Describing each of the stages of a systems development lifecycle including different examples and comparisons. This was produced for Unit 11 Cambridge Technical Level 3 IT.
This presentation provides an overview of the system development life cycle (SDLC) in 3 sentences:
It outlines the 8 phases of the SDLC: study of the problem, making a plan, system analysis, system design, program development, program testing, system implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is described in detail, from understanding the problem and feasibility analysis to designing, programming, testing, implementing the system, and ongoing maintenance. The presentation aims to explain the full process of developing a system from start to finish through the SDLC phases.
MIS 49100 Week 2 Systems Development Life Cycleoudesign
The document discusses the six phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology for project development: 1) Preliminary Investigation assesses feasibility, 2) System Analysis studies requirements, 3) System Design plans alternatives, 4) System Development builds the system, 5) System Implementation installs and trains users on the new system, and 6) System Operation and Maintenance provides ongoing support. Each phase is described in detail, outlining key activities, tools used, and documentation produced.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), outlining its main phases: planning, requirements analysis, feasibility study, system design, development/coding, system testing, implementation, and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, explaining their key activities and purposes. The SDLC is presented as a process used by systems analysts to develop information systems according to requirements, while ensuring quality, on-time and on-budget completion, effective performance, and cost-efficient maintenance.
The document outlines the key stages in the information systems lifecycle:
1) Initiation - where a need for a new system is identified, such as an outdated current system.
2) Analysis - requirements are analyzed through interviews, documentation review, and observation.
3) Design - the system design is created including hardware, software, outputs, and user interface.
4) Implementation - the system is coded, tested, hardware/software is installed, and users are trained.
5) Maintenance - the system is maintained through perfective, adaptive and corrective maintenance.
The document discusses the information systems life cycle, which includes stages like feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, implementation, installation, and maintenance. It describes the waterfall model as a sequential process where each stage must be completed before moving to the next. However, this model does not allow for modifications, so prototyping is introduced as an alternative that can identify issues earlier and result in a more refined final system.
The document outlines the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes 7 phases: 1) system study, 2) system analysis, 3) system design, 4) system development, 5) system testing, 6) implementation, and 7) maintenance and review. Key aspects of each phase are discussed at a high level, such as conducting a feasibility study in system analysis or different types of testing in system testing. The overall SDLC process from initial study through ongoing maintenance is summarized.
This document discusses the systems life cycle and its relevance to a classroom assignment. It begins by stating the lesson objectives of understanding the stages of the systems life cycle and being able to identify what is involved in each stage. It then lists the stages and marks for a unit assignment, and proceeds to define and explain each stage of the systems life cycle in turn, from feasibility study through maintenance. Students are assigned tasks to complete questions about the systems life cycle.
This presentation provides an overview of the system development life cycle (SDLC) in 3 sentences:
It outlines the 8 phases of the SDLC: study of the problem, making a plan, system analysis, system design, program development, program testing, system implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is described in detail, from understanding the problem and feasibility analysis to designing, programming, testing, implementing the system, and ongoing maintenance. The presentation aims to explain the full process of developing a system from start to finish through the SDLC phases.
MIS 49100 Week 2 Systems Development Life Cycleoudesign
The document discusses the six phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology for project development: 1) Preliminary Investigation assesses feasibility, 2) System Analysis studies requirements, 3) System Design plans alternatives, 4) System Development builds the system, 5) System Implementation installs and trains users on the new system, and 6) System Operation and Maintenance provides ongoing support. Each phase is described in detail, outlining key activities, tools used, and documentation produced.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), outlining its main phases: planning, requirements analysis, feasibility study, system design, development/coding, system testing, implementation, and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, explaining their key activities and purposes. The SDLC is presented as a process used by systems analysts to develop information systems according to requirements, while ensuring quality, on-time and on-budget completion, effective performance, and cost-efficient maintenance.
