The document discusses systems analysis and design (SAD), which refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures and methods. SAD involves defining problems, requirements, and specifications, as well as designing solutions and implementations. It discusses the various phases of system development like planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It also describes different approaches to system development like process-oriented, object-oriented, and data-oriented. Finally, it discusses different system development life cycle (SDLC) models like waterfall, spiral, and agile models.
Introduction to management information systemOnline
ย
The document provides an overview of management information systems and discusses key concepts. It introduces the objectives of studying information systems which include distinguishing data from information and identifying the basic types of business information systems. The document also outlines the lecture which covers information concepts, a business perspective on information, characteristics of valuable information, systems performance standards, manual versus computerized systems, and the positive and negative impacts of information systems.
Project management is an important skill for system analysts. There are four main phases to managing an information system project: initiation, planning, execution, and close-down. In the initiation phase, the project team is established and the scope and objectives are defined. In planning, the work is broken down into tasks, resources are estimated, and schedules and budgets are created. Execution involves implementing the plan and managing changes. Close-down concludes the project with reviews and closing out contracts. Techniques like Gantt charts, PERT diagrams, and project management software help system analysts schedule and track project activities.
The Rapid Application Development (RAD) model is an incremental software development approach where components are developed in parallel like mini-projects. It focuses on quickly delivering a working prototype to users for early feedback. The RAD process involves requirements planning, user design, construction, and cutover stages. It is best for modularized systems that need to be created quickly within 2-3 months when high-skilled designers and adequate budget are available for modeling and code generation. Key benefits are reduced time-to-market and early user reviews, while high dependency on modeling skills is a disadvantage.
The document discusses system analysis and planning. It explains that system analysis involves gathering details and analyzing a problem prior to design and implementation. This includes planning and initial investigation, information gathering, and tools for structured analysis. It also discusses feasibility studies and cost-benefit analysis. The initial investigation phase determines if a requested change has potential merit. This involves defining the problem, background analysis, fact-finding, fact analysis, and determining feasibility. The goal is to understand user needs and decide if changes should be made to an existing system or a new system built.
The document outlines a hospital management system project that includes maintaining patient details, prescriptions, tests, and billing. It describes the scope of the project, stakeholders like patients, doctors, and staff. It discusses the feasibility of the system in terms of technical capabilities, scalability, and flexibility. Diagrams show the database, pharmaceutical activities, and remote doctor consultations. The presentation concludes with screenshots of the billing and payment system and thanks the audience.
Rapid application development (RAD) aims to develop software quickly through a model with phases like business modeling, data modeling, process modeling, application generation, and testing. Business modeling defines information flow. Data modeling refines information into entities and attributes. Process modeling transforms data objects to support business functions. Automated tools help build the software. Testing reduces risk through component reuse and interface exercises. RAD requires tools like case tools, data dictionaries, storyboards, and risk registers. Advantages include quick reviews, isolation of problems, and flexibility, while disadvantages are lack of planning and need for skilled developers.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It describes the systems development life cycle as having four phases - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. It then explains six major systems development methodologies: waterfall, parallel development, phased development, prototyping, design prototyping, and agile development. Finally, it lists five common team roles in systems development: business analyst, systems analyst, infrastructure analyst, change management analyst, and project manager.
Hospital Management System (HMS) is a complete hospital suite serving all functional areas of the hospital.
Each of the department's work processes are in together with the system's business process.
It is user friendly software.
It covers complete cycle from Appointment, Patient Registration, Patient History, Patient Case, and Doctor.
Introduction to management information systemOnline
ย
The document provides an overview of management information systems and discusses key concepts. It introduces the objectives of studying information systems which include distinguishing data from information and identifying the basic types of business information systems. The document also outlines the lecture which covers information concepts, a business perspective on information, characteristics of valuable information, systems performance standards, manual versus computerized systems, and the positive and negative impacts of information systems.
Project management is an important skill for system analysts. There are four main phases to managing an information system project: initiation, planning, execution, and close-down. In the initiation phase, the project team is established and the scope and objectives are defined. In planning, the work is broken down into tasks, resources are estimated, and schedules and budgets are created. Execution involves implementing the plan and managing changes. Close-down concludes the project with reviews and closing out contracts. Techniques like Gantt charts, PERT diagrams, and project management software help system analysts schedule and track project activities.
The Rapid Application Development (RAD) model is an incremental software development approach where components are developed in parallel like mini-projects. It focuses on quickly delivering a working prototype to users for early feedback. The RAD process involves requirements planning, user design, construction, and cutover stages. It is best for modularized systems that need to be created quickly within 2-3 months when high-skilled designers and adequate budget are available for modeling and code generation. Key benefits are reduced time-to-market and early user reviews, while high dependency on modeling skills is a disadvantage.
