The document discusses various aspects of software processes and life cycles. It describes three types of reusable software components: web services, object collections, and stand-alone systems. It also outlines common phases in a software life cycle like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Incremental delivery approaches are discussed where early increments are delivered to customers.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software as computer programs and documentation, and software engineering as the application of engineering principles to software development. Software engineering aims to produce high-quality software on time and on budget that meets requirements. It relies on techniques, methodologies, and tools to aid in analysis and synthesis during the software development process. The document outlines characteristics software should have like maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. It also notes that every software project must balance functionality, resources, and timeliness.
This document provides an overview of architectural design. It discusses that architectural design organizes a system's overall structure and identifies main components and their relationships. It also describes architecture in the small of individual programs and architecture in the large of complex enterprise systems. Key architectural design decisions consider functional and non-functional requirements. Common architectural views and patterns like MVC, layered architecture, repository architecture, and client-server architecture are also outlined.
This document discusses system modeling and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It provides an overview of different types of UML diagrams including class, sequence, use case, state, and activity diagrams. It also discusses modeling systems using these diagrams to represent interactions, structures, contexts and boundaries. Specific examples are provided of using a class diagram and sequence diagram to model elements of a mental healthcare system.
This document introduces concepts related to software engineering design. It discusses software quality attributes like performance, security, and maintainability. It also covers operational quality attributes concerned with system usage and development quality attributes related to software development. Finally, it defines key design concepts like abstraction, architecture, patterns, and separation of concerns and provides examples of procedural and data abstraction.
This document discusses software testing strategies. It begins by defining software testing as executing a software system to find errors prior to delivery. It then outlines different testing approaches including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. Unit testing focuses on exercising individual software components to detect errors. The document emphasizes that developers and independent test groups must work together throughout a project to ensure thorough testing. It provides examples of what unit testing should evaluate like module interfaces and data integrity. The overall strategies aim to verify proper integration and that requirements are met across the full system.
This chapter discusses system modeling and different types of models used, including:
- Context models which illustrate the operational context of a system.
- Interaction models which model interactions between a system and its environment.
- Structural models which display the organization of a system's components.
- Behavioral models which model a system's dynamic behavior in response to events or data.
- Model-driven engineering is discussed as an approach where models rather than code are the primary outputs.
Three types of systems that are used as case studies are embedded systems to control medical devices, information systems like medical records systems, and sensor-based data collection systems like wilderness weather stations. Software engineering techniques include prototypes, reuse-oriented processes, and testing processes. Architectural design is a critical link between overall system design and requirements and involves determining how a system should be organized at a high level.
System modeling involves creating abstract models of a system from different perspectives, such as context, interactions, structure, and behavior. These models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Context models show a system's external environment and relationships. Interaction models, such as use case and sequence diagrams, depict how users and systems interact. Structural models, like class diagrams, represent a system's internal organization. Behavioral models, including activity and state diagrams, illustrate a system's dynamic response to events or data. Model-driven engineering aims to generate implementation from system models.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software as computer programs and documentation, and software engineering as the application of engineering principles to software development. Software engineering aims to produce high-quality software on time and on budget that meets requirements. It relies on techniques, methodologies, and tools to aid in analysis and synthesis during the software development process. The document outlines characteristics software should have like maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. It also notes that every software project must balance functionality, resources, and timeliness.
This document provides an overview of architectural design. It discusses that architectural design organizes a system's overall structure and identifies main components and their relationships. It also describes architecture in the small of individual programs and architecture in the large of complex enterprise systems. Key architectural design decisions consider functional and non-functional requirements. Common architectural views and patterns like MVC, layered architecture, repository architecture, and client-server architecture are also outlined.
This document discusses system modeling and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It provides an overview of different types of UML diagrams including class, sequence, use case, state, and activity diagrams. It also discusses modeling systems using these diagrams to represent interactions, structures, contexts and boundaries. Specific examples are provided of using a class diagram and sequence diagram to model elements of a mental healthcare system.
This document introduces concepts related to software engineering design. It discusses software quality attributes like performance, security, and maintainability. It also covers operational quality attributes concerned with system usage and development quality attributes related to software development. Finally, it defines key design concepts like abstraction, architecture, patterns, and separation of concerns and provides examples of procedural and data abstraction.
This document discusses software testing strategies. It begins by defining software testing as executing a software system to find errors prior to delivery. It then outlines different testing approaches including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. Unit testing focuses on exercising individual software components to detect errors. The document emphasizes that developers and independent test groups must work together throughout a project to ensure thorough testing. It provides examples of what unit testing should evaluate like module interfaces and data integrity. The overall strategies aim to verify proper integration and that requirements are met across the full system.
This chapter discusses system modeling and different types of models used, including:
- Context models which illustrate the operational context of a system.
- Interaction models which model interactions between a system and its environment.
- Structural models which display the organization of a system's components.
- Behavioral models which model a system's dynamic behavior in response to events or data.
- Model-driven engineering is discussed as an approach where models rather than code are the primary outputs.
Three types of systems that are used as case studies are embedded systems to control medical devices, information systems like medical records systems, and sensor-based data collection systems like wilderness weather stations. Software engineering techniques include prototypes, reuse-oriented processes, and testing processes. Architectural design is a critical link between overall system design and requirements and involves determining how a system should be organized at a high level.