The document outlines the key stages in the information systems lifecycle:
1) Initiation - where a need for a new system is identified, such as an outdated current system.
2) Analysis - requirements are analyzed through interviews, documentation review, and observation.
3) Design - the system design is created including hardware, software, outputs, and user interface.
4) Implementation - the system is coded, tested, hardware/software is installed, and users are trained.
5) Maintenance - the system is maintained through perfective, adaptive and corrective maintenance.
The document discusses the information systems life cycle, which includes stages like feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, implementation, installation, and maintenance. It describes the waterfall model as a sequential process where each stage must be completed before moving to the next. However, this model does not allow for modifications, so prototyping is introduced as an alternative that can identify issues earlier and result in a more refined final system.
The document outlines the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes 7 phases: 1) system study, 2) system analysis, 3) system design, 4) system development, 5) system testing, 6) implementation, and 7) maintenance and review. Key aspects of each phase are discussed at a high level, such as conducting a feasibility study in system analysis or different types of testing in system testing. The overall SDLC process from initial study through ongoing maintenance is summarized.
This document discusses the systems life cycle and its relevance to a classroom assignment. It begins by stating the lesson objectives of understanding the stages of the systems life cycle and being able to identify what is involved in each stage. It then lists the stages and marks for a unit assignment, and proceeds to define and explain each stage of the systems life cycle in turn, from feasibility study through maintenance. Students are assigned tasks to complete questions about the systems life cycle.
The system development life cycle is a framework consisting of several stages used to develop information systems and software. It includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. The key stages are system analysis and design. The stages include recognition of needs, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. Each stage addresses important questions and lays the foundation for successful completion of subsequent stages.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which consists of several phases for developing software projects. It includes recognition of need, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. In the analysis phase, tools are used to obtain an in-depth understanding of business needs. The design phase defines the final system and technical specifications. Testing verifies that requirements are met and defects are fixed before software is delivered to customers.
The document discusses the systems development life cycle, which involves feasibility studies, requirements analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It describes the traditional waterfall model as a sequential process and notes some limitations. Prototyping is presented as an alternative approach that allows for iterative refinement of requirements and design.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
The information systems lifecycle involves several steps:
1) A feasibility study determines if a new system is technically, economically, and operationally feasible to address issues with the current system.
2) Requirements analysis involves interviewing staff, examining documents, and observing current procedures to understand system needs.
3) System design determines the hardware, software, inputs, outputs, and user interface for the new system.
4) Implementation includes coding, testing, acquiring equipment, installing the new system, training users, and converting data.
The V-model is a software development lifecycle model where each phase of the development process is validated by an equivalent phase of testing. It emphasizes testing at each development stage. In the V-model, testing begins during the requirements analysis phase, and each subsequent development phase is tested before moving further down the V, and development and testing phases occur in parallel. The benefits of the V-model include preventing faults, avoiding downward flow of defects, lower rework costs, improved quality and risk management.
Software engineering 4 critical analysis of waterfall modelVaibhav Khanna
The document describes the waterfall model, which involves sequential phases from requirements analysis through coding, testing, and maintenance. It notes advantages like simplicity and clear milestones, but also drawbacks like lack of feedback and difficulty accommodating changes given the sequential nature of moving from one phase to the next without overlap.
The document discusses software maintenance. It defines software maintenance as modifying a software system or component after delivery to correct faults, improve performance, or adapt to changed environments. The document outlines the main issues with software maintenance, including why it is such a costly activity. It also discusses the different types of maintenance activities like corrective, adaptive, preventive, and perfective maintenance and provides an overview of different software maintenance models.
The document describes the software testing life cycle (STLC) and the V-model, two common approaches to software development and testing. The STLC consists of six phases from test planning to post implementation. It includes activities like test case development, testing, bug fixing, and process evaluation. The V-model mirrors development phases on the left side with corresponding testing phases on the right. It depicts the relationships between development and testing activities at each phase.
