introduction
types of hollow slab systems
bubble deck slab??
materials used
types of bubble deck slab
schematic design
structural properties
production and carryout
advantages,disadvantages
applications
This document presents information on bubble deck slabs. It discusses the materials used, construction process, effects, advantages, experimental studies that have been done, the scope of future uses, and concludes that bubble deck slabs may become the future of slab construction as they contribute significantly to sustainable development. The key advantages are that bubble deck slabs are lighter in weight, stronger, allow for longer spans with fewer columns or beams needed, use less material and energy in construction, and can be prefabricated or cast on site.
This seminar presentation discussed bubble deck slabs, which are hollow core slabs invented in Denmark that reduce structural dead weight by replacing ineffective concrete in the slab center with hollow spheres. The presentation covered the principle, materials, types, methodology, literature review analyzing load capacity and weight reduction, applications, advantages like reduced material usage and longer spans, and disadvantages like limited thickness and lower punching capacity. Finite element analysis using ANSYS showed bubble deck slabs experience similar deflection and cracks as solid slabs while removing up to 30% of the weight.
This seminar presentation discusses bubble deck slabs. Bubble deck slabs are a type of reinforced concrete slab that uses hollow plastic spheres instead of solid concrete in the center portion. This reduces weight by 50% compared to solid slabs while maintaining 90% of the strength. Other advantages include reduced concrete usage by 10-25%, larger spans, and lower construction costs. The presentation reviews several research papers that studied the load capacity and behavior of bubble deck slabs through experiments and finite element analysis. Most concluded that bubble deck slabs have lower punching shear capacity but similar overall performance to solid slabs.
This presentation discusses U-Boot Beton technology, which uses recycled polypropylene formwork for construction. It allows for lighter and more economical building designs through large span slabs and foundations. The key components of U-Boot Beton include spacer joints, connection bridges, and closing plates. Installation involves placing reinforcement, then setting up the interconnected U-Boot formwork before pouring concrete. U-Boot Beton provides benefits like reduced material costs, increased seismic resistance, and more flexible architectural designs. It has various applications in buildings like hospitals, parking structures, and hotels.
Advanced technology to reduce some amount of steel and concrete in the construction field.The application of U-Boot technology is to increase the number of floors. It is quick and easy to implement. This technology is very prospective in modern construction and perhaps future of civil engineering belongs to this new kind of hollow slab.
Bubble deck Technology is the innovative system that eliminates Concrete in the mid section, secondary supporting structure such as beams reinforced concrete columns or structural walls.
One of the obstacles with concrete constructions, in case of horizontal slabs, is the high weight, which limits the span.
For this reason major developments of reinforced concrete have focused on enhancing the span.
In U Boot Technology, slabs are created with large span and makes floors thinner by reducing the weight while maintaining the performance of reinforced concrete slabs.
introduction
types of hollow slab systems
bubble deck slab??
materials used
types of bubble deck slab
schematic design
structural properties
production and carryout
advantages,disadvantages
applications
This document presents information on bubble deck slabs. It discusses the materials used, construction process, effects, advantages, experimental studies that have been done, the scope of future uses, and concludes that bubble deck slabs may become the future of slab construction as they contribute significantly to sustainable development. The key advantages are that bubble deck slabs are lighter in weight, stronger, allow for longer spans with fewer columns or beams needed, use less material and energy in construction, and can be prefabricated or cast on site.
This seminar presentation discussed bubble deck slabs, which are hollow core slabs invented in Denmark that reduce structural dead weight by replacing ineffective concrete in the slab center with hollow spheres. The presentation covered the principle, materials, types, methodology, literature review analyzing load capacity and weight reduction, applications, advantages like reduced material usage and longer spans, and disadvantages like limited thickness and lower punching capacity. Finite element analysis using ANSYS showed bubble deck slabs experience similar deflection and cracks as solid slabs while removing up to 30% of the weight.
This seminar presentation discusses bubble deck slabs. Bubble deck slabs are a type of reinforced concrete slab that uses hollow plastic spheres instead of solid concrete in the center portion. This reduces weight by 50% compared to solid slabs while maintaining 90% of the strength. Other advantages include reduced concrete usage by 10-25%, larger spans, and lower construction costs. The presentation reviews several research papers that studied the load capacity and behavior of bubble deck slabs through experiments and finite element analysis. Most concluded that bubble deck slabs have lower punching shear capacity but similar overall performance to solid slabs.
This presentation discusses U-Boot Beton technology, which uses recycled polypropylene formwork for construction. It allows for lighter and more economical building designs through large span slabs and foundations. The key components of U-Boot Beton include spacer joints, connection bridges, and closing plates. Installation involves placing reinforcement, then setting up the interconnected U-Boot formwork before pouring concrete. U-Boot Beton provides benefits like reduced material costs, increased seismic resistance, and more flexible architectural designs. It has various applications in buildings like hospitals, parking structures, and hotels.
Advanced technology to reduce some amount of steel and concrete in the construction field.The application of U-Boot technology is to increase the number of floors. It is quick and easy to implement. This technology is very prospective in modern construction and perhaps future of civil engineering belongs to this new kind of hollow slab.
Bubble deck Technology is the innovative system that eliminates Concrete in the mid section, secondary supporting structure such as beams reinforced concrete columns or structural walls.
One of the obstacles with concrete constructions, in case of horizontal slabs, is the high weight, which limits the span.
For this reason major developments of reinforced concrete have focused on enhancing the span.
In U Boot Technology, slabs are created with large span and makes floors thinner by reducing the weight while maintaining the performance of reinforced concrete slabs.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
This document discusses U-boot beton technology, which uses a recycled polypropylene framework to create lightened foundations and slabs. It can be used when soil capacity is low. The framework consists of different connecting parts and comes in sizes of 53x53cm. Polypropylene is durable, flexible, and light. U-boot beton allows for large spans over 25m with reduced slab thickness and less concrete and steel usage. It has applications in car parks, hospitals, and raft foundations. The technology is certified but not widely used in India due to lack of awareness.
The document summarizes Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), a lightweight, precast building material made of natural materials including sand, cement, lime, water and aluminium powder. When poured into molds, the aluminium powder causes the concrete to expand and become highly porous. AAC offers benefits over traditional concrete like reduced weight, improved insulation and soundproofing, lower costs, and sustainability. However, familiarity with the material by contractors is still limited.
