The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different software development models. SDLC involves stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. The waterfall model follows a linear sequence of stages from requirements to maintenance. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier to refine requirements before implementation.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It discusses key topics like software evolution, paradigms, characteristics, and the software development life cycle (SDLC). The SDLC is described as a structured sequence of stages to develop software, including communication, requirements gathering, feasibility study, system analysis, design, coding, testing, integration, implementation, and operation and maintenance. Software engineering aims to develop high-quality software using well-defined principles and methods, addressing issues like exceeding timelines and budgets seen in traditional software development.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary models.
SWE-401 - 2. Software Development life cycle (SDLC)ghayour abbas
The document describes the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a structured process for developing software through stages including communication, requirement gathering, feasibility study, system analysis, software design, coding, testing, integration, implementation, and operation and maintenance. It also discusses several software development paradigms that guide the development process, such as waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, and big bang models.
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle models:
- The Waterfall Model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration.
- Prototyping allows for experimenting with designs through iterative prototype development and user testing.
- Iterative models like the Spiral Model involve repeating phases of design, implementation, and testing in cycles with user feedback.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different software development models. SDLC involves stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. The waterfall model follows a linear sequence of stages from requirements to maintenance. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier to refine requirements before implementation.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It discusses key topics like software evolution, paradigms, characteristics, and the software development life cycle (SDLC). The SDLC is described as a structured sequence of stages to develop software, including communication, requirements gathering, feasibility study, system analysis, design, coding, testing, integration, implementation, and operation and maintenance. Software engineering aims to develop high-quality software using well-defined principles and methods, addressing issues like exceeding timelines and budgets seen in traditional software development.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary.
The document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as applying scientific principles and methods to the development of software. The document then discusses the need for software engineering due to factors like managing large or scalable software, cost management, and dynamic nature of software. It also covers key concepts in software engineering like product vs process, software evolution, software development life cycle (SDLC), different SDLC models like waterfall, incremental, iterative and evolutionary models.
SWE-401 - 2. Software Development life cycle (SDLC)ghayour abbas
The document describes the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a structured process for developing software through stages including communication, requirement gathering, feasibility study, system analysis, software design, coding, testing, integration, implementation, and operation and maintenance. It also discusses several software development paradigms that guide the development process, such as waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, and big bang models.
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle models:
- The Waterfall Model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration.
- Prototyping allows for experimenting with designs through iterative prototype development and user testing.
- Iterative models like the Spiral Model involve repeating phases of design, implementation, and testing in cycles with user feedback.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of SDLC including problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. It also covers different SDLC models like waterfall, prototyping, and agile development. The SDLC process is best for structured environments while iterative models work better for web and e-commerce projects where frequent stakeholder feedback is needed.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a methodology for developing high quality software through defined processes and phases. It describes the typical phases of SDLC as requirement analysis and planning, defining requirements, software design, development, testing, and deployment. Popular SDLC models include waterfall, iterative, spiral, incremental, and prototype models. Each phase and model is then explained in more detail over the course of the document.
This document discusses systems analysis and the waterfall model of software development. It describes the stages of systems analysis including investigation, design, and implementation with user consultation. The design stage produces a system specification detailing materials, procedures, hardware requirements, and inputs/outputs. Systems are monitored after implementation for changes. The waterfall model stages are feasibility, requirements analysis, design specification, coding, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping is discussed as an alternative that involves users earlier to detect issues and ensure requirements are met.
Evolution of software; Characteristics of software; Software applications; Components of software; Software myths; Software problems; Software reuse; Overview of risk management; Process visibility; Professional responsibility.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and the Waterfall model. It describes the stages of the SDLC as planning, requirements, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It then provides more detail on the Waterfall model, outlining its linear phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, integration, and maintenance. The Waterfall model diagram is also shown. Advantages of the Waterfall model are listed as being suitable when requirements are stable and resources are available.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. It defines software and describes attributes of good software such as functionality, maintainability, dependability, and usability.
2. It explains that software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production, whereas computer science focuses more on theory and fundamentals.
3. Key attributes of good software are discussed including maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability.
4. Various software engineering models such as waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models are briefly introduced.
Introduction to Software engineering Concepts which includes Software Process Model, SRS documents, Requirement Engineering Process, Architectural Modeling, software Products, Risk Management Process, SDLC Model, Professional & Ethical Responsibilities, System & its Environment, System Procurement (COTS & Contractor Method), System Engineering Process, System Reliability Engineering, Human factors, Functional & Non-Functional Requirements
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process. SDLC is a structure followed by a development team within the software organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain and replace specific software.
The document discusses the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) process. There are 6 major phases in the STLC model: requirement analysis, test planning, test case development, test environment setup, test execution, and test closure activities. The goal of the STLC is to ensure software quality goals are met by conducting a sequence of testing activities. Key steps include understanding requirements, creating test plans and cases, setting up testing environments, executing tests, and closing out testing upon product delivery.
