The document provides an overview of a 7-step process for building an information system. The 7 steps are: 1) Identify and list stakeholders, 2) Identify and list actors, 3) Identify and list use cases, 4) Identify and list scenarios, 5) Identify and list steps, 6) Identify and list classes/objects, and 7) Manage work products. It describes each step in the process, including defining stakeholders, actors, use cases, scenarios, and mapping analysis to design. The process emphasizes discovery, iteration, and developing a shared understanding between stakeholders.
The document discusses application development for digital firms, including rapid application development which creates workable systems in a short period of time using visual programming and iterative prototyping. It also discusses component based development and web services which enable systems to be built by assembling and integrating existing software components to create ecommerce applications.
This document provides an overview of building information systems. It discusses the core activities in the systems development process including systems analysis, design, programming, testing, conversion, and production/maintenance. It also compares traditional structured methodologies to newer object-oriented development approaches. Finally, it outlines some alternative systems building methods such as prototyping, end-user development, using application packages, and outsourcing work.
This lecture document provides an overview of comparative development methodologies. It discusses frameworks like Multiview, Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA), the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), and Euromethod. It also covers methodology issues such as the components of a methodology, the rationale for adopting a methodology, and considerations for adopting a methodology in practice. Additionally, it outlines the evolution of methodologies from the pre-methodology era to early methodologies to more modern approaches.
This document provides an overview of developing business/IT solutions and the systems development process. It discusses the traditional systems development cycle as well as prototyping and end user approaches. The systems development cycle involves conception, design, and implementation of systems to meet business needs. It outlines the key stages of systems investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It also discusses evaluating hardware, software, and service acquisition. The goal is to use a systematic approach to analyze needs and design effective IT solutions to address business opportunities.
Software Development Methodologies-HSM, SSADMNana Sarpong
SSADM is a structured methodology for analyzing and designing computer systems. It is a waterfall approach with 5 main stages: 1) Feasibility study, 2) Requirements analysis, 3) Requirements specification, 4) Logical system specification, and 5) Physical system design. Each stage produces specific outputs and further refines the system requirements and design. SSADM provides standards and guidelines for documentation, techniques, and project structure.
The document discusses system acquisition strategies for designing a new system. There are three primary strategies: custom development by building a system in-house, using a packaged software system, or outsourcing development to an external vendor. The design phase develops a system specification and considers issues like business needs, in-house expertise, and project risks to determine which strategy best fits a given project. An alternative matrix tool compares options across various criteria to help evaluate tradeoffs and select the optimal acquisition approach.
The document summarizes the systems development life cycle (SDLC) which includes four phases - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Each phase consists of steps that produce deliverables and moves the system design forward through refinement. Methodologies like waterfall, RAD, agile help structure the SDLC process. Key factors in selecting a methodology include requirements clarity, technology familiarity, system complexity, reliability needs, and time schedules.
The document provides an overview of a 7-step process for building an information system. The 7 steps are: 1) Identify and list stakeholders, 2) Identify and list actors, 3) Identify and list use cases, 4) Identify and list scenarios, 5) Identify and list steps, 6) Identify and list classes/objects, and 7) Manage work products. It describes each step in the process, including defining stakeholders, actors, use cases, scenarios, and mapping analysis to design. The process emphasizes discovery, iteration, and developing a shared understanding between stakeholders.
The document discusses application development for digital firms, including rapid application development which creates workable systems in a short period of time using visual programming and iterative prototyping. It also discusses component based development and web services which enable systems to be built by assembling and integrating existing software components to create ecommerce applications.
This document provides an overview of building information systems. It discusses the core activities in the systems development process including systems analysis, design, programming, testing, conversion, and production/maintenance. It also compares traditional structured methodologies to newer object-oriented development approaches. Finally, it outlines some alternative systems building methods such as prototyping, end-user development, using application packages, and outsourcing work.
This lecture document provides an overview of comparative development methodologies. It discusses frameworks like Multiview, Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA), the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), and Euromethod. It also covers methodology issues such as the components of a methodology, the rationale for adopting a methodology, and considerations for adopting a methodology in practice. Additionally, it outlines the evolution of methodologies from the pre-methodology era to early methodologies to more modern approaches.
This document provides an overview of developing business/IT solutions and the systems development process. It discusses the traditional systems development cycle as well as prototyping and end user approaches. The systems development cycle involves conception, design, and implementation of systems to meet business needs. It outlines the key stages of systems investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It also discusses evaluating hardware, software, and service acquisition. The goal is to use a systematic approach to analyze needs and design effective IT solutions to address business opportunities.
