The document discusses different software process models. It describes the waterfall model, which involves sequential phases of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model suggests a systematic approach but real projects rarely follow sequential phases and instead involve overlap and feedback between phases. The document also briefly describes the build-and-fix model, which develops software without specifications or design and relies on repeated modifications until requirements are met.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. It discusses that software development is increasingly relying on object-oriented paradigms due to benefits like improved modeling of real-world problems and reusability. Key concepts discussed include classes and objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and object composition. Various object-oriented methodologies like those proposed by Coad/Yourdon, Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson are also summarized.
This document discusses domain modeling and provides guidance on creating domain models using UML class diagrams. It defines a domain model as a visual representation of conceptual classes or real-world objects in a problem domain. It notes that identifying conceptual classes is key to object-oriented analysis. The document outlines best practices for developing a domain model, such as identifying classes, adding necessary associations and attributes, and applying analysis patterns. It warns against including irrelevant features or modeling classes as attributes.
A computer system needs a main memory to execute programs but it is too small, so it requires a secondary storage to back up main memory and hold programs and data when power is lost. Secondary storage provides additional space for programs and data beyond what main memory can hold and ensures data is not lost if power fails.
The document discusses the spiral model of software development. The spiral model is an iterative approach that combines prototyping and aspects of the waterfall model. It was defined by Barry Boehm in 1988 as a way to address risks through iterative evaluation and improvement of prototypes. The spiral model is best for medium to high risk projects where requirements are complex or expected to change. It involves evaluating prototypes, defining new prototypes based on learnings, and repeating this process until the final product is delivered.
The document discusses IEEE standards and data link layer protocols. It describes the purpose and sublayers of the data link layer, including the logical link control and media access control sublayers. It also discusses functions of the data link layer such as framing, addressing, synchronization, error control, and flow control. Finally, it provides an overview of the IEEE 802 project and some common data link layer protocols.
The Unified Process (UP) is a popular iterative software development framework that uses use cases, architecture-centric design, and the Unified Modeling Language. It originated from Jacobson's Objectory process in the 1980s and was further developed by Rational Software into the Rational Unified Process. The UP consists of four phases - inception, elaboration, construction, and transition - and emphasizes iterative development, architectural drivers, and risk-managed delivery.
Deadlocks occur when processes are waiting for resources held by other processes, resulting in a circular wait. Four conditions must be met: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Deadlocks can be handled through avoidance, prevention, or detection and recovery. Avoidance algorithms allocate resources only if it ensures the system remains in a safe state where deadlocks cannot occur. Prevention methods make deadlocks impossible by ensuring at least one condition is never satisfied, such as through collective or ordered resource requests. Detection finds existing deadlocks by analyzing resource allocation graphs or wait-for graphs to detect cycles.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. It discusses that software development is increasingly relying on object-oriented paradigms due to benefits like improved modeling of real-world problems and reusability. Key concepts discussed include classes and objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and object composition. Various object-oriented methodologies like those proposed by Coad/Yourdon, Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson are also summarized.
This document discusses domain modeling and provides guidance on creating domain models using UML class diagrams. It defines a domain model as a visual representation of conceptual classes or real-world objects in a problem domain. It notes that identifying conceptual classes is key to object-oriented analysis. The document outlines best practices for developing a domain model, such as identifying classes, adding necessary associations and attributes, and applying analysis patterns. It warns against including irrelevant features or modeling classes as attributes.
A computer system needs a main memory to execute programs but it is too small, so it requires a secondary storage to back up main memory and hold programs and data when power is lost. Secondary storage provides additional space for programs and data beyond what main memory can hold and ensures data is not lost if power fails.
The document discusses the spiral model of software development. The spiral model is an iterative approach that combines prototyping and aspects of the waterfall model. It was defined by Barry Boehm in 1988 as a way to address risks through iterative evaluation and improvement of prototypes. The spiral model is best for medium to high risk projects where requirements are complex or expected to change. It involves evaluating prototypes, defining new prototypes based on learnings, and repeating this process until the final product is delivered.
The document discusses IEEE standards and data link layer protocols. It describes the purpose and sublayers of the data link layer, including the logical link control and media access control sublayers. It also discusses functions of the data link layer such as framing, addressing, synchronization, error control, and flow control. Finally, it provides an overview of the IEEE 802 project and some common data link layer protocols.
The Unified Process (UP) is a popular iterative software development framework that uses use cases, architecture-centric design, and the Unified Modeling Language. It originated from Jacobson's Objectory process in the 1980s and was further developed by Rational Software into the Rational Unified Process. The UP consists of four phases - inception, elaboration, construction, and transition - and emphasizes iterative development, architectural drivers, and risk-managed delivery.
Deadlocks occur when processes are waiting for resources held by other processes, resulting in a circular wait. Four conditions must be met: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Deadlocks can be handled through avoidance, prevention, or detection and recovery. Avoidance algorithms allocate resources only if it ensures the system remains in a safe state where deadlocks cannot occur. Prevention methods make deadlocks impossible by ensuring at least one condition is never satisfied, such as through collective or ordered resource requests. Detection finds existing deadlocks by analyzing resource allocation graphs or wait-for graphs to detect cycles.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
The document discusses several prescriptive software process models including:
1) The waterfall model which follows sequential phases from requirements to deployment but lacks iteration.
