This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle models:
- The Waterfall Model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration.
- Prototyping allows for experimenting with designs through iterative prototype development and user testing.
- Iterative models like the Spiral Model involve repeating phases of design, implementation, and testing in cycles with user feedback.
Evolution of software; Characteristics of software; Software applications; Components of software; Software myths; Software problems; Software reuse; Overview of risk management; Process visibility; Professional responsibility.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. It defines software and describes attributes of good software such as functionality, maintainability, dependability, and usability.
2. It explains that software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production, whereas computer science focuses more on theory and fundamentals.
3. Key attributes of good software are discussed including maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability.
4. Various software engineering models such as waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models are briefly introduced.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
The document discusses various software life cycle models, including waterfall, V-model, incremental, prototype, spiral, RAD and 4GT. It provides descriptions of each model's phases, advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall and V-model are presented as classic sequential models. Incremental and spiral models iterate through phases to allow for flexibility. Prototype and RAD models emphasize early prototypes. Risk analysis is a key part of the spiral model.
The document discusses various aspects of the software process including software process models, generic process models like waterfall model and evolutionary development, process iteration, and system requirements specification. It provides details on each topic with definitions, characteristics, advantages and diagrams. The key steps in software process are specified as software specifications, design and implementation, validation, and evolution. Generic process models and specific models like waterfall, evolutionary development, and incremental delivery are explained.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its various stages and models. It provides definitions of key SDLC terms like waterfall model, verification and validation testing, integration testing, and system testing. It also describes different testing types like unit testing, component testing, and acceptance testing that occur at different stages of the SDLC.
The document provides an overview of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It describes the main phases of SDLC as feasibility analysis, requirement analysis and specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. For each phase, it outlines the key activities and objectives. It also discusses different approaches to SDLC, including waterfall, prototyping, iterative, and object-oriented approaches.
Software is a set of instructions and data structures that enable computer programs to provide desired functions and manipulate information. Software engineering is the systematic development and maintenance of software. It differs from software programming in that engineering involves teams developing complex, long-lasting systems through roles like architect and manager, while programming involves single developers building small, short-term applications. A software development life cycle like waterfall or spiral model provides structure to a project through phases from requirements to maintenance. Rapid application development emphasizes short cycles through business, data, and process modeling to create reusable components and reduce testing time.
Evolution of software; Characteristics of software; Software applications; Components of software; Software myths; Software problems; Software reuse; Overview of risk management; Process visibility; Professional responsibility.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. It defines software and describes attributes of good software such as functionality, maintainability, dependability, and usability.
2. It explains that software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production, whereas computer science focuses more on theory and fundamentals.
3. Key attributes of good software are discussed including maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability.
4. Various software engineering models such as waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models are briefly introduced.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
The document discusses various software life cycle models, including waterfall, V-model, incremental, prototype, spiral, RAD and 4GT. It provides descriptions of each model's phases, advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall and V-model are presented as classic sequential models. Incremental and spiral models iterate through phases to allow for flexibility. Prototype and RAD models emphasize early prototypes. Risk analysis is a key part of the spiral model.
The document discusses various aspects of the software process including software process models, generic process models like waterfall model and evolutionary development, process iteration, and system requirements specification. It provides details on each topic with definitions, characteristics, advantages and diagrams. The key steps in software process are specified as software specifications, design and implementation, validation, and evolution. Generic process models and specific models like waterfall, evolutionary development, and incremental delivery are explained.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and its various stages and models. It provides definitions of key SDLC terms like waterfall model, verification and validation testing, integration testing, and system testing. It also describes different testing types like unit testing, component testing, and acceptance testing that occur at different stages of the SDLC.
The document provides an overview of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It describes the main phases of SDLC as feasibility analysis, requirement analysis and specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. For each phase, it outlines the key activities and objectives. It also discusses different approaches to SDLC, including waterfall, prototyping, iterative, and object-oriented approaches.
Software is a set of instructions and data structures that enable computer programs to provide desired functions and manipulate information. Software engineering is the systematic development and maintenance of software. It differs from software programming in that engineering involves teams developing complex, long-lasting systems through roles like architect and manager, while programming involves single developers building small, short-term applications. A software development life cycle like waterfall or spiral model provides structure to a project through phases from requirements to maintenance. Rapid application development emphasizes short cycles through business, data, and process modeling to create reusable components and reduce testing time.
The document discusses four systems and suggests appropriate software process models for managing their development:
1. An anti-lock braking system is safety-critical, so the waterfall model is appropriate due to its formal transformations and proof requirements.
2. A virtual reality maintenance system has unpredictable requirements, so the exploratory programming model is suitable.
3. A university accounting system replaces an existing system, so the waterfall model is appropriate due to stable requirements.
4. A train time inquiry system has complex user interfaces but must be stable and reliable. It should use throw-away prototyping followed by incremental development or waterfall.
Report on SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE SDLC Neetu Marwah
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes SDLC as a process used in software engineering to break down development into distinct phases to better plan and manage projects. The phases include requirements study, design, development, testing, and maintenance. The document outlines each phase in detail and notes the key documents produced and activities involved at each stage of the SDLC process.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: waterfall model, prototyping model, iterative enhancement model, spiral model, and object-oriented methodology model. It provides detailed descriptions of each model's phases, process, advantages, and limitations. The waterfall model is the simplest and involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping and iterative enhancement models allow for more user feedback and flexibility. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The object-oriented model focuses on identifying system objects and relationships.
This document discusses software process models. It begins by defining a software process as a structured set of activities required to develop software, including specification, analysis, design, implementation, validation, and evolution. It then describes several prescriptive process models: the waterfall model executes phases sequentially; incremental and evolutionary models iterate phases; and concurrent models perform phases in parallel. The document evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each model to determine the most appropriate approach based on project requirements and risks.
This document summarizes key aspects of software engineering processes and models. It discusses the fundamental activities of software specification, development, validation, and evolution. It describes plan-driven and incremental process models like the waterfall model and incremental development. It also covers topics like software prototyping, reuse-oriented processes, and coping with changing requirements through change avoidance and change tolerance strategies.