System modeling involves creating abstract models of a system from different perspectives, such as context, interactions, structure, and behavior. These models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Context models show a system's external environment and relationships. Interaction models, such as use case and sequence diagrams, depict how users and systems interact. Structural models, like class diagrams, represent a system's internal organization. Behavioral models, including activity and state diagrams, illustrate a system's dynamic response to events or data. Model-driven engineering aims to generate implementation from system models.
The document discusses architectural design in software engineering. It covers topics like architectural design decisions, views, patterns, and application architectures. Architectural design involves identifying major system components and their communications in order to represent the link between specification and design processes. Common architectural patterns discussed include model-view-controller, layered architectures, repositories, client-server, pipes and filters. The document also provides examples of architectures for different types of applications like transaction processing systems and information systems.
Architectural design involves identifying major system components and their communications. Architectural views provide different perspectives of the system, such as conceptual, logical, process, and development views. Common architectural patterns include model-view-controller, layered, client-server, and pipe-and-filter architectures. Application architectures define common structures for transaction processing, information, and language processing systems.
The document discusses various types of software testing:
- Development testing includes unit, component, and system testing to discover defects.
- Release testing is done by a separate team to validate the software meets requirements before release.
- User testing involves potential users testing the system in their own environment.
The goals of testing are validation, to ensure requirements are met, and defect testing to discover faults. Automated unit testing and test-driven development help improve test coverage and regression testing.
The document discusses software architecture, where it comes from, and what it is. Architectures are influenced by system stakeholders and their requirements, the developing organization, and the architects' experience. An architecture defines elements, their relationships, and properties. It is important because it represents early design decisions, dictates implementation, organizational structure, and quality attributes. Architectural patterns, reference models, and reference architectures capture common architectural elements but are not full architectures themselves.
This document discusses aspect-oriented software engineering (AOSE). AOSE addresses cross-cutting concerns in software that are difficult to separate using traditional object-oriented design. It does this through abstractions called aspects that encapsulate functionality required in multiple places. Aspects are used alongside objects and methods. Key benefits of AOSE include better separation of concerns. An example of an aspect is user authentication code that is required before accessing a database from different parts of an application. AspectJ is provided as an example of an aspect-oriented programming language.
The document discusses the process of system analysis and design. It describes the main steps as system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. System analysis involves studying the current system and user requirements to specify a new system. System design develops the new system structure based on analysis. The system is then coded, tested, and implemented before ongoing maintenance. The goal is to solve problems through an organized approach to system development.
Architectural styles and patterns provide abstract frameworks for structuring systems and solving common problems. [1] An architectural style defines rules for how components interact and is characterized by aspects like communication, deployment, structure, and domain. [2] Examples include service-oriented architecture, client/server, and layered architecture. [3] Similarly, architectural patterns are reusable solutions to recurring design problems documented with elements, relationships, constraints, and interaction mechanisms.
The document outlines the software development lifecycle from requirements analysis through validation. It describes the key phases and outputs, including gathering requirements, system design, architecture design, module design, and validation phases like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing. Validation phases have corresponding stages in the lifecycle where test plans are developed to eliminate bugs and ensure requirements are met.
The document discusses software architecture and its importance. It makes three key points:
1) Software architecture includes diagrams that define the elements (boxes) and interactions (lines) of a system. This is a first cut at designing the system.
2) A software architecture represents the earliest design decisions, which are the hardest to change but most critical to get right. It communicates the design to stakeholders.
3) Functional requirements define what the system must do but not essential quality attributes like performance, reliability, and security. The architecture must be analyzed to determine if it will deliver these qualities.
Software architecture reconstruction is the process of analyzing an existing software system to produce an architectural representation of it. It involves extracting information from various sources like code, documentation, and profiles. This information is converted into a standard database format and combined from different sources through view fusion. The main activities of reconstruction are visualization and interaction with the views, and recognizing patterns in the code. It is an iterative process requiring both technical expertise and architectural skills to understand dependencies and evaluate how an implemented system conforms to its intended architecture.
Non-functional requirements specify system quality attributes such as performance, security, business considerations, configuration, operations, and enhancement capabilities. Performance attributes include efficiency, throughput, and scalability. Security attributes include security, privacy, and accountability. Business attributes include cost, adaptability, extensibility, and replaceability. Configuration attributes include configurability, integrability, portability, and deployability. Operations attributes include availability, fault tolerance, maintainability, monitorability, and alerting. Enhancement attributes include understandability, analyzability, and learnability.
Depandability in Software Engineering SE16koolkampus
The document discusses key concepts related to dependability in critical systems, including reliability, availability, safety, and security. It defines each concept and explains how they are related but distinct. For example, reliability is the probability that a system operates as intended, while safety ensures a system can operate without threatening people or the environment. The document also outlines approaches for achieving dependability, such as avoiding faults, detecting and removing errors, and limiting damage from failures or attacks.
Software project management requirements analysisAntony Alex
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering. It provides 3 key points:
1. Requirements analysis bridges the gap between system requirements engineering and software design by providing a model of the system's information, functions, and behavior to guide design.
2. The purpose is to obtain a thorough understanding of business needs and break them down into clearly defined and agreed upon requirements. This establishes the framework to guide future design and development.