2) The incremental model which delivers functionality in increments with each phase repeated.
3) Prototyping which focuses on visible aspects to refine requirements through iterative prototypes and feedback.
4) The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model which emphasizes very short development cycles of 60-90 days using parallel teams and automated tools. The document provides descriptions and diagrams of each model.
This document discusses software processes and models. It covers the following key points:
1. Software processes involve activities like specification, design, implementation, validation and evolution to develop software systems. Common process models include waterfall, incremental development and reuse-oriented development.
2. Processes need to cope with inevitable changes. This can involve prototyping to avoid rework or using incremental development and delivery to more easily accommodate changes.
3. The Rational Unified Process is a modern process model with phases for inception, elaboration, construction and transition. It advocates iterative development and managing requirements and quality.
The Spiral Model is an iterative software development process that is used for large, complex projects where requirements are not fully known. It consists of loops called phases that each have four quadrants - identification, design, construction, and evaluation. This allows for risk analysis, prototyping, customer evaluation and feedback at each phase of development. The Spiral Model supports risk handling, changing requirements, and customer involvement throughout the life cycle, making it well-suited for complex projects, though it is more complex and expensive than other models.
The document discusses cloud service life-cycle management and related topics. It covers (1) the cloud service life-cycle including requirements, discovery, negotiation, composition, and consumption phases, (2) high-level cloud deployment scenarios such as single cloud system, multiple cloud systems serially or simultaneously, (3) tools for cloud service development and testing including NetBeans, Eclipse, Apache JMeter, and SoapUI, and (4) the concept of web service slicing to capture a functional subset of a large-scale web service for regression testing purposes.
Rapid Application Development (RAD) is an agile software development methodology that focuses on rapid prototyping through workshops and iterative testing with customers. It involves business modeling to identify information flows, data modeling to define necessary data objects, and process modeling to convert data objects into business processes. Automated tools are then used to generate code from the models. The RAD model aims to reduce development time through reusability, early customer feedback, and short iteration cycles enabled by powerful modeling and code generation tools. However, it relies on strong individual performances, is only suitable for modularized systems, and requires high modeling and development skills.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of software development including definitions of software, characteristics of software, software engineering, layered approach to software engineering, need for software engineering, and common software development life cycle models. It describes system software and application software. It outlines characteristics like understandability, cost, maintainability, modularity, reliability, portability, documentation, reusability, and interoperability. It also defines software engineering, layered approach, and need for software engineering. Finally, it explains popular life cycle models like waterfall, iterative waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and RAD models.
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
Evolving role of Software,Legacy software,CASE tools,Process Models,CMMInimmik4u
The Evolving role of Software – Software – The changing Nature of Software – Legacy software, Introduction to CASE tools, A generic view of process– A layered Technology – A Process Framework – The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) – Process Assessment – Personal and Team Process Models. Product and Process. Process Models – The Waterfall Model – Incremental Process Models – Incremental Model – The RAD Model – Evolutionary Process Models – Prototyping – The Spiral Model – The Concurrent Development Model – Specialized Process Models – the Unified Process.
This document discusses and compares several major mobile operating systems. It begins by defining a mobile operating system as the software that controls mobile devices. It then outlines some of the main mobile operating systems: Symbian OS, Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS, and Windows Phone. For each OS, it provides a brief history and introduction, as well as some key features and limitations. It concludes by listing several references used in compiling the information about different mobile operating systems.
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
Independent processes operate concurrently without affecting each other, while cooperating processes can impact one another. Inter-process communication (IPC) allows processes to share information, improve computation speed, and share resources. The two main types of IPC are shared memory and message passing. Shared memory uses a common memory region for fast communication, while message passing involves establishing communication links and exchanging messages without shared variables. Key considerations for message passing include direct vs indirect communication and synchronous vs asynchronous messaging.
Open Cloud Consortium: An Update (04-23-10, v9)Robert Grossman
The Open Cloud Consortium (OCC) is a non-profit organization that supports the development of cloud computing standards and technologies. It manages several testbeds and working groups focused on areas like large data clouds, interoperability, and disaster relief applications. The document provides updates on the OCC's Intercloud Testbed, which aims to address gaps in cloud standards, as well as its Open Cloud Testbed which offers resources to members through a "condominium cloud" model.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
The document discusses context models and their use in system modeling. Context models illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside its boundaries, including other systems in the environment. They help define a system's boundaries and show how IT applications fit into the context of people and organizations. Two examples are provided: (1) a Mental Health Care Patient Management System (MHC-PMS) and its connections to other clinical systems; (2) an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and its links to banking systems. Context models on their own do not show relationships between external systems, so additional models are needed.
It's about software engineering diversity. To build a software at first we fixed our requirements and according to our requirements we have to choose perfect software design and implementation techniques. For different software we have to select different kinds of techniques.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of SDLC including problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. It also covers different SDLC models like waterfall, prototyping, and agile development. The SDLC process is best for structured environments while iterative models work better for web and e-commerce projects where frequent stakeholder feedback is needed.
