The document summarizes the key phases of a compiler:
1. The compiler takes source code as input and goes through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation to produce machine code as output.
2. Lexical analysis converts the source code into tokens, syntax analysis checks the grammar and produces a parse tree, and semantic analysis validates meanings.
3. Code optimization improves the intermediate code before code generation translates it into machine instructions.
The document provides an introduction to compiler design, including:
- A compiler converts a program written in a high-level language into machine code. It can run on a different machine than the target.
- Language processing systems like compilers transform high-level code into a form usable by machines through a series of translations.
- A compiler analyzes source code in two main phases - analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase creates an intermediate representation, and the synthesis phase generates target code from that.
Pros and cons of c as a compiler languageAshok Raj
ย
Computer system is made of hardware and software .The hardware understands instructions in the form of electronic charge or binary language in Software programming. So the programs written in High Level Language are fed into a series of tools and OS components to get the desired machine language.This is known as Language Processing System.
The compiler is software that converts source code written in a high-level language into machine code. It works in two major phases - analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis to generate an intermediate representation from the source code. The synthesis phase performs code optimization and code generation to create the target machine code from the intermediate representation. The compiler uses various components like a symbol table, parser, and code generator to perform this translation.
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
We have learnt that any computer system is made of hardware and software.
The hardware understands a language, which humans cannot understand. So we write programs in high-level language, which is easier for us to understand and remember.
These programs are then fed into a series of tools and OS components to get the desired code that can be used by the machine.
This is known as Language Processing System.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It describes the role of the lexical analyzer in translating source code into tokens. Key aspects covered include defining tokens and lexemes, using patterns and attributes to classify tokens, and strategies for error recovery in lexical analysis such as buffering input.
System software module 4 presentation filejithujithin657
ย
The document discusses the various phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis scans source code and transforms it into tokens.
2. Syntax analysis validates the structure and checks for syntax errors.
3. Semantic analysis ensures declarations and statements follow language guidelines.
4. Intermediate code generation develops three-address codes as an intermediate representation.
5. Code generation translates the optimized intermediate code into machine code.
The document provides an introduction to compiler design, including:
- A compiler converts a program written in a high-level language into machine code. It can run on a different machine than the target.
- Language processing systems like compilers transform high-level code into a form usable by machines through a series of translations.
- A compiler analyzes source code in two main phases - analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase creates an intermediate representation, and the synthesis phase generates target code from that.
Pros and cons of c as a compiler languageAshok Raj
ย
Computer system is made of hardware and software .The hardware understands instructions in the form of electronic charge or binary language in Software programming. So the programs written in High Level Language are fed into a series of tools and OS components to get the desired machine language.This is known as Language Processing System.
The compiler is software that converts source code written in a high-level language into machine code. It works in two major phases - analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis to generate an intermediate representation from the source code. The synthesis phase performs code optimization and code generation to create the target machine code from the intermediate representation. The compiler uses various components like a symbol table, parser, and code generator to perform this translation.
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
We have learnt that any computer system is made of hardware and software.
The hardware understands a language, which humans cannot understand. So we write programs in high-level language, which is easier for us to understand and remember.
These programs are then fed into a series of tools and OS components to get the desired code that can be used by the machine.
This is known as Language Processing System.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It describes the role of the lexical analyzer in translating source code into tokens. Key aspects covered include defining tokens and lexemes, using patterns and attributes to classify tokens, and strategies for error recovery in lexical analysis such as buffering input.
System software module 4 presentation filejithujithin657
ย
The document discusses the various phases of a compiler:
1. Lexical analysis scans source code and transforms it into tokens.
2. Syntax analysis validates the structure and checks for syntax errors.
3. Semantic analysis ensures declarations and statements follow language guidelines.
4. Intermediate code generation develops three-address codes as an intermediate representation.
5. Code generation translates the optimized intermediate code into machine code.
This document provides an overview of the key components and phases of a compiler. It discusses that a compiler translates a program written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language. The main phases of a compiler are lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and symbol table management. Each phase performs important processing that ultimately results in a program in the target language that is equivalent to the original source program.
The document provides an overview of the compilation process and the different phases involved in compiler construction. It can be summarized as follows:
1. A compiler translates a program written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language. It performs analysis, synthesis and error checking during this translation process.