3. The primary goal is to create a detailed functional specification defining all system capabilities and accompanying data and process models, illustrating information managed and processes supported by the new system.
Software Process Model (System Development Life Cycle)andyr91
The document defines a software process model as the sequence of activities carried out during a software engineering project. It lists the common phases of a software development life cycle as requirements analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Several examples of process models are given, including waterfall, evolutionary development, fountain, formal transformation, and reuse-oriented approaches. Each phase of the software development life cycle is briefly described.
Attributes of 'well - engineered' software productandyr91
The document discusses the attributes of well-engineered software, including dependability, maintainability, efficiency, usability, portability, and documentation. Dependability means the software reliably performs as designed and accounts for reliability, security, and safety. Maintainability ensures the software can receive updates to fix errors or add features based on feedback. Portability means the software can run on different platforms without issues. Documentation outlines system requirements and specifications for optimal performance. Usability ensures users can easily interact with and manipulate the software through consistent design and a small learning curve. Efficiency evaluates how software utilizes computer resources without slowing down systems or using too many resources.
SE_Lec 01_ Introduction to Software EnginerringAmr E. Mohamed
The document discusses two examples of software systems:
1) An insulin pump which collects blood sugar data, calculates insulin doses, and injects insulin to maintain safe blood sugar levels. This is a safety-critical embedded system.
2) A mental health patient management system which maintains patient records, allows clinicians to track care, and generates administrative reports. It aims to support treatment and monitor at-risk patients while maintaining privacy.
The document discusses the importance of architecture in software systems. It notes that architecture provides a common language for stakeholders, helps make early design decisions, and defines transferable abstractions. It then lists several key benefits of architecture, including constraining implementation, dictating organizational structure, enabling or inhibiting quality attributes, allowing prediction of qualities without full development, and easing management of change. Finally, it discusses how architecture can promote reuse across systems and product lines, composition using external elements, restricted design choices, template-based development, and serve as a basis for training.
The document compares and contrasts several software engineering process models:
The Waterfall model is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It is easy to manage but difficult to change requirements later. Evolutionary models like incremental and spiral models involve user feedback in iterative development cycles to refine requirements. Rapid prototyping creates samples to assess functionality and refine designs based on user feedback. The Fountain model is similar to Waterfall but allows revisiting previous phases. Formal transformation uses mathematics to reduce errors through iterative transformations. The Reuse-oriented approach develops software through existing code and processes to reduce costs and time.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses the objectives of software engineering which include producing high quality software products on time and within budget. Software engineering is defined as applying engineering principles to software development through the use of methods, tools, and techniques. The document then discusses why software engineering principles are needed, especially for large, complex software projects. It provides examples of software engineering failures that occurred when principles were not followed. The rest of the document outlines the software development process, including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also discusses different process models like waterfall and spiral.
The document discusses architectural design in software engineering. It covers topics like architectural design decisions, views, patterns, and application architectures. Architectural design involves identifying major system components and their communications in order to represent the link between specification and design processes. Common architectural patterns discussed include model-view-controller, layered architectures, repositories, client-server, pipes and filters. The document also provides examples of architectures for different types of applications like transaction processing systems and information systems.
Architectural design involves identifying major system components and their communications. Architectural views provide different perspectives of the system, such as conceptual, logical, process, and development views. Common architectural patterns include model-view-controller, layered, client-server, and pipe-and-filter architectures. Application architectures define common structures for transaction processing, information, and language processing systems.
The document discusses various types of software testing:
- Development testing includes unit, component, and system testing to discover defects.
- Release testing is done by a separate team to validate the software meets requirements before release.
- User testing involves potential users testing the system in their own environment.
The goals of testing are validation, to ensure requirements are met, and defect testing to discover faults. Automated unit testing and test-driven development help improve test coverage and regression testing.
The document discusses software architecture, where it comes from, and what it is. Architectures are influenced by system stakeholders and their requirements, the developing organization, and the architects' experience. An architecture defines elements, their relationships, and properties. It is important because it represents early design decisions, dictates implementation, organizational structure, and quality attributes. Architectural patterns, reference models, and reference architectures capture common architectural elements but are not full architectures themselves.
This document discusses aspect-oriented software engineering (AOSE). AOSE addresses cross-cutting concerns in software that are difficult to separate using traditional object-oriented design. It does this through abstractions called aspects that encapsulate functionality required in multiple places. Aspects are used alongside objects and methods. Key benefits of AOSE include better separation of concerns. An example of an aspect is user authentication code that is required before accessing a database from different parts of an application. AspectJ is provided as an example of an aspect-oriented programming language.
The document discusses the process of system analysis and design. It describes the main steps as system study, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. System analysis involves studying the current system and user requirements to specify a new system. System design develops the new system structure based on analysis. The system is then coded, tested, and implemented before ongoing maintenance. The goal is to solve problems through an organized approach to system development.
Architectural styles and patterns provide abstract frameworks for structuring systems and solving common problems. [1] An architectural style defines rules for how components interact and is characterized by aspects like communication, deployment, structure, and domain. [2] Examples include service-oriented architecture, client/server, and layered architecture. [3] Similarly, architectural patterns are reusable solutions to recurring design problems documented with elements, relationships, constraints, and interaction mechanisms.