The document discusses several software engineering process models. It begins by defining a generic process model with five framework activities: communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It then describes different types of process flows (linear, iterative, evolutionary, parallel). Next, it discusses prescriptive process models in more detail, including the waterfall model, incremental process models, and evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral. For each model, it provides an overview and highlights advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, agile, RAD, and prototyping. It provides details on the typical phases and processes involved in each model as well as scenarios where each may be best applied. The key SDLC models support traditional sequential development or iterative and incremental development with customer feedback.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
The document discusses several prescriptive software process models including:
1) The waterfall model which follows sequential phases from requirements to deployment but lacks iteration.
2) The incremental model which delivers functionality in increments with each phase repeated.
3) Prototyping which focuses on visible aspects to refine requirements through iterative prototypes and feedback.
4) The RAD (Rapid Application Development) model which emphasizes very short development cycles of 60-90 days using parallel teams and automated tools. The document provides descriptions and diagrams of each model.
This document discusses software processes and models. It covers the following key points:
1. Software processes involve activities like specification, design, implementation, validation and evolution to develop software systems. Common process models include waterfall, incremental development and reuse-oriented development.
2. Processes need to cope with inevitable changes. This can involve prototyping to avoid rework or using incremental development and delivery to more easily accommodate changes.
3. The Rational Unified Process is a modern process model with phases for inception, elaboration, construction and transition. It advocates iterative development and managing requirements and quality.
The Spiral Model is an iterative software development process that is used for large, complex projects where requirements are not fully known. It consists of loops called phases that each have four quadrants - identification, design, construction, and evaluation. This allows for risk analysis, prototyping, customer evaluation and feedback at each phase of development. The Spiral Model supports risk handling, changing requirements, and customer involvement throughout the life cycle, making it well-suited for complex projects, though it is more complex and expensive than other models.
The document discusses cloud service life-cycle management and related topics. It covers (1) the cloud service life-cycle including requirements, discovery, negotiation, composition, and consumption phases, (2) high-level cloud deployment scenarios such as single cloud system, multiple cloud systems serially or simultaneously, (3) tools for cloud service development and testing including NetBeans, Eclipse, Apache JMeter, and SoapUI, and (4) the concept of web service slicing to capture a functional subset of a large-scale web service for regression testing purposes.
Rapid Application Development (RAD) is an agile software development methodology that focuses on rapid prototyping through workshops and iterative testing with customers. It involves business modeling to identify information flows, data modeling to define necessary data objects, and process modeling to convert data objects into business processes. Automated tools are then used to generate code from the models. The RAD model aims to reduce development time through reusability, early customer feedback, and short iteration cycles enabled by powerful modeling and code generation tools. However, it relies on strong individual performances, is only suitable for modularized systems, and requires high modeling and development skills.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of software development including definitions of software, characteristics of software, software engineering, layered approach to software engineering, need for software engineering, and common software development life cycle models. It describes system software and application software. It outlines characteristics like understandability, cost, maintainability, modularity, reliability, portability, documentation, reusability, and interoperability. It also defines software engineering, layered approach, and need for software engineering. Finally, it explains popular life cycle models like waterfall, iterative waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and RAD models.
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
Evolving role of Software,Legacy software,CASE tools,Process Models,CMMInimmik4u
The Evolving role of Software – Software – The changing Nature of Software – Legacy software, Introduction to CASE tools, A generic view of process– A layered Technology – A Process Framework – The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) – Process Assessment – Personal and Team Process Models. Product and Process. Process Models – The Waterfall Model – Incremental Process Models – Incremental Model – The RAD Model – Evolutionary Process Models – Prototyping – The Spiral Model – The Concurrent Development Model – Specialized Process Models – the Unified Process.
This document discusses and compares several major mobile operating systems. It begins by defining a mobile operating system as the software that controls mobile devices. It then outlines some of the main mobile operating systems: Symbian OS, Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS, and Windows Phone. For each OS, it provides a brief history and introduction, as well as some key features and limitations. It concludes by listing several references used in compiling the information about different mobile operating systems.
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
Independent processes operate concurrently without affecting each other, while cooperating processes can impact one another. Inter-process communication (IPC) allows processes to share information, improve computation speed, and share resources. The two main types of IPC are shared memory and message passing. Shared memory uses a common memory region for fast communication, while message passing involves establishing communication links and exchanging messages without shared variables. Key considerations for message passing include direct vs indirect communication and synchronous vs asynchronous messaging.
Open Cloud Consortium: An Update (04-23-10, v9)Robert Grossman
The Open Cloud Consortium (OCC) is a non-profit organization that supports the development of cloud computing standards and technologies. It manages several testbeds and working groups focused on areas like large data clouds, interoperability, and disaster relief applications. The document provides updates on the OCC's Intercloud Testbed, which aims to address gaps in cloud standards, as well as its Open Cloud Testbed which offers resources to members through a "condominium cloud" model.
This document discusses software process models. It defines a software process as a framework for activities required to build high-quality software. A process model describes the phases in a product's lifetime from initial idea to final use. The document then describes a generic process model with five framework activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides an example of identifying task sets for different sized projects. Finally, it discusses the waterfall process model as the first published model, outlining its sequential phases and problems with being rarely linear and requiring all requirements up front.
