The document discusses repairs and rehabilitation for low strength masonry buildings. It describes the typical components and materials used in these buildings and how their lifespan depends on geography, materials, technology, and workmanship. Common issues like cracking in structural members, floors, and non-structural elements as well as leakage are discussed along with their causes. Methods for investigating cracks and strengthening buildings are provided, such as adding reinforced concrete stitching blocks and bands. Recommendations are given for allowable building heights and strengthening based on the building category.
The discussion on rehabilitation of foundations were discussed. The types used for rehabilitation were explained with the procedure. in addition, the case study under each type were also discussed for better understanding of the subject.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
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Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
Techniques for various structural repairUdayram Patil
Structural damage is crucial to safety. Proper remedial measures should always taken to avoid measure loss. This presentation provided various measure to repair structural damage.
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
The discussion on rehabilitation of foundations were discussed. The types used for rehabilitation were explained with the procedure. in addition, the case study under each type were also discussed for better understanding of the subject.
Connections are critical components that join structural elements to transfer forces safely. Steel connections influence construction costs and failures often originate from connections. Common steel connections include bolted, welded, and riveted joints. Bolted connections can be bearing type or friction grip bolts. Welded joints include fillet and butt welds. Connections must be designed for the expected loads, with shear connections allowing rotation and moment connections resisting it. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and economy.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
Techniques for various structural repairUdayram Patil
Structural damage is crucial to safety. Proper remedial measures should always taken to avoid measure loss. This presentation provided various measure to repair structural damage.
The document discusses different methods of post-tensioning concrete structures. It describes the Freyssinet system as the first introduced method using steel wires grouped into cables with a helical spring. The Magnel Blaton system stresses wires two at a time using sandwich plates and wedges. The Gifford Udall system uses single wires stressed independently with double-acting jacks and tube or plate anchorages. The Lee McCall system prestresses steel bars using threaded bars tightened with nuts against bearing plates.
This document discusses bolted connections used in structural engineering. It begins by explaining why connection failures should be avoided, as they can lead to catastrophic structural failures. It then classifies bolted connections based on their method of fastening, rigidity, joint resistance, fabrication location, joint location, connection geometry, and type of force transferred. It describes different types of bolts and bolt tightening techniques used for friction grip connections. It discusses advantages and drawbacks of bolted connections compared to riveted or welded connections. The document provides detailed information on design and behavior of various bolted connections.
Break or cause to break without a complete separation of the parts.
In generally defined as a complete or incomplete separation of either concrete or masonry into two or more parts.
The success of repair activity depends on the identification of the root cause of the deterioration of the concrete structures.
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and can account for 20-60% of the total concrete cost.
This presentation outlines the 16 step process for constructing a well foundation on a bridge, from geotechnical investigation to the top plug. The key steps include:
1) Conducting a geotechnical investigation to understand soil conditions.
2) Surveying and laying out the well locations.
3) Fabricating and installing the cutting edge and brackets that will form the base of the well.
4) Reinforcing and casting the well curb section below ground.
5) Sinking the well curb using a grabbing method.
6) Constructing and sinking the reinforced well steining section.
7) Pouring the bottom and top plug concrete sections to complete the well foundation.
The document summarizes different methods of underpinning an existing foundation to support expansion of a building on the same land plot. It discusses five main underpinning methods: 1) Mass concrete underpinning which involves digging pits by hand and pouring concrete sequentially, 2) Helical piles which use steel shafts with helical flights screwed into the ground, 3) Micropiles which are small diameter drilled and grouted piles, 4) Jacked piles which involve driving steel pipes into the ground with a hydraulic jack, and 5) Bracket piles used for earth retention to support adjacent foundations during excavation. The document also lists potential causes of foundation failure such as poor drainage, weather conditions, poor soil conditions, transpiration
Reasons and solution to cracks in buildings.
<div dir="ltr"><br>Reasons and solution to cracks in buildings.<br><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 0pt;"></blockquote></div>
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged structures.
Retrofitting a building involves changing its systems or structure after its initial construction and occupation. This work can improve amenities for the building's occupants and improve the performance of the building
The document discusses the design of compression members according to IS 800:2007. It defines compression members as structural members subjected to axial compression/compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling. The two main types are columns and struts. Common cross-section shapes used include channels, angles, and hollow sections. The effective length of a member depends on its end conditions. Slenderness ratio is a parameter that affects the load carrying capacity, with higher ratios resulting in lower capacity. Design involves checking the member for short or long classification, buckling curve classification, and calculating the design compressive strength. Examples are included to demonstrate the design process.
This document discusses concrete distress, its causes, and concrete repair systems. It defines distress as damage to concrete that can occur during production or service life due to varying conditions. Common causes of distress include structural loads, errors in design and construction, drying shrinkage, corrosion, and deterioration over time from chemical reactions, freezing/thawing, or weathering. Proper concrete repair requires determining the cause of damage, evaluating its extent, selecting repair methods, preparing the surface, applying repair materials, and curing. Durable repairs depend on high quality workmanship and materials to ensure the repair is well-bonded and resistant to future distress.
This document discusses the earthquake design philosophy of making buildings resistant to earthquakes. It explains that earthquakes are divided into minor, moderate and strong shaking based on frequency and intensity. The goal of earthquake resistant design is to mitigate earthquake effects by designing structures to withstand smaller forces than actual earthquake forces. The document then outlines the expected damage to buildings under minor, moderate and strong shaking. It emphasizes designing key structural elements like beams and columns to be ductile to absorb energy and prevent collapse during earthquakes. Shear walls are also discussed as important seismic resistant elements.
