- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
The document discusses subnetting and provides an example of how to subnet the IP network address 192.168.1.128 into 6 subnets. It explains that subnetting allows a single network number to be shared among multiple physical networks. Each host is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, where the subnet is calculated by performing a bitwise AND of the IP address and subnet mask. The example shows how to determine the subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 when creating 6 subnets, and that each subnet can support up to 30 hosts.
This document discusses different networking devices including hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and brouters. It provides information on their functions, design, and operation at both the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. It also discusses IP addresses and their role in identifying devices and enabling communication using the Internet Protocol.
Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between computer networks, routing packets from one router to another until reaching the destination node. There are several types of routers including core routers that forward packets within a network, edge routers that connect a network to external networks, and wireless routers that provide wireless network access in addition to routing. Routers work by receiving packets on one port and forwarding them to the appropriate outgoing port based on routing table information.
This document provides an overview of basic local area network (LAN) concepts including definitions, hardware, media, and sample implementations. It defines a LAN as a group of computers and devices sharing resources within a small geographic area. Common LAN hardware includes hubs, switches, bridges, and routers which connect devices and segment traffic at different OSI model layers. Wired media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables while common wireless technologies are Wi-Fi and WiMax. Sample configurations show home and business LAN setups connecting devices via these components.
UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol that runs over IP. It provides an unreliable best-effort service where packets may be lost, delivered out of order, or duplicated. UDP has a small 8-byte header and is lightweight, with no connection establishment or guarantee of delivery. This makes it fast and low overhead, suitable for real-time applications like streaming media where resending lost packets would cause delay.
This document provides an overview of routing concepts and protocols. It discusses the basic components of routing including algorithms, databases, and protocols. It describes different routing algorithm types such as static, distance vector, and link state. Specific routing protocols covered include RIP, OSPF, and BGP. It also discusses routing within autonomous systems and between autonomous systems on the internet.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
The document discusses subnetting and provides an example of how to subnet the IP network address 192.168.1.128 into 6 subnets. It explains that subnetting allows a single network number to be shared among multiple physical networks. Each host is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, where the subnet is calculated by performing a bitwise AND of the IP address and subnet mask. The example shows how to determine the subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 when creating 6 subnets, and that each subnet can support up to 30 hosts.
This document discusses different networking devices including hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and brouters. It provides information on their functions, design, and operation at both the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. It also discusses IP addresses and their role in identifying devices and enabling communication using the Internet Protocol.
Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between computer networks, routing packets from one router to another until reaching the destination node. There are several types of routers including core routers that forward packets within a network, edge routers that connect a network to external networks, and wireless routers that provide wireless network access in addition to routing. Routers work by receiving packets on one port and forwarding them to the appropriate outgoing port based on routing table information.
This document provides an overview of basic local area network (LAN) concepts including definitions, hardware, media, and sample implementations. It defines a LAN as a group of computers and devices sharing resources within a small geographic area. Common LAN hardware includes hubs, switches, bridges, and routers which connect devices and segment traffic at different OSI model layers. Wired media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables while common wireless technologies are Wi-Fi and WiMax. Sample configurations show home and business LAN setups connecting devices via these components.
UDP is a connectionless transport layer protocol that runs over IP. It provides an unreliable best-effort service where packets may be lost, delivered out of order, or duplicated. UDP has a small 8-byte header and is lightweight, with no connection establishment or guarantee of delivery. This makes it fast and low overhead, suitable for real-time applications like streaming media where resending lost packets would cause delay.
This document provides an overview of routing concepts and protocols. It discusses the basic components of routing including algorithms, databases, and protocols. It describes different routing algorithm types such as static, distance vector, and link state. Specific routing protocols covered include RIP, OSPF, and BGP. It also discusses routing within autonomous systems and between autonomous systems on the internet.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
VLANs logically segment LANs into broadcast domains by using switches to assign ports and their attached devices to VLAN groups based on their MAC address, IP subnet, or switch port. This allows devices that are physically located on different floors or buildings to belong to the same logical LAN segment while preventing Layer 2 broadcasts from crossing VLAN boundaries. VLAN trunk links between switches allow multiple VLANs to be transmitted over the same physical link.