The document discusses the V-model of the system development life cycle (SDLC). It begins by defining the SDLC as a structured process or framework for developing software. It then describes the key phases of the V-model - requirements analysis, design, implementation, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Each phase in the development process (left side of the V) has a corresponding testing phase (right side of the V) to validate the work. The V-model aims to ensure quality at each stage and prevent defects from propagating through the lifecycle.
The document discusses testing throughout the software development life cycle. It describes different types of testing including verification testing, validation testing, component testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing, functional testing, non-functional testing, structural testing, and regression testing. Testing is important at various stages of the life cycle from initial development to maintenance to ensure the software meets requirements and user needs.
The V-Model is a software development lifecycle model where development and testing occur in sequential and inverse phases resembling the shape of a V. It is called the V-Model because the process looks like the letter V, with validation on the left side and verification on the right. The key phases include requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The V-Model allows testing to start early and to be conducted at each phase, in parallel with development. It is simple to understand but works best for smaller, well-defined projects where requirements are stable.
The document provides an overview of software cost estimation, outlining various methods used including algorithmic models like COCOMO, expert judgement, top-down and bottom-up approaches, and estimation by analogy. It discusses COCOMO in detail, including the original COCOMO 81 model and updated COCOMO II model, and emphasizes the importance of calibration for accurate estimates.
This document provides an overview of the V-model, a software development lifecycle model. It describes the key phases of requirements, high-level design, low-level design, implementation, and coding. Testing occurs in parallel with each development phase. The V-model is best for projects with clearly defined requirements and available technical expertise. It allows for testing to begin earlier compared to waterfall. However, it is rigid and changes require updating documentation.
The document discusses software maintenance and related topics. It defines software maintenance as modifying software after delivery to fix faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. The key factors that influence maintenance are software quality, anticipating needed changes, and meeting user needs. Common maintenance activities include identifying issues, analyzing solutions, designing fixes, implementing changes, testing, and deploying updates. Maintenance is a significant cost, estimated at 67% of total software costs over the lifetime.
The V-Model is a software development model that depicts the relationships between system requirements, design, and testing. It emphasizes testing at each development stage with testing occurring in reverse order that modules are developed (top-down). The V-Model includes requirements analysis and system design at the beginning, followed by module design, integration, validation, and operation. Each stage establishes entry and exit criteria and is tested in turn before proceeding to the next stage. Benefits include reduced faults, improved quality, and validation at each stage, while disadvantages include high costs and rigidity.
Maintenance involves keeping software or assets in working condition. There are four main types of maintenance: corrective, adaptive, preventive, and perfective. Maintenance is needed to fix problems, adapt to new environments, prevent issues, and improve performance. While necessary, maintenance is costly due to the work required to modify existing software. Efforts like designing for change and documentation can help reduce these costs. Overall, maintenance plays a critical role in maximizing the usefulness of software over its lifetime.
The document discusses the systems development life cycle (SDLC), which includes investigation, analysis, design, development, implementation, maintenance, and retirement phases. It describes key activities in each phase, such as defining problems, producing feasibility studies, gathering requirements, designing user interfaces and databases, testing systems, implementing new systems, maintaining systems over their lifetimes, and eventually retiring systems. The overall goal of the SDLC is to investigate problems, design system solutions, develop and test systems, implement them, and maintain them until they need to be replaced.
Information System (IS) is a collection of components that work together to provide information to help in the operations and management of an organization.
The document discusses systems analysis and design (SAD), which refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures and methods. SAD involves defining problems, requirements, and specifications, as well as designing solutions and implementations. It discusses the various phases of system development like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It also describes different approaches to system development like process-oriented, object-oriented, and data-oriented. Finally, it discusses different system development life cycle (SDLC) models like waterfall, spiral, and agile models.