This document discusses different types of light weight concrete, including light weight aggregate concrete, aerated concrete, and no-fines concrete. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, ranging from 300-1850 kg/m3 compared to 2200-2600 kg/m3. It has advantages like reduced dead load, improved workability, and applications in pre-stressed concrete and high-rise buildings. The main methods to produce light weight concrete are using porous aggregates, incorporating air bubbles, or omitting fine aggregates. Properties depend on the type and density, with compressive strengths ranging from 0.3-40 MPa.
This document defines and describes lightweight concrete. It discusses three main types of lightweight concrete: porous concrete, concrete without fine aggregate, and lightweight aggregate concrete.
Porous concrete contains air bubbles that make it lightweight. Concrete without fine aggregate uses only cement, water, and coarse aggregates. Lightweight aggregate concrete uses lightweight aggregates like pumice or expanded clay instead of regular aggregates.
The document outlines the characteristics and advantages of lightweight concrete, including better thermal and fire insulation, durability in various environments, lower water absorption, and acoustic properties. It also notes some disadvantages like increased sensitivity to water content and difficulty in placement and finishing.
This document summarizes and compares aerated lightweight concrete types foamed concrete and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). It discusses that foamed concrete is produced through pre-foaming or mixed foaming methods using a foam agent to produce air bubbles. AAC uses aluminium powder as a foaming agent which reacts to produce gas bubbles during curing. The document outlines the raw materials, production processes, properties and advantages of both concrete types including their strength, density, thermal and sound insulation qualities.
Green concrete is a type of concrete that uses less energy and causes less harm to the environment during production compared to conventional concrete. It incorporates waste materials like recycled concrete aggregates as partial replacements for cement or standard aggregates. Using materials like fly ash also reduces the carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production. Green concrete provides benefits like improved durability, strength, and workability while reducing the construction industry's environmental impact through lower CO2 emissions and higher waste reuse.
This is a presentation on the future technology called bubble deck technology. The weight of slab is reduced by large amount albeit it serves nearly same purpose for load and deflection.
This document is a project report on cellular lightweight concrete submitted by a group of students. It discusses fly ash-based cellular lightweight concrete, which uses fly ash as a constituent material. This helps reduce environmental pollution by using an industrial waste product. The document describes the manufacturing process of cellular lightweight concrete, which involves mixing materials and introducing foam to reduce density. It discusses the advantages of cellular lightweight concrete like strength, cost savings, and environmental friendliness. The report also presents the results of an experimental study on different mix designs and properties of cellular lightweight concrete.
It is a seminar Report on the Topic of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Bricks (AAC).This is a brick which is not a clay brick, it is a brick whose main constituent is Fly ash and cement. This seminar report is Prepared by a B.Tech Student of final year of Civil Engineering, pursuing B.tech from Abdul Kalam Technical Institute, Lucknow.
In this report the student tries to give a brief knowledge about the Concrete brick and its present life Exploration with cost analysis and merit demerits.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MOLARITY OF ALKALINE ACTIVATOR ON FLY ASH BASED CONCRETEUMESHCHAKRABORTY1
This document presents a study on the effect of different molarity of alkaline activator on fly ash based concrete. It includes an introduction to geopolymer concrete and its benefits over ordinary Portland cement concrete. The objectives are to study the compressive and tensile strengths of geopolymer concrete with alkaline activators of 8M, 10M and 12M molarity. The results show that both compressive and tensile strengths increase with curing age and molarity. Geopolymer concrete with 12M alkaline activator achieved the highest strengths. The conclusion is that fly ash concrete can replace cement while achieving similar or better strengths through the geopolymerization process.
This document presents a project on the properties and applications of foam concrete. It was presented by two students from the Department of Civil Engineering at KUET. The document defines foam concrete as a cement-based slurry with at least 20% entrained foam. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process of foam concrete and describes its key properties like compressive strength, thermal conductivity, drying shrinkage and fire resistance which vary according to density. The document also outlines various applications of foam concrete in construction based on density and highlights its advantages like light weight and rapid construction as well as limitations. Finally, it discusses the potential of foam concrete in Bangladesh.
U-Boot Beton is a recycled polypropylene formwork used to create lightweight concrete slabs and rafts with large spans. It comes in various heights from 10-28 cm and dimensions of 52x52 cm. U-Boot Beton is used in applications like hospitals, parking structures, and raft foundations. It offers advantages like increased floors in buildings, large spans with thin slabs, reduced foundations, and improved acoustics. The formwork is installed by positioning U-Boot Beton units with spacers, adding rebar, and casting concrete in phases.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It describes bubble deck slabs as a method that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle of floor slabs, replacing it with hollow plastic spheres to reduce weight by 30-50%. This makes construction faster and reduces loads on foundations. Three main types - filigree elements, reinforcement modules, and finished planks - are described. Experimental results show bubble deck slabs have 80% of solid slab shear strength and 5% more deflection, but are 40% lighter. Advantages include reduced material needs, costs, and CO2 emissions. Future uses could include tall buildings, large spans, and parking areas.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
The document provides information about skyscrapers, including their history, development, structure, materials used, and construction techniques. It discusses the key events in the development of modern skyscrapers in the late 19th century in Chicago and New York. It also summarizes different structural systems used in skyscrapers such as framed tubes, bundled tubes, and core-outrigger systems. The document concludes with a discussion of two famous skyscrapers - Burj Khalifa in Dubai and The Imperial II in Mumbai, highlighting their key facts and specifications.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It begins by defining a bubble deck slab as a method of reducing the weight of floor slabs by replacing concrete in the middle with hollow plastic spheres. This reduces the slab's weight by 30-50%. Bubble deck slabs have three main benefits - reduced material costs, faster construction times, and lower environmental impact from reduced concrete usage. The document then discusses the different types of bubble deck slabs, examples of projects using them, and their structural properties like strength, deflection, vibration resistance and fire resistance. It concludes that bubble deck slabs provide weight reduction and environmental benefits compared to conventional slabs.
Lightweight concrete, also known as foam concrete or foamed concrete, is a cement-based material that is produced using a minimum of 20% foam to replace fine aggregate, resulting in a density of 400-1600 kg/m3. It has advantages over normal concrete such as lower weight, improved thermal insulation and fire resistance, cost savings, and easier construction. Some disadvantages include increased mixing time and difficulty in finishing due to its porous nature. Foam concrete has a variety of applications and has been used successfully in marine structures, bridges, and railway platforms.