This document discusses subnetting and provides examples. It describes subnetting as breaking up a large network into smaller subnets. Subnetting allows creating multiple networks from a single address block and maximizes addressing efficiency. The document then provides examples of subnetting a network using CIDR notation and calculating the number of subnets, hosts per subnet, valid IP ranges, and broadcast addresses. It also discusses an example of optimally subnetting the IP addresses needed across different departments within a university based on their host requirements.
Subnets divide a network into smaller sub-networks or subnets. Each subnet is treated as a separate network and can be further divided. When a packet enters a network with subnets, routers will route based on the subnet ID which is a combination of the network ID and subnet portion of the IP address. Subnets are only relevant for routing within an organization and are transparent outside the organization.
Networking devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, and gateways are used to connect nodes and networks. Repeaters extend network distance by boosting signals. Hubs connect workstations into a LAN by resending data frames to all ports. Bridges are more intelligent repeaters that examine MAC addresses to form tables. Routers operate at the network layer, can connect similar and dissimilar networks, and determine the shortest route between destinations. Switches form dedicated connections between ports like bridges but have multiple ports. Gateways link all seven layers of the OSI model when networks differ at any layer, primarily handling email protocols.
CCNA ppt designed on project remote connectivity using frame relay, and many more... best for project purpose. anyone want project will also contact me..
Networking devices are components that connect electronic devices and allow them to share resources over a network. Common networking devices include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and modems. A switch connects network segments and can perform error checking before forwarding data packets between devices on a local area network. A router connects two or more networks and reads address information in packets to determine the best path to forward packets between networks. Routers work at the network layer and contain routing tables to define the addresses of connected networks.
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
- The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the principal communications protocol for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. There are two major versions - IPv4 which is the dominant protocol, and IPv6 which is its successor.
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, E). It allows for over 4 billion addresses but deficiencies in the classful addressing system led to address depletion.
- Classless addressing was introduced to overcome depletion by granting variable length address blocks defined by an IP address and network mask. This provides a hierarchical addressing structure and greater flexibility.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
This document discusses Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and networking concepts. It includes:
- An overview of the CCNA certification and what skills it demonstrates in networking areas like LANs, WANs, routing protocols, and network access.
- Explanations of common networking devices, topologies, protocols like IP addressing and routing, and models like the OSI model.
- Descriptions of static and dynamic routing, protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and commands used to configure routers.
Hub, switch, router, bridge & and repeaterMaksudujjaman
This document provides descriptions of various networking devices including hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and repeaters. It explains that hubs connect multiple devices but do not filter data or determine the best path for data packets. Switches maintain a list of network addresses and transmit data packets to the correct port, allowing for faster transmission speeds than hubs. Routers route data packets based on IP addresses and connect local and wide area networks. Bridges divide large networks into smaller segments and connect different network types/architectures. Repeaters regenerate weak signals to extend transmission distances but do not amplify signals.
IP addresses are numeric identifiers assigned to devices connected to a network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses represented by 8 groups of hexadecimal digits separated by colons. IP addresses have two parts - a network portion allocated by ISPs and a host portion assigned to individual devices. IPv4 classes (A, B, C, D, E) determine how many bits are used for the network vs host portions. IPv6 supports a much larger address space and easier auto-configuration compared to IPv4.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use radio waves to connect devices in a building or campus wirelessly. They integrate with wired networks through access points that bridge wireless and wired traffic. WLANs operate similarly to wired LANs but have some differences like lower security, limited bandwidth, and variable performance depending on location within the network coverage area. Common devices that use WLANs include tablets, smartphones and laptops.