Object Oriented Analysis Design using UMLAjit Nayak
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key concepts in OOAD like analysis, design, domain modeling, use cases, interaction diagrams, and class diagrams. It then explains the basic building blocks of UML including things (classes, interfaces etc.), relationships (generalization, association etc.), and diagrams (class, sequence etc.). The rest of the document provides details on modeling classes in UML including attributes, operations, responsibilities and visibility.
The document discusses context models and their use in system modeling. Context models illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside its boundaries, including other systems in the environment. They help define a system's boundaries and show how IT applications fit into the context of people and organizations. Two examples are provided: (1) a Mental Health Care Patient Management System (MHC-PMS) and its connections to other clinical systems; (2) an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and its links to banking systems. Context models on their own do not show relationships between external systems, so additional models are needed.
It's about software engineering diversity. To build a software at first we fixed our requirements and according to our requirements we have to choose perfect software design and implementation techniques. For different software we have to select different kinds of techniques.
The document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the typical phases of SDLC including problem definition, program design, coding, debugging, testing, documentation, maintenance, and extension/redesign. It also covers different SDLC models like waterfall, prototyping, and agile development. The SDLC process is best for structured environments while iterative models work better for web and e-commerce projects where frequent stakeholder feedback is needed.
The document discusses several software engineering process models. It begins by defining a generic process model with five framework activities: communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It then describes different types of process flows (linear, iterative, evolutionary, parallel). Next, it discusses prescriptive process models in more detail, including the waterfall model, incremental process models, and evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral. For each model, it provides an overview and highlights advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, agile, RAD, and prototyping. It provides details on the typical phases and processes involved in each model as well as scenarios where each may be best applied. The key SDLC models support traditional sequential development or iterative and incremental development with customer feedback.
The document discusses software maintenance and its relationship to software testing. It explains that software maintenance is less understood than development due to its different characteristics, including randomly occurring work requests and a focus on user services. It also discusses the importance of software maintenance for controlling system functions and modifications. The document then explains that software testing is important for software maintenance as regression testing verifies modifications do not cause unintended effects, but testing can be difficult to coordinate and schedule.
This document outlines the software process model used to develop a hospital management system for a client. It begins with an overview of software process models and the needs of this client. It then describes using a prototype process model followed by a linear sequential (waterfall) model. For the prototype, an initial version was created to help understand requirements before proceeding. Then, the waterfall model was used with phases like requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. The final section discusses developing the specific hospital management system with departments like doctors, billing, and patient registration.
The document discusses several system development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, spiral, RAD, concurrent, and unified process models. The key phases of SDLC are defined as preliminary survey, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation/maintenance, and project termination. Each model takes different approaches such as sequential, iterative, incremental, or concurrent development through the SDLC phases.
The document describes the classical waterfall model of software development. It discusses the sequential phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, integration, and maintenance. Each phase must be completed before moving to the next. While simple and easy to understand, the classical waterfall model is not well-suited for complex projects with changing requirements and has been replaced by more flexible models. However, it still provides the basis for other agile software development life cycle models.
This is about software engineering.Software engineers apply engineering principles and knowledge of programming languages to build software solutions for end users. Software engineers design and develop computer games, business applications, operating systems, network control systems, and middleware—to name just a few of the many career paths available.
Elementary Probability theory Chapter 2.pptxethiouniverse
The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, prototyping, and spiral models. It describes the basic stages and processes involved in each model. The waterfall model involves sequential stages of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The iterative model allows revisiting earlier stages and incremental releases. The prototyping model uses prototypes to gather early user feedback. Finally, the spiral model combines iterative development and risk analysis, proceeding in cycles of planning, risk analysis, development, and evaluation.
This document discusses software process models and the software development life cycle (SDLC). It describes the key components of a software process including development, project management, configuration control, and process management processes. The document then explains popular SDLC models like the waterfall model, prototyping, iterative development, and agile processes. The waterfall model is discussed in detail, outlining its sequential phases and advantages like being simple and systematic, while also noting disadvantages like inability to adapt to changes and late delivery.
This document provides a 3 paragraph summary of a software engineering course titled "Software Engineering (KCS-601)" taught by Dr. Radhey Shyam at SRMCEM Lucknow. The course contents were compiled by Dr. Shyam and are available for students' academic use. Students can contact Dr. Shyam via email for any queries regarding the course material.
The document discusses different software development models. It describes the waterfall model as the oldest and most linear sequential model, where each phase must be completed before moving to the next. The phases are requirements, design, coding/implementation, testing, and maintenance. While simple, it is not suitable for complex or long-term projects where requirements may change. The incremental model allows for more flexibility and ability to change requirements by developing the product incrementally in iterations until complete.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. It defines software and describes attributes of good software such as functionality, maintainability, dependability, and usability.
2. It explains that software engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production, whereas computer science focuses more on theory and fundamentals.
3. Key attributes of good software are discussed including maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability.
4. Various software engineering models such as waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models are briefly introduced.