13 construction material from the futureMasoud Fayeq
The document summarizes 13 emerging construction materials, including translucent concrete that uses glass fibers to allow light transmission, sensiTiles with embedded fiber optics that twinkle as people walk on them, and electrified wood that incorporates wiring to power devices. It also discusses flexible honeycomb structures, paper-based countertops, self-repairing cement with microcapsules that seal cracks, strong yet lightweight carbon fiber, and bendable concrete reinforced with fibers.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs, which are hollow core slabs invented in Denmark that virtually eliminate concrete from the middle of floor slabs, dramatically reducing weight. It discusses the types of bubble deck slabs, materials used, advantages like reduced weight and costs, and properties including equivalent bending strength, increased spans, reduced deflection, durability, fire resistance, and vibration performance compared to solid slabs. Projects using bubble deck slabs are also highlighted.
The document discusses bubble deck slabs, which are hollow concrete slabs that use plastic spheres to replace ineffective concrete. There are three main types - filigree elements, reinforcement modules, and finished planks. Bubble deck slabs are lighter than traditional slabs, stronger, allow for larger spans, and use less material. They also provide benefits like reduced construction time and costs as well as being more environmentally friendly through lower CO2 emissions.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
This document discusses U-boot beton technology, which uses a recycled polypropylene framework to create lightened foundations and slabs. It can be used when soil capacity is low. The framework consists of different connecting parts and comes in sizes of 53x53cm. Polypropylene is durable, flexible, and light. U-boot beton allows for large spans over 25m with reduced slab thickness and less concrete and steel usage. It has applications in car parks, hospitals, and raft foundations. The technology is certified but not widely used in India due to lack of awareness.
The document summarizes Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), a lightweight, precast building material made of natural materials including sand, cement, lime, water and aluminium powder. When poured into molds, the aluminium powder causes the concrete to expand and become highly porous. AAC offers benefits over traditional concrete like reduced weight, improved insulation and soundproofing, lower costs, and sustainability. However, familiarity with the material by contractors is still limited.
This document discusses different types of light weight concrete, including light weight aggregate concrete, aerated concrete, and no-fines concrete. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, ranging from 300-1850 kg/m3 compared to 2200-2600 kg/m3. It has advantages like reduced dead load, improved workability, and applications in pre-stressed concrete and high-rise buildings. The main methods to produce light weight concrete are using porous aggregates, incorporating air bubbles, or omitting fine aggregates. Properties depend on the type and density, with compressive strengths ranging from 0.3-40 MPa.
This document defines and describes lightweight concrete. It discusses three main types of lightweight concrete: porous concrete, concrete without fine aggregate, and lightweight aggregate concrete.
Porous concrete contains air bubbles that make it lightweight. Concrete without fine aggregate uses only cement, water, and coarse aggregates. Lightweight aggregate concrete uses lightweight aggregates like pumice or expanded clay instead of regular aggregates.
The document outlines the characteristics and advantages of lightweight concrete, including better thermal and fire insulation, durability in various environments, lower water absorption, and acoustic properties. It also notes some disadvantages like increased sensitivity to water content and difficulty in placement and finishing.
This document summarizes and compares aerated lightweight concrete types foamed concrete and autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). It discusses that foamed concrete is produced through pre-foaming or mixed foaming methods using a foam agent to produce air bubbles. AAC uses aluminium powder as a foaming agent which reacts to produce gas bubbles during curing. The document outlines the raw materials, production processes, properties and advantages of both concrete types including their strength, density, thermal and sound insulation qualities.
Green concrete is a type of concrete that uses less energy and causes less harm to the environment during production compared to conventional concrete. It incorporates waste materials like recycled concrete aggregates as partial replacements for cement or standard aggregates. Using materials like fly ash also reduces the carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production. Green concrete provides benefits like improved durability, strength, and workability while reducing the construction industry's environmental impact through lower CO2 emissions and higher waste reuse.
This is a presentation on the future technology called bubble deck technology. The weight of slab is reduced by large amount albeit it serves nearly same purpose for load and deflection.
This document is a project report on cellular lightweight concrete submitted by a group of students. It discusses fly ash-based cellular lightweight concrete, which uses fly ash as a constituent material. This helps reduce environmental pollution by using an industrial waste product. The document describes the manufacturing process of cellular lightweight concrete, which involves mixing materials and introducing foam to reduce density. It discusses the advantages of cellular lightweight concrete like strength, cost savings, and environmental friendliness. The report also presents the results of an experimental study on different mix designs and properties of cellular lightweight concrete.
It is a seminar Report on the Topic of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Bricks (AAC).This is a brick which is not a clay brick, it is a brick whose main constituent is Fly ash and cement. This seminar report is Prepared by a B.Tech Student of final year of Civil Engineering, pursuing B.tech from Abdul Kalam Technical Institute, Lucknow.
In this report the student tries to give a brief knowledge about the Concrete brick and its present life Exploration with cost analysis and merit demerits.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MOLARITY OF ALKALINE ACTIVATOR ON FLY ASH BASED CONCRETEUMESHCHAKRABORTY1
This document presents a study on the effect of different molarity of alkaline activator on fly ash based concrete. It includes an introduction to geopolymer concrete and its benefits over ordinary Portland cement concrete. The objectives are to study the compressive and tensile strengths of geopolymer concrete with alkaline activators of 8M, 10M and 12M molarity. The results show that both compressive and tensile strengths increase with curing age and molarity. Geopolymer concrete with 12M alkaline activator achieved the highest strengths. The conclusion is that fly ash concrete can replace cement while achieving similar or better strengths through the geopolymerization process.
This document presents a project on the properties and applications of foam concrete. It was presented by two students from the Department of Civil Engineering at KUET. The document defines foam concrete as a cement-based slurry with at least 20% entrained foam. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process of foam concrete and describes its key properties like compressive strength, thermal conductivity, drying shrinkage and fire resistance which vary according to density. The document also outlines various applications of foam concrete in construction based on density and highlights its advantages like light weight and rapid construction as well as limitations. Finally, it discusses the potential of foam concrete in Bangladesh.