The document discusses key concepts of networking including the three basic elements required: network hardware, software, and protocols. It describes common network types like LAN, WAN, and MAN and compares peer-to-peer and server-based networks. The OSI reference model and TCP/IP model are explained along with common network devices, cabling, and IP addressing schemes.
1. Serial0 is up but the line protocol is down, indicating a potential issue with the cable or configuration settings not matching on both ends.
2. Static IP addresses are manually assigned while dynamic IP addresses are assigned by a DHCP server from its IP range, and have a lease duration after which the address may change.
3. Protocols establish rules and standards for moving data across a network, such as routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP that determine the best path between networks.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
VLANs logically segment LANs into broadcast domains by using switches to assign ports and their attached devices to VLAN groups based on their MAC address, IP subnet, or switch port. This allows devices that are physically located on different floors or buildings to belong to the same logical LAN segment while preventing Layer 2 broadcasts from crossing VLAN boundaries. VLAN trunk links between switches allow multiple VLANs to be transmitted over the same physical link.
This document discusses subnetting and provides examples. It describes subnetting as breaking up a large network into smaller subnets. Subnetting allows creating multiple networks from a single address block and maximizes addressing efficiency. The document then provides examples of subnetting a network using CIDR notation and calculating the number of subnets, hosts per subnet, valid IP ranges, and broadcast addresses. It also discusses an example of optimally subnetting the IP addresses needed across different departments within a university based on their host requirements.
Subnets divide a network into smaller sub-networks or subnets. Each subnet is treated as a separate network and can be further divided. When a packet enters a network with subnets, routers will route based on the subnet ID which is a combination of the network ID and subnet portion of the IP address. Subnets are only relevant for routing within an organization and are transparent outside the organization.
Networking devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, and gateways are used to connect nodes and networks. Repeaters extend network distance by boosting signals. Hubs connect workstations into a LAN by resending data frames to all ports. Bridges are more intelligent repeaters that examine MAC addresses to form tables. Routers operate at the network layer, can connect similar and dissimilar networks, and determine the shortest route between destinations. Switches form dedicated connections between ports like bridges but have multiple ports. Gateways link all seven layers of the OSI model when networks differ at any layer, primarily handling email protocols.
CCNA ppt designed on project remote connectivity using frame relay, and many more... best for project purpose. anyone want project will also contact me..
Networking devices are components that connect electronic devices and allow them to share resources over a network. Common networking devices include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and modems. A switch connects network segments and can perform error checking before forwarding data packets between devices on a local area network. A router connects two or more networks and reads address information in packets to determine the best path to forward packets between networks. Routers work at the network layer and contain routing tables to define the addresses of connected networks.
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
- The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the principal communications protocol for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. There are two major versions - IPv4 which is the dominant protocol, and IPv6 which is its successor.
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, E). It allows for over 4 billion addresses but deficiencies in the classful addressing system led to address depletion.
- Classless addressing was introduced to overcome depletion by granting variable length address blocks defined by an IP address and network mask. This provides a hierarchical addressing structure and greater flexibility.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
This document discusses Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and networking concepts. It includes:
- An overview of the CCNA certification and what skills it demonstrates in networking areas like LANs, WANs, routing protocols, and network access.
- Explanations of common networking devices, topologies, protocols like IP addressing and routing, and models like the OSI model.
- Descriptions of static and dynamic routing, protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and commands used to configure routers.
Hub, switch, router, bridge & and repeaterMaksudujjaman
This document provides descriptions of various networking devices including hubs, switches, routers, bridges, and repeaters. It explains that hubs connect multiple devices but do not filter data or determine the best path for data packets. Switches maintain a list of network addresses and transmit data packets to the correct port, allowing for faster transmission speeds than hubs. Routers route data packets based on IP addresses and connect local and wide area networks. Bridges divide large networks into smaller segments and connect different network types/architectures. Repeaters regenerate weak signals to extend transmission distances but do not amplify signals.