The document discusses system analysis and planning. It explains that system analysis involves gathering details and analyzing a problem prior to design and implementation. This includes planning and initial investigation, information gathering, and tools for structured analysis. It also discusses feasibility studies and cost-benefit analysis. The initial investigation phase determines if a requested change has potential merit. This involves defining the problem, background analysis, fact-finding, fact analysis, and determining feasibility. The goal is to understand user needs and decide if changes should be made to an existing system or a new system built.
The document outlines a hospital management system project that includes maintaining patient details, prescriptions, tests, and billing. It describes the scope of the project, stakeholders like patients, doctors, and staff. It discusses the feasibility of the system in terms of technical capabilities, scalability, and flexibility. Diagrams show the database, pharmaceutical activities, and remote doctor consultations. The presentation concludes with screenshots of the billing and payment system and thanks the audience.
Rapid application development (RAD) aims to develop software quickly through a model with phases like business modeling, data modeling, process modeling, application generation, and testing. Business modeling defines information flow. Data modeling refines information into entities and attributes. Process modeling transforms data objects to support business functions. Automated tools help build the software. Testing reduces risk through component reuse and interface exercises. RAD requires tools like case tools, data dictionaries, storyboards, and risk registers. Advantages include quick reviews, isolation of problems, and flexibility, while disadvantages are lack of planning and need for skilled developers.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It describes the systems development life cycle as having four phases - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. It then explains six major systems development methodologies: waterfall, parallel development, phased development, prototyping, design prototyping, and agile development. Finally, it lists five common team roles in systems development: business analyst, systems analyst, infrastructure analyst, change management analyst, and project manager.
Hospital Management System (HMS) is a complete hospital suite serving all functional areas of the hospital.
Each of the department's work processes are in together with the system's business process.
It is user friendly software.
It covers complete cycle from Appointment, Patient Registration, Patient History, Patient Case, and Doctor.
The document describes the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), a conceptual model used in project management that involves four main phases - planning, analysis, design, and implementation - to develop an information system in a systematic way. It ensures all relevant stakeholders and information are included and no elements or people are left out. The SDLC follows a systematic process from planning the project, analyzing requirements, designing the system, implementing the system, and then maintaining the system once complete.
This document provides an overview of an e-Hospital project that aims to automate hospital activities. The key points are:
- The project will integrate the hospital management system (HMS) with the government's online registration system portal. This will allow for online patient registration, appointments, billing, staff management, and more.
- The system is being developed as part of India's Digital India initiative to connect hospitals across the country. Patients will be able to use their Aadhaar ID to register online and access services at any government hospital.
- The project manager is responsible for defining the scope, creating schedules, estimating costs, setting goals, managing time and budgets, and overseeing implementation and monitoring.
Just tried to make a project proposal of my "Hospital Management Project". It may have errors.I have taken help from some source.It will be pleasure to me this proposal it helps someone.
A transaction processing system (TPS) collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves business transaction data. TPS are designed to efficiently process high volumes of routine transactions like reservations, payments, and account processing. Transactions represent business activities like orders, payments, and invoices. Early systems like SABRE processed thousands of transactions daily. For a system to qualify as a TPS, transactions must pass the ACID test ensuring atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. Key features of TPS include rapid response, continuous availability, data integrity, and ease of use.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a database systems textbook. It introduces the major parts of the book, including relational databases, database design, data storage and querying, transaction management, and database architectures. Each chapter is briefly described to give the reader an understanding of what concepts will be discussed in more depth throughout the textbook.
The Unified Process (UP) is a popular iterative software development framework that uses use cases, architecture-centric design, and the Unified Modeling Language. It originated from Jacobson's Objectory process in the 1980s and was further developed by Rational Software into the Rational Unified Process. The UP consists of four phases - inception, elaboration, construction, and transition - and emphasizes iterative development, architectural drivers, and risk-managed delivery.
Supportive services in hospitals such as medical gases, HVAC, housekeeping, CSSD, food and beverages play important backup roles to clinical staff. They maintain germ-free environments, supply necessary materials and equipment, and provide nutritious food, all of which support patient recovery and satisfaction. Proper planning and efficient management of these services are essential for hospitals to run smoothly and provide high quality care.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
The document provides information about database management systems. It defines a DBMS as software that allows storage, retrieval, modification and deletion of data from a database. It then discusses different types of DBMS like hierarchical, network, relational, flat file and object oriented. Examples of popular DBMS are also listed including SQL, Oracle, FoxPro, MS Access and MySQL. Key advantages of DBMS are efficient data storage, security, concurrent access and integrity maintenance.
