We have learnt that any computer system is made of hardware and software.
The hardware understands a language, which humans cannot understand. So we write programs in high-level language, which is easier for us to understand and remember.
These programs are then fed into a series of tools and OS components to get the desired code that can be used by the machine.
This is known as Language Processing System.
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Language processing involves analyzing a source program and synthesizing an equivalent target program. The analysis phase involves lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis of source code based on language rules. The synthesis phase constructs target program structures and generates target code to have the same meaning as the source code. Language processors perform analysis and synthesis in separate passes due to issues like forward references and memory management, using an intermediate representation between passes.
The document describes the main phases of a compiler: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. Lexical analysis converts characters into tokens. Syntax analysis groups tokens into a parse tree based on grammar rules. Semantic analysis checks types and meanings. Intermediate code generation outputs abstract machine code. Code optimization improves efficiency. Code generation produces target code like assembly.
There are two main types of language processing activities: program generation and program execution. Program generation aims to automatically generate a program in a target language from a source program through a program generator. Program execution can occur through either translation, which translates a source program into an equivalent target program, or interpretation, where an interpreter reads and executes the source program statement-by-statement.
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
The document discusses the phases of compilation:
1. The front-end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to generate an intermediate representation and includes error handling.
2. The back-end performs code optimization and generation to produce efficient machine-specific code from the intermediate representation.
3. Key phases include lexical and syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Language processing involves analyzing a source program and synthesizing an equivalent target program. The analysis phase involves lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis of source code based on language rules. The synthesis phase constructs target program structures and generates target code to have the same meaning as the source code. Language processors perform analysis and synthesis in separate passes due to issues like forward references and memory management, using an intermediate representation between passes.
The document describes the main phases of a compiler: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. Lexical analysis converts characters into tokens. Syntax analysis groups tokens into a parse tree based on grammar rules. Semantic analysis checks types and meanings. Intermediate code generation outputs abstract machine code. Code optimization improves efficiency. Code generation produces target code like assembly.
There are two main types of language processing activities: program generation and program execution. Program generation aims to automatically generate a program in a target language from a source program through a program generator. Program execution can occur through either translation, which translates a source program into an equivalent target program, or interpretation, where an interpreter reads and executes the source program statement-by-statement.
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
The document discusses the phases of compilation:
1. The front-end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to generate an intermediate representation and includes error handling.
2. The back-end performs code optimization and generation to produce efficient machine-specific code from the intermediate representation.
3. Key phases include lexical and syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
An assembler is a program that converts assembly language code into machine language code. It has two passes: in the first pass, it scans the program and builds a symbol table with label addresses; in the second pass, it converts instructions to machine language using the symbol table and builds the executable image. The assembler converts mnemonics to operation codes, symbolic operands to addresses, builds instructions, converts data, and writes the object program and listing. The linker then resolves symbols between object files before the loader copies the executable into memory and relocates it as needed. The assembler uses symbol tables from both passes and databases to perform its functions of translating and building the executable.
The document describes the main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. Lexical analysis converts the source code into tokens. Syntax analysis groups the tokens into a parse tree. Semantic analysis checks that the program is semantically correct. Intermediate code generation outputs machine-independent code. Code optimization improves the intermediate code. Finally, code generation converts the optimized code into machine-dependent target code.
The document discusses three address code, which is an intermediate code used by optimizing compilers. Three address code breaks expressions down into separate instructions that use at most three operands. Each instruction performs an assignment or binary operation on the operands. The code is implemented using quadruple, triple, or indirect triple representations. Quadruple representation stores each instruction in four fields for the operator, two operands, and result. Triple avoids temporaries by making two instructions. Indirect triple uses pointers to freely reorder subexpressions.
The document provides an introduction to compiler construction including:
1. The objectives of understanding how to build a compiler, use compiler construction tools, understand assembly code and virtual machines, and define grammars.
2. An overview of compilers and interpreters including the analysis-synthesis model of compilation where analysis determines operations from the source program and synthesis translates those operations into the target program.
3. An outline of the phases of compilation including preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking source code into absolute machine code using tools like scanners, parsers, syntax-directed translation, and code generators.