IP addresses are numeric identifiers assigned to devices connected to a network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses represented by 8 groups of hexadecimal digits separated by colons. IP addresses have two parts - a network portion allocated by ISPs and a host portion assigned to individual devices. IPv4 classes (A, B, C, D, E) determine how many bits are used for the network vs host portions. IPv6 supports a much larger address space and easier auto-configuration compared to IPv4.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use radio waves to connect devices in a building or campus wirelessly. They integrate with wired networks through access points that bridge wireless and wired traffic. WLANs operate similarly to wired LANs but have some differences like lower security, limited bandwidth, and variable performance depending on location within the network coverage area. Common devices that use WLANs include tablets, smartphones and laptops.
The document discusses key concepts of networking including the three basic elements required: network hardware, software, and protocols. It describes common network types like LAN, WAN, and MAN and compares peer-to-peer and server-based networks. The OSI reference model and TCP/IP model are explained along with common network devices, cabling, and IP addressing schemes.
1. Serial0 is up but the line protocol is down, indicating a potential issue with the cable or configuration settings not matching on both ends.
2. Static IP addresses are manually assigned while dynamic IP addresses are assigned by a DHCP server from its IP range, and have a lease duration after which the address may change.
3. Protocols establish rules and standards for moving data across a network, such as routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, and EIGRP that determine the best path between networks.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses network diagrams, classifications of networks by range including LAN, WAN, PAN and MAN. Common network topologies such as bus, star, ring and mesh are described. The OSI and TCP/IP models are explained. Common network devices, switching technologies, and transmission media are defined. Signal types including analog and digital are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of CCNA Module 1 on internetworking. It describes the purpose of routers, switches, hubs and other network devices. It also covers networking concepts like collision domains, broadcast domains, and the operation of Ethernet networks using CSMA/CD. The document explains the OSI model layers and compares it to the TCP/IP model. It also discusses common network applications and protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, ARP and ICMP.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including network types, medium access control protocols, TCP/IP protocol suite, addressing, Ethernet frames, ARP, and standards organizations. It begins with an agenda that lists these topics and includes diagrams to illustrate CSMA/CD, the OSI model, TCP/IP encapsulation, and Ethernet encapsulation. Examples are provided for different network devices, addressing formats and protocols.
Basic networking in power point by suprabhaSuprabha Sahoo
Computer networking allows for the sharing of data and resources between connected computers. The main purpose is sharing information, hardware, software, and administration. Connected devices include network interface cards, cables, hubs/switches, routers, and network software. Common network topologies are peer-to-peer and client-server. Common network types include local area networks within an office and metropolitan area networks within a city.
This document describes a CCN CEP project involving 3 group members to simulate a LAN network. The project involves configuring IP addresses, routers, servers, and VLANs. Connectivity is tested using ping commands between devices like PCs, servers, and across VLANs which are successful. Basic network functions like email and web access are also verified to work as intended. The simulation validates the network design and configuration.
Modue 1 part 1 of computer networks for your university examsvish21ainds
A computer network (CN) is a group of devices that share resources over a network, with each device represented as a network node. The devices communicate with each other using standard protocols to send or receive data.
Computers on a network can be linked through cables, radio waves, telephone lines, infrared light beams, or satellites. The network can also include other devices that help in communication, known as network devices.
Here are some types of computer networks:
PAN (Personal Area Network): The smallest and simplest type of network
LAN (Local Area Network): The most frequently used network, connecting computers within a limited area, such as a single office or building
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A type of network
WAN (Wide Area Network): An enterprise network spanning cities, buildings, and even countries
Wireless networking is about creating and managing wireless connections, commonly used in Wi-Fi. This involves setting up Wi-Fi routers, securing them with passwords, and allowing devices to connect to a network without using physical cables.
CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate and provides information about networking, its types and applications. Networking is important as it enables communication and resource sharing, making it a cost-saving technique. There are different types of networking devices like switches, routers, and hubs that help connect networks and devices. Protocols like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF and CIDR are used to route traffic between networks and optimize routing tables. Chronic stress can be caused by feeling trapped in unhappy situations and is associated with health issues if left unresolved.