Evolution of software; Characteristics of software; Software applications; Components of software; Software myths; Software problems; Software reuse; Overview of risk management; Process visibility; Professional responsibility.
This document discusses various process models for software engineering:
- The waterfall model defines sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It is inflexible to change.
- Iterative models allow repetition of phases to incrementally develop software. The incremental model delivers functionality in increments.
- Evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral development use iterative evaluation and refinement of prototypes to evolve requirements and manage risk.
- Other models include component-based development, formal methods, aspect-oriented development, and the Unified Process with iterative development of use cases. Personal and team software processes focus on self-directed teams, planning, metrics, and process improvement.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
Introduction to Software engineering Concepts which includes Software Process Model, SRS documents, Requirement Engineering Process, Architectural Modeling, software Products, Risk Management Process, SDLC Model, Professional & Ethical Responsibilities, System & its Environment, System Procurement (COTS & Contractor Method), System Engineering Process, System Reliability Engineering, Human factors, Functional & Non-Functional Requirements
Miss Aster Noor introduces the concepts of software processes and process models. The chapter covers software process models like waterfall, incremental development, and integration/configuration. It discusses the core process activities of requirements engineering, development, testing, and evolution. The chapter aims to explain why processes must adapt to changes and how process improvement affects quality.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from an assignment help service. It lists the email and phone contact information and requests students to send their semester and specialization to receive help with assignments. It also lists some of the programs and subjects that assignments are available for, including MBADS, MBAFLEX, MBAN2, and PGDISMN.
Similar to Ch 02 s.e software process models 1 (20)
The document provides an introduction to software engineering concepts including definitions of software, differences between software and other systems, types of software, and top software companies. It defines software engineering as the application of a systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach to software development, operation, and maintenance. Software engineering encompasses processes, techniques, tools, programming languages, design methods, testing, maintenance, and development used in software production. The document lists the top 10 software companies as Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, SAP, Symantec, Adobe, Ericsson, Nintendo, Activision Blizzard, and Salesforce.com.
The document discusses use case diagrams and modeling. It defines key concepts like use cases, actors, and their relationships. Use cases specify system functions from the user's perspective, while actors represent roles that interact with the system. Use case diagrams visualize system behavior, help capture requirements, and serve as a basis for testing and communication between developers and users.
This document provides an overview of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) framework. It discusses that CMMI was developed by the US Department of Defense and Carnegie Mellon University to improve product quality and development efficiency. CMMI uses five maturity levels to describe an organization's process improvement, from initial/ad hoc processes to optimized, continuously improving processes. The document outlines the behaviors and characteristics associated with each of the five maturity levels.
This document is a lecture on object-oriented programming concepts in Java including abstraction, encapsulation, and interfaces. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. Abstraction hides implementation details and shows only functionality. Encapsulation wraps code and data together and controls access through getters and setters. Interfaces contain abstract method signatures that classes implement, allowing for multiple inheritance of behaviors. The lecture covers declaring and implementing abstract classes and interfaces and how inheritance and polymorphism apply.
The document discusses polymorphism in object-oriented programming. It defines polymorphism as an object's ability to take on many forms, and explains that in Java, polymorphism occurs when a parent class reference is used to refer to a child class object. Any Java object that can pass more than one "IS-A" test is considered polymorphic. The document also discusses reference variables, overridden methods, and virtual method invocation in Java.
The document discusses method overriding in object-oriented programming. It explains that a subclass can override a method from its parent class if the method is not marked final. Overriding allows defining behavior specific to the subclass. At compile time, the reference type is checked, but at runtime the actual object type is used to determine which version of the method to run. The document also provides rules for method overriding, such as arguments and return types must match the overridden method. It explains how to invoke the superclass version of an overridden method using the super keyword.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Java including inheritance, extends keyword, super keyword, IS-A and HAS-A relationships, instanceof operator, and types of inheritance. It provides examples to demonstrate inheritance between classes using extends keyword, differentiating members using super keyword, checking types using instanceof, and composition for HAS-A relationships. The key concepts covered are that a subclass inherits from a superclass, super is used to call parent methods or variables, instanceof checks object types, and classes can compose other classes to share behaviors.
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Ch 02 s.e software process models 1
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Chapter No 2
Software Process Models - 1
1. Software Development:
Software engineering is nothing but a disciplined approach to develop software.
Now we will look at some of the activities involved in the course of software
development. The activities involved in software development can broadly be
divided into two major categories first is construction and second is management.
The construction activities are those that are directly related to the construction or
development of the software. While the management activities are those that
complement the process of construction in order to perform construction
activities smoothly and effectively. A greater detail of the activities involved in the
construction and management categories is presented below.
1.1 Construction:
The construction activities are those that directly related to the development of
software, e.g. gathering the requirements of the software, develop design,
implement and test the software etc. Some of the major construction activities are
listed below.
Requirement Gathering
Design Development
Coding
Testing
1.2 Management:
Management activities are kind of umbrella activities that are used to
smoothly and successfully perform the construction activities e.g. Project planning,
Software quality assurance etc. Some of the major management activities are listed
below.
