The document provides information about a Surveying and Geomatics course at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes the course objectives, which are to study basic surveying concepts and principles, field applications of leveling surveys and contouring, the use of theodolites and total stations, trigonometric leveling, and applications of GPS and remote sensing. The course outcomes are listed as understanding basic surveying principles, performing computations of lengths, areas and bearings from field work, understanding principles of instruments, and basic concepts of photogrammetry, remote sensing and GPS.
in this section the study of the various classification of the surveying. which based the surveying is classified and how many types of the surveying? all this is presented in this slide.
and that slide how it work?
There are two main methods for measuring distances along sloping ground: direct and indirect. The direct method divides the sloping ground into horizontal and vertical strips and adds the horizontal lengths. The indirect method uses a clinometer, hypotenusal allowances based on slope, or difference in elevation between points to calculate the horizontal distance from sloping distances. Specifically, a clinometer can measure slope and the horizontal component is calculated using cosine of the angle of slope.
Distance Measurement & Chain Surveying
Contents
• Introduction About Surveying
.
• Primary Division Of Surveying • Classification Of Surveying • Distance Measurement And Chain Surveying • Principle Of Surveying • Types Of Tapes Based On The Materials Used • Erecting And Dropping A Perpendicular • Obstacle In Chain Survey • Types Of Errors • Corrections of Tape • Off –Sets • Ranging • Conclusion . • Homework And Next Lecture . • References.
-Definition of Surveying.
Types of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Survey
3. Cadastral surveying
4. Aerial Surveying
5. Hydro graphic Surveying (Hydro-Survey)
6. Topographical Survey
7. Engineering Survey.
Primary division of Surveying
Reconnaissance.
• This is preliminary survey of the land to be surveyed. It may be either
1-Ground reconnaissance 2- Aerial reconnaissance survey.
Objectives of Reconnaissance
1. To ascertain the possibility of building or constructing route or track through the area.
Classification of Surveying:
1- Classification based on the instruments used:
A. Chain Surveying.
B. Compass Surveying.
C. Theodolite Surveying.
D. Tachometric Surveying .
E. Trigonometric Surveying.
F. Total station and GPS.
G. Photogrammetric and Aerial Surveying.
H. Plan Table .
2- According to the method used:
i. Traversing .
ii. Triangulation .
iii. Tacheometric.
iv. Trigonometric.
3- According to the Purpose of surveying:
i. Engineering survey.
ii. Military survey.
iii. Geological survey .
iv. Topographical survey
Chain and Tape Survey
-Length& Distance Measurements.
-Distance Measurement and Chain Surveying.
• In general there are two methods:
1- Direct methods of measuring lengths
2- Indirect methods of measuring distances.
There are two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
*Linear measurements
*Angular measurements
-Instruments used in Chain Surveying.
Types of tapes based on the materials used.
.......
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture..Pramesh Hada
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture students. It contains all the syllabus according to Pokhara University, Nepal
---By Assistant Professor. Pramesh Hada
Nepal Engineering College
CHangunarayan, Bhaktapur
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Contour lines on a map connect points of equal elevation above sea level. They show the shape and features of the land. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method precisely traces contours in the field but is slow. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines, making it faster but less precise. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer along radial lines. Contour maps provide topographic information for engineering projects.
This document provides an overview of field astronomy concepts. It defines key celestial coordinate systems used to specify the position of heavenly bodies, including the horizon system (using altitude and azimuth), independent equatorial system (using right ascension and declination), and dependent equatorial system (using declination and hour angle). It also describes the celestial latitude and longitude system. Spherical trigonometry formulas are presented for computing angles and distances on the celestial sphere. The astronomical triangle relating altitude, declination, and latitude is illustrated. Key terms like latitude, longitude, declination, and right ascension are defined.
in this section the study of the various classification of the surveying. which based the surveying is classified and how many types of the surveying? all this is presented in this slide.
and that slide how it work?
There are two main methods for measuring distances along sloping ground: direct and indirect. The direct method divides the sloping ground into horizontal and vertical strips and adds the horizontal lengths. The indirect method uses a clinometer, hypotenusal allowances based on slope, or difference in elevation between points to calculate the horizontal distance from sloping distances. Specifically, a clinometer can measure slope and the horizontal component is calculated using cosine of the angle of slope.
Distance Measurement & Chain Surveying
Contents
• Introduction About Surveying
.
• Primary Division Of Surveying • Classification Of Surveying • Distance Measurement And Chain Surveying • Principle Of Surveying • Types Of Tapes Based On The Materials Used • Erecting And Dropping A Perpendicular • Obstacle In Chain Survey • Types Of Errors • Corrections of Tape • Off –Sets • Ranging • Conclusion . • Homework And Next Lecture . • References.