Software Development Methodologies-HSM, SSADMNana Sarpong
SSADM is a structured methodology for analyzing and designing computer systems. It is a waterfall approach with 5 main stages: 1) Feasibility study, 2) Requirements analysis, 3) Requirements specification, 4) Logical system specification, and 5) Physical system design. Each stage produces specific outputs and further refines the system requirements and design. SSADM provides standards and guidelines for documentation, techniques, and project structure.
The document discusses system acquisition strategies for designing a new system. There are three primary strategies: custom development by building a system in-house, using a packaged software system, or outsourcing development to an external vendor. The design phase develops a system specification and considers issues like business needs, in-house expertise, and project risks to determine which strategy best fits a given project. An alternative matrix tool compares options across various criteria to help evaluate tradeoffs and select the optimal acquisition approach.
The document summarizes the systems development life cycle (SDLC) which includes four phases - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Each phase consists of steps that produce deliverables and moves the system design forward through refinement. Methodologies like waterfall, RAD, agile help structure the SDLC process. Key factors in selecting a methodology include requirements clarity, technology familiarity, system complexity, reliability needs, and time schedules.
The document discusses software engineering and process models. It defines software engineering as the application of systematic and quantifiable approaches to software development, operation and maintenance. It describes software as computer programs, data structures and documentation.
It then discusses characteristics of software such as it being engineered not manufactured, not wearing out over time, and continuing to be custom built in most cases. It also discusses the software engineering layers including the process, method and tools layers.
Finally, it discusses the software process as a framework involving key activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction and deployment. It explains the generic process model and how activities are populated by actions and tasks to produce work products.
The document discusses the design phase of the system development life cycle. It describes the objectives and steps of the design phase, which include presenting design alternatives, converting logical models to physical models, designing the system architecture, making hardware and software selections, and designing inputs, outputs, data storage, and programs. Common design strategies like custom development, packaged systems, and outsourcing are also covered. The document then explains various system design methods and the stages of system design, including logical, physical, and program design. Finally, it discusses avoiding common design mistakes.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design (SAD) by Yared Yenealem. It begins with biographical information about Yenealem and the objectives of the SAD course. It then covers key topics in SAD including what a system is, the elements and characteristics of systems, different types of information systems, and the importance of project management in SAD. Methods for representing and scheduling projects like Gantt charts and PERT charts are also discussed. The document aims to give students foundational knowledge on concepts and processes in SAD.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It covers key topics like the roles of business analysts, systems analysts, and project managers. It also describes the systems development lifecycle of planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Major methodologies are explained, including structured design, rapid application development, and agile development approaches like waterfall, prototyping, extreme programming, and scrum. Factors for selecting the appropriate methodology are outlined.
The document outlines the key concepts in systems analysis and design including:
1) It defines systems, analysis, and design and describes the role of the systems analyst in performing analysis and design to improve existing systems.
2) It describes the principal phases of the systems development life cycle including preliminary investigation, analysis, design, development, implementation, and ongoing maintenance.
3) It provides an overview of various tools used in systems analysis and design like entity relationship diagrams, data flow diagrams, documentation, and prototypes.
The document discusses different approaches to software system development including structured approach, object-oriented approach, and information engineering approach. The structured approach uses structured programming, structured design, and structured analysis techniques. It focuses on processes rather than data. The object-oriented approach views a system as interacting objects that work together to accomplish tasks. Analysis and design involve defining object types and interactions. The information engineering approach aims to model the real world and support business processes through information systems.
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering. It begins by defining requirements engineering as the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements. It then outlines the key tasks in requirements engineering: inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. For each task, it provides details on the goals and steps involved. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of requirements engineering and the various activities that comprise the process.
This presentation gives an introduction about different types of information systems, the information system's development methodologies and required infrastructures.
The document summarizes the key activities in the systems planning phase of an IT project, which includes project initiation, preliminary investigation, and project planning. It discusses identifying the reasons for an IT project, conducting a feasibility study to assess technical, economic and operational feasibility, and producing a feasibility report with recommendations to determine if full project planning should proceed. The goal is to understand why the system is needed and how to build it in a way that is feasible and of value to the organization.
The document discusses the systems analysis and design process for developing systems like a Management Information System (MIS). It describes the key stages in the systems development life cycle, including problem recognition, feasibility study, systems analysis, design, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It provides details on various techniques and considerations used at each stage, such as classifying problem types during problem recognition, assessing technical, operational, and economic feasibility, gathering requirements, and designing system components. The iterative nature of systems development is also emphasized.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
Materi 4 Information System Engineering Sim 1223511116853894 8Zidny Nafan
The document discusses various aspects of information system development including:
1) Information system analysis focuses on solving business problems independently of the technology used.
2) System owners provide funding while system users directly interact with the system.