Design and Implementation of Hospital Management System Using JavaIOSR Journals
ย
This document describes the design and implementation of a Hospital Management System (HMS) using Java. The HMS was developed to address challenges with manual hospital management processes and provide benefits like streamlined operations and enhanced patient care. It includes modules for patient management, services management, appointments, the pharmacy, admissions and accounting. The system uses a database to store patient and medical records and allows users to view records, diagnoses and drug prescriptions. Test results showed the HMS met user requirements and provided functionality like registering patients, viewing inpatient data and the drug database. It was concluded the HMS can help hospitals enhance patient care and increase organizational profitability by improving operational control and streamlining processes.
analysis and design of information systemRenu Sharma
ย
Information systems analysis and design involves developing and maintaining computer-based information systems through a system development life cycle (SDLC) with phases like planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. Analysis involves breaking down a system to understand its components and functionality, while design creates a blueprint for how the system will be developed based on requirements. Key concepts in analysis and design include requirement analysis, abstraction, refinement, modularity, and tools like data flow diagrams and data dictionaries.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which describes the stages of an information system development project. It outlines the typical stages: recognition of need, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation, maintenance, and prototyping. The feasibility study assesses the economic, technical, and behavioral factors. Analysis involves gathering requirements through tools like interviews and documentation. Design defines technical specifications and system flow. Implementation deploys the system. Prototyping allows refining the system through iterative testing and user feedback before final implementation.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) as a systematic method for organizations to implement change through new technologies. It describes the four phases of SDLC - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. The planning phase involves feasibility studies to understand economic, organizational, and technical factors. The analysis phase breaks down the problem and gathers stakeholder requirements. The design phase decides if the system will be internal or outsourced. The implementation phase builds, tests, trains users on, and evaluates the new system. SDLC provides a systematic strategy for large development projects involving many stakeholders.
The Spiral Model is an iterative software development process that is used for large, complex projects where requirements are not fully known. It consists of loops called phases that each have four quadrants - identification, design, construction, and evaluation. This allows for risk analysis, prototyping, customer evaluation and feedback at each phase of development. The Spiral Model supports risk handling, changing requirements, and customer involvement throughout the life cycle, making it well-suited for complex projects, though it is more complex and expensive than other models.
Project management and information technology contextDhani Ahmad
ย
This chapter discusses the context in which IT projects operate, including:
- A systems view of project management that considers organizational, technological, and business factors.
- Organizational structures like functional, project, and matrix that influence how projects are run.
- The importance of organizational culture and stakeholder management for a project's success.
- The concept of project phases and life cycles, and how development projects differ from product development.
- How standards, governance, and senior management commitment are critical to supporting IT projects.
A transaction processing system (TPS) collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data about business transactions. It must pass the ACID test, ensuring atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability of transactions. There are two types - batch processing, where data is collected and processed periodically, and real-time processing, where data is processed immediately. The transaction processing cycle involves data entry, processing transactions, maintaining databases, generating documents and reports, and allowing for inquiries. The overall purpose is to keep records of the organization, process transactions that affect those records, and produce reports.
The document describes a hospital management system software. It provides summaries of key modules including appointment scheduling, billing, doctors, expenses, hospital administration, laboratories, operations, patients, and pharmacy. The system aims to digitize and integrate all aspects of hospital management and patient care on a single software platform. It offers features like online and offline use, prescription generation, SMS alerts, and barcode patient ID cards.
The Hospital is an Institute which provides to people best health services.
That Provides Facility for hospitalization.
The patient is admitted in hospital with the exception that he or she will be in the
hospital for more Than 24 hours.
The Patient is assigned a room /bed.
The Hospital Provide Medical care.
System analysis and design logical designGirdharRatne
ย
when development of systems takes place then we thought about the designing of the system in two phases one is Front-end and another one is Back-end.
Physical Design is the real implementation of your system but the logical design gives you the way to understand the systems data flow and the conceptual things.
Structured Vs, Object Oriented Analysis and DesignMotaz Saad
ย
This document discusses structured vs object-oriented analysis and design (SAD vs OOAD) for software development. It outlines the phases and modeling techniques used in SAD like data flow diagrams, decision tables, and entity relationship diagrams. It also outlines the phases and modeling techniques used in OOAD like use cases, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. The document compares key differences between SAD and OOAD, discusses textbooks on software engineering and UML, and references papers on using UML in practice and evaluating the impact and costs/benefits of UML in software maintenance.
SDLC Apresentaรงรฃo - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
ย
The document discusses the software development lifecycle (SDLC) process. It describes the traditional five phases of the SDLC and how it has evolved to seven phases. Each phase is explained in detail, including planning, analysis, design, development, integration and testing, implementation, and operations and maintenance. Different SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, and agile are also summarized. The agile manifesto and scrum framework are introduced as part of the agile methodology. Key terms related to SDLC documentation are defined in a glossary.