-Definition of Surveying.
Types of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Survey
3. Cadastral surveying
4. Aerial Surveying
5. Hydro graphic Surveying (Hydro-Survey)
6. Topographical Survey
7. Engineering Survey.
Primary division of Surveying
Reconnaissance.
• This is preliminary survey of the land to be surveyed. It may be either
1-Ground reconnaissance 2- Aerial reconnaissance survey.
Objectives of Reconnaissance
1. To ascertain the possibility of building or constructing route or track through the area.
Classification of Surveying:
1- Classification based on the instruments used:
A. Chain Surveying.
B. Compass Surveying.
C. Theodolite Surveying.
D. Tachometric Surveying .
E. Trigonometric Surveying.
F. Total station and GPS.
G. Photogrammetric and Aerial Surveying.
H. Plan Table .
2- According to the method used:
i. Traversing .
ii. Triangulation .
iii. Tacheometric.
iv. Trigonometric.
3- According to the Purpose of surveying:
i. Engineering survey.
ii. Military survey.
iii. Geological survey .
iv. Topographical survey
Chain and Tape Survey
-Length& Distance Measurements.
-Distance Measurement and Chain Surveying.
• In general there are two methods:
1- Direct methods of measuring lengths
2- Indirect methods of measuring distances.
There are two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
*Linear measurements
*Angular measurements
-Instruments used in Chain Surveying.
Types of tapes based on the materials used.
.......
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture..Pramesh Hada
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture students. It contains all the syllabus according to Pokhara University, Nepal
---By Assistant Professor. Pramesh Hada
Nepal Engineering College
CHangunarayan, Bhaktapur
Metric Chain : It Consists of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter known as link.
It is available in 20m, 30m, 50m length which consists of 100 links.
Gunter’s Chain : A 66 feet long chain consists of 100 links, each of 0.66 feet, it is known as Gunter’s chain.
This chain is suitable for taking length in miles.
Engineer’s Chain : A 100 feet long chain consisting of 100 links each of 1 feet is known as engineer’s chain.
This chain is used to measure length in feet and area in sq.yard.
Revenue Chain : it is 33 feet long chain consisting of 16 links.
This chain is used for distance measurements in feet & inches for smaller areas.
Contour lines on a map connect points of equal elevation above sea level. They show the shape and features of the land. There are two main methods for creating contour maps - direct and indirect. The direct method precisely traces contours in the field but is slow. The indirect method takes spot elevations across an area and interpolates the contour lines, making it faster but less precise. Common indirect techniques include surveying on a grid, along cross-sections, or using a tacheometer along radial lines. Contour maps provide topographic information for engineering projects.
This document provides an overview of field astronomy concepts. It defines key celestial coordinate systems used to specify the position of heavenly bodies, including the horizon system (using altitude and azimuth), independent equatorial system (using right ascension and declination), and dependent equatorial system (using declination and hour angle). It also describes the celestial latitude and longitude system. Spherical trigonometry formulas are presented for computing angles and distances on the celestial sphere. The astronomical triangle relating altitude, declination, and latitude is illustrated. Key terms like latitude, longitude, declination, and right ascension are defined.
1. The document discusses various methods of measuring and estimating evaporation and transpiration from soil and plants. It describes the processes of interception, depression storage, evaporation and factors affecting evaporation.
2. Methods of measuring evaporation include pan observations using evaporation pans, atmospheric methods using atmometers, and empirical equations. Transpiration can be measured using a phytometer.
3. Evapotranspiration refers to the total water lost from an area due to evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants. It is estimated using lysimeter methods, field experimental plots, or empirical equations like Blaney-Criddle.
This document describes methods for solving two point and three point problems in plane table surveying. The two point problem involves bisecting the lines between two known points P and Q to locate a new point A. An auxiliary point B is used to orient the plane table. The three point problem can be solved graphically by bisecting lines between three known points A, B, and C to find their intersection at the new point P, or through a trial and error process of adjusting orientation to eliminate errors until the lines intersect at the precise point.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of reading angles. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
Curves are used in transportation routes to gradually change direction between straight segments. There are several types of curves including simple, compound, reverse, and transition curves. A simple circular curve connects two tangents with a single arc, and is defined by its radius or degree. Transition curves provide a gradual transition between tangents and circular curves to avoid abrupt changes in grade or superelevation that could cause vehicles to overturn. There are several methods for laying out circular curves, including using offset distances from the long chord between tangent points or measuring deflection angles from the initial tangent.