The document discusses several common software life cycle models: the waterfall model, rapid application development (RAD) model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without overlap. The RAD model emphasizes rapid delivery through iterative prototyping. The prototyping model builds prototypes to refine requirements before full development. Finally, the spiral model takes a risk-driven approach to software development through iterative planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.
Miss Aster Noor introduces the concepts of software processes and process models. The chapter covers software process models like waterfall, incremental development, and integration/configuration. It discusses the core process activities of requirements engineering, development, testing, and evolution. The chapter aims to explain why processes must adapt to changes and how process improvement affects quality.
IRJET- Research Study on Testing Mantle in SDLCIRJET Journal
This document discusses the role and importance of testing in the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of the SDLC, including requirement gathering, design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Testing is involved throughout the SDLC to improve quality, reliability, and performance. The key roles of testing include finding bugs, improving product standards, demonstrating feasibility, and avoiding faults migrating between phases. Testing helps deliver high quality software that meets requirements and manages risks.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
This document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which outlines the formal steps for developing software products. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC as problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. Each phase is then further explained in terms of its goals and activities. The document also notes some strengths of the SDLC model for structured development environments and weaknesses for iterative development models.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
This document discusses various topics related to event management and software development. It covers the software development life cycle (SDLC) including both traditional and agile models. It discusses requirements, databases, modeling languages, internet of things, Java features, Android development, HTTP, and .NET. The key topics covered are SDLC methodologies (waterfall, agile), database concepts (OLTP, OLAP, queries), modeling tools (UML, StarUML, Umlet), sensors and devices for IoT projects, programming languages (Java, features; Android architecture), web protocols (HTTP, client-server), and development platforms (.NET languages, libraries).
Software Engineering in a Quick and Easy way - v1.pdfKAJAL MANDAL
The Most Common must know Software Development life cycle Models. As we discussed in our earlier article on Software Engineering, we have learned about the aspects of Software Engineering and the qualities that it should possess. Now let us move ahead and learn about the models of the software development life cycle. What is a software development life cycle? A software development life cycle, sometimes also called the SDLC life cycle, represents and describes the various activities that are to be performed to build a software product. These activities are grouped into several phases and sequentially linked in order. Hence we can also say, that a software development life cycle is a structured list of activities that are followed to develop software, from the inception to the delivery of the final product. During any phase of the life cycle of development, one or more activities might have to be carried out to start or finish that phase. For example, in the inception phase of actual coding, it is expected that the architectural designing phase is completed. Why software development life cycle model is required? In every model of SDLC, every phase may have its own child life cycle, for every team of a specific skill set. So in an environment of complicated projects and a variety of skill-based teams, it is vital to follow a pre-defined structured process. This creates discipline and maintains decorum in the working culture. All team members are interdependent. Failure of any one team will affect the deliverables of other teams. And all together it might lead to project failures. SDLC also defines entry and exit criteria for every phase. For example, say, if a team member starts coding, assuming that pro-activeness will help finish the project much earlier. This would be the perfect recipe for disaster and project failure. Why? Because, after putting down a month of effort they might realize that the project needs a roving vehicle on Mars to collect data. Unfortunately, the team doesn’t have that with them. So they can not proceed further. That means a feasibility study was not performed before the team started working on deliverables. Which in technical terms, is a breach of SDLC, and hence the loss of effort, or project failure. The team should have done a feasibility study before jumping straight into deliverables. Then they would have realized that the project is not doable, many days in advance. As so, they could have saved some unnecessary effort. Hence it is strongly suggested to follow a methodology, or process while working on complex and team-based projects. It becomes easier for the entire team to work together, support each other, manage, and track the progress of the development. Regardless of the model you follow, SDLC models always ensure smooth delivery, reporting, and chaos-free delivery of the project. Classic Waterfall Model. Prototyping Model. Iterative Waterfall Model. Rapid Action Development. Spiral Model.
The document discusses different software process models. It describes the waterfall model, which involves sequential phases of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model suggests a systematic approach but real projects rarely follow sequential phases and instead involve overlap and feedback between phases. The document also briefly describes the build-and-fix model, which develops software without specifications or design and relies on repeated modifications until requirements are met.
ISE_Lecture Week 2-SW Process Models.pptHumzaWaris1
The document discusses various software development processes. It begins by defining a software process as a framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a project. It then categorizes common activities as software specification, development, validation, and evolution. The document goes on to describe plan-driven and agile processes, and notes that most practical processes include elements of both. It provides details on specific process models like waterfall, V-model, prototyping, incremental development, component-based development, and spiral model.
Elementary Probability theory Chapter 2.pptxethiouniverse
The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses why software engineering is important given that errors in complex software systems can have devastating consequences, as shown through examples of software failures in air traffic control, satellite launches, and ambulance dispatch systems. The document also covers fundamental software engineering concepts like the software process, process models, and costs.