The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes stages in developing an information system project. It includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance phases. During planning and analysis, requirements are defined and the system is evaluated. In design, options are considered and blueprints are developed. Implementation involves completing tasks such as testing. Maintenance provides ongoing support and improvements. The SDLC provides an organized process to develop systems efficiently and meet user needs.
The document describes the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), a conceptual model used in project management that involves four main phases - planning, analysis, design, and implementation - to develop an information system in a systematic way. It ensures all relevant stakeholders and information are included and no elements or people are left out. The SDLC follows a systematic process from planning the project, analyzing requirements, designing the system, implementing the system, and then maintaining the system once complete.
This document provides an overview of an e-Hospital project that aims to automate hospital activities. The key points are:
- The project will integrate the hospital management system (HMS) with the government's online registration system portal. This will allow for online patient registration, appointments, billing, staff management, and more.
- The system is being developed as part of India's Digital India initiative to connect hospitals across the country. Patients will be able to use their Aadhaar ID to register online and access services at any government hospital.
- The project manager is responsible for defining the scope, creating schedules, estimating costs, setting goals, managing time and budgets, and overseeing implementation and monitoring.
Just tried to make a project proposal of my "Hospital Management Project". It may have errors.I have taken help from some source.It will be pleasure to me this proposal it helps someone.
A transaction processing system (TPS) collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves business transaction data. TPS are designed to efficiently process high volumes of routine transactions like reservations, payments, and account processing. Transactions represent business activities like orders, payments, and invoices. Early systems like SABRE processed thousands of transactions daily. For a system to qualify as a TPS, transactions must pass the ACID test ensuring atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. Key features of TPS include rapid response, continuous availability, data integrity, and ease of use.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a database systems textbook. It introduces the major parts of the book, including relational databases, database design, data storage and querying, transaction management, and database architectures. Each chapter is briefly described to give the reader an understanding of what concepts will be discussed in more depth throughout the textbook.
The Unified Process (UP) is a popular iterative software development framework that uses use cases, architecture-centric design, and the Unified Modeling Language. It originated from Jacobson's Objectory process in the 1980s and was further developed by Rational Software into the Rational Unified Process. The UP consists of four phases - inception, elaboration, construction, and transition - and emphasizes iterative development, architectural drivers, and risk-managed delivery.
Supportive services in hospitals such as medical gases, HVAC, housekeeping, CSSD, food and beverages play important backup roles to clinical staff. They maintain germ-free environments, supply necessary materials and equipment, and provide nutritious food, all of which support patient recovery and satisfaction. Proper planning and efficient management of these services are essential for hospitals to run smoothly and provide high quality care.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
The document provides information about database management systems. It defines a DBMS as software that allows storage, retrieval, modification and deletion of data from a database. It then discusses different types of DBMS like hierarchical, network, relational, flat file and object oriented. Examples of popular DBMS are also listed including SQL, Oracle, FoxPro, MS Access and MySQL. Key advantages of DBMS are efficient data storage, security, concurrent access and integrity maintenance.
Design and Implementation of Hospital Management System Using JavaIOSR Journals
ย
This document describes the design and implementation of a Hospital Management System (HMS) using Java. The HMS was developed to address challenges with manual hospital management processes and provide benefits like streamlined operations and enhanced patient care. It includes modules for patient management, services management, appointments, the pharmacy, admissions and accounting. The system uses a database to store patient and medical records and allows users to view records, diagnoses and drug prescriptions. Test results showed the HMS met user requirements and provided functionality like registering patients, viewing inpatient data and the drug database. It was concluded the HMS can help hospitals enhance patient care and increase organizational profitability by improving operational control and streamlining processes.
analysis and design of information systemRenu Sharma
ย
Information systems analysis and design involves developing and maintaining computer-based information systems through a system development life cycle (SDLC) with phases like planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. Analysis involves breaking down a system to understand its components and functionality, while design creates a blueprint for how the system will be developed based on requirements. Key concepts in analysis and design include requirement analysis, abstraction, refinement, modularity, and tools like data flow diagrams and data dictionaries.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which describes the stages of an information system development project. It outlines the typical stages: recognition of need, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation, maintenance, and prototyping. The feasibility study assesses the economic, technical, and behavioral factors. Analysis involves gathering requirements through tools like interviews and documentation. Design defines technical specifications and system flow. Implementation deploys the system. Prototyping allows refining the system through iterative testing and user feedback before final implementation.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) as a systematic method for organizations to implement change through new technologies. It describes the four phases of SDLC - planning, analysis, design, and implementation. The planning phase involves feasibility studies to understand economic, organizational, and technical factors. The analysis phase breaks down the problem and gathers stakeholder requirements. The design phase decides if the system will be internal or outsourced. The implementation phase builds, tests, trains users on, and evaluates the new system. SDLC provides a systematic strategy for large development projects involving many stakeholders.