This document discusses the topic of chain surveying for a civil engineering class project. It provides definitions of chain surveying, noting that it involves measuring linear distances between survey stations to divide an area into triangles without taking angular measurements. It then outlines the key principles and terms of chain surveying, such as defining main stations, subsidiary stations, tie stations, main survey lines, base lines, check lines, and tie lines. Finally, it provides the basic procedures for conducting a chain survey between two stations.
This document provides an overview of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on earth through direct or indirect measurements. Leveling is a branch of surveying that finds elevations of points with respect to a datum. There are various types of surveys classified by nature, object, or instruments used. Linear measurements can be direct via chaining or indirect using optical/electronic methods. Ranging is used to establish intermediate points when a survey line exceeds the chain length.
Levelling, also known as heighting, is the process of determining relative height differences between points on the Earth's surface. If the height of one point is known relative to a datum, then the heights of other points can be found relative to the same datum. This is done using a leveling instrument, leveling staff, and following standard procedures such as taking backsight and foresight readings. Care must be taken to eliminate errors from things like atmospheric refraction. Results are typically recorded in a level book or form and can be reduced using methods like height of instrument or rise and fall.
1. A compass is an instrument that contains a magnetized pointer to indicate magnetic north and measure bearings. The two main types are the prismatic compass and surveyor's compass.
2. A prismatic compass is used for navigation and surveying to determine direction and calculate bearings. A surveyor's compass was used for measuring horizontal angles but has been replaced by the theodolite.
3. There are four types of bearings - true, magnetic, grid, and arbitrary - which are the horizontal angles measured from different reference lines or meridians.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
1. This document contains definitions and concepts related to leveling, contouring, theodolite surveying, traversing, tacheometry, and curves. It defines key terms like benchmark, line of collimation, height of instrument, change point, contour, horizontal equivalent, deflection angle, latitude and departure.
2. Methods of leveling like fly leveling are described. Concepts explained in contouring include contour line, contour interval, horizontal equivalent, distinguishing valley and ridge lines.
3. Theodolite surveying concepts covered are transiting, telescope normal, least count, fundamental lines. Traversing defines closed and open traverses and methods to balance them.
4. T
The document defines various surveying terms used in construction projects. It provides definitions for over 50 key terms related to accuracy, positions, coordinates, controls, datums, levels, mapping and more. Some of the key terms defined include accuracy, adjusted position, bench mark, contour line, control point, coordinates, datum, discrepancy, easting, grid, horizontal control, level datum, northing, order of accuracy, precision and total station. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for common surveying terminology.
This document provides information about circular curves used in highways and railways. It discusses the different types of curves including simple, compound, and reverse curves. It defines key elements of circular curves such as radius, deflection angle, tangent length, and mid-ordinate. It presents the relationships between radius and degree of curvature. Finally, it describes various methods for setting out circular curves in the field, including linear methods using offsets and angular methods using a theodolite.
Introduction and soil phase relationships(Geotechnical Engineering)Manoj Kumar Kotagiri
This document provides an introduction to geo-technical engineering and soil formation. It discusses how soil is formed through the weathering of rocks and decomposition of organic matter. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without chemical changes, while chemical weathering results in changes to the chemical composition of particles. The formation of soil is called pedogenesis. Soils are also classified based on their origin and grain size. The document outlines different soil types and describes soil structure, including single-grained, honeycomb, and flocculent structures. It introduces key concepts in soil mechanics including phase relationships, void ratio, porosity, saturation, and various unit weights.
This document discusses various methods for computing the area of irregular shapes from field notes and plotted plans in surveying. It describes graphical, instrumental, and computational methods using the trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, average ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. Specific steps are outlined for computing area from field notes by dividing the shape into triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapezoids. Methods for computing area from a plotted plan include dividing the shape into triangles using bases and altitudes, counting squares of a known unit area, or drawing parallel lines to form rectangles.
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain/tape through traversing connected lines.
1. The document discusses various methods of measuring and estimating evaporation and transpiration from soil and plants. It describes the processes of interception, depression storage, evaporation and factors affecting evaporation.
2. Methods of measuring evaporation include pan observations using evaporation pans, atmospheric methods using atmometers, and empirical equations. Transpiration can be measured using a phytometer.
3. Evapotranspiration refers to the total water lost from an area due to evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants. It is estimated using lysimeter methods, field experimental plots, or empirical equations like Blaney-Criddle.