2. The major phases of a compiler include lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation and linking. Tools like Lex and Yacc are commonly used to generate lexical and syntax analyzers.
3. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for tokens during lexical analysis. A lexical analyzer reads the source program and generates a sequence of tokens by matching character sequences to patterns
The document provides an overview of compilers and interpreters. It discusses that a compiler translates source code into machine code that can be executed, while an interpreter executes source code directly without compilation. The document then covers the typical phases of a compiler in more detail, including the front-end (lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis), middle-end/optimizer, and back-end (code generation). It also discusses interpreters, intermediate code representation, symbol tables, and compiler construction tools.
This document provides an introduction to compilers and their construction. It defines a compiler as a program that translates a source program into target machine code. The compilation process involves several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation. An interpreter directly executes source code without compilation. The document also discusses compiler tools and intermediate representations used in the compilation process.
This document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses how compilers bridge the gap between high-level programming languages that are easier for humans to write in and machine languages that computers can actually execute. It describes the various phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also compares compilers to interpreters and discusses different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including definitions of key terms like translator, compiler, interpreter, and assembler. It describes the main phases of compilation as lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It also discusses related concepts like the front-end and back-end of a compiler, multi-pass compilation, and different types of compilers.
The phases of a compiler are:
1. Lexical analysis breaks the source code into tokens
2. Syntax analysis checks the token order and builds a parse tree
3. Semantic analysis checks for type errors and builds symbol tables
4. Code generation converts the parse tree into target code
The document provides an introduction to compilers, including definitions of key terms like compiler, interpreter, assembler, translator, and phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also discusses compiler types like native compilers, cross compilers, source-to-source compilers, and just-in-time compilers. The phases of a compiler include breaking down a program, generating intermediate code, optimizing, and creating target code.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler and storage allocation strategies. It describes:
1. The phases of a compiler include lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
2. Storage allocation strategies for activation records include static allocation, stack allocation, and heap allocation. Languages like FORTRAN use static allocation while Algol uses stack allocation.
3. Parameter passing mechanisms include call-by-value, call-by-reference, copy-restore, and call-by-name. Call-by-value passes the actual parameter values while call-by-reference passes their locations.
1. The document describes the 6 main phases of a compiler: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
2. Each phase transforms the source program into different representations, with the lexical analyzer identifying tokens, the syntax analyzer constructing a parse tree, and the semantic analyzer performing type checking.
3. The intermediate code generator produces machine-independent code, the code optimizer improves performance, and the code generator outputs machine-specific object code.
The document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses that compilers are language translators that take source code as input and convert it to another language as output. The compilation process involves multiple phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and code optimization. It describes the different phases of compilation in detail and explains concepts like intermediate code representation, symbol tables, and grammars.
The document summarizes the six main phases of a compiler:
1. The lexical analyzer identifies tokens from the source code and removes whitespace and comments.
2. The syntax analyzer checks that the code follows grammar rules of the language and constructs a parse tree.
3. The semantic analyzer verifies type consistency and checks for semantic errors using the symbol table and parse tree.
4. The intermediate code generator produces machine-independent code in a form that can be optimized and executed.
5. The code optimizer improves performance by removing unused code and variables without altering meaning.
6. The code generator produces machine-specific object code by selecting instructions and registers for the target platform.
This document provides information about the phases and objectives of a compiler design course. It discusses the following key points:
- The course aims to teach students about the various phases of a compiler like parsing, code generation, and optimization techniques.
- The outcomes include explaining the compilation process and building tools like lexical analyzers and parsers. Students should also be able to develop semantic analysis and code generators.
- The document then covers the different phases of a compiler in detail, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, and code optimization. It provides examples to illustrate each phase.
The document discusses the basics of compiler construction. It begins by defining key terms like compilers, source and target languages. It then describes the main phases of compilation as lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization and machine code generation. It also discusses symbol tables, compiler tools and generations of programming languages.
This document provides an overview of compilers, including their structure and purpose. It discusses:
- What a compiler is and its main functions of analysis and synthesis.
- The history and need for compilers, from early assembly languages to modern high-level languages.
- The structure of a compiler, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
- Different types of translators like interpreters, assemblers, and linkers.
- Tools that help in compiler construction like scanner generators, parser generators, and code generators.