3) System design and development involves considering the data, processes, interfaces, and network needs from the perspectives of owners, users, designers and builders.
4) Successful system development requires project management techniques like PERT charts, Gantt charts, and Microsoft Project to plan, track progress, and ensure completion on time and on budget.
System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. It involves determining the elements of a system such as its architecture, modules, and components as well as the interfaces and data flows. Systems design takes a systematic approach and considers all related variables to design a coherent system that meets the needs of an organization. One structured methodology is SSADM, which uses logical data modeling, data flow modeling, and entity behavior modeling throughout the system design life cycle from initial design to physical implementation.
Introduction to system analysis and designTwene Peter
This document provides an introduction to system analysis and design. It discusses that systems are created to solve problems in an organized way. It outlines the objectives of understanding systems, system development life cycles, and the components of system analysis and design. It then describes the key phases of the system development life cycle as system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance.
The document discusses scenario-based requirements analysis and modeling. It covers topics like creating preliminary use cases, refining use cases, writing formal use cases, and developing supplemental models like activity diagrams and swimlane diagrams. The key aspects are using use cases to describe functions from an actor's perspective, refining use cases to explore alternatives and exceptions, and creating additional models like activity and swimlane diagrams to further illustrate flows and responsibilities. Requirements analysis bridges system descriptions and software design to establish customer needs and a basis for validation.
The document provides an overview of software requirements and the requirements engineering process. It defines functional and non-functional requirements, explains how to elicit requirements, and describes how prototypes can be used to validate requirements. The key stages of requirements engineering are identified as feasibility study, requirements gathering, specification documentation, and validation. User requirements are defined at a high level while system requirements provide more technical details. Non-functional requirements relate to properties like performance, security, and availability.
The document discusses system engineering and requirements engineering processes. It provides details on:
1) The hierarchy of system modeling which defines processes, represents behavior and inputs/outputs, and links components.
2) Business process engineering which focuses on enterprise goals and creates models and process frameworks.
3) Requirements engineering processes like elicitation, analysis, negotiation and validation to understand customer needs and agree on deliverables.
Chapter 12 information system developmenthaider ali
This document provides an overview of key concepts and activities related to system development, including defining system development and listing its phases. It discusses guidelines for system development such as grouping activities into phases, involving users, and defining standards. Each system development phase is then explained in detail, outlining the objectives and typical activities performed during planning, analysis, design, implementation, and operation/support phases. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate system development tools and methodologies.
This document provides an overview of systems analysis, which involves decomposing a system into its components to study how well they work together. It describes various systems analysis approaches, including structured analysis, information engineering, object-oriented analysis, prototyping, and agile methods. It also outlines the typical phases of systems analysis: scope definition, problem analysis, requirements analysis, logical design, and decision analysis. For each phase, it identifies the key tasks, terms, and typical deliverables.
An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system facilitates integrated information systems across all departments of a corporation to manage resources efficiently. It provides a total integrated solution for information processing needs through a process-oriented view consistent across the company. ERP systems aim to integrate all departments and functions onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments' particular needs. It allows a business to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many back office functions related to technology, services and human resources.
The document discusses software engineering and process models. It defines software engineering as the application of systematic and quantifiable approaches to software development, operation and maintenance. It describes software as computer programs, data structures and documentation.
It then discusses characteristics of software such as it being engineered not manufactured, not wearing out over time, and continuing to be custom built in most cases. It also discusses the software engineering layers including the process, method and tools layers.
Finally, it discusses the software process as a framework involving key activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction and deployment. It explains the generic process model and how activities are populated by actions and tasks to produce work products.
The document discusses the design phase of the system development life cycle. It describes the objectives and steps of the design phase, which include presenting design alternatives, converting logical models to physical models, designing the system architecture, making hardware and software selections, and designing inputs, outputs, data storage, and programs. Common design strategies like custom development, packaged systems, and outsourcing are also covered. The document then explains various system design methods and the stages of system design, including logical, physical, and program design. Finally, it discusses avoiding common design mistakes.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design (SAD) by Yared Yenealem. It begins with biographical information about Yenealem and the objectives of the SAD course. It then covers key topics in SAD including what a system is, the elements and characteristics of systems, different types of information systems, and the importance of project management in SAD. Methods for representing and scheduling projects like Gantt charts and PERT charts are also discussed. The document aims to give students foundational knowledge on concepts and processes in SAD.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It covers key topics like the roles of business analysts, systems analysts, and project managers. It also describes the systems development lifecycle of planning, analysis, design, and implementation. Major methodologies are explained, including structured design, rapid application development, and agile development approaches like waterfall, prototyping, extreme programming, and scrum. Factors for selecting the appropriate methodology are outlined.