The document discusses software testing concepts like validation testing vs defect testing, system and component testing strategies, and test automation tools. It defines key terms like bugs, defects, errors, faults, and failures. It also describes techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis that are used to generate test cases that thoroughly test software. Component testing tests individual program parts while system testing tests integrated groups of components. Test cases specify conditions to determine if software works as intended.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of SDLC including problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. It also covers different SDLC models like waterfall, prototyping, and agile development. The SDLC process is best for structured environments while iterative models work better for web and e-commerce projects where frequent stakeholder feedback is needed.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a methodology for developing high quality software through defined processes and phases. It describes the typical phases of SDLC as requirement analysis and planning, defining requirements, software design, development, testing, and deployment. Popular SDLC models include waterfall, iterative, spiral, incremental, and prototype models. Each phase and model is then explained in more detail over the course of the document.
This document discusses systems analysis and the waterfall model of software development. It describes the stages of systems analysis including investigation, design, and implementation with user consultation. The design stage produces a system specification detailing materials, procedures, hardware requirements, and inputs/outputs. Systems are monitored after implementation for changes. The waterfall model stages are feasibility, requirements analysis, design specification, coding, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping is discussed as an alternative that involves users earlier to detect issues and ensure requirements are met.
Evolution of software; Characteristics of software; Software applications; Components of software; Software myths; Software problems; Software reuse; Overview of risk management; Process visibility; Professional responsibility.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and the Waterfall model. It describes the stages of the SDLC as planning, requirements, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It then provides more detail on the Waterfall model, outlining its linear phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, integration, and maintenance. The Waterfall model diagram is also shown. Advantages of the Waterfall model are listed as being suitable when requirements are stable and resources are available.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. It defines software and describes attributes of good software such as functionality, maintainability, dependability, and usability.
2. It explains that software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production, whereas computer science focuses more on theory and fundamentals.
3. Key attributes of good software are discussed including maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability.
4. Various software engineering models such as waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models are briefly introduced.
Introduction to Software engineering Concepts which includes Software Process Model, SRS documents, Requirement Engineering Process, Architectural Modeling, software Products, Risk Management Process, SDLC Model, Professional & Ethical Responsibilities, System & its Environment, System Procurement (COTS & Contractor Method), System Engineering Process, System Reliability Engineering, Human factors, Functional & Non-Functional Requirements
The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework defining tasks performed at each step in the software development process. SDLC is a structure followed by a development team within the software organization. It consists of a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain and replace specific software.
The document discusses the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) process. There are 6 major phases in the STLC model: requirement analysis, test planning, test case development, test environment setup, test execution, and test closure activities. The goal of the STLC is to ensure software quality goals are met by conducting a sequence of testing activities. Key steps include understanding requirements, creating test plans and cases, setting up testing environments, executing tests, and closing out testing upon product delivery.
The document discusses several common software life cycle models: the waterfall model, rapid application development (RAD) model, prototyping model, and spiral model. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without overlap. The RAD model emphasizes rapid delivery through iterative prototyping. The prototyping model builds prototypes to refine requirements before full development. Finally, the spiral model takes a risk-driven approach to software development through iterative planning, risk analysis, and evaluations.
Miss Aster Noor introduces the concepts of software processes and process models. The chapter covers software process models like waterfall, incremental development, and integration/configuration. It discusses the core process activities of requirements engineering, development, testing, and evolution. The chapter aims to explain why processes must adapt to changes and how process improvement affects quality.
IRJET- Research Study on Testing Mantle in SDLCIRJET Journal
This document discusses the role and importance of testing in the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of the SDLC, including requirement gathering, design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Testing is involved throughout the SDLC to improve quality, reliability, and performance. The key roles of testing include finding bugs, improving product standards, demonstrating feasibility, and avoiding faults migrating between phases. Testing helps deliver high quality software that meets requirements and manages risks.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
This document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which outlines the formal steps for developing software products. It describes the typical phases of the SDLC as problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. Each phase is then further explained in terms of its goals and activities. The document also notes some strengths of the SDLC model for structured development environments and weaknesses for iterative development models.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
This document discusses various topics related to event management and software development. It covers the software development life cycle (SDLC) including both traditional and agile models. It discusses requirements, databases, modeling languages, internet of things, Java features, Android development, HTTP, and .NET. The key topics covered are SDLC methodologies (waterfall, agile), database concepts (OLTP, OLAP, queries), modeling tools (UML, StarUML, Umlet), sensors and devices for IoT projects, programming languages (Java, features; Android architecture), web protocols (HTTP, client-server), and development platforms (.NET languages, libraries).