The document introduces software process models and describes three generic models: waterfall, evolutionary development, and component-based development. It also covers the Rational Unified Process model and discusses how computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools can support software processes. Key activities like requirements, design, implementation, testing, and evolution are defined.
Software engineering Questions and AnswersBala Ganesh
1. Risk management is the process of identifying, addressing, and eliminating potential problems that could threaten the success of a project before they cause damage. This includes issues that could impact cost, schedule, technical success, product quality, or team morale.
2. HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output) diagrams were developed at IBM as a design representation and documentation aid. They contain a visual table of contents, overview diagrams, and detailed diagrams.
3. Software maintenance is any work done to modify software after it is operational, such as fixing errors, adding capabilities, removing obsolete code, or optimizing performance. It aims to preserve the software's value over time as requirements, users, and technology change. M
The document discusses software maintenance and its relationship to software testing. It explains that software maintenance is less understood than development due to its different characteristics, including randomly occurring work requests and a focus on user services. It also discusses the importance of software maintenance for controlling system functions and modifications. The document then explains that software testing is important for software maintenance as regression testing verifies modifications do not cause unintended effects, but testing can be difficult to coordinate and schedule.
This document discusses an introductory software engineering lecture. It introduces a simple programming problem of calculating student grades from test marks. It then discusses typical approaches students may take to solve the problem and the importance of understanding the problem. The document defines software engineering and outlines some of its objectives, characteristics of software, what makes good software, common software applications, and challenges in the field.
The document discusses various evolutionary software process models, including prototyping, the spiral model, and component-based development. Prototyping involves building initial versions of a software system to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model is iterative like prototyping but more controlled, with software developed through a series of releases. Component-based development reuses existing software components with well-defined interfaces. All of these evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions of software over time through iteration.
The document outlines the phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC) including requirements and analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Requirements and analysis involves creating a software requirements specification document. Design has high-level and low-level phases to design logical and detailed views. Development is the coding phase based on functional specifications. Testing verifies programs against requirements through unit, integration, and system testing. Deployment involves acceptance testing and moving to the customer's production environment. Maintenance supports regular upgrades after deployment.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, agile, RAD, and prototyping. It provides details on the typical phases and processes involved in each model as well as scenarios where each may be best applied. The key SDLC models support traditional sequential development or iterative and incremental development with customer feedback.
Study of solution development methodology for small size projects.Joon ho Park
Medium-size system integration or IT Solution Company’s solution development project has limitation as like human resource limitation, budget limitation and expert limitation. Especially it is hard to maintain many IT experts for medium-size and small-size system integration or IT Solution Company. Thus in order to efficiently and beneficially complete projects, medium-size and small-size system integration or IT Solution Company should have appropriate solution development methodology.Solution development projects for medium-size and small-size system integration or IT Solution Company are usually shot-term and small budget so that they need slim and light-weight solution development methodology. But usual medium-size and small-size system integration or IT Solution Company do not have their own appropriate solution development methodology. Thus, if those kinds of solution development methodologies are applied to solution development projects for medium-size and small-size system integration or IT solution company without some modifications, shortage of human resources, incompleteness of solution and deliverables could arouse.Especially unnecessary paper works (deliverables and documentations) to both of projects teams and client’s wastes project resources and time. We analyze previous solution development methodologies and derive mandatory deliverables and optional deliverables. Before deriving them, we newly define procedures and tasks for each project stages which are necessary to projects team and clients, from client and expert of interviews. Our proposed solution development methodology can easily leverage the development overhead of short-term projects. Optional deliverables can be omitted by the contraction between project team and client.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a process used by systems analysts to develop information systems. It describes the main phases of the SDLC as planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, operations and maintenance, and implementation and evaluation. Each phase is discussed in detail, with definitions and pictorial representations provided. The document also covers the merits and demerits of following the SDLC process.
This document summarizes key aspects of quality management and software engineering based on a textbook. It discusses definitions of software quality, types of quality (design and conformance), the costs of quality, software quality assurance techniques like reviews and inspections, roles of a software quality assurance group, metrics for reviews, standards like ISO 9001, change management, software configuration management, and baselines.
Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, 9th EditionCh 8Mohammed Romi
The document discusses different types of software testing including unit testing, component testing, and system testing. Unit testing involves testing individual program components in isolation through techniques like partition testing and guideline-based testing. Component testing focuses on testing interactions between components through their interfaces. System testing integrates components to test their interactions and check for emergent behaviors that are not explicitly defined. The document also covers test-driven development, which involves writing tests before code in incremental cycles.
This document contains a chapter summary and self-check quiz about software project planning. Some key points:
- The objective of software project planning is to enable managers to reasonably estimate costs and schedules. Project scope defines system functionality, performance, costs, resources, schedule and milestones.
- Determining project feasibility considers business/marketing concerns, scope/constraints/market, technology/finance/time/resources. External interfaces must be evaluated.
- Estimating team size is done after estimating development effort. Reusable components must be catalogued, standardized and validated for easy integration.
- Estimation techniques include empirical models, white-box methods, and regression models. Size estimates cannot be solely based on LOC
The document discusses software processes and models. It describes objectives of introducing process models and activities like requirements engineering, design, testing and evolution. Generic process models covered are waterfall, evolutionary development and component-based engineering. Iterative models like incremental delivery and spiral development are also introduced. The Rational Unified Process model and role of computer-aided software engineering in supporting process activities are also summarized.
The document discusses several software development lifecycle models and methodologies:
- The waterfall model is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before the next begins.
- Prototyping models involve iterative development where initial prototypes are created, tested by customers, and refined based on feedback.
- RAD aims for rapid development through reuse of components and automated tools.
- Spiral models combine prototyping and waterfall approaches in iterative cycles to refine requirements and reduce risks.
- RUP divides projects into inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases using disciplines like requirements and testing.