The document outlines the software development lifecycle from requirements analysis through validation. It describes the key phases and outputs, including gathering requirements, system design, architecture design, module design, and validation phases like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing. Validation phases have corresponding stages in the lifecycle where test plans are developed to eliminate bugs and ensure requirements are met.
The document discusses software architecture and its importance. It makes three key points:
1) Software architecture includes diagrams that define the elements (boxes) and interactions (lines) of a system. This is a first cut at designing the system.
2) A software architecture represents the earliest design decisions, which are the hardest to change but most critical to get right. It communicates the design to stakeholders.
3) Functional requirements define what the system must do but not essential quality attributes like performance, reliability, and security. The architecture must be analyzed to determine if it will deliver these qualities.
Software architecture reconstruction is the process of analyzing an existing software system to produce an architectural representation of it. It involves extracting information from various sources like code, documentation, and profiles. This information is converted into a standard database format and combined from different sources through view fusion. The main activities of reconstruction are visualization and interaction with the views, and recognizing patterns in the code. It is an iterative process requiring both technical expertise and architectural skills to understand dependencies and evaluate how an implemented system conforms to its intended architecture.
Non-functional requirements specify system quality attributes such as performance, security, business considerations, configuration, operations, and enhancement capabilities. Performance attributes include efficiency, throughput, and scalability. Security attributes include security, privacy, and accountability. Business attributes include cost, adaptability, extensibility, and replaceability. Configuration attributes include configurability, integrability, portability, and deployability. Operations attributes include availability, fault tolerance, maintainability, monitorability, and alerting. Enhancement attributes include understandability, analyzability, and learnability.
Depandability in Software Engineering SE16koolkampus
The document discusses key concepts related to dependability in critical systems, including reliability, availability, safety, and security. It defines each concept and explains how they are related but distinct. For example, reliability is the probability that a system operates as intended, while safety ensures a system can operate without threatening people or the environment. The document also outlines approaches for achieving dependability, such as avoiding faults, detecting and removing errors, and limiting damage from failures or attacks.
Software project management requirements analysisAntony Alex
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering. It provides 3 key points:
1. Requirements analysis bridges the gap between system requirements engineering and software design by providing a model of the system's information, functions, and behavior to guide design.
2. The purpose is to obtain a thorough understanding of business needs and break them down into clearly defined and agreed upon requirements. This establishes the framework to guide future design and development.
3. The primary goal is to create a detailed functional specification defining all system capabilities and accompanying data and process models, illustrating information managed and processes supported by the new system.
Software Process Model (System Development Life Cycle)andyr91
The document defines a software process model as the sequence of activities carried out during a software engineering project. It lists the common phases of a software development life cycle as requirements analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Several examples of process models are given, including waterfall, evolutionary development, fountain, formal transformation, and reuse-oriented approaches. Each phase of the software development life cycle is briefly described.
Attributes of 'well - engineered' software productandyr91
The document discusses the attributes of well-engineered software, including dependability, maintainability, efficiency, usability, portability, and documentation. Dependability means the software reliably performs as designed and accounts for reliability, security, and safety. Maintainability ensures the software can receive updates to fix errors or add features based on feedback. Portability means the software can run on different platforms without issues. Documentation outlines system requirements and specifications for optimal performance. Usability ensures users can easily interact with and manipulate the software through consistent design and a small learning curve. Efficiency evaluates how software utilizes computer resources without slowing down systems or using too many resources.
SE_Lec 01_ Introduction to Software EnginerringAmr E. Mohamed
The document discusses two examples of software systems:
1) An insulin pump which collects blood sugar data, calculates insulin doses, and injects insulin to maintain safe blood sugar levels. This is a safety-critical embedded system.
2) A mental health patient management system which maintains patient records, allows clinicians to track care, and generates administrative reports. It aims to support treatment and monitor at-risk patients while maintaining privacy.
The document discusses the importance of architecture in software systems. It notes that architecture provides a common language for stakeholders, helps make early design decisions, and defines transferable abstractions. It then lists several key benefits of architecture, including constraining implementation, dictating organizational structure, enabling or inhibiting quality attributes, allowing prediction of qualities without full development, and easing management of change. Finally, it discusses how architecture can promote reuse across systems and product lines, composition using external elements, restricted design choices, template-based development, and serve as a basis for training.
The document compares and contrasts several software engineering process models:
The Waterfall model is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before the next begins. It is easy to manage but difficult to change requirements later. Evolutionary models like incremental and spiral models involve user feedback in iterative development cycles to refine requirements. Rapid prototyping creates samples to assess functionality and refine designs based on user feedback. The Fountain model is similar to Waterfall but allows revisiting previous phases. Formal transformation uses mathematics to reduce errors through iterative transformations. The Reuse-oriented approach develops software through existing code and processes to reduce costs and time.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses the objectives of software engineering which include producing high quality software products on time and within budget. Software engineering is defined as applying engineering principles to software development through the use of methods, tools, and techniques. The document then discusses why software engineering principles are needed, especially for large, complex software projects. It provides examples of software engineering failures that occurred when principles were not followed. The rest of the document outlines the software development process, including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also discusses different process models like waterfall and spiral.
Miss Aster Noor introduces the concepts of software processes and process models. The chapter covers software process models like waterfall, incremental development, and integration/configuration. It discusses the core process activities of requirements engineering, development, testing, and evolution. The chapter aims to explain why processes must adapt to changes and how process improvement affects quality.