The system development life cycle is a framework consisting of several stages used to develop information systems and software. It includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. The key stages are system analysis and design. The stages include recognition of needs, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. Each stage addresses important questions and lays the foundation for successful completion of subsequent stages.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which consists of several phases for developing software projects. It includes recognition of need, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. In the analysis phase, tools are used to obtain an in-depth understanding of business needs. The design phase defines the final system and technical specifications. Testing verifies that requirements are met and defects are fixed before software is delivered to customers.
The document discusses the systems development life cycle, which involves feasibility studies, requirements analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It describes the traditional waterfall model as a sequential process and notes some limitations. Prototyping is presented as an alternative approach that allows for iterative refinement of requirements and design.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
The information systems lifecycle involves several steps:
1) A feasibility study determines if a new system is technically, economically, and operationally feasible to address issues with the current system.
2) Requirements analysis involves interviewing staff, examining documents, and observing current procedures to understand system needs.
3) System design determines the hardware, software, inputs, outputs, and user interface for the new system.
4) Implementation includes coding, testing, acquiring equipment, installing the new system, training users, and converting data.
The V-model is a software development lifecycle model where each phase of the development process is validated by an equivalent phase of testing. It emphasizes testing at each development stage. In the V-model, testing begins during the requirements analysis phase, and each subsequent development phase is tested before moving further down the V, and development and testing phases occur in parallel. The benefits of the V-model include preventing faults, avoiding downward flow of defects, lower rework costs, improved quality and risk management.
Software engineering 4 critical analysis of waterfall modelVaibhav Khanna
The document describes the waterfall model, which involves sequential phases from requirements analysis through coding, testing, and maintenance. It notes advantages like simplicity and clear milestones, but also drawbacks like lack of feedback and difficulty accommodating changes given the sequential nature of moving from one phase to the next without overlap.
The document discusses software maintenance. It defines software maintenance as modifying a software system or component after delivery to correct faults, improve performance, or adapt to changed environments. The document outlines the main issues with software maintenance, including why it is such a costly activity. It also discusses the different types of maintenance activities like corrective, adaptive, preventive, and perfective maintenance and provides an overview of different software maintenance models.
The document describes the software testing life cycle (STLC) and the V-model, two common approaches to software development and testing. The STLC consists of six phases from test planning to post implementation. It includes activities like test case development, testing, bug fixing, and process evaluation. The V-model mirrors development phases on the left side with corresponding testing phases on the right. It depicts the relationships between development and testing activities at each phase.
The document discusses the V-model of the system development life cycle (SDLC). It begins by defining the SDLC as a structured process or framework for developing software. It then describes the key phases of the V-model - requirements analysis, design, implementation, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Each phase in the development process (left side of the V) has a corresponding testing phase (right side of the V) to validate the work. The V-model aims to ensure quality at each stage and prevent defects from propagating through the lifecycle.
The document discusses testing throughout the software development life cycle. It describes different types of testing including verification testing, validation testing, component testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing, functional testing, non-functional testing, structural testing, and regression testing. Testing is important at various stages of the life cycle from initial development to maintenance to ensure the software meets requirements and user needs.
The V-Model is a software development lifecycle model where development and testing occur in sequential and inverse phases resembling the shape of a V. It is called the V-Model because the process looks like the letter V, with validation on the left side and verification on the right. The key phases include requirements analysis, design, coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The V-Model allows testing to start early and to be conducted at each phase, in parallel with development. It is simple to understand but works best for smaller, well-defined projects where requirements are stable.
The document provides an overview of software cost estimation, outlining various methods used including algorithmic models like COCOMO, expert judgement, top-down and bottom-up approaches, and estimation by analogy. It discusses COCOMO in detail, including the original COCOMO 81 model and updated COCOMO II model, and emphasizes the importance of calibration for accurate estimates.