- EUP extends RUP with additional phases for production and retirement and disciplines for operations and enterprise-level concerns.
The document discusses four common system development models: the waterfall model, prototyping model, iterative enhancement model, and spiral model. The waterfall model is a linear model that progresses through phases from requirements to maintenance. Prototyping involves building prototypes to help define requirements. The iterative model develops the system incrementally in cycles. The spiral model progresses through risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation cycles in a cyclic fashion.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different software development models. SDLC involves stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. The waterfall model follows a linear sequence of stages from requirements to maintenance. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier to refine requirements before implementation.
The document discusses four systems and suggests appropriate software process models for managing their development:
1. An anti-lock braking system is safety-critical, so the waterfall model is appropriate due to its formal transformations and proof requirements.
2. A virtual reality maintenance system has unpredictable requirements, so the exploratory programming model is suitable.
3. A university accounting system replaces an existing system, so the waterfall model is appropriate due to stable requirements.
4. A train time inquiry system has complex user interfaces but must be stable and reliable. It should use throw-away prototyping followed by incremental development or waterfall.
Report on SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE SDLC Neetu Marwah
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes SDLC as a process used in software engineering to break down development into distinct phases to better plan and manage projects. The phases include requirements study, design, development, testing, and maintenance. The document outlines each phase in detail and notes the key documents produced and activities involved at each stage of the SDLC process.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: waterfall model, prototyping model, iterative enhancement model, spiral model, and object-oriented methodology model. It provides detailed descriptions of each model's phases, process, advantages, and limitations. The waterfall model is the simplest and involves sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping and iterative enhancement models allow for more user feedback and flexibility. The spiral model is risk-driven and iterative. The object-oriented model focuses on identifying system objects and relationships.
This document discusses software process models. It begins by defining a software process as a structured set of activities required to develop software, including specification, analysis, design, implementation, validation, and evolution. It then describes several prescriptive process models: the waterfall model executes phases sequentially; incremental and evolutionary models iterate phases; and concurrent models perform phases in parallel. The document evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each model to determine the most appropriate approach based on project requirements and risks.
This document summarizes key aspects of software engineering processes and models. It discusses the fundamental activities of software specification, development, validation, and evolution. It describes plan-driven and incremental process models like the waterfall model and incremental development. It also covers topics like software prototyping, reuse-oriented processes, and coping with changing requirements through change avoidance and change tolerance strategies.
The document introduces software process models and describes three generic models: waterfall, evolutionary development, and component-based development. It also covers the Rational Unified Process model and discusses how computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools can support software processes. Key activities like requirements, design, implementation, testing, and evolution are defined.
Software engineering Questions and AnswersBala Ganesh
1. Risk management is the process of identifying, addressing, and eliminating potential problems that could threaten the success of a project before they cause damage. This includes issues that could impact cost, schedule, technical success, product quality, or team morale.
2. HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output) diagrams were developed at IBM as a design representation and documentation aid. They contain a visual table of contents, overview diagrams, and detailed diagrams.
3. Software maintenance is any work done to modify software after it is operational, such as fixing errors, adding capabilities, removing obsolete code, or optimizing performance. It aims to preserve the software's value over time as requirements, users, and technology change. M
The document discusses software maintenance and its relationship to software testing. It explains that software maintenance is less understood than development due to its different characteristics, including randomly occurring work requests and a focus on user services. It also discusses the importance of software maintenance for controlling system functions and modifications. The document then explains that software testing is important for software maintenance as regression testing verifies modifications do not cause unintended effects, but testing can be difficult to coordinate and schedule.
This document discusses an introductory software engineering lecture. It introduces a simple programming problem of calculating student grades from test marks. It then discusses typical approaches students may take to solve the problem and the importance of understanding the problem. The document defines software engineering and outlines some of its objectives, characteristics of software, what makes good software, common software applications, and challenges in the field.
The document discusses various evolutionary software process models, including prototyping, the spiral model, and component-based development. Prototyping involves building initial versions of a software system to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model is iterative like prototyping but more controlled, with software developed through a series of releases. Component-based development reuses existing software components with well-defined interfaces. All of these evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions of software over time through iteration.
The document outlines the phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC) including requirements and analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Requirements and analysis involves creating a software requirements specification document. Design has high-level and low-level phases to design logical and detailed views. Development is the coding phase based on functional specifications. Testing verifies programs against requirements through unit, integration, and system testing. Deployment involves acceptance testing and moving to the customer's production environment. Maintenance supports regular upgrades after deployment.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, agile, RAD, and prototyping. It provides details on the typical phases and processes involved in each model as well as scenarios where each may be best applied. The key SDLC models support traditional sequential development or iterative and incremental development with customer feedback.
Study of solution development methodology for small size projects.Joon ho Park
Medium-size system integration or IT Solution Company’s solution development project has limitation as like human resource limitation, budget limitation and expert limitation. Especially it is hard to maintain many IT experts for medium-size and small-size system integration or IT Solution Company. Thus in order to efficiently and beneficially complete projects, medium-size and small-size system integration or IT Solution Company should have appropriate solution development methodology.Solution development projects for medium-size and small-size system integration or IT Solution Company are usually shot-term and small budget so that they need slim and light-weight solution development methodology. But usual medium-size and small-size system integration or IT Solution Company do not have their own appropriate solution development methodology. Thus, if those kinds of solution development methodologies are applied to solution development projects for medium-size and small-size system integration or IT solution company without some modifications, shortage of human resources, incompleteness of solution and deliverables could arouse.Especially unnecessary paper works (deliverables and documentations) to both of projects teams and client’s wastes project resources and time. We analyze previous solution development methodologies and derive mandatory deliverables and optional deliverables. Before deriving them, we newly define procedures and tasks for each project stages which are necessary to projects team and clients, from client and expert of interviews. Our proposed solution development methodology can easily leverage the development overhead of short-term projects. Optional deliverables can be omitted by the contraction between project team and client.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a process used by systems analysts to develop information systems. It describes the main phases of the SDLC as planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, operations and maintenance, and implementation and evaluation. Each phase is discussed in detail, with definitions and pictorial representations provided. The document also covers the merits and demerits of following the SDLC process.