The document summarizes the key components of a toy compiler, including the front end, back end, and their functions. The front end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to determine the validity and meaning of source statements. It outputs symbol tables and intermediate code. The back end performs memory allocation and code generation using the symbol tables and intermediate code. Code generation determines instruction selection and addressing modes to synthesize assembly code from the intermediate representation.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It explains that a compiler takes source code as input and translates it into an equivalent language. The compiler performs analysis and synthesis in multiple phases, with each phase transforming the representation of the source code. Key activities include generating tokens, building a syntax tree, type checking, generating optimized intermediate code, and finally producing target machine code. Symbol tables are also used to store identifier information as the compiler runs.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It describes how the lexical analyzer reads source code characters and divides them into tokens. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for token recognition. The lexical analyzer generates a finite state automaton to recognize these patterns. Lexical analysis is the first phase of compilation that separates the input into tokens for the parser.
There are two types of compiler passes: multi-pass compilers perform multiple traversals of the source code to perform different stages of compilation like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, etc. One-pass compilers only traverse the source code once, performing all compilation stages on each line before moving to the next.
Bootstrapping is the process of using a compiler written in a language to compile itself, allowing the creation of a self-hosting compiler for that language. It involves first creating a simple bootstrap compiler for a language subset, then using that to compile a full compiler for the language which can then compile future versions.
Compiler construction tools were introduced to aid in the development of compilers. These tools include scanner generators, parser generators, syntax-directed translation engines, and automatic code generators. Scanner generators produce lexical analyzers based on regular expressions to recognize tokens. Parser generators take context-free grammars as input to produce syntax analyzers. Syntax-directed translation engines associate translations with parse trees to generate intermediate code. Automatic code generators take intermediate code as input and output machine language. These tools help automate and simplify the compiler development process.
This document provides an overview of compilers, including their history, components, and construction. It discusses the need for compilers to translate high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. The key phases of a compiler are described as scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation. Compiler construction relies on tools like scanner and parser generators.
Syntax analysis is the second phase of compiler design after lexical analysis. The parser checks if the input string follows the rules and structure of the formal grammar. It builds a parse tree to represent the syntactic structure. If the input string can be derived from the parse tree using the grammar, it is syntactically correct. Otherwise, an error is reported. Parsers use various techniques like panic-mode, phrase-level, and global correction to handle syntax errors and attempt to continue parsing. Context-free grammars are commonly used with productions defining the syntax rules. Derivations show the step-by-step application of productions to generate the input string from the start symbol.
This document discusses compiler architecture and intermediate code generation. It begins by describing the typical phases of a compiler: parsing, static checking, and code generation. It then discusses intermediate code, which ties the front end and back end phases together and is language and machine independent. Various forms of intermediate code are described, including trees, postfix notation, and triple/quadruple intermediate code. The rest of the document focuses on triple/quadruple code, including how it represents expressions, statements, addressing of arrays, and the translation process from source code to triple/quadruple intermediate code.
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
The document discusses the role and process of a lexical analyzer in compiler design. A lexical analyzer groups input characters into lexemes and produces a sequence of tokens as output for the syntactic analyzer. It strips out comments and whitespace, correlates line numbers with errors, and interacts with the symbol table. Lexical analysis improves compiler efficiency, portability, and allows for simpler parser design by separating lexical and syntactic analysis.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
The document summarizes the key phases of a compiler:
1. The compiler takes source code as input and goes through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation to produce machine code as output.
2. Lexical analysis converts the source code into tokens, syntax analysis checks the grammar and produces a parse tree, and semantic analysis validates meanings.
3. Code optimization improves the intermediate code before code generation translates it into machine instructions.
An assembler is a program that converts assembly language code into machine language code. It has two passes: in the first pass, it scans the program and builds a symbol table with label addresses; in the second pass, it converts instructions to machine language using the symbol table and builds the executable image. The assembler converts mnemonics to operation codes, symbolic operands to addresses, builds instructions, converts data, and writes the object program and listing. The linker then resolves symbols between object files before the loader copies the executable into memory and relocates it as needed. The assembler uses symbol tables from both passes and databases to perform its functions of translating and building the executable.
The document describes the main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. Lexical analysis converts the source code into tokens. Syntax analysis groups the tokens into a parse tree. Semantic analysis checks that the program is semantically correct. Intermediate code generation outputs machine-independent code. Code optimization improves the intermediate code. Finally, code generation converts the optimized code into machine-dependent target code.