The document outlines the key concepts in systems analysis and design including:
1) It defines systems, analysis, and design and describes the role of the systems analyst in performing analysis and design to improve existing systems.
2) It describes the principal phases of the systems development life cycle including preliminary investigation, analysis, design, development, implementation, and ongoing maintenance.
3) It provides an overview of various tools used in systems analysis and design like entity relationship diagrams, data flow diagrams, documentation, and prototypes.
The document discusses different approaches to software system development including structured approach, object-oriented approach, and information engineering approach. The structured approach uses structured programming, structured design, and structured analysis techniques. It focuses on processes rather than data. The object-oriented approach views a system as interacting objects that work together to accomplish tasks. Analysis and design involve defining object types and interactions. The information engineering approach aims to model the real world and support business processes through information systems.
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering. It begins by defining requirements engineering as the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements. It then outlines the key tasks in requirements engineering: inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. For each task, it provides details on the goals and steps involved. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of requirements engineering and the various activities that comprise the process.
This presentation gives an introduction about different types of information systems, the information system's development methodologies and required infrastructures.
The document summarizes the key activities in the systems planning phase of an IT project, which includes project initiation, preliminary investigation, and project planning. It discusses identifying the reasons for an IT project, conducting a feasibility study to assess technical, economic and operational feasibility, and producing a feasibility report with recommendations to determine if full project planning should proceed. The goal is to understand why the system is needed and how to build it in a way that is feasible and of value to the organization.
The document discusses the systems analysis and design process for developing systems like a Management Information System (MIS). It describes the key stages in the systems development life cycle, including problem recognition, feasibility study, systems analysis, design, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It provides details on various techniques and considerations used at each stage, such as classifying problem types during problem recognition, assessing technical, operational, and economic feasibility, gathering requirements, and designing system components. The iterative nature of systems development is also emphasized.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
Materi 4 Information System Engineering Sim 1223511116853894 8Zidny Nafan
The document discusses various aspects of information system development including:
1) Information system analysis focuses on solving business problems independently of the technology used.
2) System owners provide funding while system users directly interact with the system.
3) System design and development involves considering the data, processes, interfaces, and network needs from the perspectives of owners, users, designers and builders.
4) Successful system development requires project management techniques like PERT charts, Gantt charts, and Microsoft Project to plan, track progress, and ensure completion on time and on budget.
System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. It involves determining the elements of a system such as its architecture, modules, and components as well as the interfaces and data flows. Systems design takes a systematic approach and considers all related variables to design a coherent system that meets the needs of an organization. One structured methodology is SSADM, which uses logical data modeling, data flow modeling, and entity behavior modeling throughout the system design life cycle from initial design to physical implementation.
Introduction to system analysis and designTwene Peter
This document provides an introduction to system analysis and design. It discusses that systems are created to solve problems in an organized way. It outlines the objectives of understanding systems, system development life cycles, and the components of system analysis and design. It then describes the key phases of the system development life cycle as system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance.
The document discusses scenario-based requirements analysis and modeling. It covers topics like creating preliminary use cases, refining use cases, writing formal use cases, and developing supplemental models like activity diagrams and swimlane diagrams. The key aspects are using use cases to describe functions from an actor's perspective, refining use cases to explore alternatives and exceptions, and creating additional models like activity and swimlane diagrams to further illustrate flows and responsibilities. Requirements analysis bridges system descriptions and software design to establish customer needs and a basis for validation.
The document provides an overview of software requirements and the requirements engineering process. It defines functional and non-functional requirements, explains how to elicit requirements, and describes how prototypes can be used to validate requirements. The key stages of requirements engineering are identified as feasibility study, requirements gathering, specification documentation, and validation. User requirements are defined at a high level while system requirements provide more technical details. Non-functional requirements relate to properties like performance, security, and availability.
The document discusses system engineering and requirements engineering processes. It provides details on:
1) The hierarchy of system modeling which defines processes, represents behavior and inputs/outputs, and links components.
2) Business process engineering which focuses on enterprise goals and creates models and process frameworks.
3) Requirements engineering processes like elicitation, analysis, negotiation and validation to understand customer needs and agree on deliverables.
Chapter 12 information system developmenthaider ali
This document provides an overview of key concepts and activities related to system development, including defining system development and listing its phases. It discusses guidelines for system development such as grouping activities into phases, involving users, and defining standards. Each system development phase is then explained in detail, outlining the objectives and typical activities performed during planning, analysis, design, implementation, and operation/support phases. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate system development tools and methodologies.
This document provides an overview of systems analysis, which involves decomposing a system into its components to study how well they work together. It describes various systems analysis approaches, including structured analysis, information engineering, object-oriented analysis, prototyping, and agile methods. It also outlines the typical phases of systems analysis: scope definition, problem analysis, requirements analysis, logical design, and decision analysis. For each phase, it identifies the key tasks, terms, and typical deliverables.