Software testing and introduction to qualityDhanashriAmbre
The document provides an overview of software testing and quality assurance. It defines software testing as a process to investigate quality and find defects between expected and actual results. Testing is necessary to ensure software is defect-free per customer specifications and increases reliability. The document then discusses types of errors like ambiguous specifications, misunderstood specifications, and logic/coding errors. It outlines the software development life cycle including phases like planning, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is described in 1-2 sentences.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from an assignment help service. It lists the email and phone contact information and requests students to send their semester and specialization to receive help with assignments. It also lists some of the programs and subjects that assignments are available for, including MBADS, MBAFLEX, MBAN2, and PGDISMN.
This document discusses key concepts in software engineering. It defines software engineering as the systematic development of software using scientific principles and methods. It discusses different types of software (S-type, P-type, E-type) based on their evolution characteristics. The document also covers software paradigms, components, characteristics, qualities, and evolution process. It notes that software engineering aims to develop efficient and reliable software through well-defined principles and procedures.
Elementary Probability theory Chapter 2.pptxethiouniverse
The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
Introduction To Software Concepts Unit 1 & 2Raj vardhan
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an introduction to software concepts course. It covers the following topics: definitions of software, importance of software, types of software, software components, members involved in software development, and an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Specifically, it defines software, discusses why it is important, lists common software types and components. It also outlines the roles of various members in software development projects, such as subject matter experts, functional analysts, developers, testers, and project managers. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of the waterfall model for the SDLC.
ISE_Lecture Week 2-SW Process Models.pptHumzaWaris1
The document discusses various software development processes. It begins by defining a software process as a framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a project. It then categorizes common activities as software specification, development, validation, and evolution. The document goes on to describe plan-driven and agile processes, and notes that most practical processes include elements of both. It provides details on specific process models like waterfall, V-model, prototyping, incremental development, component-based development, and spiral model.
Introduction,Software Process Models, Project Managementswatisinghal
The document discusses different types of software processes and models used in software engineering. It defines software and differentiates it from programs. It then explains key concepts in software engineering including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental/iterative model, and spiral model. For each model it provides an overview and discusses their advantages and limitations.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
Software is a set of instructions and data structures that enable computer programs to provide desired functions and manipulate information. Software engineering is the systematic development and maintenance of software. It differs from software programming in that engineering involves teams developing complex, long-lasting systems through roles like architect and manager, while programming involves single developers building small, short-term applications. A software development life cycle like waterfall or spiral model provides structure to a project through phases from requirements to maintenance. Rapid application development emphasizes short cycles through business, data, and process modeling to create reusable components and reduce testing time.
The document discusses various types of audit software and tools used by auditors. It describes generalized audit software (GAS) that can automate audit tasks and specialized audit software designed for specific audit objectives. It also covers integrated test facilities, snapshot techniques, data security procedures like backups, replication, and server clusters. The system development life cycle and auditor's role in reviewing each phase is explained.
The document discusses the software crisis that occurred from 1960-1980 when many software projects unsuccessfully attempted to build large systems. This was due to increasing demands, low expectations, and a lack of problem understanding. Software engineering principles were developed to address this crisis by applying systematic and disciplined approaches. The key characteristics of software like maintainability and security are discussed. The software development process includes specification, design/implementation, validation, and evolution. Different software development models like waterfall, prototyping, and spiral are also summarized.
The document discusses software processes and iterative process models. It describes incremental delivery and spiral development as two iterative process models. Incremental delivery breaks development into increments with each delivering part of the functionality. Spiral development represents the process as a spiral with phases addressing objectives, risks, development and planning. Both models allow for iteration and incorporate user feedback earlier.
This document discusses rapid software development methods like agile development and extreme programming (XP). It explains that agile methods use iterative development with customer involvement to quickly deliver working software. XP in particular emphasizes practices like test-driven development, pair programming, and frequent small releases. The document also covers rapid application development tools and the use of prototypes to help define requirements before full system development.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of software development including definitions of software, characteristics of software, software engineering, layered approach to software engineering, need for software engineering, and common software development life cycle models. It describes system software and application software. It outlines characteristics like understandability, cost, maintainability, modularity, reliability, portability, documentation, reusability, and interoperability. It also defines software engineering, layered approach, and need for software engineering. Finally, it explains popular life cycle models like waterfall, iterative waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and RAD models.
Introduction to Software engineering Concepts which includes Software Process Model, SRS documents, Requirement Engineering Process, Architectural Modeling, software Products, Risk Management Process, SDLC Model, Professional & Ethical Responsibilities, System & its Environment, System Procurement (COTS & Contractor Method), System Engineering Process, System Reliability Engineering, Human factors, Functional & Non-Functional Requirements
This document provides an overview of architectural design. It discusses that architectural design organizes a system's overall structure and identifies main components and their relationships. It also describes architecture in the small of individual programs and architecture in the large of complex enterprise systems. Key architectural design decisions are discussed as well as common architectural views and patterns like layered architecture, repository architecture, client-server architecture, and MVC. Performance, security, and maintainability are some important non-functional requirements related to architectural design.