The document discusses three address code, which is an intermediate code used by optimizing compilers. Three address code breaks expressions down into separate instructions that use at most three operands. Each instruction performs an assignment or binary operation on the operands. The code is implemented using quadruple, triple, or indirect triple representations. Quadruple representation stores each instruction in four fields for the operator, two operands, and result. Triple avoids temporaries by making two instructions. Indirect triple uses pointers to freely reorder subexpressions.
The document provides an introduction to compiler construction including:
1. The objectives of understanding how to build a compiler, use compiler construction tools, understand assembly code and virtual machines, and define grammars.
2. An overview of compilers and interpreters including the analysis-synthesis model of compilation where analysis determines operations from the source program and synthesis translates those operations into the target program.
3. An outline of the phases of compilation including preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking source code into absolute machine code using tools like scanners, parsers, syntax-directed translation, and code generators.
The document summarizes the key components of a toy compiler, including the front end, back end, and their functions. The front end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to determine the validity and meaning of source statements. It outputs symbol tables and intermediate code. The back end performs memory allocation and code generation using the symbol tables and intermediate code. Code generation determines instruction selection and addressing modes to synthesize assembly code from the intermediate representation.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It explains that a compiler takes source code as input and translates it into an equivalent language. The compiler performs analysis and synthesis in multiple phases, with each phase transforming the representation of the source code. Key activities include generating tokens, building a syntax tree, type checking, generating optimized intermediate code, and finally producing target machine code. Symbol tables are also used to store identifier information as the compiler runs.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It describes how the lexical analyzer reads source code characters and divides them into tokens. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for token recognition. The lexical analyzer generates a finite state automaton to recognize these patterns. Lexical analysis is the first phase of compilation that separates the input into tokens for the parser.
There are two types of compiler passes: multi-pass compilers perform multiple traversals of the source code to perform different stages of compilation like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, etc. One-pass compilers only traverse the source code once, performing all compilation stages on each line before moving to the next.
Bootstrapping is the process of using a compiler written in a language to compile itself, allowing the creation of a self-hosting compiler for that language. It involves first creating a simple bootstrap compiler for a language subset, then using that to compile a full compiler for the language which can then compile future versions.
Compiler construction tools were introduced to aid in the development of compilers. These tools include scanner generators, parser generators, syntax-directed translation engines, and automatic code generators. Scanner generators produce lexical analyzers based on regular expressions to recognize tokens. Parser generators take context-free grammars as input to produce syntax analyzers. Syntax-directed translation engines associate translations with parse trees to generate intermediate code. Automatic code generators take intermediate code as input and output machine language. These tools help automate and simplify the compiler development process.
This document provides an overview of compilers, including their history, components, and construction. It discusses the need for compilers to translate high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. The key phases of a compiler are described as scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation. Compiler construction relies on tools like scanner and parser generators.
Syntax analysis is the second phase of compiler design after lexical analysis. The parser checks if the input string follows the rules and structure of the formal grammar. It builds a parse tree to represent the syntactic structure. If the input string can be derived from the parse tree using the grammar, it is syntactically correct. Otherwise, an error is reported. Parsers use various techniques like panic-mode, phrase-level, and global correction to handle syntax errors and attempt to continue parsing. Context-free grammars are commonly used with productions defining the syntax rules. Derivations show the step-by-step application of productions to generate the input string from the start symbol.
This document discusses compiler architecture and intermediate code generation. It begins by describing the typical phases of a compiler: parsing, static checking, and code generation. It then discusses intermediate code, which ties the front end and back end phases together and is language and machine independent. Various forms of intermediate code are described, including trees, postfix notation, and triple/quadruple intermediate code. The rest of the document focuses on triple/quadruple code, including how it represents expressions, statements, addressing of arrays, and the translation process from source code to triple/quadruple intermediate code.
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
The document discusses the role and process of a lexical analyzer in compiler design. A lexical analyzer groups input characters into lexemes and produces a sequence of tokens as output for the syntactic analyzer. It strips out comments and whitespace, correlates line numbers with errors, and interacts with the symbol table. Lexical analysis improves compiler efficiency, portability, and allows for simpler parser design by separating lexical and syntactic analysis.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
The document summarizes the key phases of a compiler:
1. The compiler takes source code as input and goes through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation to produce machine code as output.
2. Lexical analysis converts the source code into tokens, syntax analysis checks the grammar and produces a parse tree, and semantic analysis validates meanings.
3. Code optimization improves the intermediate code before code generation translates it into machine instructions.
System software module 4 presentation filejithujithin657
The document discusses the various phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis scans source code and transforms it into tokens.