The Spiral Model is an iterative software development process that is used for large, complex projects where requirements are not fully known. It consists of loops called phases that each have four quadrants - identification, design, construction, and evaluation. This allows for risk analysis, prototyping, customer evaluation and feedback at each phase of development. The Spiral Model supports risk handling, changing requirements, and customer involvement throughout the life cycle, making it well-suited for complex projects, though it is more complex and expensive than other models.
Project management and information technology contextDhani Ahmad
ย
This chapter discusses the context in which IT projects operate, including:
- A systems view of project management that considers organizational, technological, and business factors.
- Organizational structures like functional, project, and matrix that influence how projects are run.
- The importance of organizational culture and stakeholder management for a project's success.
- The concept of project phases and life cycles, and how development projects differ from product development.
- How standards, governance, and senior management commitment are critical to supporting IT projects.
A transaction processing system (TPS) collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves data about business transactions. It must pass the ACID test, ensuring atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability of transactions. There are two types - batch processing, where data is collected and processed periodically, and real-time processing, where data is processed immediately. The transaction processing cycle involves data entry, processing transactions, maintaining databases, generating documents and reports, and allowing for inquiries. The overall purpose is to keep records of the organization, process transactions that affect those records, and produce reports.
The document describes a hospital management system software. It provides summaries of key modules including appointment scheduling, billing, doctors, expenses, hospital administration, laboratories, operations, patients, and pharmacy. The system aims to digitize and integrate all aspects of hospital management and patient care on a single software platform. It offers features like online and offline use, prescription generation, SMS alerts, and barcode patient ID cards.
The Hospital is an Institute which provides to people best health services.
That Provides Facility for hospitalization.
The patient is admitted in hospital with the exception that he or she will be in the
hospital for more Than 24 hours.
The Patient is assigned a room /bed.
The Hospital Provide Medical care.
System analysis and design logical designGirdharRatne
ย
when development of systems takes place then we thought about the designing of the system in two phases one is Front-end and another one is Back-end.
Physical Design is the real implementation of your system but the logical design gives you the way to understand the systems data flow and the conceptual things.
Structured Vs, Object Oriented Analysis and DesignMotaz Saad
ย
This document discusses structured vs object-oriented analysis and design (SAD vs OOAD) for software development. It outlines the phases and modeling techniques used in SAD like data flow diagrams, decision tables, and entity relationship diagrams. It also outlines the phases and modeling techniques used in OOAD like use cases, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. The document compares key differences between SAD and OOAD, discusses textbooks on software engineering and UML, and references papers on using UML in practice and evaluating the impact and costs/benefits of UML in software maintenance.
SDLC Apresentaรงรฃo - Shift Education of TechnologyRaphaff
ย
The document discusses the software development lifecycle (SDLC) process. It describes the traditional five phases of the SDLC and how it has evolved to seven phases. Each phase is explained in detail, including planning, analysis, design, development, integration and testing, implementation, and operations and maintenance. Different SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, and agile are also summarized. The agile manifesto and scrum framework are introduced as part of the agile methodology. Key terms related to SDLC documentation are defined in a glossary.
The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes stages in developing an information system project. It includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance phases. During planning and analysis, requirements are defined and the system is evaluated. In design, options are considered and blueprints are developed. Implementation involves completing tasks such as testing. Maintenance provides ongoing support and improvements. The SDLC provides an organized process to develop systems efficiently and meet user needs.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
Information System Acquisition & Lifecycle: system acquisition process, phases: Initiation, Planning, Procurement, System Development, System Implementation, Maintenance & Operations, and Closeout. development models.
This document provides an overview of developing business/IT solutions and the systems development process. It discusses the traditional systems development cycle as well as prototyping and end user approaches. The systems development cycle involves conception, design, and implementation of systems to meet business needs. It outlines the key stages of systems investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It also discusses evaluating hardware, software, and service acquisition. The goal is to use a systematic approach to analyze needs and design effective IT solutions to address business opportunities.
Overview Of System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)Nicole Savoie
ย
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a process used for developing systems from planning through implementation. It contains four main steps: analysis, planning, design, and implementation. During analysis, data flow diagrams are used to model the system's processes. Consistency between context and lower-level data flow diagrams is important for an easy-to-follow process model. SDLC is also used to determine how an information system can support business needs by designing, building, and delivering the system to users through the analysis, design, implementation, and testing phases. Procedure models created during analysis help define requirements graphically. Reliability of the process model is key to improving later SDLC stages.