The document discusses the phases of compilation:
1. The front-end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to generate an intermediate representation and includes error handling.
2. The back-end performs code optimization and generation to produce efficient machine-specific code from the intermediate representation.
3. Key phases include lexical and syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
The document provides an overview of compilers and their organization. It discusses how compilers translate human-oriented programming languages into machine languages. The main sections describe what compilers do, including the machine codes and target code formats they generate. It also distinguishes between compilers and interpreters. Other sections cover the syntax and semantics of languages, and the typical organization of a compiler into a front-end and back-end. The front-end performs analysis and the back-end performs code generation. Key compiler components like scanners, parsers, type checkers and code generators are also introduced.
The document describes the phases of a compiler. It discusses lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization and code generation.
Lexical analysis scans the source code and returns tokens. Syntax analysis builds an abstract syntax tree from tokens using a context-free grammar. Semantic analysis checks for semantic errors and annotates the tree with types. Intermediate code generation converts the syntax tree to an intermediate representation like 3-address code. Code generation outputs machine or assembly code from the intermediate code.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler and their functions. It describes:
1) Lexical analysis converts the source code to tokens by recognizing patterns in the input. It identifies tokens like identifiers, keywords, and numbers.
2) Syntax analysis/parsing checks that tokens are arranged according to grammar rules by constructing a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis validates the program semantics and performs type checking using the parse tree and symbol table.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler:
1) Lexical analysis scans the source code and converts it to tokens which are passed to the syntax analyzer.
2) Syntax analysis/parsing checks the token arrangements against the language grammar and generates a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis checks that the parse tree follows the language rules by using the syntax tree and symbol table, performing type checking.
4) Intermediate code generation represents the program for an abstract machine in a machine-independent form like 3-address code.
Get Success with the Latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps (V11.02) 2024yarusun
ย
Are you worried about your preparation for the UiPath Power Platform Functional Consultant Certification Exam? You can come to DumpsBase to download the latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam dumps (V11.02) to evaluate your preparation for the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam with the PDF format and testing engine software. The latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam questions and answers go over every subject on the exam so you can easily understand them. You won't need to worry about passing the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam if you master all of these UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 dumps (V11.02) of DumpsBase. #UIPATH-ADPV1 Dumps #UIPATH-ADPV1 #UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps
This document provides an overview of the key components and phases of a compiler. It discusses that a compiler translates a program written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language. The main phases of a compiler are lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and symbol table management. Each phase performs important processing that ultimately results in a program in the target language that is equivalent to the original source program.
The document provides an overview of the compilation process and the different phases involved in compiler construction. It can be summarized as follows:
1. A compiler translates a program written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language. It performs analysis, synthesis and error checking during this translation process.
2. The major phases of a compiler include lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation and linking. Tools like Lex and Yacc are commonly used to generate lexical and syntax analyzers.
3. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for tokens during lexical analysis. A lexical analyzer reads the source program and generates a sequence of tokens by matching character sequences to patterns
The document provides an overview of compilers and interpreters. It discusses that a compiler translates source code into machine code that can be executed, while an interpreter executes source code directly without compilation. The document then covers the typical phases of a compiler in more detail, including the front-end (lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis), middle-end/optimizer, and back-end (code generation). It also discusses interpreters, intermediate code representation, symbol tables, and compiler construction tools.
This document provides an introduction to compilers and their construction. It defines a compiler as a program that translates a source program into target machine code. The compilation process involves several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation. An interpreter directly executes source code without compilation. The document also discusses compiler tools and intermediate representations used in the compilation process.
This document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses how compilers bridge the gap between high-level programming languages that are easier for humans to write in and machine languages that computers can actually execute. It describes the various phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also compares compilers to interpreters and discusses different types of translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including definitions of key terms like translator, compiler, interpreter, and assembler. It describes the main phases of compilation as lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It also discusses related concepts like the front-end and back-end of a compiler, multi-pass compilation, and different types of compilers.