2. Syntax analysis validates the structure and checks for syntax errors.
3. Semantic analysis ensures declarations and statements follow language guidelines.
4. Intermediate code generation develops three-address codes as an intermediate representation.
5. Code generation translates the optimized intermediate code into machine code.
In this PPT we covered all the points like..Introduction to compilers - Design issues, passes, phases, symbol table
Preliminaries - Memory management, Operating system support for compiler, Compiler support for garbage collection ,Lexical Analysis - Tokens, Regular Expressions, Process of Lexical analysis, Block Schematic, Automatic construction of lexical analyzer using LEX, LEX features and specification.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler and their functions. It describes:
1) Lexical analysis converts the source code to tokens by recognizing patterns in the input. It identifies tokens like identifiers, keywords, and numbers.
2) Syntax analysis/parsing checks that tokens are arranged according to grammar rules by constructing a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis validates the program semantics and performs type checking using the parse tree and symbol table.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler:
1) Lexical analysis scans the source code and converts it to tokens which are passed to the syntax analyzer.
2) Syntax analysis/parsing checks the token arrangements against the language grammar and generates a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis checks that the parse tree follows the language rules by using the syntax tree and symbol table, performing type checking.
4) Intermediate code generation represents the program for an abstract machine in a machine-independent form like 3-address code.
This document provides an overview of the key components and phases of a compiler. It discusses that a compiler translates a program written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language. The main phases of a compiler are lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and symbol table management. Each phase performs important processing that ultimately results in a program in the target language that is equivalent to the original source program.
This document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses how compilers bridge the gap between high-level programming languages that are easier for humans to write in and machine languages that computers can actually execute. It describes the various phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also compares compilers to interpreters and discusses different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.
The document provides an overview of compilers and interpreters. It discusses that a compiler translates source code into machine code that can be executed, while an interpreter executes source code directly without compilation. The document then covers the typical phases of a compiler in more detail, including the front-end (lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis), middle-end/optimizer, and back-end (code generation). It also discusses interpreters, intermediate code representation, symbol tables, and compiler construction tools.
This document provides an introduction to compilers and their construction. It defines a compiler as a program that translates a source program into target machine code. The compilation process involves several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation. An interpreter directly executes source code without compilation. The document also discusses compiler tools and intermediate representations used in the compilation process.
Pros and cons of c as a compiler languageAshok Raj
Computer system is made of hardware and software .The hardware understands instructions in the form of electronic charge or binary language in Software programming. So the programs written in High Level Language are fed into a series of tools and OS components to get the desired machine language.This is known as Language Processing System.
The document provides an introduction to compiler design, including:
- A compiler converts a program written in a high-level language into machine code. It can run on a different machine than the target.
- Language processing systems like compilers transform high-level code into a form usable by machines through a series of translations.
- A compiler analyzes source code in two main phases - analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase creates an intermediate representation, and the synthesis phase generates target code from that.
The document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses that compilers are language translators that take source code as input and convert it to another language as output. The compilation process involves multiple phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and code optimization. It describes the different phases of compilation in detail and explains concepts like intermediate code representation, symbol tables, and grammars.
The phases of a compiler are:
1. Lexical analysis breaks the source code into tokens
2. Syntax analysis checks the token order and builds a parse tree
3. Semantic analysis checks for type errors and builds symbol tables
4. Code generation converts the parse tree into target code
The document provides an introduction to compilers, describing compilers as programs that translate source code written in a high-level language into an equivalent program in a lower-level language. It discusses the various phases of compilation including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation. It also describes different compiler components such as preprocessors, compilers, assemblers, and linkers, and distinguishes between compiler front ends and back ends.
This document provides information about the CS213 Programming Languages Concepts course taught by Prof. Taymoor Mohamed Nazmy in the computer science department at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. It describes the syntax and semantics of programming languages, discusses different programming language paradigms like imperative, functional, and object-oriented, and explains concepts like lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, symbol tables, intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation which are parts of the compiler design process.
The compiler is software that converts source code written in a high-level language into machine code. It works in two major phases - analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis to generate an intermediate representation from the source code. The synthesis phase performs code optimization and code generation to create the target machine code from the intermediate representation. The compiler uses various components like a symbol table, parser, and code generator to perform this translation.