The document provides information about the course CV 725 Pile Foundations, including the instructor Dr. Babloo Chaudhary, course contents which cover various topics related to pile foundations, educational qualifications and experience of the instructor, intended learning outcomes, reference books, and timetable and evaluation plan.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
Chapter 10 wall finishes ( plastering,pointing & painting)KHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various aspects of wall finishes, specifically plastering, pointing, and painting. It begins by defining plastering as a process of obtaining a smooth surface on rough walls, roofs, columns, and ceilings. It then discusses the different types of mortars used for plastering, including lime, cement, and lime cement mortars. The document also covers methods of plastering such as multi-coat plastering and describes common plaster finishes. It concludes by discussing pointing in masonry construction and various pointing techniques.
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
Top down construction is used in congested urban areas to minimize impacts on existing structures. It involves installing deep retaining walls and excavating from the top down in stages, allowing above-ground construction to progress simultaneously. This saves significant time over traditional bottom-up methods. Diaphragm walls are installed around the perimeter and intermediate barrette piles may be used for additional support. Concrete slabs are then cast with openings to allow further staged excavation from above until the final basement level is reached. Reinforcing is installed to connect each level during construction.
Floors divide buildings horizontally and must support loads while providing durability, fire resistance, and appropriate finishes. Common floor materials include concrete, timber, and steel. Solid concrete slabs or precast planks are often used for ground floors while upper floors employ beams, slabs, hollow pots, or precast systems. Proper flooring allows a building to withstand loads, prevent damp and fire spread, insulate occupants, and provide comfortable, usable surfaces throughout.
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses tensioned steel cables or bars to put concrete members into compression and increase their strength. It describes three main methods: pre-tensioned concrete where the steel is tensioned before the concrete is cast; bonded post-tensioned concrete where steel is tensioned after casting to compress the concrete; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete where greased steel is used to allow individual adjustment. Applications include buildings, bridges, nuclear reactors and earthquake resistant structures. Advantages are lower costs, thinner members, and increased spans.
The document provides guidelines for repair and rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete buildings. It discusses causes of concrete deterioration like permeability, aggressive agents, and condition surveys. Non-destructive tests are recommended to evaluate concrete quality, cracking, and corrosion. The approach involves identifying deterioration causes, assessing damage extent, and selecting appropriate repair materials and methods to rehabilitate structures in a systematic and cost-effective manner.
The document discusses repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures. It describes various causes of distress in concrete structures including structural causes, errors in design/construction, chemical reactions, and weathering. It then outlines the evaluation process for repair projects, including visual inspection, non-destructive testing, and laboratory testing to determine the extent of damage and appropriate repair methods. Specific causes of reinforcement corrosion like cracks, moisture, and concrete permeability are explained along with remedial measures.
This document discusses bolted connections used in structural engineering. It begins by explaining why connection failures should be avoided, as they can lead to catastrophic structural failures. It then classifies bolted connections based on their method of fastening, rigidity, joint resistance, fabrication location, joint location, connection geometry, and type of force transferred. It describes different types of bolts and bolt tightening techniques used for friction grip connections. It discusses advantages and drawbacks of bolted connections compared to riveted or welded connections. The document provides detailed information on design and behavior of various bolted connections.
Break or cause to break without a complete separation of the parts.
In generally defined as a complete or incomplete separation of either concrete or masonry into two or more parts.
The success of repair activity depends on the identification of the root cause of the deterioration of the concrete structures.
Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support wet concrete until it is cured. There are different types of formwork including wood and steel. Wood formwork uses props, planks, battens and sheeting while steel uses sheets, angles and tees. Formwork must be strong, waterproof, and allow concrete to harden to the required strength before removal. The timing of removal depends on concrete mix design and weather conditions. Formwork is an important part of concrete construction and can account for 20-60% of the total concrete cost.
This presentation outlines the 16 step process for constructing a well foundation on a bridge, from geotechnical investigation to the top plug. The key steps include:
1) Conducting a geotechnical investigation to understand soil conditions.
2) Surveying and laying out the well locations.
3) Fabricating and installing the cutting edge and brackets that will form the base of the well.
4) Reinforcing and casting the well curb section below ground.
5) Sinking the well curb using a grabbing method.
6) Constructing and sinking the reinforced well steining section.
7) Pouring the bottom and top plug concrete sections to complete the well foundation.
The document summarizes different methods of underpinning an existing foundation to support expansion of a building on the same land plot. It discusses five main underpinning methods: 1) Mass concrete underpinning which involves digging pits by hand and pouring concrete sequentially, 2) Helical piles which use steel shafts with helical flights screwed into the ground, 3) Micropiles which are small diameter drilled and grouted piles, 4) Jacked piles which involve driving steel pipes into the ground with a hydraulic jack, and 5) Bracket piles used for earth retention to support adjacent foundations during excavation. The document also lists potential causes of foundation failure such as poor drainage, weather conditions, poor soil conditions, transpiration
Reasons and solution to cracks in buildings.
<div dir="ltr"><br>Reasons and solution to cracks in buildings.<br><blockquote style="margin: 1.5em 0pt;"></blockquote></div>
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged structures.
Retrofitting a building involves changing its systems or structure after its initial construction and occupation. This work can improve amenities for the building's occupants and improve the performance of the building
The document discusses the design of compression members according to IS 800:2007. It defines compression members as structural members subjected to axial compression/compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling. The two main types are columns and struts. Common cross-section shapes used include channels, angles, and hollow sections. The effective length of a member depends on its end conditions. Slenderness ratio is a parameter that affects the load carrying capacity, with higher ratios resulting in lower capacity. Design involves checking the member for short or long classification, buckling curve classification, and calculating the design compressive strength. Examples are included to demonstrate the design process.
This document discusses concrete distress, its causes, and concrete repair systems. It defines distress as damage to concrete that can occur during production or service life due to varying conditions. Common causes of distress include structural loads, errors in design and construction, drying shrinkage, corrosion, and deterioration over time from chemical reactions, freezing/thawing, or weathering. Proper concrete repair requires determining the cause of damage, evaluating its extent, selecting repair methods, preparing the surface, applying repair materials, and curing. Durable repairs depend on high quality workmanship and materials to ensure the repair is well-bonded and resistant to future distress.