This document provides an overview of the V-model, a software development lifecycle model. It describes the key phases of requirements, high-level design, low-level design, implementation, and coding. Testing occurs in parallel with each development phase. The V-model is best for projects with clearly defined requirements and available technical expertise. It allows for testing to begin earlier compared to waterfall. However, it is rigid and changes require updating documentation.
The document discusses software maintenance and related topics. It defines software maintenance as modifying software after delivery to fix faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. The key factors that influence maintenance are software quality, anticipating needed changes, and meeting user needs. Common maintenance activities include identifying issues, analyzing solutions, designing fixes, implementing changes, testing, and deploying updates. Maintenance is a significant cost, estimated at 67% of total software costs over the lifetime.
The V-Model is a software development model that depicts the relationships between system requirements, design, and testing. It emphasizes testing at each development stage with testing occurring in reverse order that modules are developed (top-down). The V-Model includes requirements analysis and system design at the beginning, followed by module design, integration, validation, and operation. Each stage establishes entry and exit criteria and is tested in turn before proceeding to the next stage. Benefits include reduced faults, improved quality, and validation at each stage, while disadvantages include high costs and rigidity.
Maintenance involves keeping software or assets in working condition. There are four main types of maintenance: corrective, adaptive, preventive, and perfective. Maintenance is needed to fix problems, adapt to new environments, prevent issues, and improve performance. While necessary, maintenance is costly due to the work required to modify existing software. Efforts like designing for change and documentation can help reduce these costs. Overall, maintenance plays a critical role in maximizing the usefulness of software over its lifetime.
The document discusses the systems development life cycle (SDLC), which includes investigation, analysis, design, development, implementation, maintenance, and retirement phases. It describes key activities in each phase, such as defining problems, producing feasibility studies, gathering requirements, designing user interfaces and databases, testing systems, implementing new systems, maintaining systems over their lifetimes, and eventually retiring systems. The overall goal of the SDLC is to investigate problems, design system solutions, develop and test systems, implement them, and maintain them until they need to be replaced.
Information System (IS) is a collection of components that work together to provide information to help in the operations and management of an organization.
The document discusses systems analysis and design (SAD), which refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures and methods. SAD involves defining problems, requirements, and specifications, as well as designing solutions and implementations. It discusses the various phases of system development like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It also describes different approaches to system development like process-oriented, object-oriented, and data-oriented. Finally, it discusses different system development life cycle (SDLC) models like waterfall, spiral, and agile models.
The document discusses different systems development life cycles (SDLC) including the traditional SDLC model and alternatives like prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), and Joint Application Development (JAD). The traditional SDLC model involves phases like requirements definition, feasibility study, systems analysis, systems design, implementation, and maintenance. However, it has some limitations that newer approaches aim to address, focusing more on user involvement, flexibility, and rapid iterations.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which consists of 6 phases: 1) recognition of need, 2) feasibility study, 3) analysis, 4) design, 5) implementation, and 6) post-implementation and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, including that analysis involves defining system boundaries and collecting data, design determines how the problem will be solved through technical specifications, and implementation includes user training, testing, and file conversion. The overall SDLC process gives a system project meaning and direction by thoroughly understanding user needs from recognition through ongoing maintenance.
Information System Acquisition & Lifecycle: system acquisition process, phases: Initiation, Planning, Procurement, System Development, System Implementation, Maintenance & Operations, and Closeout. development models.
The document outlines the key steps in creating a functional testing strategy:
1. Understanding system requirements to identify business processes, data, and security needs.
2. Identifying test scenarios to describe specific business processes to test.
3. Defining test objectives to ensure the system's functionality, data accuracy, and security.
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) describes the stages involved in developing and maintaining information systems. It began in the 1960s-1970s as the first documented approach. The SDLC involves planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance stages. There are different terminology used to describe the phases, but the same core activities are performed. Methodologies like prototyping, rapid application development, and agile methods have evolved to allow for more iterative development approaches compared to traditional waterfall models.