Software Engineering in a Quick and Easy way - v1.pdfKAJAL MANDAL
The Most Common must know Software Development life cycle Models. As we discussed in our earlier article on Software Engineering, we have learned about the aspects of Software Engineering and the qualities that it should possess. Now let us move ahead and learn about the models of the software development life cycle. What is a software development life cycle? A software development life cycle, sometimes also called the SDLC life cycle, represents and describes the various activities that are to be performed to build a software product. These activities are grouped into several phases and sequentially linked in order. Hence we can also say, that a software development life cycle is a structured list of activities that are followed to develop software, from the inception to the delivery of the final product. During any phase of the life cycle of development, one or more activities might have to be carried out to start or finish that phase. For example, in the inception phase of actual coding, it is expected that the architectural designing phase is completed. Why software development life cycle model is required? In every model of SDLC, every phase may have its own child life cycle, for every team of a specific skill set. So in an environment of complicated projects and a variety of skill-based teams, it is vital to follow a pre-defined structured process. This creates discipline and maintains decorum in the working culture. All team members are interdependent. Failure of any one team will affect the deliverables of other teams. And all together it might lead to project failures. SDLC also defines entry and exit criteria for every phase. For example, say, if a team member starts coding, assuming that pro-activeness will help finish the project much earlier. This would be the perfect recipe for disaster and project failure. Why? Because, after putting down a month of effort they might realize that the project needs a roving vehicle on Mars to collect data. Unfortunately, the team doesn’t have that with them. So they can not proceed further. That means a feasibility study was not performed before the team started working on deliverables. Which in technical terms, is a breach of SDLC, and hence the loss of effort, or project failure. The team should have done a feasibility study before jumping straight into deliverables. Then they would have realized that the project is not doable, many days in advance. As so, they could have saved some unnecessary effort. Hence it is strongly suggested to follow a methodology, or process while working on complex and team-based projects. It becomes easier for the entire team to work together, support each other, manage, and track the progress of the development. Regardless of the model you follow, SDLC models always ensure smooth delivery, reporting, and chaos-free delivery of the project. Classic Waterfall Model. Prototyping Model. Iterative Waterfall Model. Rapid Action Development. Spiral Model.
The document discusses different software process models. It describes the waterfall model, which involves sequential phases of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model suggests a systematic approach but real projects rarely follow sequential phases and instead involve overlap and feedback between phases. The document also briefly describes the build-and-fix model, which develops software without specifications or design and relies on repeated modifications until requirements are met.
ISE_Lecture Week 2-SW Process Models.pptHumzaWaris1
The document discusses various software development processes. It begins by defining a software process as a framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a project. It then categorizes common activities as software specification, development, validation, and evolution. The document goes on to describe plan-driven and agile processes, and notes that most practical processes include elements of both. It provides details on specific process models like waterfall, V-model, prototyping, incremental development, component-based development, and spiral model.
Elementary Probability theory Chapter 2.pptxethiouniverse
The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software engineering as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It discusses why software engineering is important given that errors in complex software systems can have devastating consequences, as shown through examples of software failures in air traffic control, satellite launches, and ambulance dispatch systems. The document also covers fundamental software engineering concepts like the software process, process models, and costs.
The document discusses software testing concepts like validation testing vs defect testing, system and component testing strategies, and test automation tools. It defines key terms like bugs, defects, errors, faults, and failures. It also describes techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis that are used to generate test cases that thoroughly test software. Component testing tests individual program parts while system testing tests integrated groups of components. Test cases specify conditions to determine if software works as intended.
Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to measure the complexity of a program based on the number of linearly independent paths. It is calculated as the number of edges - nodes + 2 in the program's control flow graph. Higher cyclomatic complexity indicates a more complex program that is likely more error-prone. Testing seeks to determine the required quality standard and strategy before planning specific unit, integration, and system tests. Factors considered in test planning include prioritizing what to test based on damage severity and risk levels, determining test sources, who will perform the tests, where to conduct them, and when to terminate testing. The results are documented in a software test plan.
The document discusses function point analysis (FPA), a method used to estimate the size of a software project based on its functionality. FPA was initially developed by Allan J. Albrecht in 1979 at IBM. It measures the functional size of a software application in terms of function points, which are used to estimate factors like project time and resources required. FPA is independent of programming languages and can be used for various types of software systems. The document also discusses software quality metrics, which focus on measuring the quality of products, processes, and projects. These include metrics like defect density, customer problems, and customer satisfaction.
This document discusses techniques for estimating the cost of software projects. It explains that software cost estimation aims to predict the effort, time and total cost required. The key components of software costs are outlined as labor costs, hardware/software costs, and overhead costs. The document then examines various techniques for measuring programmer productivity and estimating project size, including lines of code, function points, and object points. Finally, it analyzes different estimation techniques like algorithmic modeling, expert judgment, analogy, and top-down vs. bottom-up approaches.
The document discusses software project management. It defines a software project as the complete process of software development from requirements gathering through testing and maintenance. A software project manager closely monitors the development process, prepares plans, arranges resources, and manages communication between team members. Software project management involves planning, scope management, estimation of size, effort, time and cost, and other activities. Estimation techniques include decomposition by functions or activities and empirical models. Lines of code is a common size metric but does not consider complexity. Effort estimation forecasts time required and project estimation uses a stepwise decomposition approach.
XML is a markup language that defines rules for encoding documents in a human- and machine-readable format. It allows users to define their own elements and tags to structure data. Some key benefits of XML include its extensibility, ability to carry data independently of presentation, and status as a public standard. While XML provides structure and organization, it does not perform computations or specify how data should be displayed.
The document discusses configuration management and software configuration management (SCM) concepts. It defines key SCM terms like baseline, software configuration item, and configuration. It describes the SCM process which includes identification, version control, change control, configuration auditing, and status reporting. Challenges of SCM in component-based software development are also covered. Effective SCM is important for software projects to manage changes and maintain integrity across software versions and releases.