This document describes methods for solving two point and three point problems in plane table surveying. The two point problem involves bisecting the lines between two known points P and Q to locate a new point A. An auxiliary point B is used to orient the plane table. The three point problem can be solved graphically by bisecting lines between three known points A, B, and C to find their intersection at the new point P, or through a trial and error process of adjusting orientation to eliminate errors until the lines intersect at the precise point.
This document discusses contouring and contour maps. It defines a contour line as a line connecting points of equal elevation. The vertical distance between consecutive contours is called the contour interval, which depends on factors like the nature of the ground and the map scale. Contour maps show the topography of an area and can be used for engineering projects, route selection, and estimating earthworks. Methods of plotting contours include direct methods using levels or hand levels, and indirect methods like gridding, cross-sectioning, and radial lines. Characteristics of contours provide information about the landscape.
This document discusses the use of a theodolite for surveying. It begins by explaining that a theodolite is needed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles, unlike a compass. It then defines theodolite surveying as surveying that measures angles using a theodolite. The document goes on to classify theodolites based on their horizontal axis and method of reading angles. It describes the basic parts of a transit vernier theodolite and explains terms used in manipulating one. Finally, it discusses methods for measuring horizontal angles, including the general, repetition, and reiteration methods.
This document discusses different methods for balancing a closed traverse survey by distributing corrections to station coordinates. It provides examples of using Bowditch's Rule, the Transit Rule, and the Third Rule to balance a sample traverse with given length, latitude, and departure coordinates. Bowditch's Rule distributes corrections proportionally to leg lengths, while the Transit Rule uses angular precision assumptions and the Third Rule separates corrections between northings/southings and eastings/westings.
Curves are used in transportation routes to gradually change direction between straight segments. There are several types of curves including simple, compound, reverse, and transition curves. A simple circular curve connects two tangents with a single arc, and is defined by its radius or degree. Transition curves provide a gradual transition between tangents and circular curves to avoid abrupt changes in grade or superelevation that could cause vehicles to overturn. There are several methods for laying out circular curves, including using offset distances from the long chord between tangent points or measuring deflection angles from the initial tangent.
This document discusses the topic of chain surveying for a civil engineering class project. It provides definitions of chain surveying, noting that it involves measuring linear distances between survey stations to divide an area into triangles without taking angular measurements. It then outlines the key principles and terms of chain surveying, such as defining main stations, subsidiary stations, tie stations, main survey lines, base lines, check lines, and tie lines. Finally, it provides the basic procedures for conducting a chain survey between two stations.
This document provides an overview of surveying and leveling. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on earth through direct or indirect measurements. Leveling is a branch of surveying that finds elevations of points with respect to a datum. There are various types of surveys classified by nature, object, or instruments used. Linear measurements can be direct via chaining or indirect using optical/electronic methods. Ranging is used to establish intermediate points when a survey line exceeds the chain length.
Levelling, also known as heighting, is the process of determining relative height differences between points on the Earth's surface. If the height of one point is known relative to a datum, then the heights of other points can be found relative to the same datum. This is done using a leveling instrument, leveling staff, and following standard procedures such as taking backsight and foresight readings. Care must be taken to eliminate errors from things like atmospheric refraction. Results are typically recorded in a level book or form and can be reduced using methods like height of instrument or rise and fall.
1. A compass is an instrument that contains a magnetized pointer to indicate magnetic north and measure bearings. The two main types are the prismatic compass and surveyor's compass.
2. A prismatic compass is used for navigation and surveying to determine direction and calculate bearings. A surveyor's compass was used for measuring horizontal angles but has been replaced by the theodolite.
3. There are four types of bearings - true, magnetic, grid, and arbitrary - which are the horizontal angles measured from different reference lines or meridians.
The document discusses theodolite traversing and defines key terms related to using a transit theodolite. It describes the main components of a transit theodolite including the telescope, vertical circle, plate bubbles, tribrach, and foot screws. It explains how to perform temporary adjustments like centering the theodolite over a station mark and leveling it using the tripod and foot screws. It also provides details on measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a vernier theodolite.
1. This document contains definitions and concepts related to leveling, contouring, theodolite surveying, traversing, tacheometry, and curves. It defines key terms like benchmark, line of collimation, height of instrument, change point, contour, horizontal equivalent, deflection angle, latitude and departure.
2. Methods of leveling like fly leveling are described. Concepts explained in contouring include contour line, contour interval, horizontal equivalent, distinguishing valley and ridge lines.
3. Theodolite surveying concepts covered are transiting, telescope normal, least count, fundamental lines. Traversing defines closed and open traverses and methods to balance them.