An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system facilitates integrated information systems across all departments of a corporation to manage resources efficiently. It provides a total integrated solution for information processing needs through a process-oriented view consistent across the company. ERP systems aim to integrate all departments and functions onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments' particular needs. It allows a business to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many back office functions related to technology, services and human resources.
Business Process Reengineering | Case studiesSumit Sanyal
Management Of Transformations discusses case studies on business process reengineering (BPR) examples. It provides three examples of how IT can help roadmap BPR by acting as an enabler, facilitator, and implementer. It also discusses how the BPR model can be applied to the three examples and provides suggestions for changing existing processes. The document discusses steps involved in BPR including current state assessment, gap analysis, and identifying opportunities. It emphasizes that business process reengineering aims to improve processes, quality, and reduce costs through streamlining workflows and leveraging technology.
The document outlines the major phases of the systems development process:
1) Problem definition, feasibility assessment, analysis of the existing system, and strategic requirements formulation.
2) Design of the information processing system, including requirements elicitation, data flows, databases, and hardware.
3) Software acquisition and development, procedures development, testing, conversion, and operation/maintenance of the new system.
Management of change runs parallel to ensure adoption. Each phase is evaluated to ensure technical, operational, economic and behavioral feasibility.
The document summarizes chapters 13 and 14 about systems as planned organizational change and managing projects. It discusses the four types of structural organizational changes enabled by IT: automation, rationalization, business process reengineering, and paradigm shifts. It provides examples of how business process reengineering using IT improved processes and reduced costs. It also describes the objectives and importance of project management, as well as challenges in managing global projects.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes 5 stages: system planning, system analysis, system design, system implementation, and system operation. The accountant plays an important role in several of these stages. In system planning, accountants provide expertise in evaluating feasibility and ensuring careful planning. In system analysis, accountants are important players in designing controls. In system design, accountants ensure accounting considerations are included. In implementation, accountants help with training and follow-up studies. In operation, accountants participate in post-implementation reviews and periodic system reviews.
This document provides an overview of system development and information systems. It discusses reasons for creating or modifying systems, such as to correct problems or improve existing systems. It then describes the system development life cycle process, which involves six phases: preliminary investigation, system analysis, system design, system development, system implementation, and system operation and maintenance. It also discusses topics such as the roles of systems analysts, feasibility analysis, different approaches to system development, and implementation considerations.
System analysis and design
Introduction
Information system components
Business today
Modeling business operation
Business information systems
What information do user need
Systems development tools
Systems development methods
Chapter exercises
This document discusses the systems development life cycle (SDLC) for developing health information systems. It describes the main phases of SDLC as planning, analysis, design, and implementation. It then provides more details on the steps within each phase, including identifying business needs in planning, gathering requirements and creating system proposals in analysis, and designing the system architecture, databases, and programs in design. The implementation phase includes constructing the system, installing it, and creating a support plan. It also outlines the key roles and responsibilities of systems analysts in managing each stage of the process.
This document discusses health information systems and the systems development life cycle (SDLC). It defines health information systems and describes their components. The SDLC includes planning, analysis, design, and implementation phases. The planning phase involves identifying projects, evaluating necessity through a technical, economic, and organizational feasibility analysis to determine if a proposed project is viable.
Beyond Automation: Extracting Actionable Intelligence from Clinical TrialsMontrium
To meet the challenge we must break down organizational and procedural silos by:
- Leveraging new technologies and work methods
- Map out, re-engineer, automate and integrate processes
- Leverage and establish procedural and data standards
- Integrate computerized systems and data sources
- Identify clear and measurable metrics and KPIs
- Align and integrate the quality system with automated processes
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on project management. It defines key terms like project, management, and project management. It also discusses the software development life cycle including requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Common software development models are outlined like waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, spiral, iterative, and agile. Data flow diagrams are introduced as a way to graphically represent data flows in a system.
The document discusses the process of developing a new system to solve an organizational problem. It describes how a project team is responsible for the development process. The key steps involve understanding the problem, developing a project plan, collecting and analyzing data, and creating a requirements report. The requirements report outlines the goals and needs of the new system. It provides an overview of the data, processes, technology and users of the new system. Developing a clear understanding of the problem and requirements is essential for designing effective solutions.
Requirements engineering is the process of determining and documenting the requirements for a software system through activities like elicitation, analysis, specification, validation and management. It involves analyzing problems, describing desired product behavior, and iterating between the two tasks. The requirements engineering process starts with recognizing a problem and ends with a complete description of the software system's external behavior. It varies based on factors like technical maturity, organizational culture and application domain.