High cohesion and low coupling are characteristics of good design that make software components more independent and modular. Cohesion refers to how related the responsibilities of a component are, while coupling refers to interdependencies between components. The document defines and provides examples of different types of cohesion and coupling, from ideal to poor, to help understand their impacts on maintenance and modifiability.
Software design involves deriving solutions that satisfy software requirements. The design process involves understanding the problem, identifying solutions, and describing solution abstractions at different levels. Design takes place through overlapping phases like architectural design, interface design, and component design. Good design principles include having linguistic modular units, few interfaces, small interfaces, explicit interfaces, and information hiding. This achieves cohesion within modules and loose coupling between modules.
This document provides an overview of software engineering and the evolution of practices in the field. It discusses how software development has progressed from an ad hoc exploratory approach to more systematic approaches utilizing structured programming, data structure design, data flow design, and object-oriented design. Modern practices emphasize prevention over correction of errors through life cycle models, documentation, testing and other techniques.
The document discusses software requirements and documentation. It states that properly documenting requirements is crucial to avoid mistakes during development. Requirements analysis involves gathering and analyzing requirements, then specifying them in a document. This ensures developers understand the problem and can develop a satisfactory solution. The document also discusses data flow modeling, object-oriented modeling, prototyping techniques, and classifying requirements as functional or non-functional.
The document provides guidance on writing a software requirements specification (SRS) document. An SRS document is important as it establishes shared expectations for a software project between clients and developers. It describes the intended use, features, and challenges of a software application. The SRS includes sections on purpose, scope, functional and non-functional requirements, interfaces, and design constraints. It is created before development to ensure all stakeholders understand what the software should do.
Animation involves manipulating still images to create the illusion of movement. Traditional animation involves drawing images by hand on transparent sheets that are photographed and exhibited as film. Today, computer-generated imagery (CGI) is commonly used. There are 12 principles for effective animation including squash and stretch, anticipation, staging, follow through and overlapping action, solid drawing, timing, and exaggeration. Different animation techniques include traditional 2D animation, digital 2D/3D animation, puppetry, claymation, cut-out animation, and flipbook animation. Common file formats for animation include PNG, JPG, GIF, and SVG.
Voice recognition and voice response systems allow for hands-free data entry using speech as the interface. Voice recognition systems analyze speech patterns to convert them to digital codes for computer input. Most require training a system to recognize a user's voice. Voice recognition is used in applications like manufacturing quality control and airline baggage sorting. Voice response systems provide verbal guidance for tasks using voice messaging and synthesis. Examples include automated phone systems and online services.
Windows was developed by Microsoft and macOS was developed by Apple. Windows was first launched in 1985 while macOS was first launched in 2001. Both operating systems allow for multitasking and have strong networking capabilities. However, Windows generally has better compatibility with third-party hardware and software while macOS has stronger security features and integration with other Apple devices.
The document discusses digital audio and sound systems. It covers topics like:
- Sound cards and speakers are needed to play sophisticated sounds on computers.
- Users can check for and adjust sound card settings through the Control Panel.
- Formats like WAV, AIFF, AU store uncompressed digital audio, while MP3, Vorbis use lossy compression.
- MIDI files contain instructions to recreate music rather than audio waves, making them much smaller in size.
Video is composed of a series of still images called frames displayed in rapid succession to create the illusion of motion. It involves both visual and audio components. There are two main types of video - analogue and digital. Analogue video represents images and sound through continuous signals while digital video uses discrete numeric data. Common video file formats include .MP4, .AVI, .WMV and .MOV, each suited for different uses and applications.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
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2. INTRODUCTION
software development process is SDLC models
which stands for Software Development Life Cycle
models. SDLC – is a continuous process, which starts
from the moment, when it’s made a decision to launch
the project. There is no one single SDLC model. They
are divided into main groups, each with its features and
weaknesses.
3. WHAT IS SDLC?
SDLC is a systematic process for building software that ensures
the quality and correctness of the software built. SDLC process
aims to produce high-quality software that meets customer
expectations. The system development should be complete in
the pre-defined time frame and cost. SDLC consists of a detailed
plan which explains how to plan, build, and maintain specific
software. Every phase of the SDLC life Cycle has its own
process and deliverables that feed into the next phase. SDLC
stands for Software Development Life Cycle and is also
referred to as the Application Development life-cycle
4. WHY SDLC?
It offers a basis for project planning, scheduling, and
estimating
Provides a framework for a standard set of activities and
deliverables
It is a mechanism for project tracking and control
Increases visibility of project planning to all involved
stakeholders of the development process
Increased and enhance development speed
Improved client relations
Helps you to decrease project risk and project
management plan overhead
5. BASIC STAGES OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
No matter what type of the models has been chosen, each of
them has basic stages which are used by every software
development company.