This document discusses the earthquake design philosophy of making buildings resistant to earthquakes. It explains that earthquakes are divided into minor, moderate and strong shaking based on frequency and intensity. The goal of earthquake resistant design is to mitigate earthquake effects by designing structures to withstand smaller forces than actual earthquake forces. The document then outlines the expected damage to buildings under minor, moderate and strong shaking. It emphasizes designing key structural elements like beams and columns to be ductile to absorb energy and prevent collapse during earthquakes. Shear walls are also discussed as important seismic resistant elements.
The document provides information about the course CV 725 Pile Foundations, including the instructor Dr. Babloo Chaudhary, course contents which cover various topics related to pile foundations, educational qualifications and experience of the instructor, intended learning outcomes, reference books, and timetable and evaluation plan.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
Formwork is a temporary mold used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is cured, and gain sufficient strength to support its own weight. It is commonly made from timber or steel. Formwork must balance requirements like containment, strength, resistance to leakage, accuracy, ease of handling, finish, access for concrete, and economy. It is designed according to factors like the loads it will support, type of structure being built, and materials used. Formwork goes through stages of assembly, concrete placement, and stripping. Proper design, construction, and maintenance of formwork is important to produce high quality, safe concrete structures economically.
Chapter 10 wall finishes ( plastering,pointing & painting)KHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various aspects of wall finishes, specifically plastering, pointing, and painting. It begins by defining plastering as a process of obtaining a smooth surface on rough walls, roofs, columns, and ceilings. It then discusses the different types of mortars used for plastering, including lime, cement, and lime cement mortars. The document also covers methods of plastering such as multi-coat plastering and describes common plaster finishes. It concludes by discussing pointing in masonry construction and various pointing techniques.
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
Top down construction is used in congested urban areas to minimize impacts on existing structures. It involves installing deep retaining walls and excavating from the top down in stages, allowing above-ground construction to progress simultaneously. This saves significant time over traditional bottom-up methods. Diaphragm walls are installed around the perimeter and intermediate barrette piles may be used for additional support. Concrete slabs are then cast with openings to allow further staged excavation from above until the final basement level is reached. Reinforcing is installed to connect each level during construction.
Floors divide buildings horizontally and must support loads while providing durability, fire resistance, and appropriate finishes. Common floor materials include concrete, timber, and steel. Solid concrete slabs or precast planks are often used for ground floors while upper floors employ beams, slabs, hollow pots, or precast systems. Proper flooring allows a building to withstand loads, prevent damp and fire spread, insulate occupants, and provide comfortable, usable surfaces throughout.
This document discusses prestressed concrete, which uses tensioned steel cables or bars to put concrete members into compression and increase their strength. It describes three main methods: pre-tensioned concrete where the steel is tensioned before the concrete is cast; bonded post-tensioned concrete where steel is tensioned after casting to compress the concrete; and unbonded post-tensioned concrete where greased steel is used to allow individual adjustment. Applications include buildings, bridges, nuclear reactors and earthquake resistant structures. Advantages are lower costs, thinner members, and increased spans.
The document provides guidelines for repair and rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete buildings. It discusses causes of concrete deterioration like permeability, aggressive agents, and condition surveys. Non-destructive tests are recommended to evaluate concrete quality, cracking, and corrosion. The approach involves identifying deterioration causes, assessing damage extent, and selecting appropriate repair materials and methods to rehabilitate structures in a systematic and cost-effective manner.
The document discusses repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures. It describes various causes of distress in concrete structures including structural causes, errors in design/construction, chemical reactions, and weathering. It then outlines the evaluation process for repair projects, including visual inspection, non-destructive testing, and laboratory testing to determine the extent of damage and appropriate repair methods. Specific causes of reinforcement corrosion like cracks, moisture, and concrete permeability are explained along with remedial measures.
The document discusses maintenance and repair of buildings. It defines maintenance as work to restore facilities to accepted standards and sustain utility values. The objectives of maintenance are to preserve buildings and services, restore deterioration, and make improvements. Maintenance includes condition-based, fixed-time, preventative, opportunity, day-to-day, and shutdown maintenance. Repair is defined as restoring devices to usable conditions and includes patching defects, repairing doors/windows, and electrical/plumbing repairs. Common repairs discussed are cracks in walls, plastering, and RCC members.
This document discusses building failures and their causes through case studies. It defines structural failure as when a building loses its ability to perform its intended design function. Failures can be physical (structural) or performance related. Causes of failure include improper design, use of substandard materials, manufacturing errors, corrosion, and instability from repeated stresses. Most failures are due to human factors like poor workmanship or lack of maintenance, though natural causes like heavy rain can also cause collapse. Specific case studies from Mumbai discuss collapses due to weak concrete columns, removal of support pillars, and decay of old buildings exacerbated by heavy rainfall. Proper design, use of appropriate materials, quality control measures, and periodic maintenance can help prevent such
This document discusses repairs, rehabilitation, and retrofitting of structures. It begins by defining repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting. Repair returns a structure to its previous condition without improving strength. Rehabilitation considers strength by repairing damage. Retrofitting modifies existing structures to increase resistance to hazards like earthquakes. It provides examples of each process. The document outlines evaluation and quality control methods for repairs. It also discusses materials and techniques used for crack repair in structures, including epoxy injection grouting. Overall, the document provides an overview of restoring and upgrading structures through various repair, rehabilitation, and retrofitting methods.
Fahad types and causes of cracks in concrete structuresFAHAD ALI KHAN
This technical seminar provides basic information about the various types of cracks in concrete and their potential effect on the long-term performance of concrete structures.