Project Planning and Management
Configuration Management
Software Quality Assurance
Installation and Training
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Fig. 1: Software Development Activities
2. System Development Life Cycle:
The traditional methodology used in an organization to develop, maintain and
replace the software systems. Each methodology has its own SDLC.
Criteria for the Selection of Process Model to Develop a Project:
All process models have few common frameworks activities (Pressman 2005). The
problem is to select the most suitable model to be used for a particular project. These
are the criteria on the basis of which Project Manager selects the appropriate model for
a particular project.
Customer: Customer sometimes imposes the software house to follow a specific
model for his project.
Team Size: Team size is very critical factor that forces the software house to select a
specific model that suits to their team available for the project to be developed.
Technology: Technology in terms of development tool, platform and technical
capabilities to develop the project is also an important factor for the selection of
process model.
Reuse of the Existing Components: Object Oriented or Component-Based
Development process model helps to reuse the existing components.
Characteristics of the System: The main characteristics of a project also help a
project manager to select the best suitable process model for the current project.
i. Linear Sequential model is the best choice for a new project having
functionality similar to the previously completed projects.
ii. Rapid Application Development model is the appropriate choice for a
project having very tight deadlines.
iii. Evolutionary model are the best choice for a project having impossible
deadlines.
Justification of the Above Mentioned Criteria: The advantages and disadvantages of the
main process models are discussed in upcoming articles to justify the above mentioned
criteria.
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3. Software Processes:
A software process is a road map that helps you create a timely, high quality
result. It is the way we produce software and it provides stability and control. Each
process defines certain deliverables known as the work products. These include
programs, documents, and data produced as a consequence of the software engineering
activities.
A lifecycle model is a series of steps through which the product progresses.
These include requirements phase, specification phase, design phase,
implementation phase, integration phase, maintenance phase, and retirement.
Software Development Lifecycle Models depict the way you organize your activities.
There are a number of Software Development Lifecycle Models, each having its
strengths and weaknesses and suitable in different situations and project types.
The list of models includes the following:
Build-and-Fix Model
Waterfall Model
CBD Process Model
Rapid Prototyping Model
Rapid Application Development Model
Spiral Model
Rational Unified Process Model
4. Build-and-Fix Model:
It is unfortunate that many products are developed using what is known as the
build-and-fix model. In this model the product is constructed without specification or
any attempt at design. The developers simply build a product that is reworked as
many times as necessary to satisfy the client. This model may work for small
projects but is totally unsatisfactory for products of any reasonable size. The cost of
build-and fix is actually far greater than the cost of properly specified and carefully
designed product. Maintenance of the product can be extremely in the absence of any
documentation. It is depicted in Fig. 2.
In the build and fix model (also referred to as an ad hoc model), the software is
developed without any specification or design. An initial product is built, which is then
repeatedly modified until it (software) satisfies the user. That is, the software is
developed and delivered to the user. The user checks whether the desired functions 'are
present. If not, then the software is changed according to the needs by adding,
modifying or deleting functions. This process goes on until the user feels that the
software can be used productively. However, the lack of design requirements and
repeated modifications result in loss of acceptability of software. Thus, software
engineers are strongly discouraged from using this development approach.
This model includes the following two phases.
Build: In this phase, the software code is developed and passed on to the next
phase.
Fix: In this phase, the code developed in the build phase is made error free. Also, in
addition to the corrections to the code, the code is modified according to the user's
requirements.
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Fig. 2: Build-and-Fix Model
Advantages:
Requires less experience to execute or manage other than the ability to
program
Suitable for smaller software
Requires less project planning
Disadvantages:
No real means is available of assessing the progress, quality, and risks
Cost of using this process model is high as it requires rework until user's
requirements are accomplished
Informal design of the software as it involves unplanned procedure
Maintenance of these models is problematic
5. Waterfall Model:
The first published model of the software development process was
derived from other engineering processes. Because of the cascade from one phase
to another, this model is known as the waterfall model. This model is also known as
linear sequential model. This model is depicted in the following diagram.
The principal stages of the model map directly onto fundamental development
activities. It suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software development
that begins at the system level and progresses through the analysis, design,
coding, testing, and maintenance. In the literature, people have identified from 5 to 8
stages of software development. The five stages of waterfall model are as follows:
Requirement Analysis and Definition: Its focus is on What. The systems services,
constraints and goals are established by consultation with system users. They are then
defined in detail and serve as a system specification.
System and Software Design: Its focus is on How. The system design process
partitions the requirements to either hardware of software systems. It establishes
and overall system architecture. Software design involves fundamental system
abstractions and their relationships.
Implementation and Unit Testing: Its main focus is on How. During this stage the
software design is realized as a set of programs or program units. Unit testing involves
verifying that each unit meets its specifications.
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Integration and System Testing: The individual program unit or programs are
integrated and tested as a complete system to ensure that the software
requirements have been met. After testing, the software system is delivered to the
customer.
Operation and Maintenance: Normally this is the longest phase of the software life
cycle. The system is installed and put into practical use. Maintenance involves
correcting errors which were not discovered in earlier stages of the life-cycle,
improving the implementation of system units and enhancing the system’s services
as new requirements are discovered.