Each software development life cycle model starts with the
analysis, in which the stakeholders of the process
discuss the requirements for the final product. The goal of this stage
is the detailed definition of the system requirements. Besides, it is
needed to make sure that all the process participants have clearly
understood the tasks and how every requirement is going to be
implemented. Often, the discussion involves the QA specialists who can
interfere the process with additions even during the development stage
if it is necessary.
Stage 1. Planning and requirement analysis
6. Stage 2. Designing project architecture
At the second phase of the software development life
cycle, the developers are actually designing the
architecture. All the different technical questions that
may appear on this stage are discussed by all the
stakeholders, including the customer. Also, here are
defined the technologies used in the project, team load,
limitations, time frames, and budget. The most
appropriate project decisions are made according to the
defined requirements.
7. Stage 3. Development and programming
After the requirements approved, the process goes to the next
stage – actual development. Programmers start here with the
source code writing while keeping in mind previously defined
requirements. The system administrators adjust the software
environment, front-end programmers develop the user interface
of the program and the logics for its interaction with the server.
The programming by itself assumes four stages
Algorithm development
Source code writing
Compilation
Testing and debugging
8. Stage 4. Testing
The testing phase includes the debugging process. All the code
flaws missed during the development are detected here,
documented, and passed back to the developers to fix. The testing
process repeats until all the critical issues are removed and
software workflow is stable.
9. Stage 5. Deployment
When the program is finalized and has no critical issues – it is
time to launch it for the end users. After the new program
version release, the tech support team joins. This department
provides user feedback; consult and support users during the
time of exploitation. Moreover, the update of selected
components is included in this phase, to make sure, that the
software is up-to-date and is invulnerable to a security breach.
10. SDLC MODELS
A framework that describes the activities performed
at each stage of a software development project.
11. PROTOTYPE- MODELS
Prototyping is defined as the process of developing a
working replication of a product or system that has to be
engineered. It offers a small scale working project of the end
product and is used for obtaining customer feedback as
described below:
12. THE ADVANTAGES OF THE PROTOTYPING MODEL ARE AS FOLLOWS −
Increased user involvement in the product even before its
implementation.
Since a working model of the system is displayed, the users get
a better understanding of the system being developed.
Reduces time and cost as the defects can be detected much
earlier.
Quicker user feedback is available leading to better solutions.
Missing functionality can be identified easily.
Confusing or difficult functions can be identified.
13. THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROTOTYPING MODEL ARE AS FOLLOWS −
Risk of insufficient requirement analysis owing to too
much dependency on the prototype.
Users may get confused in the prototypes and actual
systems.
Practically, this methodology may increase the complexity
of the system as scope of the system may expand beyond
original plans.
Developers may try to reuse the existing prototypes to
build the actual system, even when it is not technically
feasible.
The effort invested in building prototypes may be too
much if it is not monitored properly.
14. WATERFALL SDLC MODEL
Waterfall – is a cascade SDLC model, in which
development process looks like the flow, moving step by
step through the phases of analysis, projecting,
realization, testing, implementation, and support. This
SDLC model includes gradual execution of every stage
completely. This process is strictly documented and
predefined with features expected to every phase of this
software development life cycle model.
15.
16. 1. Requirement Gathering
This step onwards the software development team
works to carry on the project. The team holds
discussions with various stakeholders from problem
domain and tries to bring out as much information
as possible on their requirements. The
requirements are contemplated and segregated into
user requirements, system requirements and
functional requirements. The requirements are
collected using a number of practices as given -
studying the existing or obsolete system and
software,
conducting interviews of users and developers,
referring to the database or
collecting answers from the questionnaires.
17. 2. Feasibility Study
After requirement gathering, the team comes up with a rough
plan of software process. At this step the team analyzes if a
software can be made to fulfill all requirements of the user and
if there is any possibility of software being no more useful. It is
found out, if the project is financially, practically and
technologically feasible for the organization to take up. There
are many algorithms available, which help the developers to
conclude the feasibility of a software project.
3. System Analysis
At this step the developers decide a roadmap of their plan and
try to bring up the best software model suitable for the project.
System analysis includes Understanding of software product
limitations, learning system related problems or changes to be
done in existing systems beforehand, identifying and
addressing the impact of project on organization and
personnel etc. The project team analyzes the scope of the
project and plans the schedule and resources accordingly.
18. 4. Software Design
Next step is to bring down whole knowledge of
requirements and analysis on the desk and design the
software product. The inputs from users and information
gathered in requirement gathering phase are the inputs of
this step. The output of this step comes in the form of two
designs; logical design and physical design. Engineers
produce meta-data and data dictionaries, logical
diagrams, data-flow diagrams and in some cases pseudo
codes.
5. Coding
This step is also known as programming phase. The
implementation of software design starts in terms of
writing program code in the suitable programming
language and developing error-free executable programs
efficiently.
19. 6. Testing
An estimate says that 50% of whole software development
process should be tested. Errors may ruin the software from
critical level to its own removal. Software testing is done while
coding by the developers and thorough testing is conducted by
testing experts at various levels of code such as module
testing, program testing, product testing, in-house testing and
testing the product at user’s end. Early discovery of errors and
their remedy is the key to reliable software.