The document discusses cracks in buildings, their causes and prevention. It classifies cracks as structural or non-structural and by width, direction and appearance. Non-structural cracks are caused by thermal variation, chemical reactions, moisture movement, foundation issues and manufacturing defects. Thermal variation results from temperature changes causing expansion and contraction. Moisture movement from wetting and drying leads to reversible and irreversible movement. After construction, structural cracks can be repaired through epoxy injection, polyurethane injection or stitching cracks. The seminar provides information on identifying crack causes and selecting suitable repair techniques.
1. Concrete repair refers to modifying damaged concrete structures to restore their load-bearing capacity and durability.
2. Common repair techniques include removing damaged concrete and replacing it with new concrete.
3. Shotcreting is a repair method that projects a concrete mixture at high velocity to repair large areas or strengthen structures. It produces a dense, homogeneous material without formwork.
CASE STUDY ON CRACKS AND ITS REMEDIAL MEASURESPrabhu Saran
this project is about the buildings cracks and its repair techniques.
most common methods adopted in this project.
ppt created with office'13... make it useful for ur work.
This document discusses retrofitting techniques to strengthen existing structures against seismic activity. It describes upgrading reinforced concrete and masonry structures through methods like reinforced concrete jacketing, steel plate bonding, and adding new structural elements. Recent trends in Pakistan involve using carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites for flexural and shear strengthening. The document provides examples of retrofitting projects completed in Pakistan using these composite systems.
The document discusses various causes of non-structural cracks in concrete, including plastic settlement, plastic shrinkage, early thermal contraction, drying shrinkage, corrosion of reinforcement, sulfate attack, and alkali-aggregate reaction. It provides details on the mechanisms behind each cause and methods to mitigate cracking, such as mix design modifications, curing practices, and construction techniques.
The document discusses various types of building construction defects such as fungal stains, erosion of mortar joints, peeling paint, defective plastered renderings, cracking walls, decayed floorboards, insect attacks, roof defects, dampness penetration, unstable foundations, and poor installation of air conditioning units. It provides details on the causes and symptoms of each type of defect.
Various Reasons of Cracks in Buildings
Cracks can occur due to chemical reactions in construction materials, changes in temperature and climate, foundation movements and settling of buildings, environmental stresses like nearby trains, earth quakes etc. Faulty design, bad... more
This document provides guidance on identifying and rectifying building defects. It outlines things to check such as the quality of materials, foundation, superstructure, roofing, doors and windows, wall and floor finishes. Common defects include poor quality bricks or blocks, foundation faults, masonry mistakes, faulty roof framing, and improper wall or floor rendering. An evaluator's checklist is also provided to methodically inspect 30 different elements for defects. The document stresses the importance of using quality materials and workmanship when rectifying identified issues.
Repair and maintainance of cracks [CIVIL ENGINEERING]Abhishek Bagul
Simple presentation with awesome animation effects. I had it for a short seminar last year. It contains following aspects:
1. Causes of cracks.
2. Types of cracks.
3. How to cure them.
It can be used by anyone.
The document outlines the top 10 most common home defects found during inspections. These include foundation drainage issues, electrical defects, roof problems, heating system issues, improper maintenance and repairs, structural damage, plumbing problems, water and air infiltration, inadequate crawlspace or attic ventilation, and uninspected construction defects. Many of these defects can lead to expensive repairs if left unaddressed. Proper home maintenance and hiring licensed contractors can help prevent major issues.
Dampness in buildings can cause health issues and damage to the structure. It is caused by factors like rain penetration, soil drainage issues, and defective construction. Remedies include installing damp proofing courses of flexible or rigid materials at locations like foundation level, parapets, and windowsills. Proper ventilation and moisture management can also help reduce excessive moisture in homes.
Traps and manhole aditya kumar barn1 ar14002Aditya kumar
Traps are fittings used to prevent foul gases from entering buildings through soil or waste pipes. Traps retain a small amount of water that forms a seal against gas passage. They are usually P-shaped and must be self-cleaning to allow waste to pass through while maintaining the water seal. Manholes provide access for maintenance of underground utility lines like sewers. They have protective covers and steps within to access the underground space safely. Proper installation and design of manholes and their supports is needed to prevent structural failures over time.
The document discusses various types of defects that can occur in brick walls, including cracking from ground movement, thermal movement, restraint in cavity walls, and tie failure in cavity walls. It also describes defects such as spalling of brick faces from frost damage, deterioration of brick arch lintels when the timber lintel decays, and cracking around windows from corrosion of reinforcement bars in brick arches.
1. Masonry structures are vulnerable to earthquake damage due to their brittle nature and weak connections.
2. Common failure modes of masonry buildings during earthquakes include walls tearing apart, shearing off diagonally, and collapsing at corners.
3. Non-destructive testing methods like rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and flat jack tests are used to evaluate the strength of existing masonry structures without damaging them.
This document provides a summary of a summer training presentation on building construction. It includes an introduction, contents listing the topics covered, and sections on site planning, building materials, reinforced concrete, excavation, foundations, retaining walls, construction of walls and columns, concrete manufacturing, curing concrete, plastering, slump and cube tests, and conclusions. The presentation was submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Rajasthan Technical University.
Building cracks causes & remedies byAmit PayalAMIT PAYAL
Cracks can form in concrete structures due to a variety of causes, including shrinkage during curing, temperature changes causing expansion and contraction, settlement of the structure, overloading, and corrosion of reinforcing steel. The document discusses different types of cracks like plastic shrinkage cracks, drying shrinkage cracks, thermal cracks, and cracks due to corrosion. It also provides preventive measures like reducing water content in concrete, proper mix design, finishing, curing, placement, compaction of soil, and adding control joints.