This document summarizes key aspects of quality management and software engineering based on a textbook. It discusses definitions of software quality, types of quality (design and conformance), the costs of quality, software quality assurance techniques like reviews and inspections, roles of a software quality assurance group, metrics for reviews, standards like ISO 9001, change management, software configuration management, and baselines.
Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, 9th EditionCh 8Mohammed Romi
The document discusses different types of software testing including unit testing, component testing, and system testing. Unit testing involves testing individual program components in isolation through techniques like partition testing and guideline-based testing. Component testing focuses on testing interactions between components through their interfaces. System testing integrates components to test their interactions and check for emergent behaviors that are not explicitly defined. The document also covers test-driven development, which involves writing tests before code in incremental cycles.
This document contains a chapter summary and self-check quiz about software project planning. Some key points:
- The objective of software project planning is to enable managers to reasonably estimate costs and schedules. Project scope defines system functionality, performance, costs, resources, schedule and milestones.
- Determining project feasibility considers business/marketing concerns, scope/constraints/market, technology/finance/time/resources. External interfaces must be evaluated.
- Estimating team size is done after estimating development effort. Reusable components must be catalogued, standardized and validated for easy integration.
- Estimation techniques include empirical models, white-box methods, and regression models. Size estimates cannot be solely based on LOC
The document discusses software processes and models. It describes objectives of introducing process models and activities like requirements engineering, design, testing and evolution. Generic process models covered are waterfall, evolutionary development and component-based engineering. Iterative models like incremental delivery and spiral development are also introduced. The Rational Unified Process model and role of computer-aided software engineering in supporting process activities are also summarized.
The document discusses several software development lifecycle models and methodologies:
- The waterfall model is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before the next begins.
- Prototyping models involve iterative development where initial prototypes are created, tested by customers, and refined based on feedback.
- RAD aims for rapid development through reuse of components and automated tools.
- Spiral models combine prototyping and waterfall approaches in iterative cycles to refine requirements and reduce risks.
- RUP divides projects into inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases using disciplines like requirements and testing.
- EUP extends RUP with additional phases for production and retirement and disciplines for operations and enterprise-level concerns.
The document discusses four common system development models: the waterfall model, prototyping model, iterative enhancement model, and spiral model. The waterfall model is a linear model that progresses through phases from requirements to maintenance. Prototyping involves building prototypes to help define requirements. The iterative model develops the system incrementally in cycles. The spiral model progresses through risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation cycles in a cyclic fashion.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different software development models. SDLC involves stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. The waterfall model follows a linear sequence of stages from requirements to maintenance. Prototyping allows for user feedback earlier to refine requirements before implementation.
This document discusses systems analysis and the waterfall model of software development. It describes the stages of systems analysis including investigation, design, and implementation with user consultation. The design stage produces a system specification detailing materials, procedures, hardware requirements, and inputs/outputs. Systems are monitored after implementation for changes. The waterfall model stages are feasibility, requirements analysis, design specification, coding, testing, and maintenance. Prototyping is discussed as an alternative that involves users earlier to detect issues and ensure requirements are met.
Miss Aster Noor introduces the concepts of software processes and process models. The chapter covers software process models like waterfall, incremental development, and integration/configuration. It discusses the core process activities of requirements engineering, development, testing, and evolution. The chapter aims to explain why processes must adapt to changes and how process improvement affects quality.
Elementary Probability theory Chapter 2.pptxethiouniverse
The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from an assignment help service. It lists the email and phone contact information and requests students to send their semester and specialization to receive help with assignments. It also lists some of the programs and subjects that assignments are available for, including MBADS, MBAFLEX, MBAN2, and PGDISMN.
The document discusses software development life cycles (SDLC). It describes the typical stages of an SDLC including feasibility study, requirements analysis, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Several SDLC models are mentioned, including waterfall, spiral, iterative, prototyping, and RAD (rapid application development). The waterfall model is described as having distinct sequential stages with no overlap between phases. Prototyping and RAD methodologies are also explained in further detail.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It discusses key topics like software evolution, paradigms, characteristics, and the software development life cycle (SDLC). The SDLC is described as a structured sequence of stages to develop software, including communication, requirements gathering, feasibility study, system analysis, design, coding, testing, integration, implementation, and operation and maintenance. Software engineering aims to develop high-quality software using well-defined principles and methods, addressing issues like exceeding timelines and budgets seen in traditional software development.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
This document provides an overview of software development life cycle (SDLC) models and their comparison. It discusses several SDLC models including waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, prototyping, RAD, spiral and agile. Each model is described in terms of its phases, advantages and disadvantages. The document also presents related work from other scholars and states that while agile was not fully extreme programming, using Scrum principles resulted in return on investment and lower costs. It proposes future work to identify knowledge sharing procedures and user-centered SDLC models that overcome limitations of existing approaches.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
Introduction,Software Process Models, Project Managementswatisinghal
The document discusses different types of software processes and models used in software engineering. It defines software and differentiates it from programs. It then explains key concepts in software engineering including the waterfall model, prototyping model, incremental/iterative model, and spiral model. For each model it provides an overview and discusses their advantages and limitations.
This is about software engineering.Software engineers apply engineering principles and knowledge of programming languages to build software solutions for end users. Software engineers design and develop computer games, business applications, operating systems, network control systems, and middleware—to name just a few of the many career paths available.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, incremental, spiral, rapid application development (RAD), dynamic systems development method (DSDM), adaptive software development, and agile methods. It provides an overview of the key characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and types of projects that each model is best suited for. Tailored SDLC models are recommended to customize processes based on specific project needs and risks.