U-Boot Beton is a recycled polypropylene formwork used to create lightweight concrete slabs and rafts with large spans. It comes in various heights from 10-28 cm and dimensions of 52x52 cm. U-Boot Beton is used in applications like hospitals, parking structures, and raft foundations. It offers advantages like increased floors in buildings, large spans with thin slabs, reduced foundations, and improved acoustics. The formwork is installed by positioning U-Boot Beton units with spacers, adding rebar, and casting concrete in phases.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It describes bubble deck slabs as a method that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle of floor slabs, replacing it with hollow plastic spheres to reduce weight by 30-50%. This makes construction faster and reduces loads on foundations. Three main types - filigree elements, reinforcement modules, and finished planks - are described. Experimental results show bubble deck slabs have 80% of solid slab shear strength and 5% more deflection, but are 40% lighter. Advantages include reduced material needs, costs, and CO2 emissions. Future uses could include tall buildings, large spans, and parking areas.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
The document provides information about skyscrapers, including their history, development, structure, materials used, and construction techniques. It discusses the key events in the development of modern skyscrapers in the late 19th century in Chicago and New York. It also summarizes different structural systems used in skyscrapers such as framed tubes, bundled tubes, and core-outrigger systems. The document concludes with a discussion of two famous skyscrapers - Burj Khalifa in Dubai and The Imperial II in Mumbai, highlighting their key facts and specifications.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It begins by defining a bubble deck slab as a method of reducing the weight of floor slabs by replacing concrete in the middle with hollow plastic spheres. This reduces the slab's weight by 30-50%. Bubble deck slabs have three main benefits - reduced material costs, faster construction times, and lower environmental impact from reduced concrete usage. The document then discusses the different types of bubble deck slabs, examples of projects using them, and their structural properties like strength, deflection, vibration resistance and fire resistance. It concludes that bubble deck slabs provide weight reduction and environmental benefits compared to conventional slabs.
Lightweight concrete, also known as foam concrete or foamed concrete, is a cement-based material that is produced using a minimum of 20% foam to replace fine aggregate, resulting in a density of 400-1600 kg/m3. It has advantages over normal concrete such as lower weight, improved thermal insulation and fire resistance, cost savings, and easier construction. Some disadvantages include increased mixing time and difficulty in finishing due to its porous nature. Foam concrete has a variety of applications and has been used successfully in marine structures, bridges, and railway platforms.
13 construction material from the futureMasoud Fayeq
The document summarizes 13 emerging construction materials, including translucent concrete that uses glass fibers to allow light transmission, sensiTiles with embedded fiber optics that twinkle as people walk on them, and electrified wood that incorporates wiring to power devices. It also discusses flexible honeycomb structures, paper-based countertops, self-repairing cement with microcapsules that seal cracks, strong yet lightweight carbon fiber, and bendable concrete reinforced with fibers.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs, which are hollow core slabs invented in Denmark that virtually eliminate concrete from the middle of floor slabs, dramatically reducing weight. It discusses the types of bubble deck slabs, materials used, advantages like reduced weight and costs, and properties including equivalent bending strength, increased spans, reduced deflection, durability, fire resistance, and vibration performance compared to solid slabs. Projects using bubble deck slabs are also highlighted.
The document discusses bubble deck slabs, which are hollow concrete slabs that use plastic spheres to replace ineffective concrete. There are three main types - filigree elements, reinforcement modules, and finished planks. Bubble deck slabs are lighter than traditional slabs, stronger, allow for larger spans, and use less material. They also provide benefits like reduced construction time and costs as well as being more environmentally friendly through lower CO2 emissions.
IRJET- A Review of Comparative Study between Conventional Slab and Bubble...IRJET Journal
This document reviews a comparative study between conventional slab and bubble deck slab. Bubble deck slab replaces the inactive concrete in the middle of the slab with HDPE balls, reducing the slab's self-weight by 35% compared to a solid slab of the same thickness. Several studies are summarized that examine the durability, shear resistance, deflection, and cost benefits of bubble deck slabs. The literature concludes that bubble deck slabs have comparable load bearing capacity to conventional slabs but with a 30% reduction in self-weight, reducing construction costs. The only potential issue is weaker zones if the load acts between two balls.
IRJET- Analysis on Performance of Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Slabs u...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on bubble deck slabs, which are reinforced concrete slabs containing spherical voids to reduce weight. Several studies found that bubble deck slabs can reduce the self-weight of a structure by up to 50% by removing unnecessary concrete. This allows for longer spans between supports, smaller foundations, and faster construction times. Finite element analysis also showed that elliptical voids may improve load-bearing capacity compared to spherical voids. In summary, bubble deck slabs offer construction advantages like lower costs, less material use, and increased structural efficiency through their innovative use of voids to remove excess concrete from slabs.
The document summarizes Bubble Deck slab, a biaxial voided concrete slab that replaces inactive concrete in the center with high density plastic spheres. This reduces the slab weight by 30-50% compared to a solid slab while maintaining equal stiffness. Bubble Deck slabs allow for longer spans between columns and reduced foundation loads. Key benefits include material savings, faster construction, reduced CO2 emissions, and increased structural strength and flexibility. The document outlines the materials, advantages, experimental studies, and future applications of Bubble Deck slabs.
A Study on Strengthening of Bubble Deck Slab with Elliptical Balls by using G...VISHNU VIJAYAN
This study analyzed bubble deck slabs with elliptical hollow balls strengthened with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets using finite element analysis. Bubble deck slabs replace concrete in the middle with hollow balls to reduce weight. Elliptical balls have higher load capacity than spherical balls but also higher deformation. The study aimed to reduce deformation of bubble deck slabs with elliptical balls using GFRP sheets. Models of bubble deck slabs with and without GFRP sheets were analyzed under load using ANSYS software. Results showed that GFRP sheets reduced deformation and increased load capacity compared to slabs without GFRP. Slabs with elliptical balls and GFRP sheets made of higher strength M30 concrete also performed better
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
This document provides information on formwork used for constructing concrete structures. It discusses the different types of formwork including wooden, plywood, steel and combined forms. It also describes requirements for proper formwork like being waterproof and strong enough to support loads. Common formwork systems are described for columns, beams, slabs, stairs and walls. Standards for stripping formwork from concrete structures are also outlined according to the Indian Standard code.
This document discusses self-compacting fiber reinforced concrete (SCFRC). It defines SCFRC as concrete that can flow under its own weight and fill formwork without vibration. The document outlines different fiber types that can be used in SCFRC including steel, plastic, glass, carbon and natural fibers. It also describes tests conducted on SCFRC mixtures, such as slump flow and V-funnel tests. The document analyzes the influence of factors like aggregate size and shear span-to-depth ratio on the shear strength of SCFRC beams. It concludes that SCFRC provides benefits like higher strength and durability compared to normal concrete.
The document summarizes a presentation on bubble deck technology. Bubble deck slabs are biaxial hollow core slabs that dramatically reduce structural weight by replacing inactive concrete in the middle with hollow plastic spheres. This allows for longer spans, faster construction, and elimination of beams. Experimental studies show bubble deck slabs have 80% of the shear strength and similar deflections compared to solid slabs, but are 40% lighter. References discussed bubble deck slabs being more efficient than traditional slabs for office floors while not as effective for bridges. The technology reduces material needs and CO2 emissions.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It discusses that bubble deck slabs are constructed using high density polyethylene hollow spheres placed between steel reinforcement on the top and bottom of the slab. This creates voids and reduces the slab weight by 30-50% compared to conventional solid slabs. The advantages are less material usage, faster construction, reduced costs, and lower environmental impact through less emissions. There are three main types of bubble deck slabs: filigree elements, reinforcement modules, and finished planks. The document compares the structural behavior and costs of bubble deck slabs to solid slabs.