4. T
The document defines various surveying terms used in construction projects. It provides definitions for over 50 key terms related to accuracy, positions, coordinates, controls, datums, levels, mapping and more. Some of the key terms defined include accuracy, adjusted position, bench mark, contour line, control point, coordinates, datum, discrepancy, easting, grid, horizontal control, level datum, northing, order of accuracy, precision and total station. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for common surveying terminology.
This document provides information about circular curves used in highways and railways. It discusses the different types of curves including simple, compound, and reverse curves. It defines key elements of circular curves such as radius, deflection angle, tangent length, and mid-ordinate. It presents the relationships between radius and degree of curvature. Finally, it describes various methods for setting out circular curves in the field, including linear methods using offsets and angular methods using a theodolite.
Introduction and soil phase relationships(Geotechnical Engineering)Manoj Kumar Kotagiri
This document provides an introduction to geo-technical engineering and soil formation. It discusses how soil is formed through the weathering of rocks and decomposition of organic matter. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without chemical changes, while chemical weathering results in changes to the chemical composition of particles. The formation of soil is called pedogenesis. Soils are also classified based on their origin and grain size. The document outlines different soil types and describes soil structure, including single-grained, honeycomb, and flocculent structures. It introduces key concepts in soil mechanics including phase relationships, void ratio, porosity, saturation, and various unit weights.
This document discusses various methods for computing the area of irregular shapes from field notes and plotted plans in surveying. It describes graphical, instrumental, and computational methods using the trapezoidal rule, mid-ordinate rule, average ordinate rule, and Simpson's rule. Specific steps are outlined for computing area from field notes by dividing the shape into triangles, rectangles, squares, and trapezoids. Methods for computing area from a plotted plan include dividing the shape into triangles using bases and altitudes, counting squares of a known unit area, or drawing parallel lines to form rectangles.
This document describes various surveying methods including chain surveying. Chain surveying involves measuring lengths of lines marked in the field using tapes and measuring details using offsets and ties from these base lines. The field work involves selecting a framework of base lines and control points, measuring line lengths directly and setting right angles using offsets, determining bearings with a compass, booking measurements, and plotting the survey to produce a detailed map. The objectives are to train students on linear measurement, setting offsets, measuring bearings, booking, and plotting. Apparatus includes tapes, ranging rods, paint, square, compass, and booking board.
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain/tape through traversing connected lines.
Compass surveying involves measuring directions of survey lines using a magnetic compass and measuring lengths using a chain or tape. It is used when the area is large, undulating and has many details. In compass surveying, a series of connected lines are established through traversing. The magnetic bearing of each line is measured using a prismatic compass or surveyor's compass, and the distance is measured using a chain. Compass surveying is recommended for large and undulating areas without suspected magnetic interference. The key principles are measuring bearings using a compass and distances using a chain to establish connected lines through traversing without requiring triangulation.
Compass surveying involves measuring the direction of survey lines using a magnetic compass. It is used when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details, making chain surveying difficult. In compass surveying, the directions of connected survey lines are measured with a compass, while the lengths are measured with a tape. The magnetic bearing of each line is recorded. Prismatic and surveyor's compasses are used to measure bearings in whole circle bearing or quadrantal bearing systems. Bearings are designated as fore, back, included, or exterior angles based on survey direction and line intersections. Compass surveying is not suitable for areas with magnetic interference.
1) Compass surveying involves measuring the magnetic bearing of connected survey lines using a prismatic or surveyor's compass. It is used for large, undulating areas with many details where chain or triangulation surveying is not suitable.
2) A prismatic compass has a magnetic needle that points north, a graduated circle to measure bearings, and a sighting system to observe bearings. A surveyor's compass is similar but without the sighting prism.
3) The magnetic bearing is the angle between the magnetic meridian and the survey line, measured clockwise. Reduced bearings are also used and range from 0-90 degrees.
The document discusses compass traversing and the components of a prismatic compass used for surveying. It describes open and closed traverses, different types of meridians (true, magnetic, arbitrary), concepts of bearing (whole circle, quadrantal, fore, back), and components of the prismatic compass including the magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism, object vane, eye vane, and glass cover. The document is intended to teach basic surveying concepts and the use of a prismatic compass for taking measurements in the field.
This document discusses various topics related to surveying including: the objectives and processes involved in surveying like decision making, fieldwork, data processing, mapping, and stakeout; different types of surveys like plane, geodetic, topographic, route, hydrographic, land, and military surveys; instruments used like theodolites, tacheometers, planes tables, and compasses; and concepts like bearings, meridians, and reducing bearings. The key aspects covered are the goal of producing maps, the consideration or disregard of earth's curvature depending on survey type, and classification based on area, instruments, or purpose.
In Compass survey chain or tape is used for linear measurements and compass is used for fixing direction.