The phases of a compiler are:
1. Lexical analysis breaks the source code into tokens
2. Syntax analysis checks the token order and builds a parse tree
3. Semantic analysis checks for type errors and builds symbol tables
4. Code generation converts the parse tree into target code
The document provides an introduction to compilers, including definitions of key terms like compiler, interpreter, assembler, translator, and phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. It also discusses compiler types like native compilers, cross compilers, source-to-source compilers, and just-in-time compilers. The phases of a compiler include breaking down a program, generating intermediate code, optimizing, and creating target code.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler and storage allocation strategies. It describes:
1. The phases of a compiler include lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
2. Storage allocation strategies for activation records include static allocation, stack allocation, and heap allocation. Languages like FORTRAN use static allocation while Algol uses stack allocation.
3. Parameter passing mechanisms include call-by-value, call-by-reference, copy-restore, and call-by-name. Call-by-value passes the actual parameter values while call-by-reference passes their locations.
1. The document describes the 6 main phases of a compiler: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
2. Each phase transforms the source program into different representations, with the lexical analyzer identifying tokens, the syntax analyzer constructing a parse tree, and the semantic analyzer performing type checking.
3. The intermediate code generator produces machine-independent code, the code optimizer improves performance, and the code generator outputs machine-specific object code.
The document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses that compilers are language translators that take source code as input and convert it to another language as output. The compilation process involves multiple phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and code optimization. It describes the different phases of compilation in detail and explains concepts like intermediate code representation, symbol tables, and grammars.
The document summarizes the six main phases of a compiler:
1. The lexical analyzer identifies tokens from the source code and removes whitespace and comments.
2. The syntax analyzer checks that the code follows grammar rules of the language and constructs a parse tree.
3. The semantic analyzer verifies type consistency and checks for semantic errors using the symbol table and parse tree.
4. The intermediate code generator produces machine-independent code in a form that can be optimized and executed.
5. The code optimizer improves performance by removing unused code and variables without altering meaning.
6. The code generator produces machine-specific object code by selecting instructions and registers for the target platform.
This document provides information about the phases and objectives of a compiler design course. It discusses the following key points:
- The course aims to teach students about the various phases of a compiler like parsing, code generation, and optimization techniques.
- The outcomes include explaining the compilation process and building tools like lexical analyzers and parsers. Students should also be able to develop semantic analysis and code generators.
- The document then covers the different phases of a compiler in detail, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, and code optimization. It provides examples to illustrate each phase.
The document discusses the basics of compiler construction. It begins by defining key terms like compilers, source and target languages. It then describes the main phases of compilation as lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization and machine code generation. It also discusses symbol tables, compiler tools and generations of programming languages.
This document provides an overview of compilers, including their structure and purpose. It discusses:
- What a compiler is and its main functions of analysis and synthesis.
- The history and need for compilers, from early assembly languages to modern high-level languages.
- The structure of a compiler, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
- Different types of translators like interpreters, assemblers, and linkers.
- Tools that help in compiler construction like scanner generators, parser generators, and code generators.
The document discusses the phases of compilation:
1. The front-end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to generate an intermediate representation and includes error handling.
2. The back-end performs code optimization and generation to produce efficient machine-specific code from the intermediate representation.
3. Key phases include lexical and syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
The document provides an overview of compilers and their organization. It discusses how compilers translate human-oriented programming languages into machine languages. The main sections describe what compilers do, including the machine codes and target code formats they generate. It also distinguishes between compilers and interpreters. Other sections cover the syntax and semantics of languages, and the typical organization of a compiler into a front-end and back-end. The front-end performs analysis and the back-end performs code generation. Key compiler components like scanners, parsers, type checkers and code generators are also introduced.
The document describes the phases of a compiler. It discusses lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization and code generation.
Lexical analysis scans the source code and returns tokens. Syntax analysis builds an abstract syntax tree from tokens using a context-free grammar. Semantic analysis checks for semantic errors and annotates the tree with types. Intermediate code generation converts the syntax tree to an intermediate representation like 3-address code. Code generation outputs machine or assembly code from the intermediate code.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler and their functions. It describes:
1) Lexical analysis converts the source code to tokens by recognizing patterns in the input. It identifies tokens like identifiers, keywords, and numbers.
2) Syntax analysis/parsing checks that tokens are arranged according to grammar rules by constructing a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis validates the program semantics and performs type checking using the parse tree and symbol table.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler:
1) Lexical analysis scans the source code and converts it to tokens which are passed to the syntax analyzer.
2) Syntax analysis/parsing checks the token arrangements against the language grammar and generates a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis checks that the parse tree follows the language rules by using the syntax tree and symbol table, performing type checking.