The document provides an introduction to compilers, including definitions of key terms like compiler, interpreter, assembler, translator, and phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also discusses compiler types like native compilers, cross compilers, source-to-source compilers, and just-in-time compilers. The phases of a compiler include breaking down a program, generating intermediate code, optimizing, and creating target code.
General packet radio services (GPRS) is step to efficiently transport high-speed data over the current GSM and TDMA-based wireless network infrastructures.
Deployment of GPRS networks allows a variety of new applications ranging from mobile e-commerce to mobile corporate VPN access
Deployments of GPRS network has already taken place in several countries in Europe and the far east.
screen speculo is an android App. The main feature of App is to mirror screen between multiple android devices. In this App, the screen of main user’s device will be visible to all other devices. This App will provide two different modes to connect with multiple user. First mode is open mode which allows other users to connect with main user and main user can share screen and media. Second mode is moderated access mode which enable moderator to approve and reject other user’s request that means main user will have all the controls.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor, including its pinout, demultiplexing of its address/data bus, and generation of control signals. It describes how the 8085 has a multiplexed address/data bus on pins AD7-AD0 and explains how to use an latch and ALE signal to separate the low-order address. It also shows how to generate separate memory and I/O read and write control signals by combining the RD, WR and IO/M signals using logic gates. Finally, it provides a diagram of an 8085 MPU interfaced with memory and I/O using a latch to demultiplex the bus and logic gates to produce the necessary control signals.
One pass assembler, Two pass assembler,
Advanced Assembler Directives
Index
------
One-pass assembler
Forward Reference
Two-pass assembler using variant-I
Two-pass assembler using variant-II
Advanced Assembler Directives
Design of two pass assembler
Classes, Objects and Method - Object Oriented Programming with JavaRadhika Talaviya
The document discusses various object-oriented programming concepts in Java including classes, objects, constructors, method overloading, passing arguments, returning objects, recursion, the 'new' operator, 'this' and 'static' keywords, and inner classes. It provides examples to illustrate class and object declarations, creating objects using the new operator, using constructors, overloading methods and constructors, passing arguments by value and reference, returning objects from methods, using recursion to calculate factorials, and using the this and static keywords.
A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Packet filter is a hardware or software designed to block or allow transmission of packets based on criteria such as port, IP address, protocol.
Shopping At Mall without standing in Queue for Bill Payment by Scanning Bar c...Radhika Talaviya
Banking can be defined as the business activity of accepting and safeguarding money owned by other individual and entities, and then lending out this money in order to earn a profit. However, with the passage of time, the activities covered by banking business have widened and now various other services and also offered by banks. The banking services these day, include issuance of debit and credit card, providing safe custody of valuable items, lockers, ATM services and online transfer of fund across the country/world. We have chosen the topic which combine banking process and shopping system.
The document provides information about programming basic computer operations like arithmetic, logic, and input/output operations using machine language and assembly language. It describes machine language and assembly language programming, including the use of pseudo instructions and address symbol tables. It provides examples of programming multiplication, loops, and double precision addition in assembly language.
A stack is a linear data structure in which an element can be inserted or deleted only at one end of the list.
A stack works on the principle of last in first out and is also known as a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) list.
A bunch of books is one of the common examples of stack. A new book to be added to the bunch is placed at the top and a book to be removed is also taken off from the top.
Therefore, in order to take out the book at the bottom, all the books above it need to be removed from the bunch.
Managers are responsible for controlling and administering organizations and staff. There are typically three levels of managers - workers, first-line managers, and middle/senior managers. Managers play key roles such as setting objectives, making plans, guiding workers, and resolving issues. Effective managers have strong conceptual, human, and technical skills to fulfill their interpersonal, informational, and decision-making duties.
The document discusses various concepts related to relational databases including:
- Primary keys uniquely identify rows in a table. Foreign keys match values in other tables' primary keys.
- Relational databases represent data using relations which have a schema and instances consisting of tuples.
- Relational algebra operations like selection, projection, join, etc. allow querying relational data.
The changes in the surface air temperature,reffered to as the global temperature, brought about by the enhanced green house effect, which is enduced by emmission of greenhouse gases into the air.
Here in my lens, I am throwing light on the life cycle of a girl's life. It starts from when a girl is born in a family extending on to her upbringing to her marriage and then to her pregnancy and delivery. After which, if a girl is born again, the same cycle repeats.
Nanophysics the physics of structures and artefacts with
dimensions in the nanometer range or of
phenomena occurring in nanoseconds. Nanoscience is the study of atoms, molecules and object whose size is of the nanometer scale (1-100nm).