This document discusses several software processes that support development processes:
- Project management involves planning, executing, monitoring, controlling, and closing projects.
- Inspection detects defects in work products like code and documents.
- Configuration management tracks software versions and changes.
- Change management controls how requirements and work products change during development.
- Process management involves defining and improving the development process.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC process - preliminary investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, software development, system testing, implementation and evaluation, and maintenance. The waterfall model is presented as a common SDLC approach, with its sequential phases of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
The document discusses standard work and its importance in continuous improvement. It defines standard work as representing the best sequence and most efficient methods to consistently perform a process. Standard work is essential for lean thinking to succeed and is a key element in sustaining improvements. It reduces variation, ensures quality and predictable results, and improves performance over time. Standard operating procedures are an important way to document and communicate standard work.
The document discusses software process and requirement engineering process. It defines process as an organized set of activities that transform inputs to outputs. Examples of processes include instruction manuals. Software processes help perform software engineering activities in an organized manner. There are different types of process models like coarse-grain activity models and fine-grain activity models. Requirement engineering process involves requirements elicitation, analysis, specification and validation activities. It analyzes problems and describes desired product behaviors. Main actors in requirement engineering process are end-users and system designers.
This document discusses the requirements engineering (RE) process. It defines a process as a set of organized activities that transforms inputs to outputs. The RE process involves problem analysis and product description tasks that run iteratively. Key activities in the RE process include requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, validation and management. The document also discusses factors like process models, actors, variability, safety requirements, support tools, improvement and maturity levels.
This chapter discusses analyzing the business case for IT projects. It explains that strategic planning allows companies to develop mission statements and goals to guide projects. Systems projects are initiated to improve performance or reduce costs. The analyst evaluates feasibility of requests through a preliminary investigation involving fact-finding, scope definition, and analysis of costs and benefits before making recommendations to management.
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Information Technology - Module 4: Software and Information Systems Building Methods
1.
2. Section
Systems as planned organizational changeSystems as planned organizational change
odiraharjBy:Bud
B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
3. Systems as planned organizational changeSystems as planned organizational change
Structural organizational changes enabled by ITStructural organizational changes enabled by ITg g yg g y
1. Automation
• Increases efficiency
• Replaces manual tasks
2. Rationalization of procedures
• Streamlines standard operating procedures
• Often found in programs for making continuous quality
improvements
o
improvements
o Total quality management (TQM)
o Six sigma
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
4. Systems as planned organizational changeSystems as planned organizational change
Structural organizational changes enabled by ITStructural organizational changes enabled by ITStructural organizational changes enabled by ITStructural organizational changes enabled by IT
3. Business process redesign
• Analyze, simplify, and redesign business processesAnalyze, simplify, and redesign business processes
• Reorganize workflow, combine steps, eliminate repetition
4. Paradigm shiftsg
• Rethink nature of business
• Define new business model
o
• Change nature of organization
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
5. Systems as planned organizational changeSystems as planned organizational change
ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGEORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
CARRIES RISKS AND REWARDSCARRIES RISKS AND REWARDS
The most common forms of
i ti l horganizational change are
automation and rationalization.
These relatively slow-moving and
slow changing strategies presentslow-changing strategies present
modest returns but little risk.
Faster and more comprehensive
change—such as redesign and
o
change such as redesign and
paradigm shifts—carries high
rewards but offers substantial
chances of failure.
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chances of failure.
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
6. Systems as planned organizational changeSystems as planned organizational change
Business process management (BPM)Business process management (BPM)
• Variety of tools, methodologies to analyze, design,
optimize processes
• Used by firms to manage business process redesign
Steps in BPMSteps in BPMpp
1. Identify processes for change
2. Analyze existing processes
o
y g p
3. Design the new process
4. Implement the new process
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p p
5. Continuous measurement
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
7. Systems as planned organizational changeSystems as planned organizational change
AS-IS BUSINESS PROCESS FOR PURCHASING A BOOK FROM A PHYSICAL BOOKSTORE
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Purchasing a book from a physical bookstore requires many steps to be performed by both the seller
and the customer.
B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
8. Systems as planned organizational changeSystems as planned organizational change
REDESIGNED PROCESS FOR PURCHASING A BOOK ONLINE
odiraharj
Using Internet technology makes it possible to redesign the process for
purchasing a book so that it requires fewer steps and consumes fewer
resources.
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resources.
B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
10. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
Systems developmentSystems developmentSystems developmentSystems development
Activities that go into producing an information system
solution to an organizational problem or opportunitysolution to an organizational problem or opportunity
1. Systems analysis
2 Systems design2. Systems design
3. Programming
4 Testing
o
4. Testing
5. Conversion
6 Production and maintenance
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6. Production and maintenance
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
11. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTTHE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
PROCESSPROCESS
Building a system canBuilding a system can
be broken down into
six core activities.
o
six core activities.