This document discusses guidelines for constructing earthquake resistant masonry buildings. It begins by defining earthquakes and outlining key precautions in planning like ensuring buildings are light, symmetrical, regular, and simple in design. It then discusses failure mechanisms of masonry structures, including out-of-plane failure and connection failure. The document provides suggestions for new masonry buildings in seismic areas, such as using quality materials, limiting building size and height, and reinforcing wall connections.
Foundation Repair Systems & Forensic Repairsjamieram
The document provides an overview of services offered by Arizona Ram Jack, LLC including helical and hydraulic piers for foundation repair, concrete waterproofing, mudjacking, microdoweling, and carbon fiber wrapping. Case studies are presented showing applications of the foundation repair techniques to resolve issues like settlement, heaving, and added capacity needs.
The document discusses different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, buttress, sheet pile, bridge, and mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls. It describes the basic design and components of each type of wall. It also covers earth pressure on retaining walls, advantages and disadvantages of retaining walls, and recent advancements in retaining wall technology such as various precast concrete panel systems and geosynthetic reinforced soil structures.
This document is a presentation on R.C.C. (reinforced cement concrete) failure in structures. It discusses various types of cracks that can occur in buildings, including non-structural cracks caused by moisture changes, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, foundation movement, and vegetation. It provides examples of cracks and recommends measures to control shrinkage and prevent thermal cracks. These include providing expansion joints, control joints, and slip joints. It also discusses elastic deformation, creep, corrosion of reinforcement, and structural cracks caused by defective design, construction, or materials. The presentation concludes with guidance on repairing different types of cracks.
The document discusses load bearing structures and framed structures. It provides details on:
- Load bearing structures transfer loads through walls to foundations, allowing only limited height buildings. Framed structures use beams and columns to transfer loads, allowing taller buildings.
- Properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each type are outlined such as construction speed, material usage, flexibility and earthquake resistance.
- Examples given of each include load bearing structures like IIM Ahmedabad and framed structures like Burj Al Arab.
Building crack,types,causes & its repairingGAUTAMSWALA
The document discusses different types of cracks in concrete structures, their causes, and repair methods. It describes structural cracks as wider than 3mm and caused by poor construction practices or overloading. Non-structural cracks are thinner and caused by moisture, thermal movement, or vegetation. Various crack repair techniques are outlined, including epoxy injection to fill hairline cracks, routing and sealing, stitching with metal anchors, grouting, and applying an overlay. The conclusion states it is impossible to completely prevent cracks but their development can be minimized by considering construction materials and techniques.
This document discusses various construction defects caused by dampness and applied forces. It describes defects like cracks in walls due to differential settlement from soil moisture changes or structural overloading. It also discusses defects from lack of expansion joints in walls, issues where rigid slabs meet load-bearing walls without slip joints, and rising dampness from lack of damp proofing. Remedies include proper drainage, deep foundations, avoiding overloading, and installing damp proof courses.
The document discusses repair and restoration techniques for deteriorating structures. It outlines various causes of deterioration like human activity, chemical reactions, moisture, and poor design/construction. Repair focuses on restoring shape and function, while restoration improves structural strength by techniques like crack injection, wall strengthening, and foundation upgrades. Non-destructive evaluation methods like rebound hammer and ultrasound tests are used to assess concrete quality without damage. The case study demonstrates using rebound hammer tests to evaluate different structural members.
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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presentation on retro fit and repair methodsKumarS250747
This document discusses repair, restoration, and retrofitting of structures. It defines key terms like repair, restoration, rehabilitation, and retrofitting. It describes common types of structural distress like cracking, corrosion, settlement, and provides examples of repair techniques. Case studies are presented on repairing industrial structures affected by differential settlement through soil excavation and replacement, and strengthening of slabs through jacketing and overlays. Basic retrofitting techniques like beam jacketing are also introduced.
Retaining walls are structures used to retain soil or rock in a vertical position. Common materials used include wood, steel, concrete, and gabions. Retaining walls are classified as externally or internally stabilized. Externally stabilized include in-situ and gravity walls. Internally stabilized include reinforced soils and in-site reinforcement. Design considerations include ensuring stability against overturning, sliding, and overloading soils. Design also accounts for active and passive earth pressures. Common gravity wall types are massive gravity, crib, and cantilever walls. In-situ walls include sheet pile, soldier pile, and slurry walls. Reinforced and geosynthetic retaining walls are advanced wall types.
This document discusses techniques for repairing, rehabilitating, and retrofitting structures. It covers strengthening structural elements, repairing structures damaged by corrosion, fire, leakage, or earthquakes. Specific techniques addressed include repairing fire-damaged concrete, sealing leaks, repairing cracks, jacketing structural members, and dry packing. The document also covers engineered demolition methods like mechanical demolition, implosion, and deconstruction for taking down structures.
EXCAVATION FOR FOUNDATION - Methods & Temporary Earth Retaining StructuresShivananda Roy
Generally excavation means to loosen and take out materials leaving space above or below ground. Sometimes in civil engineering term earthwork is used which include back-filling with new or original materials to voids, spreading and leveling over an area.
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2. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Low Strength Masonry Building is Laid in
• Fired brick work in clay & mud mortar
• Random rubble ; Uncoursed, Undressed stone
masonry in weak mortars made of cement-
sand , lime-sand & clay-mud.
3. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Component Of Low Strength Masonry Building:
• Foundation
• Flooring
• Brick/ Stone Columns
• Brick Work
• Stone Masonry
• Wood Work
• Slab
• Slopping Wooden frame Roof
• Plaster
4. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Life Of Structure Depend Upon:
A. Geography Of Location
B. Building Material
C. Technology
D. Workmanship
5. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
A . Geography Of Location:
• Type of Strata
• Water Table
• Earth Quack, Wind, Cyclone, Flood, Snow
• Pollutant
• Land Slide
• Tree location w.r.t. building
6. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
B . Building Materials
• Cement
• Lime
• Fine Sand
• Coarse Sand
• Coarse Aggregate
• Quality of Water
• Bamboo/Wood
• Brick
7. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
C. Technology
• Architectural Design
• Structural Design Based On Load Bearing Wall
• Construction Methods
• Quality Practices
• Construction Management
8. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
D Workmanship
• Structural Work
• Finishing Work
• Water Proofing Work
• Development of Drainage (Internal &
External)
• Maintenance Of Building
9. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Building Needs Repairs & Retrofitting
• Crack & Spalling In Structural Members
• Crack & Settlement In Flooring
• Crack & Spalling in Non Structural Members
• Leakage In Water Supply & Drainage System
• Redesigning existing structure for nature
forces
• Changed functional requirements
10. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Crack & Spalling In Structural Members
• Cracks Occur Due To Settlement In Foundation
• Cracks Due To Earth Quack ,Wind
• Crack Due To Overloading Of Structure
• Crack Due To Reduction in Load Carrying
Capacity of Structure Due To Weathering
• Crack Due To Improper Design Of Structure
• Crack due to Poor connection Of Structural
Members Resulted From Poor Workmanship
11. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Crack & Settlement In Flooring
• Due To Improper Plinth Filling
• In case of black cotton soil in foundation not
replaced up to sufficient depth by Good Soil under
plinth (For generating enough Counter weight upon
black cotton soil)
• Water Table vary within the Plinth Sub base (this
occur in frequent flooding area & near sea soar)
• Improper curing, Improper laying, Poor Quality of
workmanship.
• Improper design for loading i.e. thickness & type of
flooring.
12. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Crack & Spalling in Non Structural Members
• Crack In Plaster
• Crack In Finishing
• Crack In Water Proofing Work
• Vertical cracks in long boundary wall due to
thermal movement Or Shrinkage.
• Crack Induced due to thermal changes,
change in moisture content in building
material, Chemical Reactions
13. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Leakage In Water Supply & Drainage
• It may result from structural cracks & settlement
• Improper selection of pipe thickness
• Improper selection of Supports & its spacing to
Pipe
• Improper making Of joints
• Non Provision for contraction & expansion
(Particularly when pipe is passing over different
type of long structures)
• Non Testing of Pipe before & after laying
• Insufficient soil cover over pipe
14. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Redesigning existing structure to meet functional
requirement as well as forces generated by Nature
It is a comprehensive task & require planning which
include following Information gathering.
• Field investigations including details of sub strata,
foundation details
• Type of Existing structure & its members stability
• Design Data Collection
• Identification of components required to be
strengthened, replaced.
• Cost Estimates (it is feasible up to 60% of new
construction)
• Method or Procedure to be fallowed.
15. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Crack Investigation
• Location
• Profile (vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal)
• Crack Size throughout length (Width,Depth & length)
Thin crack< 1mm
Medium Crack >1 to 2 mm
Wide Crack > 2 mm
Crack may be non-uniform width. i.e. Tapper in
width(narrow at one end & wider at other end. )
• Static or Live cracks
16. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
• Cracks are static or live, is monitored & recorded
by “Tell-Tale” method
Crack
in wall
Quick setting
mortar or
Adhesive
Crack in
Glass strips
Glass strips of 2 to 3
C.M. in width & 10 to
12 C.M.in length
Widening Of Crack
Marking
in Glass
17. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
These Crack occur
around opening due
to drying shrinkage &
thermal movement in
a building resulting
weakening in the wall.
18. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Expansion & thickening of
roots creating
concentration of stress at
joints & weak locations such
as openings
19. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
The long horizontal crack resulted due to
deflection of slab and lifting up of edge of the slab,
combined with horizontal movement in the slab
due to shrinkage.
20. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
This Cracks are due to pull exerted on the wall by the slab because of
drying shrinkage and thermal contraction this pull results in bending of
the wall which causes cracking at a weak section, that is, at the lintel or
sill level of the window openings. Such cracks generally occurs when
windows and room spans are very large. This cracks can be avoided by
providing slip joints at slab supports on the walls.
21. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Construction Details Of Bearing Of R.C.C. Roof Slab
Over a Masonry Wall
Concrete Fillet
Brick tiles or Cement mortar
with chequer grove finish
First Course Of
parapet masonry is
thicker than the wall
By half Brick
12 mm wide groove in plaster
Slip Joint(two or three layer of
tarred paper are placed over
plastered surface)
12 mm Gap
,3/4 filled
with Mastic
Compound
22. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Thickness of plaster is
to much high & silt
content is also Very
High
23. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Longer opening &
less bearing &
deteriorated lintel
load capacity
exposes diagonal
crack which is
widened towards
corner wall edge.
24. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Vertical crack under
window occur when
wall have large window
opening & little wall
space on both side of
opening. Difference in
stress due to more
stress in wall portion
adjoining to window &
less stressed portion
under sill of window
results in crack.
25. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Cantilever Chajja
not having main
bars on upper face
26. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
When two adjacent walls shake in different
directions, their joint at corners comes under a lot of
stress. This causes crack at the junction of two walls.
In Normal conditions, cracks
in this location comes when
one of wall expand more
than short wall.
27. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
When the long wall bends outward or inwards
vertically in the middle of its length, this stretching
causes tension and causes vertical cracks in the
walls.
28. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Similarly when the walls bends outward or inwards
horizontally in the middle of its height, this stretching causes
tension and causes horizontal cracks in the walls. This happens
at the base of gable wall.
29. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Many times the wall gets pulled from its corners. This results in
to tearing of wall in diagonal direction. In the wall if there is a
window or a door, then the diagonal crack occur at their
corners.
30. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Flexural Tension Cracks At Lintel Level Due to Shrinkage &
contraction of R.C.C. Slab
31. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
If the window is very large or if there are many
doors and windows in a wall, then it tears even
more easily in an earthquake.
32. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Many times the roof slides on top
of the walls on which it is sitting on
33. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Structural Repairs
Load Bearing Walls: PROCEDURE IN NEXT SLIDE
CRACK IN BRICK
PLACING OF RCC
BLOCK AFTER
CUTTING HOLE IN
B.W.
34. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Repairing Of Crack Due To Structural Cause
• Replace all cracked bricks
• Use R.C.C. Stitching Block In Vertical Spacing In
Every 5th or 6th Course ( 0.5 meter apart ).
• Stitching block
Width=equal to wall width,
Length = 1.5 to 2 bricks,
Thick =1 or 2 bricks as per severity of cracks
• Mortar For Repairs 1:1:6 (1 Cement :1 lime: 6
sand)
35. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
load bearing walls(May be Brick or Stone) have
inbuilt deficiency.
• Each Brick have different strength
• Thickness of Mortar Joints are not also uniform.
• Bricks are not perfectly laid horizontally &
vertically
• Opening in walls
• Improper staggered joints
• Use of unwanted Brick bats
1. These resulted in cumulative effect &
concentration of stress in particular section of
wall is more than other section.
36. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Corrective Measures For Load Bearing Wall
Building
• Therefore Shifting of Window, Door ,Inbuilt
construction of Almirah should be carried out
with due consideration to IS code 13828:1993
• Proper Bearing to lintel over brick work to avoid
diagonal cracks & it can be done in retrofitting
work.
• It is advisable to keep window width as less as
feasible while height can be increased with fixed
glass pans on top portion as per slide 41.
37. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Importance Factor(I) Depend Upon
• Functional Use Of Structures
• Hazardous Consequences Of Its Failure
• Post Earthquake Personal needs
• Historical Value
• Economic Importance
• School Building Have “I” value=1.5
“I” value Zone II III IV V
1.5 Building Retrofitting need C D E E
39. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Table :Size, Position Of Opening In Above Figure
Description Building Retrofitting Need/Category
A,B,C D
`b6 (Minimum) 230 mm 600 mm
(b1+b2+b3)/l1
; (b6+b7)/l2 =
0.46 ( For one Storeyed
Building )
0.42 ( For one Storeyed
Building )
`b4 450 mm 500 mm
`h3
(minimum)
600 mm 600 mm
`b8 900 mm 900 mm
0.37 ( 2 & 3 storeyed 0.33 (2 & 3 storeyed
Building) Building)
40. 150
Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
• Strengthening Of Window When Its Position Is
Not As Per Table Above Slide No 42.
X X
Two Nos
HYSD Bars
Section X-X
Window
60
30
6 Ø @ 150
75
41. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Strengthening Arrangements Recommended For
low Strength Masonry Building
b = Lintel Bend
C = Roof Bend, Gable bend
d = Vertical steel at corners & junctions of wall
f = Bracing in plan at tie level of Pitched Roofs
g = Plinth band
For Building of Category ‘B’ in two storey
constructed with stone masonry in weak mortar,
provide vertical steel of 10 mm dia in both storey.
42. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Strengthening Arrangements Recommended For
Elements of low Strength Masonry Building
Building
Category
Number Of Storey
Allowed
Strengthening
To Be Provided
A One, Two, Three
storey
`b, c ,f ,g
B One & Two Storey `b, c ,f ,g
Three Storey `b, c, d, f, g
C One storey `b, c ,f , g
Two & three storey `b, c, d, f, g
D One & Two Storey `b, c, d, f, g
43. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
• Seismic wave propagation increases as height
of wall/structure increases.
• Seismic wave expansion pushes bricks of
corner of wall out of building.
• Movement of Seismic wave through joints of
similar or dissimilar component of building
,makes joint open, resulting in falling of
component of the building.
44. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Possibility For Old Masonry Structures Strength
• Plinth Belt in lieu of plinth band
• Lintel level belt in lieu of band
• Roof level/ gable level band
• Corner steel
• Shape, Size & location of Window In Wall
• Wall length to Height Ratio
• Cross wall/ Brick Pillar/counter fort
45. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Reinforced band on top of gable wall
It will reduce bending of gable wall
46. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
In long walls introduce buttress
to strengthen it.
47. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Low Strength Masonry Building Retrofitting
For Brick Masonry Structure
• Height of the building in B.W. shall be restricted to
the following.
1. For retrofitting category of building A,B,C up to3
storey with flat roof or 2 storey plus Attic for
pitched roof.
2. For category D up to 2 storey with flat roof or one
storey plus Attic for pitched roof.
where each storey height shall not exceed 3.0 m.
Cross wall spacing should not be more than 16
times the wall thickness CONTD.
48. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
3. Minimum wall thickness in brick masonry shall
be one brick for one & two storey construction,
while in case of three storey, the bottom storey
wall thickness is one & half brick.
4. Use brick from kiln only after 2 weeks when
work is in summer & 3 week when work in
winter.
5. Use leaner mortar preferably also adding lime
for repairing cracks in particular& in masonry in
general. It can be 1:1:6,1:2:9,1:3:12 as per need.
49. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
For Stone Masonry
• Height of the building in Stone Masonry shall
be restricted to the following
1. For retrofitting category of building A,B,—2
storey with flat roof or 1 storey plus Attic for
pitched roof .In case cement sand mortar 1:6,
the building up to 2 storey plus Attic for
pitched roof.
2. 2. For category C,D– 2 storey with flat roof or
2 storey plus Attic for pitched roof with
Cement sand mortar or 1 storey plus Attic for
pitched roof with lime- sand or mud mortar.
CONTD.
50. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
3. Maximum wall thickness in
stone masonry shall be 450 mm
& preferably 350 mm. ,
• Each storey height shall not
exceed 3.0 m and span of walls
between cross wall is limited to
5.0m
51. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
• Cross wall connection In steps
600 mm
600 mm
FIRST LIFT
SECOND LIFT
52. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Wall to wall joints are to be made
by building wall ends in steps form
53. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Vertical reinforcement within the masonry in
corners increases wall’s capacity to withstand
Horizontal cracks due to bending.
