Network concepts

Geographical

Topologies

Architectures

Geographical

LAN(Local)
WAN(Wide)
MAN(Metro)
CAN(Campus)
TAN(Tiny)
HAN(Home)
PAN(Personal)
SAN(Storage)

Topologies

Mesh
Bus
Ring

Hybrid
Tree
Star

Architectures

Workgroup(peer to peer)
Domain(Client/Server)

Hub
• Data is sent to all the machines in the network at the
same time(broadcasting).
• This generates more traffic. So the communication is
much slower.
• Destination is data is detected by the computers by
machine IP and the MAC address.
• Data communication is half duplex.
• To connect a hub to another hub you must use a hub
with a uplink port.

Switch
• Data is sent only to the requested destinations
(forwarding).
• This reduces traffic so communication is much
faster.
• Data communication is full duplex(can receive
and send at the same time).
• Destination of data is decided by the switch itself
by keeping all MAC addresses in its temporary
memory.
• Can connect any numbers of switches without
using a special port or device.

• No server to control the network.
• Less security, restrictions and control.
• No centralized user management or
administrator.
• Administrator must visit each to perform any
configurations or management tasks.

• The domain controller control the network.
• More security, restrictions and control.
• A centralized user management and
administrator.
• The administrator performs all the tasks
through the domain control.

IP addresses
Versions

Rangers

Classes

Types

IP version 4 (IPV4)

Privet

Class A

Dynamic IP

IP version 6 (IPV6)

Public

Class B

Static IP

Class C
Class D
Class E

Versions

IPV4

• E.g.: 192.168.10.100

8 bit * 4 = 32 bit IPV4

Octal(8 bit)

IPV4
• E.g.: Fe80.0000.0000.1234.0000.0000.0000.abde
Hexa decimal(16 bit)

16 bit * 8 = 128 bit IPV

Class A
• Full range
Start – 1 . 0 . 0 . 1
End – 126 . 255 . 255 . 254

• Privet range(Only for LAN)
Start – 10 . 0 . 0 . 1
End – 10 . 255 . 255 . 254

• Subnet mask
255 . 0 . 0 . 0
Network ID

Client/Host ID

Class B
• Full range
Start – 128 . 0 . 0 . 1
End – 191 . 255 . 255 . 254

Start – 172 . 16 . 0 . 1
End – 172 . 31 . 255 . 254

• Subnet mask
255 . 255 . 0 . 0
Network ID

Client/Host ID

Class C
• Full range
Start – 192 . 0 . 0 . 1
End – 223 . 255 . 255 . 254

Start – 192 . 168 . 0 . 1
End – 192 . 168. 255 . 254

• Subnet mask
255 . 255 . 255 . 0
Network ID

Client/Host ID

Class D
• Used for Multicasting services and
applications.
Start – 224 . 0 . 0 . 0
End – 239 . 253 . 255 . 255

Class E
• Used for Experimental and research purposes.
Start – 240 . 0 . 0 . 0
End – 255 . 255 . 255 . 255

Loop back address
• Not a IP, only used for self identifications and
diagnostic purposes only.

IP Rangers
Privet

Public

• Addresses which are
reserved for local area
networks/ Intranets.
• These addresses freely
assigned for our privet
networks.

reserved for Wide area
networks/ Internet. You
must buy this addresses
from Internet Service
Providers(ISP) or from any
internet authority.

IP Types
Dynamic IPs
automatically assign by a
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) service.
These addresses are
randomly assigned and they
changed frequently.

Static IPs
manually assigned in the
properties of TCP/IP
protocol by the
administrator. These
addresses will not changed
unless we changed them.

• DHCP allows to automatically assign IP addresses,
subnet masks and other configuration information to
client computers on the local network.

Domain Name System ( DNS )
• DNS is a system for naming computers and network
services that maps those names to network
addresses and organizes them into a hierarchy of
domains.

.org
Microsoft.com
.com

Corp.consoto.com
Contoso.com

root

.edu

.net

.lk

Hq.consoto.com

www.microsoft.com
Top Level Domain (TLD)
.com

Commercial entities such as
corporations.

.edu

Educational purposes such as colleges
and public and privet schools.

.gov

Government entities such as federal,
state and local government.

.net

Organizations that provide internet
service providers(ISPs).

.org

Privet nonprofit organizations.

Microsoft Management Console ( MMC )
• MMC is a platform used for running
administrative tools in a windows OS.

• Start

Run

MMC

Group Policy
• Group policies are used to implement certain
restrictions on client machines.
• Start

Administrative tools
Group Policy Management

Group Accounts
Types
• Security groups
• Distribution groups

Scopes
• Domain local
• Global
• Universal

Internet Information Service ( IIS )

• IIS is the Microsoft web server use for hosting
web sites, virtual directories and FTP sites.

Windows Deployment Service (WDS)

• WDS is a service use for installing the
operation system through the network to
many computers at the same time.

Microsoft Domain Environment
Primary Domain Controller
Must contain a Server OS
(2000,2003,2008)

PDC

Must be a member of
a domain(a client)
with a server OS

Main Active Directory database

Copy of the Active Directory database

ADC

ADC

Any network OS (2000, xp, 7 , 8)
Additional domain controller
(backup/child domain)
PC1

PC2

Clients

PC3

IP settings
Domain controller IP
settings

Client IP settings

IP

192.168.1.200

192.168.1.1

Subnet

255.255.255.0

255.255.255.0

Preferred DNS

127.0.0.1 ( loop back )

192.168.1.200 ( DNS server IP )

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