In compass freely suspended magnetic needle directs to north- south and the bearing of line is obtained by line of sight.
When large area are involved, compass surveying is used.
There are mainly two methods of land measurement.
Triangulation survey
Traverse survey
Compass surveying involves measuring magnetic bearings of survey lines using a compass and measuring distances using a chain or tape. There are two main types of compasses used: prismatic compasses and surveyor's compasses. Prismatic compasses have a magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism for sighting bearings, and other parts. Surveyor's compasses are similar but without a prism. Magnetic bearings are measured clockwise from magnetic north between 0-360 degrees in the whole circle system or 0-90 degrees with quadrant specification in the quadrantal system. Compass surveying is well-suited for large, irregular areas.
This document discusses angular measurement in surveying. It describes the instruments used - compass, theodolite, total station - and how they are used to measure horizontal angles between survey lines in traversing. Traversing involves measuring linear distances with a tape and horizontal angles with a compass or theodolite. The document focuses on compass surveying, where magnetic bearings are measured with a prismatic compass and distances with a chain. It does not require triangulation networks and interior details are located by offsets from main lines. Finally, it describes the components and use of the prismatic compass.
Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape or chain or laser range finder. The compass is generally used to run a traverse line.
This document discusses various components and uses of compasses in civil engineering. It describes the key parts of a prismatic compass and surveyor's compass. It also explains different types of angular measurements including magnetic bearings, true bearings, arbitrary bearings and grid bearings. The document discusses how bearings are measured in the whole circle system and quadrant system, and how to convert between the two. It also provides information on magnetic declination and variations in declination.
Compass surveying involves measuring the magnetic bearing of survey lines using a prismatic or surveyor's compass. It is recommended when the survey area is large, undulating, and crowded with details. The magnetic bearing is measured in a clockwise direction from the magnetic north. A series of connected lines are established through traversing. The lengths are measured with a chain or tape while directions are measured with the compass. This process is known as compass traversing.
The Prismatic Compass -by Harshal Lande.pptxInsaneInsane4
- The document describes the components and uses of a prismatic compass, which is a small handheld instrument used for surveying.
- The main components are a magnetic needle, graduated circle, prism, object vane, eye vane, and lifting lever. The prism allows the user to read the graduated circle and take exact bearings.
- The prismatic compass is used for basic surveying tasks and observing objects that are higher or lower than the user's eye level with the additional components of a mirror and sunglasses.
This document provides an overview of basic surveying principles and methods:
1) Surveying works from establishing overall control points before measuring details. Control points are established through precise primary networks of triangles or traverses.
2) Secondary control networks further divide the primary network for less precise work. Survey of details then uses the established control points. This minimizes error accumulation.
3) A traverse connects lines whose lengths and directions are measured to establish a framework. Traverses can be open or closed, with closed traverses returning to the starting point.
4) The direction of lines is defined by their bearing from a reference meridian using different systems like true, magnetic, or arbitrary meridians.
This document provides definitions and methods related to compass traversing in civil engineering. It defines true meridian, magnetic meridian, arbitrary meridian, and grid meridian. It describes methods for designating magnetic bearings using whole circle bearing and quadrantal bearing. It also discusses reduced bearing, fore and back bearing, magnetic declination, and dip of the magnetic needle. The document outlines two methods for correcting errors in a traverse and checks that can be performed on a closed traverse, including verifying interior and exterior angles sum to expected values and deflection angles sum to 360 degrees.
This document outlines the key concepts and principles of civil engineering and surveying. It discusses the different types of surveying including plane, geodetic, land, marine and astronomical surveying. Key principles of surveying are establishing control points and measuring new points using two independent measurements. Chain surveying is described as measuring distances using a surveying chain. The accessories used in chain surveying include the surveying chain, chain pins, measuring tape and ranging rods. The document also provides an overview of compass surveying which involves measuring angles between lines using a prismatic compass.
DEFINITIONS, PRINCIPLES AND CHAIN SURVEYINGKamal B
The document provides an overview of surveying, including definitions, principles, types, and classifications. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. Surveying is classified based on whether it considers Earth's curvature (geodetic vs plane surveying) and the instruments used, such as chain surveying, triangulation, traversing, and leveling. Fundamental principles include working from whole to part and locating points by at least two measurements. The uses and objectives of surveying are also outlined.