This document discusses various network devices and technologies. It describes hubs, switches, repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port to avoid bottlenecks. Repeaters and bridges connect local area networks, while routers connect networks using network layer addresses. Gateways can connect different network models and operate at all OSI layers. The document also discusses other special devices like multilayer switches, load balancers, DNS servers and bandwidth shapers.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and network security. It begins with an introduction to networks and their advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the internet. It describes the roles of clients and servers in a network and how they communicate via IP addresses. It also outlines common network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh and how information flows through each. Finally, it reviews important network hardware and software components such as network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, modems, and firewalls.
The document discusses networking concepts such as the difference between the internet and a network, internetworking, internet protocols, internet architecture, TCP/IP models, address mapping protocols, dynamic host configuration protocol, and domain name system servers. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics, describing for example that the internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that uses common protocols like TCP/IP to connect devices, while a network is a set of devices connected locally.
The document provides information about Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
- ISPs provide individuals and organizations access to the Internet for a monthly or yearly fee. They maintain the connection and ensure network security.
- ISPs can be regional, serving a specific geographic area, or national with coverage across a country. They may also offer additional services like web hosting.
- Popular connection methods between end users and ISPs include DSL, cable, fiber, wireless, and satellite. ISPs pay each other to exchange traffic between their networks.
For beginners in Computer Networking field, know about basics about what is Computer Networks, what are ways through which we can communicate, what is meant by protocols, he famous OSI its layers and TCP/IP and its layers, What makes a Networking Device, basic topologies of Computer Networks, special purpose network devices like Switch, routers, repeter, bridges and hub, and basics of networking methods, basics of ethernet, TCP its characteristics, UDP, TCP vs UDP, One would wonder what happens when information particular to each layer is read by the corresponding protocols at target machine or why is it required?
This document provides an overview of a computer network called VISION. It discusses the network's goals of being secure, intact, and organized. It then describes different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices (hubs, switches, routers), IP addressing, and major modules covering network design, security, and recovery. Key features include preventing IP waste, providing cost-effective solutions, implementing wireless networks, and incorporating security measures like ACLs, VLANs, and NAT. The network aims to be highly secure while also offering recovery mechanisms in a cost-effective manner.
The document provides an introduction to networking concepts and Cisco technologies. It defines networking and network topology, discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP, and describes common network devices like switches, routers, and firewalls. It also covers IP addressing, routing protocols, and basic router and switch configuration.
Computer networks allow computers to exchange data by passing it through connected devices via data connections. They provide advantages like centralized administration and file/hardware/application sharing but also security risks. Ethernet is a common computer networking technology that divides data into frames for transmission and uses addresses and error checking. Common networking devices include hubs, switches and routers that help distribute data on local and wide area networks.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate). It includes:
1. An introduction to CCNA, which stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate and provides information about networking, its types and applications. Networking is important for communication and resource sharing.
2. Descriptions of different types of networking including LAN, MAN, and WAN. It also lists common networking devices like LAN cards, bridges, hubs, switches, and routers.
3. Overviews of topics covered in CCNA including subnetting, supernetting, Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR), the differences between hubs and switches, what routers are used for,
The document discusses Internet protocols and their history. It describes how Internet protocols were first developed in the 1970s by DARPA to facilitate communication between research institutions. This led to the development of TCP/IP, which later became the foundation for the Internet and World Wide Web. The document then provides details on various Internet protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and application-layer protocols. It describes features of each protocol and how they enable communication over the Internet.
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Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
2. • A computer network or data network is a digital telecommunication
network which allows nodes to share resources.
• In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data
with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
3. • Usually networks are categorised on the basis of their area of
operation.
4. Equipment that connects directly to a network segment is
referred to as a device.