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
12. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
S t l iS t l iSystems analysisSystems analysis
• Analysis of problem to be solved by new system
• Defining the problem and identifying causes
• Specifying solutions
• Identifying information requirements• Identifying information requirements
• Includes feasibility study
I l ti f ibl d d i t t?
o
• Is solution feasible and good investment?
• Is required technology, skill available?
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
13. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
S t l i ( t )S t l i ( t )System analysis (cont.)System analysis (cont.)
• Establishing information requirements
• Who needs what information, where, when, and how
• Define objectives of new/modified system
• Detail the functions new system must perform• Detail the functions new system must perform
• Faulty requirements analysis is leading cause of systems
failure and high systems development cost
o
failure and high systems development cost
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
14. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
Systems designSystems designy gy g
• Describes system specifications that will deliver functions
identified during systems analysisidentified during systems analysis
• Should address all managerial, organizational, and
technological components of system solutiontechnological components of system solution
• Role of end users
• User information requirements drive system building
o
• User information requirements drive system building
• Users must have sufficient control over design process to ensure
system reflects their business priorities and information needs
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• Insufficient user involvement in design effort is major cause of
system failure
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
15. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
ProgrammingProgramming
• System specifications from design stage are translated into
software program code
TestingTesting
• Ensures system produces right results
• Unit testing: Tests each program in system separately
o
• System testing: Test functioning of system as a whole
• Acceptance testing: Makes sure system is ready to be used
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in production setting
• Test plan: All preparations for series of tests
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
16. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
C iC iConversionConversion
• Process of changing from old system to new system
• Four main strategies
• Parallel strategy
• Direct cutoverDirect cutover
• Pilot study
• Phased approach
o
• Requires end-user training
• Finalization of detailed documentation showing how
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Finalization of detailed documentation showing how
system works from technical and end-user standpoint
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
17. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
Production and maintenanceProduction and maintenanceProduction and maintenanceProduction and maintenance
• System reviewed to determine if revisions needed
• May include post-implementation audit document
• Maintenance
• Changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures to
a production system to correct errors, meet new requirements,
or improve processing efficiency
o
or improve processing efficiency
• 20% debugging, emergency work
• 20% changes to hardware, software, data, reporting
60% f k U h i i d i
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• 60% of work: User enhancements, improving documentation,
recoding for greater processing efficiency
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
18. Systems development overviewSystems development overview
SUMMARY OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
CORE ACTIVITY DESCRIPTIONCORE ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION
Systems analysis
• Identify problem(s)
• Specify solutions
• Establish information requirements• Establish information requirements
Systems design Create design specifications
Programming Translate design specifications into code
Testing
• Unit test
• Systems test
o
Testing Systems test
• Acceptance test
Conversion
• Plan conversion
• Prepare documentation
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p
• Train users and technical staff
Production and maintenance
• Operate the system
• Evaluate the system
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• Modify the system
B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
19. Section
Alt ti t b ildi hAlt ti t b ildi hAlternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
odiraharjBy:Bud
B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
20. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Other SystemsOther Systems--Building MethodsBuilding Methods
• Structured Methodologies
• RAD Methodologies
• Agile Methodologiesg g
Alternative Systems AcquisitionAlternative Systems Acquisition
o
• Application software packages
• Outsourcing
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
21. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Structured Methodologies
Structured methodsStructured methods
• a structured approach: well-defined structure for
its use, for training, and for managing projects
• clearly defined deliverables and quality reviewy q y
checkpoints
• relies on availability of skilled personnel
o
y p
• systems development is about providing technical
solutions to business problems
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p
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
22. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Waterfall methodologyWaterfall methodology
Structured Methodologies
• Traditional systems lifecycle
• Oldest method for building information systemsOldest method for building information systems
• Phased approach divides development into formal
stages (tasks in one stage finish before anotherstages (tasks in one stage finish before another
stage begins)
• Maintains formal division of labor between end
o
Maintains formal division of labor between end
users and information systems specialists
• Emphasizes formal specifications and paperwork
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Emphasizes formal specifications and paperwork
• Still used for building large complex systems
Can be c stl time c ns min and infle ible
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• Can be costly, time-consuming, and inflexible
B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
23. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Structured Methodologies
Waterfall methodology –
an activity-based process in
hich each hase in thewhich each phase in the
SDLC is performed
sequentially from planning
h h l d
o
through implementation and
maintenance
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
24. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Structured Methodologies
Parallel developmentParallel development
• Addresses problem of time gap betweenAddresses problem of time gap between
proposal and delivery
• Breaks project into parallel subprojectp j p p j
• Integrates them at the end
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25. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Structured Methodologies
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26. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
RAD Methodologies
• Process of creating workable systems in a very
Rapid Application Development (RAD)Rapid Application Development (RAD)
g y y
short period of time
• Utilizes techniques such as:Utilizes techniques such as:
• Visual programming and other tools for building graphical
user interfaces
o
• Iterative prototyping of key system elements
• Automation of program code generation
• Close teamwork among end users and information systems
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• Close teamwork among end users and information systems
specialists
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
27. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
RAD Methodologies
Phased developmentPhased developmentPhased developmentPhased development
• This methodology breaks the overall system into
a series of versions that are developedp
sequentially.