The document discusses various topics related to concrete structures including:
- Concrete is the second most used construction material after water due to its durability and ability to be molded into different shapes. Reinforcement is added to concrete to improve tensile strength.
- Types of cement used in concrete structures including Type K and Type M cement.
- Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement bars to improve tensile strength. Prestressed concrete applies stress before external loads to increase load capacity.
- Advantages of concrete structures include availability/cost of materials and ability to take compressive/bending forces. Disadvantages include cracking from shrinkage and weakness in tension.
- Concrete creep is a permanent deformation over time under load. Cre
This document provides an overview of light weight concrete, including its definition, types of aggregates used, mix design, properties, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. Light weight concrete uses expanded aggregates that create an internal cellular structure, resulting in lower density than conventional concrete. It has benefits such as reduced dead load, faster construction, and lower transport costs. Common uses include structural elements, floor slabs, roof decks, and insulation. While offering weight savings, light weight concrete can be more difficult to place and finish than standard concrete.
This document provides information about light weight concrete, including its definition, types of aggregates used, mix design, properties, advantages, applications, and conclusions. Light weight concrete is a type of concrete that uses an expanding agent to increase its volume while reducing weight compared to conventional concrete. It has benefits such as reduced dead load, faster construction, and lower transport costs. The document discusses various types of lightweight aggregates, mix design considerations, compressive strengths associated with cement contents, and applications of light weight concrete in construction.
This document discusses the components and process of estimating the costs for a post-tension slab-on-grade foundation. It covers calculating quantities and costs for excavation, forming, post-tension tendons, concrete, and other materials. Key steps include calculating cubic yards for excavation and concrete, converting square footage of forms to board feet, and taking off post-tension tendons by the linear foot and converting to pounds. Proper concrete mix design, placement, finishing, and curing are also important to consider in the estimate.
Introduction
Types Of Fibers
Production Of SCFRC
Fresh Concrete Tests
Concrete Mixing And Casting Of Beams
Influence Of Concrete Type And Coarse Aggregate Characteristics On Shear
Influence Of Shear Span To Depth Ratio On Shear
Influence Of Beam Size On Shear
Advantages
Conclusions
References
This document discusses the behavior of composite slabs with profiled steel decking. It presents information on:
1) Composite slabs that use profiled steel sheets as permanent formwork and tensile reinforcement, allowing for 30% reduced concrete and lower structural weight.
2) The profiled steel decking used which is thin-walled, cold-formed sheets meeting ASTM and IS standards with a galvanized coating.
3) Three slabs - plain concrete, bar reinforced, and steel fiber reinforced - were tested for negative bending capacity, with the fiber reinforced slab showing over a 2.5x increase in load capacity compared to plain concrete.
1) Reinforced concrete slabs are an important structural element used in modern buildings as floors and ceilings. They are supported by columns and beams.
2) There are different types of slab designs like corrugated, ribbed, and waffle slabs that improve the slab's strength-to-weight ratio by modulating the underside of the slab.
3) Concrete slabs can be cast either by being prefabricated off-site and transported or cast in place using formwork into which reinforcing steel bars and concrete are placed.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
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Bubble Deck Slab PPT.pptx
1. BUBBLE DECK SLAB- A
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION TO
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
A B H I N A V S H A R M A ( 1 8 B C E 0 0 3 )
A R C H I T K A S H Y A P ( 1 8 B C E 0 1 2 )
B H A R G A V I B H A T ( 1 8 B C E 0 2 1 )
H A T I B A H M E D K H A N ( 1 8 B C E 0 3 0 )
M A D H A V S H A R M A ( 1 8 B C E 0 3 7 )
S U D H A N S H U B A I G R A ( 1 8 B C E 0 5 3 ) U N D E R T H E G U I D A N C E O F D R . R A H U L S H A R M A
2. Introduction
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings that consists of a flat, horizontal surface made of
cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most commonly used to construct
floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving.
Types of Slabs:
• One-Way Slabs on Beams
• Hollow-Core Slab
• One-way Joist Slab (Ribbed slab)
• Hardy Slab
• Waffle Slab (Grid slab)
• Composite Slab
• Flat Plates
• Precast Slab
• Flat Slabs
• Slab on Grade
• Two-Way Slabs on Beams
• Slab on Ground
• Stiffened Raft Slab
• Waffle Raft Slab
• Bubble Deck Slab
3. One-way Slab on Beams One-way Ribbed Slab Waffle Slab
Flat Plate Flat Slab Two-way Slab on Beams
4. Types of Slabs on Ground
Precast Slab
Bubble Deck Slab
Composite Slab
Hardy Slab Hollow Core Slab
5. Bubble Deck Slab
Bubble Deck Slab (BDS) is a flat, bi-axial, hollow slab in which plastic balls replace inactive concrete at the slab's center. It is a
way of removing almost all of the concrete from the center of the slab that is not providing any structural purpose. The plastic
balls are made of High-Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) and are inserted in the center of the slab, reducing the structure's dead
weight by 35-50 percent
Cut-through section of bubble deck slab
6. Reinforced concrete bubble deck slab technology delivers up to
a 40% reduction in carbon in new structures. The distance
between the bubbles must be more than one-ninth the diameter
of the bubble. The most essential reason for this slab is
affordability since 1kg of plastic substitutes 100kg of concrete.
This method of slab construction is 20% quicker and uses 35%
less concrete. We can attain higher load-bearing capability by
employing elliptical-shaped balls. The most important aspect is
that the load-carrying capacity is significantly higher than that
of a solid slab. It also cuts raw material consumption by 20% -
27%. It also cuts energy usage by 25–27% and CO2 emissions
by 20–30%. A bubble deck has 6.43 percent lower stresses than
a solid conventional slab. The project's budget has been lowered
by 3%.
7. Different Reinforcement Placements in Bubble Deck Slab
• Filigree Elements is a combination of constructed and
unconstructed elements. A thick concrete layer and part of
the finished depth are precast and brought on-site with the
bubbles and steel reinforcement unattached. The bubbles
are then supported by temporary stands on top of the
precast layer and held in place by interconnected steel
mesh. This type of bubble deck is optimal for new
construction projects where the designer can determine
the bubble positions and steel mesh layout.