These devices are broken up into two classifications.
• end-user devices
• network devices
End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners, and
other devices that provide services directly to the user.
Network devices include all the devices that connect the end
user devices together to allow them to communicate.
5. A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board
that provides network communication capabilities to and
from a personal computer. Also called a LAN adapter.
6. Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that
allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The
software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using
a simulated command line interface.
7.
8. About Subnetting & Supernetting
In subnetting, a network is divided into several smaller subnetwork with each
subnetwork(or subnet) having its own subnetwork address.
In supernetting, an organization can combine several class C addresses to create a
larger range of addresses (supernetwork).
SUBNETTING
Class A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two levels of hierarchy.
The organization has two-level hierarchical addressing, but it cannot have more
than one physical network./ The host cannot be organized into groups, and all of
The hosts are at the same level./ The organization has one network with many
hosts.
One solution to this problem is subnetting, the further division of a network into
smaller networks called subnetworks.
9. Example of Subnetting
( Example / Class A)
An organization with a class A address at least 1,000 subnetworks. Find the
subnet mask and configuration of each subnetwork.
(Solution)
1. There is a need for at least 1,000 subnetworks.(we need at least 1,002
subnetworks to allow for the all-1s and all-0s subnetids)
2. This means that the minimum number of bits to be allocated for
subnetting should be 10, (29 < 1,002 < 210).
3. 14 bits are left to define the hostids. Subnet mask (11000000 = 192).
13. Supernetting means assigning a set of class C addresses to an organization that
needs more than 254 host addresses.
However , when these class C addresses are entered into the routing table, each
occupies one entry in the routing table./ 256 entries in the routing table.
The classless interdomain routing(CIDR) technique is devised to
reduce the number of routing table entries.
In this technique, instead of entering each single class C address with its
corresponding default mask(255.255.255.0),the router can use the supernet
mask and the lowest network address in the group.
15. •Hubs – less expensive,
used in a very small LAN
where low throughput is
OK
•Switches – segments
collision domains,
interconnects network
segments, more
expensive, but
performance makes it
cost effective.
16. •It is a layer 3 or network
layer device.
•In this there is no
broadcast.
•It is WAN technology
device.
•It is useful to connect
different networks.
•Packet filtering & it finds
the best path selection.
17. •Routing is the exchange
of routes between
different networks .
•There are three types of
routing:
1. Default routing
2. Static routing
3. Dynamic routing
18. •A routing protocol is the communication used between
routers.
•A routing protocol allows one router to share information
with other routers.
•The information a router gets from another router, using a
routing protocol, is used to build & maintain a routing
table.
Examples of routing protocols:
1. RIP [ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL]
2. OSPF[OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST]
19. • RIP is a distance vector routing protocol
• Hop count is used as the metric for path selection
• If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet will be
discarded
• By default, routing updates are broadcast every 30
seconds
• RIP has evolved over the years from a Classful Routing
Protocol, RIP Version 1 (RIP v1), to a Classless Routing
Protocol, RIP Version 2 (RIP v2).
20. • Open Shortest Path First
• Dynamic IGP (Interior
Gateway Protocol)
• Use within your own
network
• Link state algorithm
22. • Ping was send from one end device(192.168.0.100) to another
End device(192.168.0.101) .
• Ping test was successful.
23. • PC0(source) sends packets to PC1(destination)
• The network device used was switch, which carried out
the whole transfer of packet from PC0 to PC1.
25. • PC0,PC1,PC2 are connected with Switch0.
• PC0(192.168.10.2), PC1(192.168.10.3), PC2(192.168.10.4)
• PC3,PC4,PC5 are connected with Switch1.
• PC0(192.168.11.2), PC1(192.168.11.3), PC2(192.168.11.4)
• Swiches0 and 1 are connected with Router0.
• Router is assigned with different IP address for different networks.
• PCs default gateway is set with respect to IP address of router.
• The network is established successfully.
Editor's Notes
In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media.