• The team categorizes the requirements into a
i f i th th t i t t dseries of versions, then the most important and
fundamental requirements are bundled into the
first version of the system.
o
• The analysis phase then leads into design and
implementation; however, only with the set of
requirements identified for version 1
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requirements identified for version 1.
• As each version is completed, the team begins
work on a new version.
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
28. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Phased developmentPhased developmentRAD Methodologies
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
29. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
RAD Methodologies
PrototypingPrototypingPrototypingPrototyping
• Building experimental system rapidly and
inexpensively for end users to evaluateinexpensively for end users to evaluate
• Prototype: Working but preliminary version of
information systeminformation system
• Approved prototype serves as template for final system
• Steps in prototyping
o
p p yp g
• Identify user requirements
• Develop initial prototype
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• Use prototype
• Revise and enhance prototype
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
30. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
RAD Methodologies
Prototyping processPrototyping process
The process of developing a prototype
can be broken down into four steps.
Because a prototype can be developedp yp p
quickly and inexpensively, systems
builders can go through several
iterations, repeating steps 3 and 4, to
o
iterations, repeating steps 3 and 4, to
refine and enhance the prototype before
arriving at the final operational one.
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
31. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
RAD Methodologies
Throwaway prototypingThrowaway prototyping
• Use prototypes only to understand requirementsUse prototypes only to understand requirements
• Prototype is not a working design
• Once requirements are understood, the prototypes
are thrown away
o
• The system is then built using SDLC
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
32. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
RAD Methodologies
Throwaway prototypingThrowaway prototyping
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
33. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Agile Methodologies
A il d l tA il d l tAgile developmentAgile development
• Focuses on rapid delivery of working software by
breaking large project into several small subbreaking large project into several small sub-
projects
• Subprojects• Subprojects
• Treated as separate, complete projects
• Completed in short periods of time using iteration and
o
p p g
continuous feedback
• Emphasizes face-to-face communication over
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written documents, allowing collaboration and
faster decision making
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
34. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Agile Methodologies
Extreme programming (XP) MethodologyExtreme programming (XP) Methodology
Breaks a project into tiny phases, and developers
h h l h fcannot continue on to the next phase until the first
phase is complete.
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
35. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Agile Methodologies
Extreme programming (XP) MethodologyExtreme programming (XP) Methodologyp g g ( ) gyp g g ( ) gy
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
36. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Criteria for selecting a methodCriteria for selecting a method
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37. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Application Software Packages
Software packagesSoftware packagesSoftware packagesSoftware packages
• Save time and money
• Many offer customization features:• Many offer customization features:
• Software can be modified to meet unique requirements
without destroying integrity of package software
E l f l l d• Evaluation criteria for systems analysis include:
• Functions provided by the package, flexibility, user friendliness,
hardware and software resources, database requirements,
o
installation and maintenance efforts, documentation, vendor
quality, and cost
• Request for Proposal (RFP)
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Request for Proposal (RFP)
• Detailed list of questions submitted to packaged-software
vendors
• Used to evaluate alternative software packages
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Used to evaluate alternative software packages
B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
38. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Outsourcing
O t iO t iOutsourcingOutsourcing
• Several types
• Cloud and SaaS providers
• Subscribing companies use software and computer
hardware provided by vendorsp y
• External vendors
• Hired to design, create software
D i i
o
• Domestic outsourcing
• Driven by firms need for additional skills, resources,
assets
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• Offshore outsourcing
• Driven by cost-savings
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
39. Alternative systems building approachesAlternative systems building approaches
Outsourcing
O t iO t iOutsourcingOutsourcing
• Advantages
• Allows organization flexibility in IT needs
• Disadvantages
H dd• Hidden costs, e.g.
• Identifying and selecting vendor
• Transitioning to vendor
o
g
• Opening up proprietary business processes to
third party
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B u i l d i n g I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m s
40. T h k YT h k Y ☺☺T h a n k Yo u …T h a n k Yo u … ☺☺