• Reinforced Modules is a reinforcement module that
consists of a pre-assembled steel mesh and plastic bubbles.
These components are brought to the site, laid on traditional
formwork, connected with any additional reinforcement,
and then concreted in place by traditional methods. This
category of Bubble Deck is optimal for construction areas
with tight spaces since these modules can be stacked on top
of one another for storage until needed.
Filigree Elements
Reinforced Modules
8. • Finished Plank is a shop-fabricated module that
includes the plastic spheres, reinforcement mesh,
and concrete in its finished form. The module is
manufactured to the final depth in the form of a
plank and is delivered on-site. Unlike above types, it
is a one-way spanning design that requires the use
of support beams or load-bearing walls. This class
of Bubble Deck is best for shorter spans and a
limited construction schedule. Finished Plank
9. Patterns of Bubbles in Bubble Deck Slab
Distribution of Balls in Bubble Deck Slab
1. 4x4 At a force of 19.6 KN, a deflection of 0.4 mm is recorded.
Deflection rises to 1.4mm beyond 34KN Up to 50KN.
2. 5x5 At a force of 10 KN, a deflection of 0.25 mm is recorded.
Deflection rises to 0.35mm beyond 20KN.
3. 6x6 At a force of 9 KN, no deflection is recorded.
Deflection rises to 0.4mm beyond 12KN.
4. 9x9 Up to a force of 22 KN, a little deflection is recorded.
Deflection rises to 3.4mm beyond 44 KN.
5. 9x6 At a force of 18 KN, insignificant deflection is recorded.
Deflection rises to 2.2mm beyond 28KN up to 30KN.
A study was conducted on the pattern of balls and specimens were
prepared. The area was kept constant for all the slabs, balls of different
patterns were used in each specimen. The specimens were then put under
UTM (Universal Testing Machine) and the following Deflections were
observed.
10. Material Required
Hollow Bubbles (recycled plastic balls):
The bubbles are composed of high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, or polypropylene materials, which are typically
nonporous and do not chemically react with concrete or reinforcement. The bubbles are rigid and strong enough to withstand the
weights exerted before and during concrete pouring. The diameter of the bubbles ranges from 180mm to 450mm, and as a result,
the thickness of the slab ranges from 230mm to 600mm. The space between the bubbles should be higher than 1/9th of the bubble's
diameter. Gaps can have nominal diameters of 180,225,270,313 or 360mm
Cement:
The concrete used for filling in the BDS must be of a higher quality than M-20/25. Nowadays, self-compacting is commonly
utilized on-site to cast prefabricated pieces such as filigree slabs or joint filler. Self-compacting concrete may be poured into regions
of reinforcing congestion and tight sections, enabling air to escape while resisting segregation.
Fine Aggregate:
The natural river sand with a particle size of 4.75mm or less from Zone 3 with the help of using IS 383-1970.
11. Coarse Aggregate:
Crushed stone of 20mm is being used as coarse aggregate.
Water:
For the mixing and curing processes, portable water is employed. The amount of water in the mix impacts several soft and
hardened qualities of concrete, including durability, compressive strength, workability, drying shrinkage, cracking potential, and
so on. For all of these reasons, the amount of water should be monitored and managed.
Reinforcement Bars:
The slab's reinforcement consists of two meshes, one at the bottom and one at the top, which may be knotted or welded together. The
steel is made up of two parts: a meshed layer for lateral support and a diagonal girder for vertical support. Steel with a strength of Fe-
500 or above should be utilized.
12. Mechanical and Chemical Property of (HDPE) Spheres
Formulation detail about ingredients
Chemical designation Polyethene (high density)
Usual chemical designation Polyethene (high density)
Chemical formulation (-CH2-CH2) n
Genus Polyolefin
Hazardous additional substances None
Physical and Chemical property
Physical condition Solid at 20 °c
Tensile strength 0.20 – 0.40 N/mm2
color Chosen by manufacturer
ph. Not applicable
Relative density 940 – 965 kg/m3
Melting point 126 °c
Softening point 123 °c
Solubility in water Insoluble
13. Tina Lai MIT, 2009
This study argues that Bubble Deck technology is more efficient in an office floor system than a regular biaxial concrete slab,
noting several advantages above traditional slabs. The office slab finite element models produced in SAP2000 for this investigation
confirm the previous analyses and experiments. The voided slab, on the other hand, does not function as well in a pedestrian bridge
deck.
Bhagyashri G. Bhade and S.M Barelikar, (2016)
In terms of ultimate load-bearing strength and deflections, this study compares conventional slabs to Bubble Deck Slab systems
with continuous or alternate bubble configurations.
Sergiu Călin, Ciprian Asăvoaie and N. Florea, (2009)
This paper presents some experimental programs relating to concrete slabs with spherical gaps, i.e., bubble deck slabs existing
in similar execution and loading conditions as those from a real construction; this implies the realization of a slab element at a scale
of 1:1, which was subjected to static gravitational loadings to determine the deflection, cracking, and failing characteristics.
LITERATURE REVIEW
14. Sergiu Călin, Roxana Gînţu and Gabriela Dascălu, (2009)
This research depicts several testings performed on conventional slabs and bubble decks, such as bending strength and deflection
behavior, shear strength, punching shear, dynamic punching shear, anchoring, fire resistance, sound insulation, and other tests.
According to this study, the Bubble Deck functions like a spatial structure – as the only known hollow concrete floor structure, the tests
demonstrate that the shear strength is even higher than the standard slab system, indicating that the balls have a favorable impact. All
tests, claims, and technical experience shows that Bubble Deck:
a) Bubble Decks act as a solid deck.
b) It follows the same rules as that of solid deck
c) Leads to significant cost savings.
Martina Schnellenbach-Held and Karsten Pfeffer, (2007)
As the bubble deck's primary application is as a flat slab, one of the most intriguing aspects of this slab is its punching shear
capability. The impact of cavities on punching behavior is investigated in this research, which was conducted at the Darmstadt Institute
for Concrete Structures. Nonlinear calculations utilizing the Finite Element Method were also done in addition to these tests.
15. Reshma Mathew, Binu, (2016)
Due to the low weight of the HDPE balls, the punching shear capacity of the bubble deck slab is a key issue. In this investigation, a
GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) strengthening system was applied. When compared to standard bubble deck slabs, strengthened slabs
had a greater punching capability. Because of the GFRP reinforcement of the bubble deck slab, load-carrying capacity increased by up to 20%.