4) Intermediate code generation represents the program for an abstract machine in a machine-independent form like 3-address code.
Get Success with the Latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps (V11.02) 2024yarusun
ย
Are you worried about your preparation for the UiPath Power Platform Functional Consultant Certification Exam? You can come to DumpsBase to download the latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam dumps (V11.02) to evaluate your preparation for the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam with the PDF format and testing engine software. The latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam questions and answers go over every subject on the exam so you can easily understand them. You won't need to worry about passing the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam if you master all of these UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 dumps (V11.02) of DumpsBase. #UIPATH-ADPV1 Dumps #UIPATH-ADPV1 #UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Post init hook in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
ย
In Odoo, hooks are functions that are presented as a string in the __init__ file of a module. They are the functions that can execute before and after the existing code.
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
ย
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 3)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
ย
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
ย
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
2. Computer Language Representation
โข A computer is a logical assembly of Software and Hardware.
โข The hardware understands a language, which humans cannot
understand.
โข So we write programs in high-level language, which is easier
for us to understand and remember. These programs are then
fed into a series of tools and OS components to get the desired
code that can be used by the machine. This is known as
Language Processing System.
3.
4. โข The program written in a high-level language is known as a source
program, and the program converted into low-level language is
known as an object (or target) program.
โข High-Level Language: If a program contains #define or #include
directives such as #include or #define it is called HLL. These (#)
tags are called preprocessor directives. They direct the pre-processor
about what to do.
โข Pre-Processor: The pre-processor removes all the #include
directives by including the files called file inclusion and all the
#define directives using macro(A macro is a piece of code that is
given a name) expansion.
5. โข Assembly Language: It is an intermediate state that is a
combination of machine instructions and some other useful data
needed for execution.
โข Relocatable Machine Code: It can be loaded at any point and can
be run. All these files might have been compiled by separate
assemblers.
โข Loader/Linker: It converts the relocatable code into absolute code
.Linker loads a variety of object files into a single file to make it
executable. Then loader loads it in memory and executes it.
6. Computer Language Representation
Translator:
It is a program that translates one language to another.
source code Translator target code
Types of Translator:
1.Interpreter
2.Compiler
3.Assembler
1.Interpreter:
It is one of the translators that translate high level language to low level language.
high level language Interpreter low level language
During execution, it checks line by line for errors.
Example: Basic, Lower version of Pascal.
7. 2.Assembler:
It translates assembly level language to machine code.
assembly language Assembler machine code
Example: Microprocessor 8085, 8086.
3.Compiler:
It is a program that translates one language(source code) to another language (target
code).
source code Compiler target code
It executes the whole program and then displays the errors.
Example: C, C++, COBOL, higher version of Pascal.
8. PARTS OF COMPILATION
There are 2 parts to compilation:
1. Analysis
2. Synthesis
โข Analysis part breaks down the source program into constituent pieces and creates
an intermediate representation of the source program.
โข Synthesis part constructs the desired target program from the intermediate
representation.
9. PHASES OF COMPILER
A Compiler operates in phases, each of which transforms the
source program from one representation into another. The
following are the phases of the compiler:
Main phases:
1) Lexical analysis
2) Syntax analysis
3) Semantic analysis
4) Intermediate code generation
5)Code optimization
6)Code generation
11. LEXICAL ANALYSIS:
โข It is the first phase of the compiler. It gets input from the source program and
produces tokens as output.
โข It reads the characters one by one, starting from left to right and forms the
tokens.
โข Token : It represents a logically cohesive sequence of characters such as
keywords, operators, identifiers, special symbols etc.
Example: a +b =20
Here, a,b,+,=,20 are all separate tokens.
โข Group of characters forming a token is called the Lexeme.
โข The lexical analyzer not only generates a token but also enters the lexeme into
the symbol table if it is not already there.
12. SYNTAX ANALYSIS:
โข It is the second phase of the compiler. It is also known as parser.
โข It gets the token stream as input from the lexical analyzer of the compiler and
generates syntax tree as the output.
โข Syntax tree:
โข It is a tree in which interior nodes are operators and exterior nodes are operands.
Example: For a=b+c*2, syntax tree is
13. โข It is the third phase of the compiler.
โข It gets input from the syntax analysis as parse tree and checks whether the
given syntax is correct or not.