The document contains information about a student enrollment list and a compass surveying study. It provides details about different types of compasses, including prismatic compasses and surveyor's compasses. It describes the key components of a prismatic compass and the adjustments needed, including centering, leveling, and focusing the prism. The document also discusses different types of bearings like true, magnetic, grid, and arbitrary bearings and how to convert between them.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
2. SURVEYING & GEOMATICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To study the basic concepts & Principles of Surveying
• To know the field applications and concepts of levelling survey & Contouring
• To Know the importance of theodolite, total station and their practical applications
• Study the basic concept of trigonometrical levelling, and field applications
• Analyse the horizontal and vertical curves for survey work related to Roads & Railways
• Know the principles of aerial photogrammetry and its applications
• Study the various applications of GPS and remote sensing for field work
COURSE OUTCOMES:
• Understand the basic principles of surveying.
• Computation of lengths, areas, bearings of given field work.
• Understand the basic working principles of theodolite and total station
• Computation of setting out data for horizontal and vertical curves by various
methods.
• Understand and learn the basic concepts related to Photogrammetry, RS and GPS.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
3. INTRODUCTION: Introduction to Surveying: Classification and
principles of surveying, Survey stations, Survey lines, Direct and
indirect ranging, Bearing systems and conversions, correction of
bearings for magnetic declination and local attraction. Plane Table
surveying: Orientation and its importance, methods of plane table
surveying. Levelling: Principles of levelling, booking and reducing
levels; differential, reciprocal levelling, profile levelling and cross
sectioning; Autolevel, Errors in Levelling; Contouring: Characteristics,
methods and uses of contours; Computation of Areas and Volumes-
Simpson’s and Trapezoidal rule.
UNIT-I
OUTCOMES:
• Understand the basic principles of surveying.
• Computation of lengths, areas, bearings of given field work
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
4. CONTENTS: Bearing systems and conversions, correction of bearings
for magnetic declination and local attraction.
OUTCOMES: COMPUTATION OF LENGTHS, AREAS, BEARINGS OF
GIVEN FIELD WORK.
MODULE-I
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
5. INTRODUCTION
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• Chain surveying can be used when the area to be surveyed is comparatively is
small and is fairly flat.
• But when the area is large , undulating and crowded with many details ,
triangulation(which is the principle of chain survey) is not possible.
• In such an area , this method of surveying is used.
6. Principle of compass surveying
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• The principle of compass surveying is traversing; which involves a series of
connected lines.
• The magnetic bearing of the lines are measured by prismatic compass.
• Compass surveying is recommended when the area is large, undulating and
crowded with many details.
• Compass surveying is not recommended for areas where local attraction is
suspected due to the presence of magnetic substances like steel structures, iron ore
deposits, electric cables , and so on.
7. Traversing
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• In traversing , the frame work consist of connected lines.
• The length are measured by a chain or a tape and the direction measured by
angle measuring instruments.
• Hence in compass surveying direction of survey lines are determined with a
compass and the length of the lines are measured with a tape or a chain. This
process is known as compass traversing.
8. Compass
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
•A compass is a small instrument essentially
consisting of a graduated circle, and a line of sight.
•The compass can not measures angle between two
lines directly but can measure angle of a line with
reference to magnetic meridian at the instrument
station point is called magnetic bearing of a line.
10. CONSISTING PARTS
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• Cylindrical metal box
• Pivot
• Lifting pin and lifting liver
• Magnetic Needle
• Graduated Ring
• Prism
• Object vane
• Eye Vane
• Glass Cover
• Sun Glasses
• Reflecting Mirror
• Spring Brake or Brake Pin
11. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• Cylindrical metal box: Cylindrical metal box is having diameter of 8to 12 cm. It
protects the compass and forms entire casing or body of the compass. It protect
compass from dust, rain etc.
• Pivot: pivot is provided at the center of the compass and supports freely suspended
magnetic needle over it.
• lifting pin and lifting lever: a lifting pin is provided just below the sight vane. When
the sight vane is folded, it presses the lifting pin. The lifting pin with the help of
lifting lever then lifts the magnetic needle out of pivot point to prevent damage to
the pivot head.
• Magnetic needle: Magnetic needle is the heart of the instrument. This needle
measures angle of a line from magnetic meridian as the needle always remains
pointed towards north south pole at two ends of the needle when freely suspended
on any support.
• Graduated circle or ring: This is an aluminum graduated ring marked with 0ᴼ to
360ᴼ to measures all possible bearings of lines, and attached with the magnetic
needle. The ring is graduated to half a degree.
• Prism : prism is used to read graduations on ring and to take exact reading by
compass. It is placed exactly opposite to object vane. The prism hole is protected by
prism cap to protect it from dust and moisture.
12. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• Object vane: object vane is diametrically opposite to the prism and eye vane. The
object vane is carrying a horse hair or black thin wire to sight object in line with
eye sight.