Although the deflection of the stronger bubble deck slab was lower than that of the un-strengthened bubble deck slab.
M.Surrendar, M.Ranjitham, (2016)
They presented the paper that was used to perform the tests and evaluate the structural behavior of the conventional slab and bubble deck
slab. To determine the ultimate load-carrying capacity and deflection, the experiment was carried out utilizing a loading frame and the udl load
applied over the slab. Furthermore, finite element analysis was performed with ANSYS software to investigate the ultimate load by carrying
capacity, stresses, and deflection. Based on the examination of these data, the Bubble deck slab outperforms the traditional slab.
P. Prabhu Teja, P.Vijay Kumar, S. Anusha, CR. Mounika, Purnachandra Saha, (2012)
This paper discusses the type of material used for casting the slab and more types of material used for casting the slab and more
importantly different properties like flexural strength, shear strength, durability, deflection, fire resistance, shear strength, sound insulation,
etc. The finite element models of the office slabs created for this study in SAP 2000 verify the prior analysis and experiments and obtained
significant results in comparing bending stresses, deflection, shear strength, and weight reduction of conventional and bubble deck slabs.
16. Arati Shetkar and Nagesh Hanche, (2015)
They conducted an experimental investigation on the Bubble Deck Slab System using Elliptical Balls and discovered that the
ratio of bubble diameter to slab thickness influences the behaviour of Bubble Deck slabs. High-density polypropylene was used to
create the bubbles. The bubble diameter ranges from 180mm to 450mm, while the slab depth is from 230mm to 600mm. The
nominal diameters of the gaps are 180, 225, 270, and 315. The applied force in this experiment was from the bottom to the top of the
slab, till cracks appeared in the slabs and the failure mechanisms were documented. The results reveal that by employing hollow
elliptical balls, a superior load-bearing capacity in Bubble Deck may be attained, decreasing material consumption, making the
building time faster, and lowering total expenses. Aside from that, the study's findings demonstrate a reduction in deadweight of up
to 50%, allowing for reduced foundation sizes.
Amer M. Ibrahim, Nazar K. Ali, Wissam D. Salman, (2013)
They investigated the stiffness values of Bubble Deck slabs in contrast to solid slabs. Plastic spheres in reinforced concrete
slabs of various sizes (B/H=0.51, 0.64, and 0.80) were submitted to a flexure test, with the results revealing some one-way flexural
fractures and reduced stiffness, suggesting that their flexural capabilities were adequate for the application. The findings were
compared to reference solid slabs (without plastic spheres), with (100 percent, 100 percent, and 90 percent) applying the ultimate
load of a similar reference solid slab but only (76 percent, 75 percent, and 70 percent) of the concrete volume owing to plastic
spheres, respectively. The results showed that the deflections under the service load of Bubble Deck specimens were somewhat
greater than those of a comparable solid slab. The concrete compressive strain of Bubble Deck specimens is larger than that of an
equal solid specimen.
17. OBJECTIVES
To study the feasibility of BDS.
To assess the characteristics/properties of BDS by various researchers.
To study the effects of different shapes and arrangements of the balls on BDS.
To compare the cost analysis of BDS and conventional slab.
18. METHODOLOGY
Arrangement of Placing of Balls: -
In general, we look at the three different ways to place the balls inside the slab and compare them to traditional slabs as examined
by (Bhowmik and Banerjee, 2017)
Various types of configurations are available:
1. A deck of bubbles (continuous arrangement of the bubble)
2. Bubble Deck Slab (Alternative) (Type 1)
3. Bubble Deck Slab (Alternative) (Type 2)
Reinforcement of
continuous bubble deck slab
Reinforcement of alternative
bubble deck slab type 2
Reinforcement of alternative
bubble deck slab type 1
19. To Study the Feasibility of BDS
We came to the following conclusions after conducting the necessary research on BDS: -
Superior Statics
Bubble deck slabs are superior to standard slabs because they are lighter, stronger, have fewer columns, and have no beams or ribs
under the ceiling.
Production and Carrying Out
The automated manufacture of prefabricated units improves the quality of the product. The lightweight of the slab aids in easier
erection with light and inexpensive lifting equipment, and the minimal effort on-site eliminates the potential of errors.
Transportation
Material transportation is significantly minimized. As a result, costs are lower, and the environment is better.
20. Economic Savings
Up to 50% savings can be obtained in materials (slabs, pillars, and foundations). Transportation costs are significantly decreased due
to their small weight.
Safety
The bubble deck slab is fireproof, and the seismic resistance is much improved because of the weight savings, the building is
fireproof.
Environmental Improvement
1 kg of plastic replaces more than 100 tonnes of concrete when the bubble is used. The amount of energy used in production,
transportation, and execution is extremely low. As a result, CO2 emissions are reduced.
Explosions Safety
The biaxial flat slab system and columns from Bubble Deck are perfect for structures that must withstand explosions. To eliminate
heavy facades and inflexible walls, which suppress air pressure and, in the worst-case scenario, cause the structure to collapse.
21. RESULTS
Several investigations and experiments were conducted by various academics and scholars to investigate the deflection in
bubble deck slabs, and it was discovered that the deflection in bubble deck slabs is 5.88 percent greater than the deflection in
conventional slabs.
Comparison of deflection between BDS and conventional slab Load deflection of bubble deck slab using M25 grade concrete
Deflection
22. Fire Resistance
The preceding study found that the fire resistance of regular slab and BDS is nearly identical. The fire resistance is determined
by a concrete cover of 60-180 minutes. The resistance to smoke is roughly 1.5 times that of fire. On each side, the smoke depth is
approximately or less than 10 meters. Because the balls just carbonize, no harmful gases are emitted.
STEEL
STRESS
FIRE RESISTANCE
(MINUTES)
30 60 90 120 180
≤190 17mm 17mm 17mm 17mm -
≤286 17mm 29mm 35mm 42mm 55mm
Resistance to fire
23. Sound Insulation
When comparing BDS to a one-way prefabricated slab of the same height, it was discovered that BDS reduces sound/noise by 1db
greater than the one-way prefabricated slab. The weight of the BDS is one of the most important parameters for decreasing noise, thus
the BDS will not operate differently from other deck slabs of equal weight.