ISE_Lecture Week 2-SW Process Models.pptHumzaWaris1
The document discusses various software development processes. It begins by defining a software process as a framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a project. It then categorizes common activities as software specification, development, validation, and evolution. The document goes on to describe plan-driven and agile processes, and notes that most practical processes include elements of both. It provides details on specific process models like waterfall, V-model, prototyping, incremental development, component-based development, and spiral model.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and timeboxing. It provides descriptions of each model including typical steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best suited. It also discusses capability maturity model (CMM) levels and how changing the lifecycle model can impact development speed, quality, visibility, overhead, risk, and customer relations.
This document summarizes several software development process models. It begins by defining what a software process is - a framework for the activities required to build software. It then discusses evolutionary models like prototyping and the spiral model, which use iterative development and user feedback. Concurrent modeling is presented as allowing activities to occur simultaneously. The Unified Process is described as use case driven and iterative. Other models discussed include component-based development, formal methods, and aspect-oriented development. Personal and team software processes are also summarized, focusing on planning, metrics, and continuous improvement.
The document discusses several software development life cycle models:
- The phased model segments development into phases like analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- The cost model views the life cycle in terms of costs incurred in each phase and modifying previous work.
- Prototyping involves building initial versions to explore technical issues and illustrate requirements for the customer.
- Successive versions refines an initial product skeleton through multiple iterations.
Planning the development process involves choosing a life cycle model and defining documents, milestones and reviews. This provides structure and visibility needed for control and quality.
The document provides information about biometric authentication techniques. It discusses some common problems with traditional password and ID-based security systems. It then introduces biometrics as a more secure method of authentication based on unique physiological or behavioral characteristics. The document summarizes several biometric techniques including fingerprint, face, voice, palm print, hand geometry, hand vein, iris, and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. It also provides historical background on the use of biometrics.
The document provides information about JavaScript, including that it is a dynamic programming language commonly used in web pages to provide interactive and dynamic content. It describes JavaScript as lightweight, interpreted, and object-based. The summary also mentions that JavaScript allows for client-side validation of user input before form submission to reduce server loads. It can also be used to create richer interfaces with features like drag-and-drop.
PHP is a programming language used for building dynamic web sites. PHP code is embedded within HTML and runs on the web server, generating web pages dynamically as requested by visitors. PHP allows for easy creation of dynamic content. Common web programming technologies that PHP can be compared to include ASP, ASP.NET, Perl, Java, Python, Ruby, ColdFusion and more. PHP provides tools for building arrays, loops, functions and other essential elements for programming dynamic web applications.
The document discusses software design and implementation. It covers topics like the two levels of design (system design and detailed design), design methodologies, abstraction mechanisms, modularity, coupling and cohesion between modules, module interfaces, and design metrics. Some key points include: software design refines requirements and architecture, system design defines modules and interactions, detailed design provides processing logic, modularity means minimal impact of changes, and coupling/cohesion impact understandability and changeability.
Interfaces allow for multiple inheritance in .NET and contain only method and property definitions without implementations. They are declared using the Interface keyword and implemented using the Implements keyword. Abstract classes can contain implemented members while interfaces cannot. Interfaces are useful when different objects need to share common behaviors. Events allow objects to notify other objects of actions through messages. They are handled by subscribing event handler methods. Exceptions disrupt normal program execution and are handled using try, catch, and finally blocks.
This document contains notes from a training course on various topics related to the .NET framework and Visual Basic programming. It includes sections on replacing text in text boxes, working with multiline text boxes, using controls collections to reference form objects, characteristics of assemblies like being self-describing and using manifests, types of assemblies like private and shared, and using strong names and application domains.
This document outlines a workshop on Microsoft FrontPage technologies, which will cover FrontPage Explorer, the FrontPage web server, and FrontPage database connectivity. It will discuss FrontPage as a popular all-in-one web design toolkit that allows users to create complete websites on their PC and publish them to the World Wide Web. The workshop will specifically cover FrontPage Explorer as a tool for creating, organizing, administering and publishing FrontPage websites.
The document discusses various topics related to Visual Basic user interfaces and .NET architecture, including:
- It describes 2-tier and 3-tier architectures and how .NET enables easier development of N-tier applications.
- It discusses the benefits of .NET such as a common language runtime, support for multiple languages, and easier deployment.
- It explains key aspects of .NET architecture like the common language runtime, .NET framework class library, and how .NET applications can be developed for different environments and user interfaces.
The document discusses Visual Basic code for creating menus and menu items dynamically at runtime. It includes code to:
1) Add menu items to a runtime option menu by getting text values from textboxes and creating ToolStripMenuItems with that text.
2) Add click event handlers for the menu items that display a message box with the text of the clicked menu item.
3) Add a timer to a form and code to start, stop, and update a textbox with the elapsed time from the timer.
The document discusses requirements gathering and analysis. It describes how requirements elicitation is difficult due to problems of scope, understanding, and volatility. It emphasizes the importance of requirement gathering and states that requirement analysis may be error-prone. Various techniques for requirements elicitation and analysis are discussed, including interviews, prototypes, quality function deployment, and system modeling. The goals of requirements specification and characteristics of a good SRS are also outlined.
Estimation of resources, cost, and schedule for a software engineering effort requires experience, access to good historical information, and the courage to commit to quantitative predictions when qualitative information is all that exists. Halstead’s Measure & COCOMO Modeol COCOMO II Model of Estimation techniquesused or S/w Developments and Maintenance
This document discusses a user interface class held on August 31st, 2016 at the Govt. Polytechnic(W) in Faridabad. The class covered Visual Basic and its user interface. It concludes by thanking the audience.
This document provides information on various data types, variables, and structures in Visual Basic, including:
- The differences between information and data, with data being information formatted for computer software.
- Common variable types like Integer, String, and Date that can be declared and initialized.
- Mathematical and string methods that can be used to manipulate variable values.
- Control structures like If/Then/Else statements, loops, and Select Case that allow conditional execution of code.
- Collections like arrays and ArrayLists that can store and manage multiple values.
The document covers many fundamental concepts in Visual Basic programming for representing and manipulating data.