This document discusses system modeling and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It provides an overview of different types of UML diagrams including class, sequence, use case, state, and activity diagrams. It also discusses modeling concepts such as system boundaries, interactions, and structural models. Specific examples are provided including a use case diagram for a patient data transfer process and a sequence diagram for viewing patient information in a mental healthcare system.
This document summarizes a lecture on requirements engineering. It discusses defining functional and non-functional requirements, writing user and system requirements, and techniques for gathering requirements such as interviews and questionnaires. It also covers writing software requirements documents, checking requirements for validity and completeness, and the iterative nature of requirements engineering processes.
The document discusses Java user input using the Scanner class and various control flow statements in Java including if, if-else, and switch-case statements. It provides examples of how to take user input using the Scanner class and its nextLine() method. It then explains the logic and syntax of if, if-else and switch-case statements, including the use of boolean expressions and logical operators. It also discusses nested if statements and the purpose of the break statement in switch-case blocks.
This document discusses character strings, print and println methods in Java, string concatenation, escape sequences, variables, and assignment statements. It provides code examples to demonstrate printing output, concatenating strings, using escape sequences, declaring and initializing variables, and changing variable values with assignments.
The document discusses various aspects of software processes and life cycles. It describes three types of reusable software components: web services, object collections, and stand-alone systems. It also outlines common phases in a software life cycle like requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Incremental delivery approaches are discussed where early increments are delivered to customers.
The document summarizes different software process models including the waterfall model, incremental model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model represents the software development process as sequential phases such as requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The incremental model delivers software in increments that add functionality. The prototyping model develops prototypes to understand requirements. The spiral model delivers software in incremental releases while resolving risks through each iteration.
The document discusses various SQL concepts including aggregate functions like MIN(), MAX(), COUNT(), AVG(), and SUM(); the GROUP BY clause; the HAVING clause; different types of joins like inner joins, outer joins, full outer joins; and examples of queries using these concepts.
SQL views allow users to present data from one or more tables as if it were from a single table. Views can filter and organize data for ease of use. Views provide security, simplicity, and consistency. They are created using the CREATE VIEW statement and can include functions, joins, and WHERE clauses. Views always show up-to-date data when queried. Rows can be inserted, updated, and deleted from views as with tables.
The document discusses the relational algebra and its fundamental operations. It describes relational algebra as the basic set of operations for the relational model that enable users to specify basic retrieval requests. The fundamental operations include unary operations like select and project, and binary operations like union, intersection, set difference, cartesian product, join, and outer join. Each operation is explained along with examples of how it is denoted and used.
The document discusses normalization and different normal forms. It provides examples of relations that suffer from update anomalies due to redundant data and functional dependencies. The three normal forms discussed are:
1) First normal form (1NF) which disallows multi-valued and composite attributes.
2) Second normal form (2NF) which requires that non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary key.
3) Third normal form (3NF) which disallows transitive functional dependencies where one attribute determines another through an intermediate attribute.
This document provides an overview of entity-relationship (ER) modeling concepts for conceptual database design. It defines entities as objects with attributes, and relationships as connections between entities. Entities can have simple or composite attributes. Relationships have names, participating entity sets, degrees, and mapping cardinalities like one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. ER diagrams use shapes and lines to represent these components and show cardinalities. The document also discusses recursive relationships, participation constraints, and examples of an ER diagram for products and suppliers.
Introduction to structured query languageHuda Alameen
This document provides an introduction to structured query language (SQL). It describes SQL's use for communicating with databases and its basis in set theory and relational operations. Examples are provided to demonstrate basic SQL statements like SELECT, FROM, WHERE, DISTINCT, ORDER BY, LIKE, IN, BETWEEN and how to retrieve, filter and sort data from database tables. Keywords, operators and syntax are defined for core SQL clauses and functions.
Indexing techniques allow for faster data retrieval from a database table. Indexes are data structures that copy and sort one or more columns from a table. This allows for both rapid random lookups and efficient retrieval of ordered records. There are two main types of indexes: clustered and non-clustered. A clustered index orders the physical row data by the index keys, while a non-clustered index separately maintains the sorted index keys and pointers to the physical rows. Different databases support various index implementations like B-trees, bitmaps, hashes, and more to provide rapid access to data.
The document discusses aggregate functions and grouping in relational algebra. It explains that aggregate functions allow mathematical operations like average, total, count on collections of database values and are used for statistical queries that summarize information. Common aggregate functions are SUM, AVERAGE, MAXIMUM, MINIMUM, and COUNT. Grouping allows aggregate functions to operate on subsets of tuples by specific attributes, like counting employees by department number.
This document summarizes a lecture on requirements engineering. It discusses defining functional and non-functional requirements, writing user and system requirements, and techniques for gathering requirements such as interviews and questionnaires. The key aspects of requirements engineering are establishing customer needs, analyzing and documenting system constraints and services, and checking requirements for validity, consistency and completeness.
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Anatomy and physiology question bank by Ross and Wilson.
It's specially for nursing and paramedics students.
I hope that you people will get benefits of this book,also share it with your friends and classmates.
Doing practice and get high marks in anatomy and physiology's paper.