Fig. 3: Waterfall Model
In principle, the result of each phase is one or more documents which are
approved. No phase is complete until the documentation for that phase has been
completed and products of that phase have been approved. The following phase should
not start until the previous phase has finished.
Real projects rarely follow the sequential flow that the model proposes. In
general these phases overlap and feed information to each other. Hence there should be
an element of iteration and feedback. A mistake caught any stage should be referred
back to the source and all the subsequent stages need to be revisited and corresponding
documents should be updated accordingly. This feedback path is shown in Fig. 4.
Because of the costs of producing and approving documents, iterations are
costly and require significant rework. The Waterfall Model is a documentation-driven
model. It therefore generates complete and comprehensive documentation and hence
makes the maintenance task much easier. It however suffers from the fact that the
client feedback is received when the product is finally delivered and hence any
errors in the requirement specification are not discovered until the product is sent to
the client after completion. This therefore has major time and cost related
consequences.
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Fig. 4: Feedback Path in Waterfall Model
Advantages:
A complete comprehensive understanding regarding system development
Suitable for research projects
Disadvantages:
Not feasible for real life commercial projects because of phase organization
More time is required to develop a software
Working version of the software is available late in the project at the start of
the sixth phase during implementation phase. This can result in a total
disaster if the customer requirements are vague
It is not practically possible to collect complete requirements initially at the
start of the project that is fundamental requirement of this model
6. CBD Model:
The CBSE process is used to:
o Identify desirable components;
o Qualify each component’s interface;
o Adapt components to remove architectural mismatches;
o Assembles components into a selected architectural style;
o Update components as requirements changes.
The process model for CBSE emphasizes parallel tracks in which domain
engineering occurs concurrently with CBD.
The main phases of CBD process model are as follows.
a. Communication
b. Planning
c. Analysis, component selection and Risk Management
d. Engineering and testing
e. Evaluation
The customer is communicated at the start of the project to gather basic
requirements. Initial use cases are developed at this stage.
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Project specification or proposal document is prepared during the planning phase.
Project specification or proposal document is composed of feasibility and risk
assessments that are performed to prepare a cost benefits analysis (CBA) sheet.
Fig. 5: CBD Process Model
CBA sheet helps to estimate that whether the SW project is feasible for the customer
or not.
Analysis phase is only started if the customer approves the proposal.
Risk Analysis, Component Selection and Risk Management phase- It is the phase
where an analyst gathers detailed requirements and tries to identify and select
those components that can be reused from the components repository.
Risks regarding the use of existing components are evaluated and managed. The
relationships among components are identified.
The properties and behaviors of the components are identified as well.
Core objective of this phase is to reuse maximum components, rather than
reinventing the wheel.
It will also improve productivity and efficiency of software engineers.
Engineering and testing phase- the selected components are modified (customized)
according to the requirements of new system to be developed and tested.
The new components are designed, developed and tested on unit basis.
Integration and system tests of the newly developed and of the reused components
are performed.
Evaluation phase- Customer is requested to evaluate and verify SW that whether it
meets his/her requirements or not.
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7. Rapid Prototyping Model:
A cyclic diagram can show the phases of the rapid prototyping model.
Fig. 6: Rapid Prototyping Process Model
This model has three main phases.
Listen (to the customer)
Develop A Demo Version of Software
Evaluate (by the customer)
The customer is called at the Software Engineer/Developer`s site or he/she visited
to customer in order to gather the main requirements of the software. The software
engineer developed a demo version of the software and called the customer at his/her site
to evaluate the demo. The customer and software engineer sits together. The customer
feed-back about the demo is again listened by the developer. The developer rebuilds the
demo according to the changes and new requirements inquired by the customer. The
customer is again called to re-evaluate the demo and this process continues until the final
version of the customer satisfaction. Prototype model provides no documentation for the
software as in the case of waterfall model. There are two main types of prototype model
known as Throwaway and Evolutionary Prototype.
The developer throws the demo software after every evaluation by the customer and
develops the new demo version or evaluation in Throwaway Prototype. The evolutionary
approach is used to develop the first demo and make further changes or maintenance in it
until the customer approved the final version of demo software.
Advantages:
Best suitable to integrate with other methodologies such as waterfall to make
them more effective
Faster development results in dramatic time and cost saving
Disadvantages:
No proper documentation to be used for current and future projects
Faster development often results in poor quality software
Never used alone to develop software
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Relies heavily on end user in terms of functionalities and interfaces can result
in a less efficient software. End users sometimes do not want to make the
software project successful having the threat of job risk or due to their
easiness in terms of software usage causing the removal of some key features
or functions of the software that may be hard to use. Is it possible that CEO of
any organization can have so much time to evaluate the software again and
again? No, therefore he will send the end user; who can become a source of
software project failure in terms of software implementation.
8. Rapid ApplicationDevelopment (RAD) Model:
The main phases of RAD model are as follows.