This document discusses various topics related to software project management and metrics. It describes the roles and skills needed for a software project manager, including motivation, organization, and innovation. It also discusses characteristics of effective project managers such as problem solving, leadership, achievement, and team building. The document outlines several software metrics that can be collected, such as size-oriented metrics, function-oriented metrics, quality metrics, and defect metrics. It provides details on calculating and using function points and discusses measuring aspects of quality like correctness, maintainability, and integrity.
The document discusses the field of software engineering. It begins by explaining how the concept of software engineering emerged in response to the "software crisis" of the 1960s, when individual approaches to program development did not scale well to large, complex software systems. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, new software engineering techniques were developed, such as structured programming and object-oriented development. The document then provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts in software engineering, including the software engineering process, types of software applications, issues that affect software development, and professional responsibilities of software engineers.
The document announces a workshop on Macromedia Flash Professional 8 to be held on September 2nd, 2015 at the Govt. Polytechnic(W) in Sector-8, Faridabad. The workshop will cover how to use Flash to create rich web content and applications, and include demonstrations of specific Flash files like pic1, pic2, trapez._blur, Demen.fla, Spin.fla, Slide.fla, Oscillate.fla, Swipe.fla, Fade.fla, Butterfly.fla and Some_motion.fla. Attendees will learn how Flash provides tools for building interactive content and experiences.
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 is an integrated development environment that allows developers to create applications from planning through deployment across many platforms. It includes tools for coding, debugging, testing and managing projects. Visual Studio supports languages like C#, C++, JavaScript and Visual Basic. It can be used to create applications for Windows, Android, iOS as well as web and cloud applications. Visual Studio integrates with Microsoft Team services and Team Foundation Server for source control and collaboration.
The document discusses fuzzy logic in watermarking systems. It provides an overview of watermarking, encryption, fuzzy logic, and fuzzification/defuzzification. It then discusses how fuzzy sets can be used to design the front-end of a watermarking system, with fuzzy sets defined for factors like robustness, encryption algorithms, and watermarking methods. The front-end architecture is designed based on fuzzy rules to provide a more user-friendly interface. In conclusion, this approach can make software architecture design easier by incorporating user-defined fuzzy sets and rules.
This document discusses using fuzzy matrix rules for watermarking digital images. It describes how watermarking can be used for authentication and restricting unauthorized usage of images. There are two types of watermarks: visible and invisible. The document then explains how encryption is done using fuzzy matrices. Fuzzy rules are defined on fuzzy sets, which are derived from crisp sets using membership functions. The fuzzy sets assign membership values between 0 and 1 to elements. Various fuzzy compositions are used for encryption and embedding encrypted files in images at different locations to create an invisible watermark. Decryption extracts the encrypted files from the watermarked image. The method provides robust watermarking that is resistant to attacks like compression or noise filtering.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
2. Software Development Life
Cycle Models
Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Iterative or Evolutionary Model
Spiral Model
V – Model
Big Bang Model
5. Communication
Communication with customer or requirement
analysis. Communication in team and
management of Software Company.
The user contacts the service provider and tries
to negotiate the terms, submits the request to
the service providing organization in writing.
6. Requirement Gathering
Gathering of information and put don into papers
or system specification and requirement
specification.
Studying the existing or obsolete system and
software
Conducting interviews of users and developers
Referring to the database
Collecting answers from the questionnaires
7. Feasibility Study
After requirement gathering, the team comes up
with a rough plan of software process.
At this step the team analyzes if a software can be
designed to fulfill all requirements of the user, and
if there is any possibility of software being no
more useful.
It is also analyzed if the project is financially,
practically, and technologically feasible for the
organization to take up.
There are many algorithms available, which help
the developers to conclude the feasibility of a
software project.
8. System Analysis
Analysis of the system and its working methods.
Workflow and dataflow is conceptualized.
At this step the developers decide a roadmap of
their plan and try to bring up the best software
model suitable for the project.
System analysis includes understanding of
software product limitations, learning system
related problems or changes to be done in
existing systems beforehand, identifying and
addressing the impact of project on organization
and personnel etc.
The project team analyzes the scope of the
project and plans the schedule and resources
accordingly.
9. Software Design
Designing of the system. Defining , selecting and
planning architectural model.
To bring down whole knowledge of requirements
and analysis on the desk and design the software
product. The inputs from users and information
gathered in requirement gathering phase are the
inputs of this step.
The output of this step comes in the form of two
designs; logical design, and physical design.
Engineers produce meta-data and data dictionaries,
logical diagrams, data-flow diagrams, and in some
cases pseudo codes.
10. Coding
This step is also known as programming phase.
The implementation of software design starts in
terms of writing program code in the suitable
programming language and developing error-
free executable programs efficiently.
11. Testing
An estimate says that 50% of whole software
development process should be tested. Errors
may ruin the software from critical level to its
own removal.
Software testing is done while coding by the
developers and thorough testing is conducted by
testing experts at various levels of code such as
module testing, program testing, product testing,
in-house testing, and testing the product at
user’s end.
Early discovery of errors and their remedy is the
key to reliable software.
12. Integration
Software may need to be integrated with the
libraries, databases, and other program(s). This
stage of SDLC is involved in the integration of
software with outer world entities.
13. Implementation
This means installing the software on user
machines. At times, software needs post-
installation configurations at user end. Software
is tested for portability and adaptability and
integration related issues are solved during
implementation.
14. Operation & Maintenance
This phase confirms the software operation in
terms of more efficiency and less errors.
If required, the users are trained on, or aided
with the documentation on how to operate the
software and how to keep the software
operational.
The software is maintained timely by updating
the code according to the changes taking place
in user end environment or technology.
This phase may face challenges from hidden
bugs and real-world unidentified problems.
15. Disposition
Softwares which cannot be used further and
cannot changed either have to be disposed off.
Example- Foxpro systems are dispose off or
new system on ERP on Oracle is developed
in a company.
Oracle systems are dispose off or new system
on ERP on SAP is developed in a company.