SAP Unveils Generative AI Innovations at Annual Sapphire ConferenceCGB SOLUTIONS
At its annual SAP Sapphire conference, SAP introduced groundbreaking generative AI advancements and strategic partnerships, underscoring its commitment to revolutionizing business operations in the AI era. By integrating Business AI throughout its enterprise cloud portfolio, which supports the world's most critical processes, SAP is fostering a new wave of business insight and creativity.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
إتصل على هذا الرقم اذا اردت الحصول على "حبوب الاجهاض الامارات" توصيلنا مجاني رقم الواتساب 00971547952044:
00971547952044. حبوب الإجهاض في دبي | أبوظبي | الشارقة | السطوة | سعر سايتوتك Cytotec يتميز دواء Cytotec (سايتوتك) بفعاليته في إجهاض الحمل. يمكن الحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بسهولة من خلال خدمات التوصيل السريع والدفع عند الاستلام. تُستخدم حبوب سايتوتك بشكل شائع لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار الأمثل لمن يبحث عن طريقة آمنة وفعالة للإجهاض المنزلي.
تتوفر حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بأسعار تنافسية، ويمكنك الحصول على خصم كبير عند الشراء الآن. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات معروفة بقدرتها الفعالة على إنهاء الحمل في الشهر الأول أو الثاني. إذا كنت تبحث عن حبوب لتنزيل الحمل في الشهر الثاني أو الأول، فإن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار المثالي.
دواء سايتوتك يحتوي على المادة الفعالة ميزوبروستول، التي تُستخدم لإجهاض الحمل والتخلص من النزيف ما بعد الولادة. يمكنك الآن الحصول على حبوب سايتوتك للبيع في دبي وأبوظبي والشارقة من خلال الاتصال برقم 00971547952044. نسعى لتقديم أفضل الخدمات في مجال حبوب الاجهاض الامارات، مع توفير حبوب سايتوتك الأصلية بأفضل الأسعار.
إذا كنت في دبي، أبوظبي، الشارقة أو العين، يمكنك الحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بسهولة وأمان. نحن نضمن لك وصول الحبوب الأصلية بسرية تامة مع خيار الدفع عند الاستلام. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الحل الفعال لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه بطريقة آمنة.
تبحث العديد من النساء في الإمارات العربية المتحدة عن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات كبديل للعمليات الجراحية التي تتطلب وقتاً طويلاً وتكلفة عالية. بفضل حبوب الاجهاض الامارات، يمكنك الآن إنهاء الحمل بسلام وأمان في منزلك. نحن نوفر حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية من إنتاج شركة فايزر، مما يضمن لك الحصول على منتج فعال وآمن.
إذا كنت تبحث عن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات في العين، دبي، أو أبوظبي، يمكنك التواصل معنا عبر الواتس آب أو الاتصال على رقم 00971547952044 للحصول على التفاصيل حول كيفية الشراء والتوصيل. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات متوفرة بأسعار تنافسية، مع تقديم خصومات كبيرة عند الشراء بالجملة.
حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار الأمثل لمن تبحث عن وسيلة آمنة وسريعة لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه. تواصل معنا اليوم للحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية وتجنب أي مشاكل أو مضاعفات صحية.
في النهاية، لا تقلق بشأن الحبوب المقلدة أو الخطرة، فنحن نوفر لك حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية بأفضل الأسعار وخدمة التوصيل السريع والآمن. اتصل بنا الآن على 00971547952044 لتأكيد طلبك والحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات التي تحتاجها. نحن هنا لمساعدتك وتقديم الدعم اللازم لضمان حصولك على الحل المناسب لمشكلتك.
Centrifugation is a technique, based upon the behaviour of particles in an applied centrifugal filed.
Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed.
The denser components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the less dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis.
precipitate (pellet) will travel quickly and fully to the bottom of the tube.
The remaining liquid that lies above the precipitate is called a supernatant.
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdfPirithiRaju
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
The Limited Role of the Streaming Instability during Moon and Exomoon FormationSérgio Sacani
It is generally accepted that the Moon accreted from the disk formed by an impact between the proto-Earth and
impactor, but its details are highly debated. Some models suggest that a Mars-sized impactor formed a silicate
melt-rich (vapor-poor) disk around Earth, whereas other models suggest that a highly energetic impact produced a
silicate vapor-rich disk. Such a vapor-rich disk, however, may not be suitable for the Moon formation, because
moonlets, building blocks of the Moon, of 100 m–100 km in radius may experience strong gas drag and fall onto
Earth on a short timescale, failing to grow further. This problem may be avoided if large moonlets (?100 km)
form very quickly by streaming instability, which is a process to concentrate particles enough to cause gravitational
collapse and rapid formation of planetesimals or moonlets. Here, we investigate the effect of the streaming
instability in the Moon-forming disk for the first time and find that this instability can quickly form ∼100 km-sized
moonlets. However, these moonlets are not large enough to avoid strong drag, and they still fall onto Earth quickly.
This suggests that the vapor-rich disks may not form the large Moon, and therefore the models that produce vaporpoor disks are supported. This result is applicable to general impact-induced moon-forming disks, supporting the
previous suggestion that small planets (<1.6 R⊕) are good candidates to host large moons because their impactinduced disks would likely be vapor-poor. We find a limited role of streaming instability in satellite formation in an
impact-induced disk, whereas it plays a key role during planet formation.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Earth-moon system (436)
2. In the majority of software projects, there is some software reuse.
This often happens informally when people working on the
project know of designs or code that are similar to what is
required. They look for these, modify them as needed, and
incorporate them into their system.
