. Factor Of safety for Overturning
• The factor of safety for overturning of the
retaining wall is calculated by taking moments
about the toe of the footing .
• F = Stabilizing Moment/Overturning Moment
=Wx’/(1/3)PaH
Where x’=distance from the resultant vertical
force the toe of the footing
Pa=active earth resultant force
26. TYPE OF BACKFILL MATERIAL
1.) Clean granular sand or gravel
Because of the undesirable effect of clay or silt
(swelling pressure on the wall , hydrostatic
forces on the wall)
2.)Sometimes Soil available at site
27. Compaction of Backfill Material
• The best compaction equipment are small
vibrator plate , such as VPG 160B and
BP19/75.
• The vibrator plates effectively densify the
granular backfill but do not induce high lateral
loads because of their light weight.