17. Waterfall Model
Requirements analysis and definition
System and software design
Implementation and unit testing
Integration and system testing
Operation and maintenance
18. Waterfall Model
The first published model of the software
development process was derived from
more general system engineering processes
(Royce, 1970).
19. Waterfall Model
Because of the cascade from one phase to
another, this model is known as the ‘waterfall
model’ or software life cycle. The waterfall model
is an example of a plan-driven process—in
principle, you must plan and schedule all of the
process activities before starting work on them.
20. Requirements Analysis and
Definition
The system’s services, constraints, and goals
are established by consultation with system
users. They are then defined in detail and serve
as a system specification.
21. System and Software Design
The systems design process allocates the
requirements to either hardware or software
systems by establishing an overall system
architecture. Software design involves identifying
and describing the fundamental software system
abstractions and their relationships.
22. Implementation and Unit Testing
During this stage, the software design is realized
as a set of programs or program units. Unit
testing involves verifying that each unit meets its
specification.
23. Integration and System Testing
The individual program units or programs are
integrated and tested as a complete system to
ensure that the software requirements have
been met. After testing, the software system is
delivered to the customer.
24. Operation and Maintenance
Normally (although not necessarily), this is the
longest life cycle phase. The system is installed
and put into practical use.
Maintenance involves correcting errors which
were not discovered in earlier stages of the life
cycle, improving the implementation of system
units and enhancing the system’s services as
new requirements are discovered.
25. Drawbacks of Waterfall Model
Its major problem is the inflexible partitioning
of the project into distinct stages. Commitments
must be made at an early stage in the process,
which makes it difficult to respond to changing
customer requirements.
26. Formal System Development
An important variant of the waterfall model is
formal system development, where a
mathematical model of a system specification is
created.
This model is then refined, using mathematical
transformations that preserve its consistency,
into executable code.
Based on the assumption that your
mathematical transformations are correct, you
can therefore make a strong argument that a
program generated in this way is consistent with
its specification.
27. Formal System Development
Formal development processes, such as that
based on the B method by Schneider,2001 and
Wordsworth, 1996.
28. Formal Development
Processes
It is particularly suited to the development of
systems that have stringent safety, reliability, or
security requirements.
The formal approach simplifies the production of
a safety or security case. This demonstrates to
customers or regulators that the system actually
meets its safety or security requirements.
29. Formal Development
Processes
Processes based on formal transformations are
generally only used in the development of
safety-critical or security-critical systems.
They require specialized expertise. For the
majority of systems this process does not offer
significant cost benefits over other approaches
to system development.
30. Prototype Model
A prototype is an initial version of a software
system that is used to demonstrate concepts, try
out design options, and find out more about the
problem and its possible solutions.
Rapid, iterative development of the prototype is
essential so that costs are controlled and system
stakeholders can experiment with the prototype
early in the software process.
32. Prototype Model
A software prototype can be used in a software
development process to help anticipate changes
that
1. In the requirements engineering process, a
prototype can help with the elicitation and
validation of system requirements.
2. In the system design process, a prototype can
be used to explore particular software solutions
and to support user interface design.
33. Drawbacks of Prototype
Model
A general problem with prototyping is that the prototype may
not necessarily be used in the same way as the final system.
The tester of the prototype may not be typical of system
users.
The training time during prototype evaluation may be
insufficient.
If the prototype is slow, the evaluators may adjust their way of
working and avoid those system features that have slow
response times. When provided with better response in the
final system, they may use it in a different way.
Developers are sometimes pressured by managers to deliver
throwaway prototypes, particularly when there are delays in
delivering the final version of the software.
34. Prototypes Benefits
Prototypes do not have to be executable to be
useful. Paper-based mock-ups of the system user
interface (Rettig, 1994) can be effective in helping
users refine an interface design and work through
usage scenarios. These are very cheap to
develop and can be constructed in a few days.
An extension of this technique is a Wizard of Oz
prototype where only the user interface is
developed. Users interact with this interface but
their requests are passed to a person who
interprets them and outputs the appropriate
response.
36. Incremental Development
Incremental development is based on the idea of
developing an initial implementation, exposing
this to user comment and evolving it through
several versions until an adequate system has
been developed
37. Iterative or Evolutionary
Model
Incremental software development, which is a
fundamental part of agile approaches, is better
than a waterfall approach for most business, e-
commerce, and personal systems. Incremental
development reflects the way that we solve
problems.
39. Incremental & Waterfall
Incremental development has three important benefits,
compared to the waterfall model:
1.The cost of accommodating changing customer
requirements is reduced. The amount of analysis and
documentation that has to be redone is much less than is
required with the waterfall model.
2. It is easier to get customer feedback on the
development work that has been done. Customers can
comment on demonstrations of the software and see how
much has been implemented. Customers find it difficult to
judge progress from software design documents.
3. More rapid delivery and deployment of useful software
to the customer is possible, even if all of the functionality
has not been included. Customers are able to use and
40. Incremental Delivery
Advantages: Customers can use the early increments as
prototypes and gain experience that informs their
requirements for later system increments. Unlike
prototypes, these are part of the real system so
there is no re-learning when the complete system
is available.
Customers do not have to wait until the entire
system is delivered before they can gain value
from it. The first increment satisfies their most
critical requirements so they can use the software
immediately.
The process maintains the benefits of incremental
development in that it should be relatively easy to
incorporate changes into the system.
As the highest-priority services are delivered first
and increments then integrated, the most
41. Drawbacks of Incremental
Model
Most systems require a set of basic facilities that are used by
different parts of the system. As requirements are not defined
in detail until an increment is to be implemented, it can be
hard to identify common facilities that are needed by all
increments.
Iterative development can also be difficult when a replacement
system is being developed. Users want all of the functionality
of the old system and are often unwilling to experiment with
an incomplete new system. Therefore, getting useful customer
feedback is difficult.