This document summarizes several software development process models. It begins by defining what a software process is - a framework for the activities required to build software. It then discusses evolutionary models like prototyping and the spiral model, which use iterative development and user feedback. Concurrent modeling is presented as allowing activities to occur simultaneously. The Unified Process is described as use case driven and iterative. Other models discussed include component-based development, formal methods, and aspect-oriented development. Personal and team software processes are also summarized, focusing on planning, metrics, and continuous improvement.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. It includes various phases such as planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. The SDLC provides structure for system designers and developers to follow a set sequence of activities from initial planning through evaluations. Different SDLC models exist, with the waterfall model being the oldest and best known, comprising sequential stages from requirements to maintenance.
The systems development life cycle (SDLC) describes the process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. It involves preliminary system study, feasibility study, detailed system study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The SDLC follows a structured process to ensure high quality systems while maximizing productivity and providing management controls. It originated in the 1960s to develop large scale business systems.
The document discusses several software engineering process models. It begins by defining a generic process model with five framework activities: communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It then describes different types of process flows (linear, iterative, evolutionary, parallel). Next, it discusses prescriptive process models in more detail, including the waterfall model, incremental process models, and evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral. For each model, it provides an overview and highlights advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses systems development methodologies. It describes the traditional systems development life cycle (SDLC) which includes 7 phases: planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It also discusses component-based development approaches like rapid application development, extreme programming, and agile methodology which focus on building reusable software components. The document provides an example of the Centers for Disease Control using a service-oriented architecture to integrate different IT systems and information to help save lives.
The document discusses various topics related to systems development including:
1) The traditional systems development life cycle (SDLC) which includes 7 phases from planning to maintenance.
2) Component-based development methodologies like rapid application development and extreme programming which focus on reusable components.
3) Selfsourcing where end users develop systems with little IT help using prototyping.
4) Prototyping which involves building models to demonstrate system features to users.
5) Outsourcing systems development work to third parties.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different methodologies used in systems development. It describes the seven phases of the traditional waterfall SDLC model: planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It then covers agile methodologies like Scrum and Lean, which emphasize iterative development and customer collaboration. Key concepts in agile like user stories, estimating effort with story points, and Scrum ceremonies and roles are also explained.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses traditional software development approaches versus object-oriented approaches. The key aspects of object-oriented development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Software development life cycle stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing are also summarized. The document compares structured and object-oriented approaches and provides examples of object-oriented programming and design methodologies.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes various phases for developing and maintaining systems. The key phases are: system investigation, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. The feasibility study phase evaluates the technical, operational, economic, motivational, and schedule feasibility of a proposed system. The system analysis phase involves studying user requirements and the current system. System design then specifies how the new system will meet requirements through elements like data design, user interface design, and process design. This produces specifications for the system.
The system development life cycle is a framework consisting of several stages used to develop information systems and software. It includes requirements analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. The key stages are system analysis and design. The stages include recognition of needs, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation maintenance. Each stage addresses important questions and lays the foundation for successful completion of subsequent stages.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It describes the main steps in SDLC as feasibility study, system analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Each step is then further explained. For example, feasibility study involves technical, economic, and operational feasibility analysis. System analysis involves requirements gathering and documentation. The document also briefly introduces some common SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, and spiral models.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), outlining its main phases: planning, requirements analysis, feasibility study, system design, development/coding, system testing, implementation, and maintenance. It provides details on each phase, explaining their key activities and purposes. The SDLC is presented as a process used by systems analysts to develop information systems according to requirements, while ensuring quality, on-time and on-budget completion, effective performance, and cost-efficient maintenance.
The document describes the six phases of the systems development life cycle: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) systems analysis, 3) systems design, 4) systems development, 5) systems implementation, and 6) systems maintenance. Each phase involves specific activities like gathering requirements, designing system components, developing and acquiring software/hardware, testing, training users, and ongoing maintenance. Traceability matrices are used to map requirements to designs and validate that the life cycle process is followed.
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
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Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
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-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
1. Colonel Zulfiquer Ahmed Amin
M Phil, MPH, PGD (Health Economics), MBBS
Armed Forces Medical Institute (AFMI)
2.
3.
4. INTRODUCTION
System Analysis and Design (SAD), deals with the software
development activities.
In business, System Analysis and Design refers to the process of
examining a business situation with the intent of improving it
through better procedures and methods.
5. System Analysis and Design (SAD)
Systems Analysis and Design (SAD) is a broad term for describing
methodologies for developing high quality Information System
which combines Information Technology, People and Data to
support business requirement.
Definition: SAD is the complex organizational process whereby
computer-based information systems are developed and
maintained.
5
6. System Analysis and Design (SAD)
Analysis:
- Defining the problem
- From requirements to specification
Design:
- Solving the problem
- From specification to implementation
6
7.
8. - A method of studying a system by examining its component parts
and their interactions.
- Understanding and specifying in detail what an information system
should do.
- The major objectives of systems analysis are to find answers for
each business process: What is being done, How is it being done,
Who is doing it, When is he doing it, Why is it being done and How
can it be improved?