54. In Each Layer Staggered Toothed Joint
Y A B
X PLAN
450 mm
Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
230 mm
115 mm
230 mm
A B
View-X At A-A View- Y At B-B
Elevation Showing
Vertical Joints In
Staggered Layer
55. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Recommended Longitudinal steel in
Reinforcement Concrete Bends
Span of Band
Between
Cross Wall
Building
Category
“B”
Building
Category
“C”
Building
Category
“D”
Building
Category
“E”
In MM No. Of
Bars
Dia.
Φ
MM
No. Of
Bars
Dia.
Φ
MM
No. Of
Bars
Dia.
Φ
MM
No. Of
Bars
Dia.
Φ
MM
5 or Less 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 10
6 2 8 2 8 2 10 2 12
7 2 8 2 10 2 12 4 10
8 2 10 2 12 4 10 4 12
Spacing Of Tor Ring/Links 6 mm @ 150 mm Or 8 mm @ 200 mm
Bands Thickness vary 75 mm for 2 bars & 150 mm for 4 bars
56. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
• Steel Profile In Band At Corner & Junction
Lap= 50 ф
Staggered
57. 900 mm For Second Height
600 mm For First Height
Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Bonding Elements
A. Wood Plank
( 38x38x450 mm)
B. R.C.C. Block
(50x50x450 & 8 mm)
C. 8 or 10 mm Hook
or “S” shape bent Bar
Plan showing Through Stone
Through stone = Bonding Element
≤ 1200 ≤ 1200
≤ 1200
≤ 450
Pair of stone
with length= ¾
of wall
thickness
58. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
“S” shaped steel rod placed in a through hole in
random rubble wall and fully
encased in concrete
59. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Plan showing Center bar in Casing
Casing in every 0.6 m is lifted & M15 or
Mortar 1:3 is Compacted around bar.
≤ 1200 ≤ 1200
≤ 1200
≤ 450
Pair of stone
with length= ¾
of wall
thickness
CL
60. •
• Half Split Bamboo Ties To Rafter
• Brace the Rafter to 50 mm Dia Bamboo (B)
• Seismic Bend & Rafter should be tied Properly
Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
X
ThreeNails 5Ø
drilled in
member
made by
splitting
bamboo in
two part
B
Cross bracings
at ends of room
61. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Diagonal tying on the upper or underside of the
roof Prevents roof from getting distorted and
damaged
62. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Installing multiple strands of galvanized iron wires
pulled and twisted to pretension
63. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Vertical steel at corners and junction of walls up
to 350 mm thick should be embedded in plinth
masonry of foundations, bands, roof slab as per
table
Nos Of Storey Storey Diameter Of H & D Single HYSD Bar in mm at each critical
Section (for above 350 mm, increase bar dia proportionally
Category C Category D
One -------- Nil 10
Two
Top 10 10
Bottom 10 12
Three
Top 10 10
Middle 10 12
Bottom 12 12
64. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
One Brick Thick One & Half Brick Thick
-------- Contain One Bar At Centre
3/4B
65. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Seismic Belts & closing a opining with pockets made
in jams of masonry.
Pockets
66. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Encasing masonry column in cage of steel rods and
encased in micro concrete.
67. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Anchoring the roof rafters and trusses with steel
angles or other means
68. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Weld mesh belt approximately 220mm wide all
around the openings and anchored to masonry wall
and encased in cement mortar
69. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Vertical deformed steel encased in concrete bar from
foundation to roof, anchored to both masonry walls
at wall junctions with special connectors.
70. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Seismic belt in lieu of Seismic Band is made of weld
mesh approximately 220mm wide anchored to
masonry wall and encased in cement mortar.
71. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Use smaller glass panes for windows Prevents the
shattering of glass in earthquake and cyclone
72. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Anchoring roof to wall &, reducing roof
overhangs,
prevent the roof from getting blown off
73. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Prolonged flooding can weaken the mortar,
especially if it is mud mortar, and hence,
the wall, causing cracking in walls or collapse.
74. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
If the ground is sandy in which the foundation is sitting, then
high speed flood/surge water can scour the land around and
under the foundation of your school, leading to settlement
and/or cracking of the wall.
75. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Simple erosion of wall near its bottom, or cracking,
plaster peeling off and settlement
in floor.
76. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Lack Of foundation
& plinth
Wall to high & too Long
Openings
to closer to
corner
Door &
Window
Opening to
large
Deficient bearing length of
lintels
Too small Projection
More Than One
Story Building
Leaking Roof
Exposed walls without
plaster or Pointing
Vertical
Joint Without
Mortar
Unbroken joint at corner
77. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Extensive cracking of walls caused by
differential settlement due to flood
78. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
High plinth level to avoid entering flood
79. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Foundation & plinth
Use band
below roof
truss/rafter
Damp proof
at Plinth
Buttress in
long wall
Low height wall Maximum 8
times thickness
If thatch is used, cover with waterproof
mud plaster
Projected Roof
Maxm 0.5 m
Opening 1.2 m
From Corner
Good bonding Mortar
Waterproof
mud plaster
or cement
plaster
Use of pilasters
strengthens
walls against
flowing water
80. Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
• This Presentation was focused on Low Strength Masonry
Buildings therefore for framed structures & rich cement
mortar building ,certain slides are in-valid. In next
Presentation this balance portion will be highlighted.
• This Presentation was aiming to provide some technical
input to site peoples so that we could point out any
doubtful detailing in drawings to Structural/Architectural
Designer.
• It is possible that features of Flood, Heavy Rain fall,
Cyclone, earth quack may collide but We have to look
priority of our geographical requirement.
Thank You