I'm OK, You're OK, by Thomas A Harris MD, is one of the best selling self-help books ever published.It is a practical guide to Transactional Analysis as a method for solving problems in life.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
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travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
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system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
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The Phases of a Compiler
1. SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARASWATI INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Compiler Design(2170701)
PREPARED BY: (Group:1)
Bhumi Aghera(130760107001)
Monika Dudhat(130760107007)
Radhika Talaviya(130760107029)
Rajvi Vaghasiya(130760107031)
The Phases of a Compiler
GUIDED BY:
Prof. Akhilesh Ladha
2. Language Processing System
• We have learnt that any computer system is made of hardware and software.
• The hardware understands a language, which humans cannot understand. So we write
programs in high-level language, which is easier for us to understand and remember.
• These programs are then fed into a series of tools and OS components to get the desired
code that can be used by the machine.
• This is known as Language Processing System.
4. Phases of Compiler
• There are mainly two parts of compilation process.
1. Analysis phase
2. Synthesis phase
1. Analysis phase: The main objective of the Analysis phase is to break the source code into
parts and then arranges these pieces into a meaningful structure.
• The analysis phase also collect information about source program and stores it in a data
structure called symbol table.
• The analysis phase is often called the front end of compiler.
• Analysis phase contains:
I. Lexical analysis
II. Syntax analysis
III. Semantic analysis
5. 2. Synthesis phase: Synthesis phase is concerned with generation of target language statement
which has the same meaning as the source statement.
• The synthesis phase is often called the back end of compiler.
• Synthesis phase contains:
I. Intermediate code generation
II. Code optimization
III. Code generation
Phases of Compiler
7. Lexical Analysis
• The first phase of a compiler is called lexical analysis or scanning.
• The lexical analyzer takes the modified source code from language preprocessors that are
written in the form of sentences.
• The lexical analyzer reads the stream of characters making up the source program and groups
the characters into meaningful sequences called lexemes.
• Lexical analyzer represents these lexemes in the form of tokens as:
<token-name, attribute-value>
where, token-name: an abstract symbol is used during syntax analysis.
attribute-value: points to an entry in the symbol table for this token.
Lexical analysisInput string Tokens or lexemes
8. Tokens, Patterns And Lexemes
Token: Token is a sequence of characters that can be treated as a single logical entity.
Typical tokens are,
Identifiers
keywords
operators
special symbols
constants
Pattern: A set of strings in the input for which the same token is produced as output. This
set of strings is described by a rule called a pattern associated with the token.
Lexeme: A lexeme is a sequence of characters in the source program that is matched by
the pattern for a token.
9. Tokenization
• Process of forming tokens from input stream is called tokenization.
div = 6/2;
Lexeme Token
div Identifier
= Assignment symbol
6 Number
/ Division operator
2 Number
; End of statement
10. Type Example
Comment /* ignored */
Preprocessor directive #include<stdio.h>
#define NUMS 5
Macro NUMS
whitespace t n b
Type Example
ID foo n_14 last
NUM 73 00 517 082
REAL 66.1 .5 10. 1e67 5.5e-10
COMMA ,
NOTEQ !=
LPAREN (
RPAREN )
Examples of tokens
Example of non-tokens
11. Tasks – lexical analyzer
• Separation of the input source code into tokens.
• Remove the unnecessary white spaces from the source code.
• Removing the comments from the source text.
• Keeping track of line numbers while scanning the new line characters. These line numbers
are used by the error handler to print the error messages.
• Preprocessing of macros.
12. Syntax Analysis
• The second phase of the compiler is called the syntax analysis or parsing.
• It takes the token produced by lexical analysis as input and generates a parse tree (or syntax
tree).
• The parser uses the first components of the tokens produced by the lexical analyzer to create
a tree-like intermediate representation that depicts the grammatical structure of the token
stream.
• A typical representation is a syntax tree in which each interior node represents an operation
and the children of the node represent the arguments of the operation.
• In this phase, token arrangements are checked against the source code grammar, i.e. the
parser checks if the expression made by the tokens is syntactically correct.