7. Integration
Software may need to be integrated with the libraries,
databases and other program(s). This stage of SDLC is
involved in the integration of software with outer world entities.
8. Deployment
This means installing the software on user machines. At times,
software needs post-installation configurations at user end.
Software is tested for portability and adaptability and
integration related issues are solved during implementation.
20. 9. Operation and Maintenance
This phase confirms the software operation in terms of more
efficiency and less errors. If required, the users are trained on, or
aided with the documentation on how to operate the software
and how to keep the software operational. The software is
maintained timely by updating the code according to the
changes taking place in user end environment or technology.
This phase may face challenges from hidden bugs and real-
world unidentified problems.
10. Disposition
As time elapses, the software may decline on the performance
front. It may go completely obsolete or may need intense
upgradation. Hence a pressing need to eliminate a major portion
of the system arises. This phase includes archiving data and
required software components, closing down the system,
planning disposition activity and terminating system at
appropriate end-of-system time.
21. WATERFALL SDLC MODEL
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Simple to use and understand The software is ready only after the last stage
is over
Management simplicity thanks to its rigidity:
every phase has a defined result and process
review
High risks and uncertainty
Development stages go one by one Not the best choice for complex and object-
oriented projects
Perfect for the small or mid-sized projects
where requirements are clear and not
equivocal
Inappropriate for the long-term projects
Easy to determine the key points in the
development cycle
The progress of the stage is hard to measure
while it is still in the development
Easy to classify and prioritize tasks Integration is done at the very end, which does
not give the option of identifying the problem in
advance
22. ITERATIVE MODEL
In this Model, you can start with some of the software
specifications and develop the first version of the software. After
the first version if there is a need to change the software, then a
new version of the software is created with a new iteration.
Every release of the Iterative Model finishes in an exact and
fixed period that is called iteration.
The Iterative Model allows the accessing earlier phases, in
which the variations made respectively. The final output of the
project renewed at the end of the Software Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) process.
23.
24. THE VARIOUS PHASES OF ITERATIVE MODEL ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
1. Requirement gathering & analysis: In this phase,
requirements are gathered from customers and
check by an analyst whether requirements will fulfil
or not. Analyst checks that need will achieve within
budget or not. After all of this, the software team
skips to the next phase.
2. Design: In the design phase, team design the
software by the different diagrams like Data Flow
diagram, activity diagram, class diagram, state
transition diagram, etc.
25. 3. Implementation: In the implementation, requirements are
written in the coding language and transformed into computer
programmes which are called Software.
4. Testing: After completing the coding phase, software testing
starts using different test methods. There are many test
methods, but the most common are white box, black box, and
grey box test methods.
5. Deployment: After completing all the phases, software is
deployed to its work environment.
6. Review: In this phase, after the product deployment, review
phase is performed to check the behaviour and validity of the
developed product. And if there are any error found then the
process starts again from the requirement gathering.
7. Maintenance: In the maintenance phase, after deployment of
the software in the working environment there may be some
bugs, some errors or new updates are required. Maintenance
involves debugging and new addition options.
26. WHEN TO USE THE ITERATIVE MODEL?
When requirements are defined clearly and easy to
understand.
When the software application is large.
When there is a requirement of changes in future.
27. ADVANTAGE(PROS) OF ITERATIVE MODEL:
1. Testing and debugging during smaller iteration is
easy.
2. A Parallel development can plan.
3. It is easily acceptable to ever-changing needs of
the project.
4. Risks are identified and resolved during iteration.
5. Limited time spent on documentation and extra
time on designing.
28. DISADVANTAGE(CONS) OF ITERATIVE MODEL:
1. It is not suitable for smaller projects.
2. More Resources may be required.
3. Design can be changed again and again because
of imperfect requirements.
4. Requirement changes can cause over budget.
5. Project completion date not confirmed because of
changing requirements.
29. SPIRAL MODEL
The spiral model combines the idea of iterative development with
the systematic, controlled aspects of the waterfall model. This
Spiral model is a combination of iterative development process
model and sequential linear development model i.e. the waterfall
model with a very high emphasis on risk analysis. It allows
incremental releases of the product or incremental refinement
through each iteration around the spiral.
30.
31. DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE SPIRAL MODEL
The phase of the spiral model has four quadrants, and each of them represents some specific stage of software
development. The functions of these four quadrants are listed below:
1. Planning objectives or identify alternative solutions: In this stage, requirements are collected from customers
and then the aims are recognized, elaborated as well as analyzed at the beginning of developing the project. If
the iterative round is more than one, then an alternative solution is proposed in the same quadrant.
2. Risk analysis and resolving: As the process goes to the second quadrant, all likely solutions are sketched, and
then the best solution among them gets select. Then the different types of risks linked with the chosen solution
are recognized and resolved through the best possible approach. As the spiral goes to the end of this quadrant, a
project prototype is put up for the most excellent and likely solution.
3. Develop the next level of product: As the development progress goes to the third quadrant, the well-known and
mostly required features are developed as well as verified with the testing methodologies. As this stage proceeds
to the end of this third quadrant, new software or the next version of existing software is ready to deliver.