โข It performs type conversion of all the data types into real data types.
INTERMEDIATE CODE GENERATION:
โข It is the fourth phase of the compiler.
โข It gets input from the semantic analysis and converts the input into output as
intermediate code such as three-address code.
โข The three-address code consists of a sequence of instructions, each of which
has at most three operands.
โข Example: t1=t2+t3
SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
14. CODE OPTIMIZATION
โข It is the fifth phase of the compiler.
โข It gets the intermediate code as input and produces optimized intermediate code as
output.
โข This phase reduces the redundant code and attempts to improve the intermediate
code so that faster-running machine code will result.
โข During the code optimization, the result of the program is not affected.
โข To improve the code generation, the optimization involves :
- deduction and removal of dead code (unreachable code).
- calculation of constants in expressions and terms.
- collapsing of repeated expression into temporary string.
- loop unrolling.
- moving code outside the loop.
- removal of unwanted temporary variables.
15. CODE GENERATION
โข It is the final phase of the compiler. It gets input from code optimization phase
and produces the target code or object code as result.
โข Intermediate instructions are translated into a sequence of machine instructions
that perform the same task.
The code generation involves
- allocation of register and memory
- generation of correct references
- generation of correct data types
- generation of missing code
16. SYMBOL TABLE MANAGEMENT:
โข Symbol table is used to store all the information about
identifiers used in the program.
โข It is a data structure containing a record for each
identifier, with fields for the attributes of the identifier.
โข It allows to find the record for each identifier quickly and
to store or retrieve data from that record.
โข Whenever an identifier is detected in any of the phases, it
is stored in the symbol table.
17. ERROR HANDLING
โข Each phase can encounter errors. After detecting an error, a phase must
handle the error so that compilation can proceed.
โข In lexical analysis, errors occur in separation of tokens.
โข In syntax analysis, errors occur during construction of syntax tree.
โข In semantic analysis, errors occur when the compiler detects constructs
with right syntactic structure but no meaning and during type conversion.
โข In code optimization, errors occur when the result is affected by the
optimization.
โข In code generation, it shows error when code is missing etc.
18. โข To illustrate the translation of source code through each phase, consider the statement
a=b+c*2. The figure shows the representation of this statement after each phase:
19. GROUPING OF THE PHASES
โข Compiler can be grouped into front and back ends:
- Front end: analysis (machine independent)
โข These normally include lexical and syntactic analysis, the
creation of the symbol table, semantic analysis and the
generation of intermediate code. It also includes error handling
that goes along with each of these phases.
- Back end: synthesis (machine dependent)
โข It includes code optimization phase and code generation along
with the necessary error handling and symbol table operations.
20. Compiler passes
โข Total number of times the compiler goes through the source
code before converting it into the target machine.
โข A collection of phases is done only once (single pass) or
multiple times (multi pass)
โข Single pass: a compiler that passes through the source code of
each compilation unit only once.
โข Multi pass: a compiler that processes the source code or
abstract syntax tree of a program several times.
21. Cross compiler
โข A cross compiler that runs one platform and generate target
code for other platform.
โข A compiler that runs on platform (A) and is capable of
generating executable code for platform (B) is called a cross-
compiler.
โข The process of creating executable code for different machines
is called retargeting.
22. COMPILER CONSTRUCTION TOOLS
These are specialized tools that have been developed for helping implement various
phases of a compiler. The following are the compiler construction tools:
1) Parser Generators:
-These produce syntax analyzers, normally from input that is based on a context-free
grammar.
-It consumes a large fraction of the running time of a compiler. -Example-YACC
(Yet Another Compiler-Compiler).
2) Scanner Generator:
-These generate lexical analyzers, normally from a specification based on regular
expressions. -The basic organization of lexical analyzers is based on finite automation.
23. 3) Syntax-Directed Translation:
-These produce routines that walk the parse tree and as a result generate intermediate
code. -Each translation is defined in terms of translations at its neighbor nodes in the
tree.
4) Automatic Code Generators:
-It takes a collection of rules to translate intermediate language into machine language.
The rules must include sufficient details to handle different possible access methods for
data.
5) Data-Flow Engines:
-It does code optimization using data-flow analysis, that is, the gathering of information
about how values are transmitted from one part of a program to each other part.