The essence of iterative processes is that the specification is
developed in conjunction with the software. However, this
conflicts with the procurement model of many organizations,
where the complete system specification is part of the system
development contract. In the incremental approach, there is
no complete system specification until the final increment is
specified. This requires a new form of contract, which large
customers such as government agencies may find difficult to
accommodate.
43. Boehm’s Spiral Model
A risk-driven software process framework
(the spiral model) was proposed by
Boehm (1988).
44. Spiral Model
The software process is represented as a spiral,
rather than a sequence of activities with some
backtracking from one activity to another.
Each loop in the spiral represents a phase of the
software process.
Thus, the innermost loop might be concerned
with system feasibility, the next loop with
requirements definition, the next loop with
system design, and so on.
45. Spiral Model
Each loop in the spiral is split into four sectors:
Objective setting
Risk assessment and reduction
Development and validation
Planning
46. Objective Setting
Specific objectives for that phase of the project
are defined. Constraints on the process and the
product are identified and a detailed
management plan is drawn up.
Project risks are identified. Alternative strategies,
depending on these risks, may be planned.
47. Risk Assessment and Reduction
For each of the identified project risks, a detailed
analysis is carried out. Steps are taken to reduce
the risk.
For example, if there is a risk that the
requirements are inappropriate, a prototype
system may be developed.
48. Development and Validation
After risk evaluation, a development model for
the
system is chosen. For example, throwaway
prototyping may be the best development
approach if user interface risks are dominant.
If safety risks are the main consideration,
development based on formal transformations
may be the most appropriate process, and so
on. If the main identified risk is sub-system
integration, the waterfall model may be the best
development model to use.
49. Planning
The project is reviewed and a decision made
whether to continue with a further loop of the
spiral. If it is decided to continue, plans are
drawn up for the next phase of the project.
51. V- Model
At every stage, test plans and test cases are
created to verify and validate the product
according to the requirement of that stage.
For example, in requirement gathering stage
the test team prepares all the test cases in
correspondence to the requirements.
52. V -Model
Later, when the product is developed and is
ready for testing, test cases of this stage verify
the software against its validity towards
requirements at this stage.
This makes both verification and validation go in
parallel. This model is also known as verification
and validation model.
54. Big Bang Model
This model is the simplest model in its form. It
requires little planning, lots of programming and
lots of funds. This model is conceptualized
around the big bang of universe.
As scientists say that after big bang lots of
galaxies, planets, and stars evolved just as an
event. Likewise, if we put together lots of
programming and funds, you may achieve the
best software product.
55. Big Bang Model
For this model, very small amount of planning is
required. It does not follow any process, or at
times the customer is not sure about the
requirements and future needs. So the input
requirements are arbitrary.
This model is not suitable for large software
projects but good one for learning and
experimenting.
56. Reuse-Oriented Development
Model
Reuse-oriented approaches rely on a large base
of reusable software components and an
integrating framework for the composition of
these components.
Sometimes, these components are systems in
their own right (COTS or commercial off-the-
shelf systems) that may provide specific
functionality such as word processing or a
spreadsheet.
57. Reuse-Oriented Development
Model
Although the initial requirements specification
stage and the validation stage are comparable
with other software processes, the intermediate
stages in a reuse oriented process are different.
59. Reuse-Oriented Development
Model
The intermediate stages apart initial
requirements specification stage and the
validation stage from are
Component analysis
Requirements modification
System design with reuse
Development and integration
60. Component Analysis
Given the requirements specification, a search
is made for components to implement that
specification.
Usually, there is no exact match and the
components that may be used only provide
some of the functionality required.
61. Requirements Modification
During this stage, the requirements are
analyzed using information about the
components that have been discovered.
They are then modified to reflect the available
components. Where modifications are
impossible, the component analysis activity
may be re-entered to search for alternative
solutions.
62. System Design with Reuse
During this phase, the framework of the
system is designed or an existing framework is
reused.
The designers take into account the
components that are reused and organize the
framework to cater for this.
Some new software may have to be designed
if reusable components are not available.
63. Development and Integration
Software that cannot be externally procured is
developed, and the components and COTS
systems are integrated to create the new
system.
System integration, in this model, may be part
of the development process rather than a
separate activity.
64. Software Reuse-Oriented
Process
There are three types of software component
that may be used in a reuse-oriented process:
1. Web services that are developed according to
service standards and which are available for
remote invocation.
2. Collections of objects that are developed as a
package to be integrated with a component
framework such as .NET or J2EE.
3. Stand-alone software systems that are
configured for use in a particular environment.
65. Rational Unified Process
Model
RUP is a modern generic process model that is
organized into phases
-inception, elaboration, construction, and
transition
but separates activities
-requirements, analysis, and design, etc.
from these phases.
67. Rational Unified Process
Model
1.Develop software iteratively Plan increments of the system
based on customer priorities and develop the highest-priority
system features early in the development process.
2. Manage requirements Explicitly document the customer’s
requirements and keep track of changes to these requirements.
Analyze the impact of changes on the system before accepting
them.
3. Use component-based architectures Structure the system
architecture into components, as discussed earlier in this
chapter.
4. Visually model software Use graphical UML models to present
static and dynamic views of the software.
5. Verify software quality Ensure that the software meets the
organizational quality standards.
6. Control changes to software Manage changes to the software
using a change management system and configuration
management procedures and tools.
68. Rational Unified Process
Model
1. A dynamic perspective, which shows the
phases of the model over time.
2. A static perspective, which shows the process
activities that are enacted.
3. A practice perspective, which suggests good
practices to be used during the process.
69. Drawbacks of RUP Model
The RUP is not a suitable process for all types of
development, e.g., embedded software
development.
70. Advantages RUP Model
The most important innovations in the RUP are
the separation of phases and workflows, and
the recognition that deploying software in a
user’s environment is part of the process.
Phases are dynamic and have goals.
Workflows are static and are technical
activities that are not associated with a single
phase but may be used throughout the
development to achieve the goals of each
phase.
71. REFERENCES
Software Engineering by Somerville
Software Engineering-Pressman
Software Engineering Tutorial Point
Software Engineering Wikipedia