Requirements & Planning
User Design
Development
Cutover
Fig. 6: Rapid Application Development Process Model
As the figure indicates that RAD model is compressed, modified and improved
version of the actual waterfall model. The project identification & selection, project
initiation & planning and analysis phase of the waterfall model have been merged into first
phase of the RAD model called Requirements & Planning, It means the feasibility
assessments and gathering requirements are done in parallel. The logical design and
physical design are being merged in the User Design phase. The prototype model is heavily
used during the user design and development phases to finalize the interfaces and verify
the requirements in terms of functionalities. This can be seen by a back arrow indicated
from the development to design phase. The cutover phase indicates the maintenance and
testing of the software.
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Fig. 7: Waterfall Model – Another Phase List
Advantages:
Best suitable for real life small scale commercial projects
Faster development results in time and cost saving
More complete user requirements because of use of prototype approach
Focuses on the main features of the software from the user`s point of view
Cover all phases of the waterfall model, but at a rapid rate
Disadvantages:
Faster development results in poor quality software
Use of the prototype approach incorporates all its disadvantages into RAD
model
Not suitable for safety critical projects where life risks are involved
9. Spiral/Evolutionary/Incremental Model:
The main phases of Evolutionary model are as follows.
Communication with the customer
Planning
Risk Analysis
Engineering
Testing
Customer Evaluation
Customer is communicated during the first phase to gather the basis
specification of the software project. The planning phase is composed of developing
a feasibility report in terms of schedule, economic, technical and operation
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feasibilities. The schedule feasibility reflects the start and finishing duration of each
phase. Microsoft Project or Microsoft Excel is used to draw Gantt Charts. The
economic feasibility has the monetary figures indicating that how much a project is
feasible and the benefits can be gained by using the project. The technical feasibility
show that the desired hardware and software are available for development of that
project and how much are the costs. The operational feasibility has the measures
that how much operational costs are required and what will be the operational
benefits.
The approvals of this phase by the customer pass the developers to move to the
risk analysis phase. The developer of the project gathers the detailed requirements
and calculates all the potential risks involved. The engineering phase has three main
activities. The logical design, physical design and coding of the project. The
developer tests the project for debugging in testing phase. There are two main
approaches available for testing of any software. The software application is tested
and evaluated by the customer during customer evaluation phase. The first round of
spiral may just help us to complete the project specification of the project. During
the next cycle we may develop the first part or module of the software that is
normally core part of the software. After its evaluation and approval by the
customer it is delivered to customer for usage. For example, in Microsoft Word,
writing area is the core part. If the customer approved the core part then we start
working on other parts. For example, spell checker, formatting and drawing
modules. The evolutionary process can be used for the entire life of the software to
add new parts. Unlike waterfall model that can be used only to work on the software
as a whole. The planning, analysis, engineering, testing and customer evaluation is
done for each new part. The increments are continuously added according to the
requirements of customer and this evolutionary process continues up to entire life
of the software. Spiral model is depicted in the following figure.
Fig. 8: Spiral Model
Advantages:
Using this approach, more complete software could be developed
Best suitable for modular development
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Best suitable if you have less number of developers. You can hire more staff if
your core has been accepted
Best suitable for web projects because web applications are continuously
evolving according to the business or customer needs
Disadvantages:
Not suitable for developing artificial intelligence and neural networks
software where more detailed activities are required during each phase of
the SDLC and modified waterfall model is used
10. Rational Unified Process Model:
The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an example of a modern process model
that has been derived from work on the UML and the associated Unified Software
Development Process. It is a good example of hybrid process model that brings
together elements from all generic process models, iterations and illustrates good
practices of specification and design.
The RUP recognizes that conventional process models present a single view
of the process. In contrast, the RUP is normally described from three perspectives:
A dynamic perspective that shows the phases of the model over time
A static perspective that shows the process activities that are enacted
A practice perspective that suggests good practices to be used during
the process
The RUP is a phased model that identifies four discrete phases in the
software process. However, unlike the waterfall model where phases are equated
with process activities, the phases in the RUP are more closely related to business
rather than technical concerns. Fig. 9 shows the phases in the RUP.
Fig. 9: Rational Unified Process Model
Inception: The goal of the inception phase is to establish a business case for the system.
You should identify all external entities (people and systems) that will interact with the
system and define these interactions. You then use this information to assess the
contribution that the system makes to the business. If this contribution is minor, then the
project may be cancelled after this phase.
Elaboration: The goals of the elaboration phase are to develop an understanding of the
problem domain, establish an architectural framework for the system, develop the project
plan and identify key project risks. On completion of this phase. You should have a
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requirements model for the system (UML use cases are specified), an architectural
description and a development plan for the software.
Construction: The construction phase is essentially concerned with system design,
programming and testing. Parts of the system are developed in parallel and integrated
during this phase. On completion of this phase, you should have a working software system
and associated documentation that is ready for delivery to users.
Transition: The final phase of the RUP is concerned with moving the system from the
development community to the user community and making it work in a real environment.
This is something that is ignored in most software process models but is, in fact, an
expensive and sometimes problematic activity. On completion of this phase, you should
have a documented software system that is working correctly in its operational
environment.
Iteration within the RUP is supported in two ways as shown in Fig. 9. Each phase may be
enacted in an iterative way with the results developed incrementally. In addition, the whole
set of phases may also be enacted incrementally, as shown by the looping arrow from
Transition to Inception in Fig. 9.
End of Chapter 2