- It attempts to give birth to a new efficient system that satisfies the
current needs of the user and has scope for future growth.
System Analysis
9.
10. System Design
Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the
existing system, the new system must be designed. It is the most
crucial phase in the developments of a system. Specifying in detail
how the parts of an information system should be implemented.
Normally, the design proceeds in two stages:
l. Preliminary or General Design
l l. Structured or Detailed Design
11. Preliminary or General Design:
In the preliminary or general design, the features of the new
system are specified. The costs of implementing these features and
the benefits to be derived are estimated. If the project is still
considered to be feasible, we move to the detailed design stage.
Structured or Detailed Design:
At this stage, the design of the system becomes more structured.
Structure design is a blue print of a computer system solution to a
given problem.
15. SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE
Businesses and organizations use various types of information
systems to support the many processes needed to carry out their
business functions. Each of these information systems has a
particular purpose or focus, and each has a life of its own. This โlife
of its ownโ concept is called the systems development life cycle or
SDLC, and it includes the entire process of planning, building,
deploying, using, updating, and maintaining an information system.
These activities, or phases, usually include planning, analysis,
design, implementation, and maintenance/support.
Traditionally, the systems-development life cycle consisted of five
stages. That has now increased to seven phases. Increasing the
number of steps helped systems analysts to define clearer actions to
achieve specific goals.
16. 16
SYSTEMS(SOFTWARE) DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
๏ข Standard model used world wide to develop a software.
๏ข Necessary to ensure the quality of the software.
๏ข Logical steps taken to develop a software product.
17.
18.
19.
20. Planning
This is the first phase in the systems development process. It
identifies whether or not there is the need for a new system to be
developed. The company might be trying to meet or exceed
expectations for their employees, customers and stakeholders too.
The purpose of this step is to find out the scope of the problem and
determine solutions. Resources, costs, time, benefits and other
items should be considered at this stage.
21. Systems Analysis and Requirements
In the event of a problem, possible solutions are submitted and
analyzed to identify the best fit for the ultimate goal(s) of the
project.
It is also where system analysis takes placeโor analyzing the needs
of the end users to ensure the new system can meet their
expectations.
22. Systems Design
The third phase describes, in detail, the necessary specifications,
features and operations that will satisfy the functional requirements
of the proposed system which will be in place.
Included are the design or configuration of the network (hardware,
operating system, programming, etc.), design of user interfaces
(forms, reports, etc.), design of system interfaces (for
communication with other systems), and security issues.
23. Development
The fourth phase is when the real work beginsโin particular, when
a programmer, network engineer and/or database developer are
brought on to do the major work on the project. This work includes
using a flow chart to ensure that the process of the system is
properly organized. The development phase marks the end of the
initial section of the process. Additionally, this phase signifies the
start of production.
24. Integration and Testing
The fifth phase involves systems integration and system testing (of
programs and procedures)โnormally carried out by a Quality
Assurance (QA) professionalโto determine if the proposed design
meets the initial set of business goals. Testing may be repeated,
specifically to check for errors, bugs and interoperability. This testing
will be performed until the end user finds it acceptable. Another
part of this phase is verification and validation.
25. Implementation
This phase involves the actual installation of the newly-developed
system. This step puts the project into production by moving the
data and components from the old system and placing them in the
new system. Both system analysts and end-users should now see the
realization of the project that has implemented changes.
26. Operations and Maintenance
The seventh and final phase involves maintenance and regular
required updates. This step is when end users can fine-tune the
system, if they wish, to boost performance, add new capabilities or
meet additional user requirements.
Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during its
working life and to tune the system to any variations in its working
environments.
29. Methodologies of System Development (Approaches):
- Data Oriented
- Object Oriented
- Process Oriented
30. Process Oriented
A business process is also defined as a work activity in a specific
order, at an exact time and place, and with a specified beginning and
end, and clearly identified inputs and outputs.
Example, Transactions-Based Applications:
- Accounts Payable
- Accounts Receivable
- Payroll
- Inventory Control
32. Object Oriented:
In object-oriented programming, program is splitted into several
small, manageable, reusable programs, including visual modeling.
Each small program communicates with the rest of the other small
programs.
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis and design is an approach that is
intended to facilitate the development of systems that must change
rapidly in response to dynamic business environments. OOAD in
modern software engineering is best conducted in an iterative and
incremental way.
This fosters better product quality and even encouraging stakeholder
participation and communication. Example: Multimedia (Integration
of Text, Video, Sound, Pictures, Animation)
35. Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC approach that was used for
software development.
Imagine a waterfall on the cliff of a steep mountain. Once the water
has flowed over the edge of the cliff and has begun its journey down
the side of the mountain, it cannot turn back.