• Eye vane: Eye vane is a fine slit provided with the eye hole at bottom to bisect the
object from slit.
• Glass cover: its covers the instrument box from the top such that needle and
graduated ring is seen from the top.
• Sun glasses: These are used when some luminous objects are to be bisected.
• Reflecting mirror: It is used to get image of an object located above or below the
instrument level while bisection. It is placed on the object vane.
• Spring brake or brake pin: to damp the oscillation of the needle before taking a
reading and to bring it to rest quickly, the light spring brake attached to the box is
brought in contact with the edge of the ring by gently pressing inward the brake
pin
13. Adjustments of Prismatic Compass
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• The following are the adjustments usually necessary in the prismatic compass:
• Centering
• Leveling
• Focusing the prism.
14. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CENTERING:
• The center of the compass is placed vertically over the station point by dropping a
small piece of stone below the center of the compass, it falls on the top of the peg
marking that station.
LEVELLING:
• By means of ball and socket arrangement the Compass is then leveled the graduated
ring swings quite freely. It may be tested by rolling a round pencil on the compass box.
FOCUSSING THE PRISM :
• The prism attachment is slid up or down focusing till the readings are seen to be sharp
and clear.
15. TYPES OF MERIDIANS
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• Magnetic Meridians and Magnetic
Bearing
• True Meridian and True Bearing
• Arbitrary Meridian and Arbitrary
Bearing
16. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• Bearing of a line is always measured clockwise wrt some reference line or
direction. This fixed line is known as meridian.
• There three types of meridian:
• 1) Magnetic meridian: The direction shown by a freely suspended needle which is
magnetized and balanced properly without influenced by any other factors is
known as magnetic meridian.
• 2) True meridian : True meridian is the line which passes through the true north
and south. The direction of true meridian at any point can be determined by either
observing the bearing of the sun at 12 noon or by sun’s shadow.
• 3) Arbitrary meridian: In case of small works or in places where true meridian or
magnetic meridian cannot be determined, then ,any direction of a prominent
object is taken as a reference direction called as arbitrary meridian.
17. TYPES OF BEARINGS
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
• True bearing
• Magnetic bearing
• Grid bearing
• Arbitrary bearing
• The bearing of a line is the horizontal angle which it makes
with a reference line(meridian).
• Depending upon the meridian , there are four type of bearings
they are as follows:
• 1) True Bearing: The true bearing of a line is the horizontal
angle between the true meridian and the survey line. The true
bearing is measured from the true north in the clockwise
direction.
• 2) Magnetic Bearing: The magnetic bearing of a line is the
horizontal angle which the line makes with the magnetic
north.
• 3) Grid Bearing: The grid bearing of a line is the horizontal
angle which the line makes with the grid meridian.
• 4) Arbitrary Bearing: The arbitrary baring of a line is the
horizontal angle which the line makes with the arbitrary
meridian.
18. Designation of bearing
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
The bearing are designated in the following twosystem:-
• Whole Circle Bearing System.(W.C.B)
• Quadrantal Bearing System.(Q.B)
19. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Whole circle bearing system(W.C.B.)
• The bearing of a line measured with
respect to magnetic meridian in
clockwise direction is called magnetic
bearing and its value varies between 0ᴼ
to 360ᴼ.
• The quadrant start from north an
progress in a clockwise direction as the
first quadrant is 0ᴼ to 90ᴼ in clockwise
direction , 2nd 90ᴼ to 180ᴼ , 3rd 180ᴼ
to 270ᴼ, and up to 360ᴼ is 4th one.
Quadrantal bearing system(Q.B.)
• In this system, the bearing of survey lines are
measured wrt to north line or south line which
ever is the nearest to the given survey line and
either in clockwise direction or in anti
clockwise direction.
• When the whole circle bearing is converted
into Quadrantal bearing , it is termed as
“REDUCED BEARING”.
• Thus , the reduced bearing is similar to the
Quadrantal bearing.
• Its values lies between 0ᴼ to 90ᴼ, but the
quadrant should be mentioned for proper
designation.
20. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
FB of line AB
NORTH
NORTH
B
Remembering following points:
FB of AB = Θ1(from A to B)
BB of AB= Θ2(from B to A)
1) In the WCB system ,the differences
b/n the FB and BB should be exactly
180ᴼ. Remember the following
relation :
BB=FB+/-180ᴼ
+ is applied when FB is <180ᴼ
- is applied when BB is >180ᴼ
2) In the reduced bearing system the FB
and BB are numerically equal but the
quadrants are just opposite.
BB of line AB
Θ1 Θ2
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