13. Parse tree
• It shows how the start symbol of a grammar derives a string in the language
• root is labeled by the start symbol
• leaf nodes are labeled by tokens
• Each internal node is labeled by a non terminal
• if A is a non-terminal labeling an internal node and x1, x2, …xn are labels of children of that
node then A x1 x2 … xn is a production
• For example,
Parse tree for 9-5+2
list
list
list
digit
digit
+
-
digit
9
5
2
14. Semantic Analysis
• The semantic analyzer uses the syntax tree and the information in the symbol table to check
the source program for semantic consistency with the language definition.
• It also gathers type information and saves it in either the syntax tree or the symbol table, for
subsequent use during intermediate-code generation.
• An important part of semantic analysis is type checking, where the compiler checks that each
operator has matching operands.
• For example, many programming language definitions require an array index to be an integer;
the compiler must report an error if a floating-point number is used to index an array.
• The language specification may permit some type conversions called coercions.
15. Semantic Analysis
• For example, a binary arithmetic operator may be applied to either a pair of integers or to a
pair of floating point numbers. If the operator is applied to a floating-point number and an
integer, the compiler may convert or coerce the integer to a floating-point number. As shown
in figure given below:
position = initial + rate * 60
=
<id,1>
+
<id,2> *
<id,3> 60
=
<id,1> +
<id,2> *
<id,3>
digit
60
Syntax Tree Semantic Tree
16. Intermediate Code Generation
• In the process of translating a source program into target code, a compiler may construct one
or more intermediate representation; they are commonly used during syntax and semantic
analysis.
• After syntax and semantic analysis of the source program, many compilers generate an
explicit low-level or machine-like intermediate representation.
• This intermediate representation should have two important properties:
1. It should be easy to produce.
2. It should be easy to translate into the target machine.
17. Intermediate Code Generation
• The considered intermediate form called three-address code, which consists of a sequence of
assembly-like instructions with three operands per instruction.
• Each operand can act like a register.
• Three address code sequence of intermediate code generator is as follows:
position = initial + rate * 60
Three-address code:
t1 = inttofloat(60)
t2 = id3 * t1
t3 = id2 + t2
id1 = t3
• Each three-address assignment instruction has at most one operator on the right side. These
instructions fix the order in which operations to be done.
18. Code Optimization
• The next phase does code optimization of the intermediate code.
• Optimization can be assumed as something that removes unnecessary code lines, and
arranges the sequence of statements in order to speed up the program execution without
wasting resources (CPU, memory) and deliver high speed
• In optimization, high-level general programming constructs are replaced by very efficient
low-level programming codes.
• A code optimizing process must follow the three rules given below:
• The output code must not, in any way, change the meaning of the program.
• Optimization should increase the speed of the program and if possible, the program
should demand less number of resources.
• Optimization should itself be fast and should not delay the overall compiling process.
19. Code Optimization
• Efforts for an optimized code can be made at various levels of compiling the process.
• At the beginning, users can change/rearrange the code or use better algorithms to write
the code.
• After generating intermediate code, the compiler can modify the intermediate code by
address calculations and improving loops.
• While producing the target machine code, the compiler can make use of memory
hierarchy and CPU registers.
• Optimization can be categorized broadly into two types :
1) Machine independent
2) Machine dependent.
20. Machine-independent Optimization
• In this optimization, the compiler takes in the intermediate code and transforms a part of the
code that does not involve any CPU registers and/or absolute memory locations.
• For example:
do{
i=10;
v=v+i;
}while(v<10);
• This code involves repeated assignment of the identifier i, which if we put this way:
i=10;
do{
v=v+i;
}while(v<10);
21. Machine-dependent Optimization
• Machine-dependent optimization is done after the target code has been generated and when
the code is transformed according to the target machine architecture.
• It involves CPU registers and may have absolute memory references rather than relative
references. Machine-dependent optimizers put efforts to take maximum advantage of
memory hierarchy.
22. • Code generation can be considered as the final phase of compilation.
• In this phase, the code generator takes the optimized representation of the intermediate code
and maps it to the target machine language.
• The code generator translates the intermediate code into a sequence of (generally) re-
locatable machine code. Sequence of instructions of machine code performs the task as the
intermediate code would do.
• Through post code generation, optimization process can be applied on the code, but that can
be seen as a part of code generation phase itself.
• The code generated by the compiler is an object code of some lower-level programming
language, for example, assembly language.
• The source code written in a higher-level language is transformed into a lower-level language
that results in a lower-level object code, which should have the following minimum
properties:
• It should carry the exact meaning of the source code.
• It should be efficient in terms of CPU usage and memory management.
Code Generation