4. Plan the next Phase: As the development process proceeds in the fourth quadrant, the customers appraise the
developed version of the project and reports if any further changes are required. At last, planning for the
subsequent phase is initiated.
32. USES OF THE SPIRAL MODEL
the spiral model is best used in large, expensive and complicated projects.
Other uses include:
1. Projects in which frequent releases are necessary;
2. Projects in which changes may be required at any time;
3. Long term projects that are not feasible due to altered economic priorities;
4. Medium to high risk projects;
5. Projects in which cost and risk analysis is important;
6. Projects that would benefit from the creation of a prototype; and projects
with unclear or complex requirements.
33. STEPS OF THE SPIRAL MODEL
While the phases are broken down into quadrants,
each quadrant can be further broken down into the
steps that occur within each one. The steps in the
spiral model can be generalized as follows:
1. The new system requirements are defined in as much detail as
possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users
representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of
the existing system.
2. A preliminary design is created for the new system.
3. A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the
preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and
represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final
product.
34. A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure: (1) evaluating the first
prototype in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, and risks; (2) defining the
requirements of the second prototype; (3) planning and designing the second
prototype; (4) constructing and testing the second prototype.
The entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk factors might
involve development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation and other factors
that could result in a less-than-satisfactory final product.
The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous
prototype, and, if necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the
fourfold procedure outlined above.
The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined
prototype represents the final product desired.
The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype.
The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried
out on a continuing basis to prevent large-scale failures and to minimize downtime.
35. BENEFITS OF THE SPIRAL MODEL
the spiral model is a great option for large, complex projects. The
progressive nature of the model allows developers to break a big
project into smaller pieces and tackle one feature at a time, ensuring
nothing is missed.
since the prototype building is done progressively, the cost
estimation of the whole project can sometimes be easier.
Risk handling - The spiral model involves risk analysis and handling
in every phase, improving security and the chances of avoiding
attacks and breakages. The iterative development process also
facilitates risk management.
Customer satisfaction - The spiral model facilitates customer feedback.
If the software is being designed for a customer, then the customer will
be able to see and evaluate their product in every phase. This allows
them to voice dissatisfactions or make changes before the product is
fully built, saving the development team time and money.
36. LIMITATIONS OF THE SPIRAL MODEL
High cost - The spiral model is expensive and, therefore, is not suitable for
small projects.
Dependence on risk analysis - Since successful completion of the project
depends on effective risk handling, then it is necessary for involved
personnel to have expertise in risk assessment.
Complexity - The spiral model is more complex than other SDLC options.
For it to operate efficiently, protocols must be followed closely. Furthermore,
there is increased documentation since the model involves intermediate
phases.
37. RAD (RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT) MODEL
The Rapid Application Development Model was first proposed by IBM in
1980’s. The critical feature of this model is the use of powerful
development tools and techniques.
If the requirements are well understood and described, the RAD
process enables a development team to create a fully functional
system within a concise time period.
38. RAD (RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT) IS A CONCEPT THAT PRODUCTS CAN
BE DEVELOPED FASTER AND OF HIGHER QUALITY THROUGH:
Gathering requirements using workshops or focus groups
Prototyping and early, re-iterative user testing of designs
The re-use of software components
A rigidly paced schedule that refers design improvements to
the next product version
Less formality in reviews and other team communication
40. THE VARIOUS PHASES OF RAD ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1.Business Modeling: The information flow among business functions is
defined by answering questions like what data drives the business
process, what data is generated, who generates it, where does the
information go, who process it and so on.
2. Data Modeling: The data collected from business modeling is refined
into a set of data objects (entities) that are needed to support the
business. The attributes (character of each entity) are identified, and
the relation between these data objects (entities) is defined.
41. 3. Process Modelling: The information object defined in the data modeling
phase are transformed to achieve the data flow necessary to implement a
business function. Processing descriptions are created for adding,
modifying, deleting, or retrieving a data object.
4. Application Generation: Automated tools are used to facilitate
construction of the software; even they use the 4th GL techniques.
5. Testing & Turnover: Many of the programming components have
already been tested since RAD emphasis reuse. This reduces the overall
testing time. But the new part must be tested, and all interfaces must be
fully exercised.
42. WHEN TO USE RAD MODEL?
1. When the system should need to create the project that modularizes
in a short span time (2-3 months).
2. When the requirements are well-known.
3. When the technical risk is limited.
4. When there's a necessity to make a system, which modularized in 2-
3 months of period.
5. It should be used only if the budget allows the use of automatic
code generating tools.
43. ADVANTAGE OF RAD MODEL
1. This model is flexible for change.
2. In this model, changes are adoptable.
3. Each phase in RAD brings highest priority functionality to the customer.
4. It reduced development time.
5. It increases the reusability of features.
44. DISADVANTAGE OF RAD MODEL
1. It required highly skilled designers.
2. All application is not compatible with RAD.
3. For smaller projects, we cannot use the RAD model.
4. On the high technical risk, it's not suitable.
5. Required user involvement.