The document discusses the stages of the system development life cycle (SDLC), including feasibility studies, system analysis, systems design, development, implementation, and maintenance. It provides details on the objectives and processes involved in each stage, such as defining requirements, designing system components, acquiring or developing software, testing the system, training users, and periodically evaluating systems once implemented.
The document describes the six phases of the systems development life cycle: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) systems analysis, 3) systems design, 4) systems development, 5) systems implementation, and 6) systems maintenance. Each phase involves specific activities like gathering requirements, designing system components, developing and acquiring software/hardware, testing, training users, and ongoing maintenance. Traceability matrices are used to map requirements to designs and validate that the life cycle process is followed.
The document provides an overview of different software development methodologies and how testing fits within each. It discusses the waterfall model, incremental/iterative development model, and prototyping model. It then focuses on test-driven development, describing the steps of writing a test first, seeing it fail, making the code pass the test, and refactoring code as needed.
This document discusses various process models for software engineering:
- The waterfall model defines sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It is inflexible to change.
- Iterative models allow repetition of phases to incrementally develop software. The incremental model delivers functionality in increments.
- Evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral development use iterative evaluation and refinement of prototypes to evolve requirements and manage risk.
- Other models include component-based development, formal methods, aspect-oriented development, and the Unified Process with iterative development of use cases. Personal and team software processes focus on self-directed teams, planning, metrics, and process improvement.
The document discusses various aspects of software processes and life cycles. It describes three types of reusable software components: web services, object collections, and stand-alone systems. It also outlines common phases in a software life cycle like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Incremental delivery approaches are discussed where early increments are delivered to customers.
The document discusses various aspects of software processes and life cycles. It describes three types of reusable software components: web services, object collections, and stand-alone systems. It also outlines common phases in a software life cycle like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Incremental delivery approaches are discussed where early increments are delivered to customers.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, operations, and maintenance. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC process - preliminary investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, software development, system testing, implementation and evaluation, and maintenance. The waterfall model is presented as a common SDLC approach, with its sequential phases of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
System Development Life Cycle & Implementation of MISGeorge V James
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) and implementation of management information systems (MIS). It describes the six main stages of the SDLC as investigation, analysis, design, development, implementation, and maintenance. For MIS implementation, it lists four methods: installing a new system, cutting over from an old system, cutting over in segments, or operating systems in parallel before cutting over. It then provides 14 steps for MIS implementation, including planning, acquiring hardware/software, testing, training users, and providing ongoing system maintenance.
Online auction system is web based application, in which the seller can sell the goods by sitting in his own house ,so the main advantage of this application is that there is no more system compatibility requirement problem. The main advantage of the online auction system is that the user can have the better choices for their investment and also it is time saving , and through this system user can invest in their own selected firm.
Here are the DFD diagrams for the Online Auction System:
Level 0 (Context Level) DFD:
Online Auction System (Context Diagram)
Seller - Post Product Details
Buyer - View Auction Updates, Search Products, View Products
Level 1 DFD:
Online Auction System
Seller
- Post Product
- Product Details
Buyer
- Search Products
- View Products Details
Administrator
- Manage Products
- Manage Users
Database
- Product Details
- User Details
This shows the basic data flows in and out of the overall Online Auction System at a high level (Level 0) and then breaks it down further
This document discusses different process models used in software development. It describes the key phases and characteristics of several common process models including waterfall, prototyping, V-model, incremental, iterative, spiral and agile development models. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier. The V-model adds verification and validation phases. Incremental and iterative models divide the work into smaller chunks to allow for iteration and user feedback throughout development.
Similar to Systems Development Lifecycle Walkthrough (Cambridge Technical Level 3 IT) (20)
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L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023SPATPortToamasina
Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
L'objectif de l'ICPP est d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration qui peuvent en fin de compte bénéficier à toutes les parties concernées, des compagnies maritimes aux gouvernements nationaux en passant par les consommateurs. Il est conçu pour servir de point de référence aux principaux acteurs de l'économie mondiale, notamment les autorités et les opérateurs portuaires, les gouvernements nationaux, les organisations supranationales, les agences de développement, les divers intérêts maritimes et d'autres acteurs publics et privés du commerce, de la logistique et des services de la chaîne d'approvisionnement.