Test Details Latw C1
1 230mm Bubble deck Floor - Test 1 -
24th March
69dB -12dB
2 230mm Bubble deck Floor - Test 2 –
11th April
70dB -13dB
Sound insulation results
24. Flexural Strength
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Strength
Bubble Deck Slab Conventonal Slab
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
3 Days 14 Days 28 Days
Flexure
Strength
(N/mm2)
Age Of Concrete
Conventional Beam (CB) Bubbled Plastic Beam (BPB)
Bubbled Rubber Beam (BRB)
Number of researchers conducted the experiments on flexural strength and concluded that the BDS specimen has the highest
flexural strength, with a flexural strength of 12.5N/mm2 and an ultimate load of 84KN, whereas the conventional slab has a
flexural strength of 8.66N/mm2, which is nearly 30.72 percent less than BDS.
Comparison of Flexure Strength
of Concrete from Experiments
Comparison between conventional slab and
bubble deck slab in case of flexural strength
25. According to one researcher, cracking in BDS is far better than cracking in solid slabs designed to perform at the
same stress level. Whereas another researcher discovered that despite changes in ball arrangement and form, flexural
and shear cracks developed.
Crack
EXPOSURE CONDITION MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CRACK
WIDTH (mm)
DRY AIR OR PROTECTIVE
MEMBRANE
0.4
HUMID, MOIST AIR OR SOIL 0.3
DE-ICING CHEMICALS 0.2
SEAWATER AND SEAWATER SPRAY;
WETTING AND DRYING
0.15
WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES 0.1
Allowable crack width
26. Vibrations
The bubble deck slab showed a better vibration reduction at the low frequency domains than that of the solid slab as the
vibration level was lower at 80Hz or lower. Damping and rigidity are the best ways to reduce vibrations in BDS. We found that
BDS gave 2 times higher rigidity than conventional slab for the same amount of concrete if damping is considered similar to
conventional slab.
Vibration absorbed by bubble deck slabs Vibration absorbed by normal slabs
27. Compressive Strength
According to various papers the compressive strength of BDS is substantially higher than that of a standard slab and they also
concluded that substituting the concrete in the compression zone with balls has no substantial effect on the beam's load-carrying
capacity.
Creep
There is no discernible difference in creep between bubble deck slabs and traditional slabs. Because the tests were only conducted in
a one-way span of slabs, differences may exist.
28. Stiffness
The stiffness of bubble deck slabs with smaller diameter balls with 60 mm was found to be greater than that of 70 mm
diameter bubble slab and conventional slab in various research papers. The rigidity of the BDS improved by 70% using the
same quantity of material used in the standard slab, More experiments were conducted and it was found that for same
strength, bubble deck has 87% of bending stiffness of similar solid slab but only 66% concrete volume due to HDPE
spheres.
SLAB
THICKNESS
(h)mm
BALL
DIAMETER
(d)mm
MOMENT
OF INERTIA
OF SOLID
SECTION
(Is)
MOMENT
OF INERTIA
OF VOIDED
SECTION
(Iv)
STIFFNESS
REDUCTION
% WEIGHT
SAVING
150 90 2.98X107 3.2X106 0.891 10.55
120 4.5X107 1.07X107 0.773 17.43
Stiffness Reduction
29. Cost-effectiveness
In an experimental investigation on the Bubble deck slab, it was concluded that concrete usage was lowered since 1 kg of plastic balls
could replace 100 kg of concrete, lowering the slab's cost by a significant amount. Also while performing the study into BDS's
behaviour, it was discovered that the project's overall cost might be reduced by roughly 3% by reducing the amount of concrete
used.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Cost (Rs)
Bubble Deck Slab Conventional Slab
Cost comparison between conventional and BDS
30. Prestressing
In an experiment various test specimens were designed to consider the effect of the level of prestressing force on the behaviour of
the bubbled slabs. The test parameters were the type of slab specimen (solid or bubbled) and the partial prestressing ratio (PPR) which
varied between (0.0 and 1.0). Due to the presence of prestressing steel in bubbled slabs, the specimens showed an increase in failure load
capacity ranged between (79.3% and 97.7%) compared with slabs reinforced with ordinary reinforcement. It is also found that, the
bubbled slabs with different PPR values had about (82%to 85%) of the failure loads capacity of a similar reference solid slabs. Also,
using prestressing steel in the bubbled slabs, increased the first cracking, the ultimate service and the failure loads. The increase of
the first cracking load for bubbled slabs attained between (185.7% and 228%), while the increase of the failure load reached between
(79.3% and 97.7%). There is a significant decrease in the maximum crack width and the number of cracks for bubbled slab with fully and
partially prestressed reinforcement in comparison with non-prestressed bubbled slabs.
31. Durability
The durability of bubble deck slabs is comparable to that of traditional solid slabs. The concrete is of standard quality, and when
combined with enough bar cover, it provides the most control over durability, which is comparable to that of solid slabs. The
durability of bubble deck slabs is not much different than an ordinary slab. Bubble deck slab joints have chamfer on inside to ensure
that concrete surrounds each bar and does not allow a direct route to air from the rebar surface. Bubble deck slab posses a
continuous mesh on top and bottom through out the slab, this ensures shrinkage restraint is well provided for and that cracking is
kept to a minimum.
32. CONCLUSION
After completing our research work on BDS we have concluded the various points mentioned below:
1. This slab design has the potential to be the future of slab building, making a significant contribution to sustainable development.
2. Typically, a good choice for buildings with a longer span.
3. It may be deduced that by lowering the volume of the concrete, shear resistance would be lowered as well.
4. It may be deduced that the bending stresses in the BDS are approximately 6.50 percent less than those in a solid slab.
5. The bending moment of a BDS is almost 5.90% more than that of a solid slab because the stiffness is lowered by the hollow section.
6. By employing this BDS slab, one may save a significant amount of money because the amount of concrete used is reduced, as 100
Kg of concrete can be substituted with 1Kg of plastic.
7. This slab minimizes CO2 emissions by up to 40Kg/m3.
33. 8. As the concrete volume is lowered, the weight on beams and walls is reduced as well, and building foundations can eventually
be planned for lower dead loads.
9. This revolutionary concept can be utilized to build any form of building, particularly sky-scrapers.
10. If a bubble deck slab is employed, structures can be more flexible and easier to install from an economic standpoint.
11. From an engineering standpoint, this biaxial flat slab system and columns are appropriate for constructions with great explosive
resistance.
12. From a structural standpoint, it allows for a smaller foundation size since the structural dead-weight is decreased by a startling
50%.
13. This slab is preferable in static nature because it reduces weight, increases strength, and decreases column amounts.
14. This technique is quite promising in the current building, and the future of civil engineering may belong to this new type of
hollow slab if it is used successfully.
15. It prevents the creation of cement and enables a decrease in world CO2 emissions by employing a Bubble deck slab. As a result,
this technology is ecologically friendly and long-lasting.
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