Reuse-oriented software engineering has the obvious advantage of
reducing the amount of software to be developed and so reducing
cost and risks.
Reuse-oriented software engineering
3. There are three types of software component
that may be used in a reuse-oriented process
1. Web services that are developed according to service standards and
which are available for remote invocation.
2. Collections of objects that are developed as a package to be integrated
with a component framework such as .NET or J2EE.
3. Stand-alone software systems that are configured for use in a
particular environment.
4. Process activities
Real software processes are interleaved sequences of technical,
collaborative, and managerial activities with the overall goal of
specifying, designing, implementing, and testing a software system.
Software developers use a variety of different software tools in their work.
Tools are particularly useful for supporting the editing of different types of
document and for managing the immense volume of detailed information
that is generated in a large software project.
5. It is A series of steps that organizes the development of
a software product
Phases of a Software Life Cycle
• Standard Phases
– Requirements Analysis & Specification
– Design
– Implementation and Integration
– Operation and Maintenance
– Change in Requirements
– Testing throughout!
Software Life Cycle
6. Detailed Software life cycle
1. Feasibility Study
2. Requirement Gathering
3. Requirement analysis
4. Design
5. Implementation
6. Testing
7. Deployment
8. Maintenance
Software Life Cycle
7. Input Output
Project idea Report:
Yes, No,
Yes but
What are the tools and techniques used for
conducting feasibility study?
Feasibility
Study
Feasibility Study
8. Requirements Analysis and Specification
Software specification or requirements engineering is the process of
1. understanding and defining what services are required from the system and
2. identifying the constraints on the system’s operation and development.
9. Requirements Analysis and Specification
Problem Definition —> Requirements Specification
– determine exactly what client wants and identify constraints
– develop a contract with client
– Specify the product’s task explicitly
Difficulties
– client asks for wrong product
– client is computer/software illiterate
– specifications may be ambiguous, inconsistent, incomplete
Validation
– extensive reviews to check that requirements satisfy client needs
– look for ambiguity, consistency, incompleteness
– check for feasibility, testability
– develop system/acceptance test plan
10. Input Output
Project Title Requirement list
Some Requirement gathering techniques:
Interview, document analysis, prototype,…
Tools: Check list, Use case diagram,….
Requirement
Gathering
Requirements Analysis and
Specification
12. Software design
A software design is a description of the structure of the software
to be implemented, the data models and structures used by the
system, the interfaces between system components and, sometimes,
the algorithms used.
13. Software design
Requirements Specification —> Design
– develop architectural design (system structure)
decompose software into modules with module interfaces
– develop detailed design (module specifications)
select algorithms and data structures
– maintain record of design decisions
Difficulties
– miscommunication between module designers
– design may be inconsistent, incomplete, ambiguous
Verification
– extensive design reviews (inspections) to determine that design conforms to
requirements
15. Note :-
The activities in the design process vary, depending on the type of system being
developed.
For example, real-time systems require timing design but may not include a
database so there is no database design involved.
Design process are four activities :
Software design
16. Implementation and Integration
The implementation stage of software development is the process of
converting a system specification into an executable system.
It always involves processes of software design and programming but, if an
incremental approach to development is used, may also involve refinement
of the software specification.
17. Implementation and Integration
Design —> Implementation
– implement modules and verify they meet their specifications
– combine modules according to architectural design
Difficulties
– module interaction errors
– order of integration has a critical influence on product quality
19. Software validation
Software validation or, more generally, verification and validation
(V&V) is intended to show that a system both conforms to its
specification and that it meets the expectations of the system
customer.
20. Software validation
Verification and Testing
– code reviews to determine that implementation conforms to
requirements and design
– develop unit/module test plan: focus on individual module functionality
– develop integration test plan: focus on module interfaces
– develop system test plan: focus on requirements and determine
whether product as a whole
functions correctly
24. Software evolution
The flexibility of software systems is one of the main reasons why
more and more software is being incorporated in large, complex
systems.
Once a decision has been made to manufacture hardware, it is very
expensive to make changes to the hardware design.
However, changes can be made to software at any time during or after
the system development. Even extensive changes are still much
cheaper than corresponding changes to system hardware.
Note:-
the process of software development and the process of software
evolution (software maintenance). (Differences)
26. Incremental delivery
Incremental delivery is an approach to software development where
some of the developed increments are delivered to the customer and
deployed for use in an operational environment.
In an incremental delivery process, customers identify,
in outline, the services to be provided by the system. They identify
which of the services are most important and which are least
important to them.
28. Incremental delivery has a number of
advantages
1. Customers can use the early increments as prototypes and gain
experience that informs their requirements for later system increments.
2. Customers do not have to wait until the entire system is delivered before
they can gain value from it.
3. The process maintains the benefits of incremental development in that it
should be relatively easy to incorporate changes into the system.
4. As the highest-priority services are delivered first and increments then
integrated, the most important system services receive the most testing.
29. There are problems with incremental
delivery:
1. Most systems require a set of basic facilities that are used by
different parts of the system.
2. Iterative development can also be difficult when a replacement
system is being developed.
3. The essence of iterative processes is that the specification is
developed in conjunction with the software.
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