Le développement de l'ICPP repose sur le temps total passé par les porte-conteneurs dans les ports, de la manière expliquée dans les sections suivantes du rapport, et comme dans les itérations précédentes de l'ICPP. Cette quatrième itération utilise des données pour l'année civile complète 2023. Elle poursuit le changement introduit l'année dernière en n'incluant que les ports qui ont eu un minimum de 24 escales valides au cours de la période de 12 mois de l'étude. Le nombre de ports inclus dans l'ICPP 2023 est de 405.
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Vision and Goals: The primary aim of the 1st Defence Tech Meetup is to create a Defence Tech cluster in Portugal, bringing together key technology and defence players, accelerating Defence Tech startups, and making Portugal an attractive hub for innovation in this sector.
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Innovation and Defence Linkage: Emphasis on the historical linkage between innovation and defence, citing examples like the military genesis of Silicon Valley and the Cold War's technological dividends that fueled the digital economy, highlighting the potential for similar growth in Portugal.
Proposals for Growth: Recommendations include promoting dual-use technologies and open innovation, streamlining procurement processes, supporting and financing new ICT/BTID companies, and creating a Defence Startup Accelerator to spur innovation and economic growth.
Current and Future Technologies: Discussion on emerging defence technologies such as drone warfare, advancements in AI, and new military applications, along with the importance of integrating these innovations to enhance Portugal's defence capabilities and economic resilience.
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Leading the Development of Profitable and Sustainable ProductsAggregage
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While growth of software-enabled solutions generates momentum, growth alone is not enough to ensure sustainability. The probability of success dramatically improves with early planning for profitability. A sustainable business model contains a system of interrelated choices made not once but over time.
Join this webinar for an iterative approach to ensuring solution, economic and relationship sustainability. We’ll explore how to shift from ambiguous descriptions of value to economic modeling of customer benefits to identify value exchange choices that enable a profitable pricing model. You’ll receive a template to apply for your solution and opportunity to receive the Software Profit Streams™ book.
Takeaways:
• Learn how to increase profits, enhance customer satisfaction, and create sustainable business models by selecting effective pricing and licensing strategies.
• Discover how to design and evolve profit streams over time, focusing on solution sustainability, economic sustainability, and relationship sustainability.
• Explore how to create more sustainable solutions, manage in-licenses, comply with regulations, and develop strong customer relationships through ethical and responsible practices.
Empowering Excellence Gala Night/Education awareness Dubaiibedark
The primary goal is to raise funds for our cause, which is to help support educational programs for underprivileged children in Dubai. The gala also aims to increase awareness of our mission and foster a sense of community among attendees
2. Feasibility study
Financial aspects – cost/benefit analysis (benefits of creating the system
compared with the amount of £ it will need)
Business aspects – assessing operational impacts and the resources
within the organisation (how the business will be affected and if new
equipment, staff or structures will be needed).
Technical aspects – what the technological requirements of the new
system would be and if this would need to be implemented or if it
already exists.
Outcomes – should be determined whether the information system can
be developed successfully within constraints.
3. Requirements analysis
Investigation into how the information and processes are currently gathered
and performed against what is needed by clients and end users of a new
system.
Analysis of the information and decision made about the final requirements
that will be presented to the end user. They should be sensible, achievable and
affordable, and identify those that are essential and those not possible due to
constraints.
Once all necessary changes made and agreed, they will be signed off.
A plan or structure should be in place to monitor these throughout the life
cycle of the information system.
4. System design
Processes, inputs, outputs and data are identified and designed.