The waterfall model emphasizes that a logical progression of steps be
taken throughout the software development life cycle (SDLC), much
like the cascading steps down an incremental waterfall. The waterfall
Model illustrates the software development process in a linear
sequential flow.
36. This means that any phase in the development process begins only if
the previous phase is complete. In this waterfall model, the phases
do not overlap. Once a phase of development is completed, the
development proceeds (drops over the waterfall) into the next phase
and there is no turning back.
The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for
departmentalization and managerial control. A schedule can be set
with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can
proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash,
and theoretically, be delivered on time.
37. Development moves from concept, through design, implementation,
testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and
maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in strict order,
without any overlapping or iterative steps.
The disadvantage of waterfall development is that it does not allow
for much reflection or revision. Once an application is in the testing
stage, it is very difficult to go back and change something that was
not well-thought out in the concept stage. This pure waterfall model
makes it very difficult because there is no room for error and that is
virtually impossible when dealing with humans.
38. Pros and Cons of waterfall model:
Advantages of using Waterfall model are as follows:
- Simple and easy to understand and use.
- For smaller projects, waterfall model works well and yield the
appropriate results.
- Since the phases are rigid and precise, one phase is done one at a
time, it is easy to maintain.
- Results are well documented.
39. Disadvantages of using Waterfall model:
- Cannot adopt the changes in requirements.
- It becomes very difficult to move back to the phase. For example,
if the application has now moved to the testing stage and there is a
change in requirement, It becomes difficult to go back and change
it.
- For bigger and complex projects, this model is not good as a risk
factor is higher.
- Not suitable for the projects where requirements are changed
frequently.
- Does not work for long and ongoing projects.
41. Systems Development Life Cycle
41
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Waterfall Model
The waterfall model is the oldest
and most widely used model in
the field of software development.
42. Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
Purpose --Preliminary understanding
Deliverable โRequest for project
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
43. Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
Purpose โ State situation and solution
Deliverable โ Request for analysis
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
44. Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
Purpose โ Thorough analysis
Deliverable โ Functional system specifications
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
45. Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
Purpose โ information requirements structure
Deliverable โ detailed design specifications
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
46. Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
Purpose โ Develop technology specs
Deliverable โ Program/data structuresProject Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
47. Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
Purpose โ Programming, testing
Deliverable โ Operational programsProject Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
48. Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
Purpose โ Monitor, repair, enhance
Deliverable โ Periodic audits
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
49. Systems Development Life
Cycle
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Project modeling
Conceptual data modeling
Logical database design
Physical database design and
definition
Database implementation
Database maintenance
Database Development
Process
50. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:
๏ข Advantages:
๏ Linear model.
๏ Documentation.
๏ Testing (software coding).
๏ข Disadvantages:
๏ Unidirectional.
๏ Unclear requirements
lead to confusion.
๏ Clientโs approval is in the
final stage.
51. Spiral Model
The spiral model is one of the newer adaptive approaches to the
SDLC. Basically, an adaptive approach is a development approach
which will include project activities such as plans and models that
are adjusted as the project progresses. The spiral model includes
several adaptive features that will cycle over and over through the
development of the project until the completion of the project.
53. Advantages & Disadvantages:
โข Advantages:
โ It is used in large and
complicated projects.
โ Adaptability with
changes.
โ Testing at each phase.
โข Disadvantages:
โ Works on complicated
projects only.
โ An experienced and
skilled team are
required.
54. Agile Model
Agile as the name refers implies something to do very quickly. Hence
Agile Testing refers to validate the client requirements as soon as
possible and make it customer friendly.
Agile SDLC model is a combination of iterative and incremental
process models with focus on process adaptability and customer
satisfaction by rapid delivery of working software product. This
results in small incremental releases with each release building on
previous functionality. Each release is thoroughly tested to ensure
software quality is maintained. It is used for time critical applications.
55. Agile Methods break the product into small incremental builds.
These builds are provided in iterations. Each iteration typically lasts
from about one to three weeks. Every iteration involves cross
functional teams working simultaneously on various areas like โ
- Planning
- Requirements Analysis
- Design
- Coding (Implementation)
- Testing and
- Acceptance Testing.
At the end of the iteration, a working product is displayed to the
customer and important stakeholders.
60. Key Features of Agile Software Development
โข Iterative.
โข Active Customer involvement.
โข Fixed Time.
โข Priority based delivery.
61. Advantages & Disadvantages:
๏ Advantages:
โ Customer Satisfaction.
โ Saves Time.
โ Testing.
โ Suitable for fixed or
changing
requirements.
๏ Disadvantages:
โ Not suitable for handling
complex dependencies.
โ More risk of sustainability,
maintainability and extensibility.
โ Strict delivery management
dictates the scope, functionality
to be delivered, and adjustments
to meet
the deadlines.