- e.g. data flow diagrams
Virtualisation can be used to consider:
- The capacity required to store the data needed
- The performance of the system and how fast it should respond at
appropriate times
- The throughput of the system, so considering how many transactions it
will need to deal with in a set period of time.
The completed design is presented to the client and any changes are
discussed.
5. Software development
After the client has agreed to the design, a solution can be created.
The agreed design and the functional and non-functional requirements
are followed during this development.
6. Testing of the software
Testing takes place not just after the software is complete, but also
during it’s development so that drawbacks can be identified and
improved.
This can be done with unit testing or integration testing.
7. Systems testing
It is tested against the functional and non-functional requirements of
the business set out in the requirements analysis, to make sure it has
met the agreed requirements.
It is then tested by or with the target users as part of the acceptance
testing.
The client can suggest amendments or accept the software, ready for
implementation.
8. Implementation
Pilot – the system is implemented in one element, section or part of the
business and thoroughly tested before being implemented in a second area so
that problems are corrected before it moves forward.
Phased – part of the system is implemented throughout the business. When
this is successful and problems have been corrected, a second part comes in.
Direct – the whole system is implemented in every part of the business at the
same time.
Parallel – the new system is implemented alongside the old system until any
problems have been removed.
9. Different lifecycles examples
Linear – Follow stages in a series of steps, moving through
the stages one at a time in a set order.
Evolutionary – Builds upon what has been created
previously, an iterative process until a final solution is
developed.
Agile – System is worked on, changed and improved in an
iterative process; does not follow designated lifecycle stages,
but adapts to the situation.
10. Linear
Waterfall model
Stages are followed in order
An allowance to move back to the previous stage if needed
When developer is ready to continue, phases followed in
order again.
11. Evolutionary
Iterative
One part of the system is worked on following lifecycle
stages
Stages repeated with additional elements added in each
repeated cycle.
12. Agile
Agile unified process
Uses modelling and test driven development to produce the system
Follows four stages:
1. Inception – like requirements analysis phase but looks at an initial design for the system
2. Elaboration – developers work on producing the foundations of the system
3. Construction – developers work on developing the software
4. Transition – system is tested and implemented.
Software developed as models
The smaller versions build upon the previous ones and are implemented in stages.
13. Comparing and contrasting
Linear Evolutionary Agile
Stages followed in
order
Yes Yes No
Iterative No Yes Yes
Uses modelling No No Yes
Go back on
previous stage
Yes Yes Yes
14. Situations
Linear lifecycles (such as the waterfall model) are likely to be used in projects
initiated from a request for proposals and the customer has clear documented
requirements. This is because it can help to plan and schedule the project.
Evolutionary lifecycles (such as iterative) are used in large systems in which small
phases or segments are built in. This is because the developers can start off with a
budget module and move on to more advanced ones later.
Agile models can be used when the customer needs to have a functional
requirement ready in a short time frame and their requirements are unclear. This is
because it allows for more workable pieces of software to be created early on.
Editor's Notes
There are a number of different development cycles that may be used to create an information system, but these phases are the ones used most commonly, whether this be formally or informally.
This is always the first step, as it determines if it is possible to create a system. It should consider:
Once an information system has been determined to be feasible, the requirements need to be gathered and agreed by the business and potential end users. This would be done by:
Once the requirements analysis has been agreed with the client, the information system can be designed.
This is when the software development can begin.
The software must be tested throughout the entire creation process.
But once it has passed these tests, it still needs to be tested against the system.
When it is deemed to be completed, it can finally be implemented into the business; how this is done will vary depending on the environments but could be any of these methods:
The components of the system’s development can be followed in a variety of different lifecycles. These are grouped into 3 different types:
An example of a linear development lifecycle is
An example of an evolutionary development is
An example of an agile lifecycle is
These 3 types have some similarities and differences which I have displayed in this table.
There are a huge amount of situations in which these lifecycles could be used, but these are some general examples of where they would be used and why.
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