The document discusses use case diagrams and modeling. It defines key concepts like use cases, actors, and their relationships. Use cases specify system functions from the user's perspective, while actors represent roles that interact with the system. Use case diagrams visualize system behavior, help capture requirements, and serve as a basis for testing and communication between developers and users.
The document discusses different software process models. It describes the waterfall model, which involves sequential phases of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model suggests a systematic approach but real projects rarely follow sequential phases and instead involve overlap and feedback between phases. The document also briefly describes the build-and-fix model, which develops software without specifications or design and relies on repeated modifications until requirements are met.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering concepts including definitions of software, differences between software and other systems, types of software, and top software companies. It defines software engineering as the application of a systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach to software development, operation, and maintenance. Software engineering encompasses processes, techniques, tools, programming languages, design methods, testing, maintenance, and development used in software production. The document lists the top 10 software companies as Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, SAP, Symantec, Adobe, Ericsson, Nintendo, Activision Blizzard, and Salesforce.com.
This document provides an overview of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) framework. It discusses that CMMI was developed by the US Department of Defense and Carnegie Mellon University to improve product quality and development efficiency. CMMI uses five maturity levels to describe an organization's process improvement, from initial/ad hoc processes to optimized, continuously improving processes. The document outlines the behaviors and characteristics associated with each of the five maturity levels.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
The document discusses the Unified Process (UP) model for software development. It describes how the UP was created by combining the best features of individual object-oriented analysis and design methods. The UP includes five phases - Inception, Elaboration, Construction, Transition, and Production. The Inception Phase involves planning and requirements activities. The Elaboration Phase refines use cases and expands the architectural design. The Construction Phase focuses on building the software. The Transition Phase involves user testing and feedback. The Production Phase involves monitoring the deployed software.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
Prescriptive process models attempt to organize the software development life cycle by defining activities, their order, and relationships. Early models like code-and-fix lacked predictability and manageability. Newer models strive for structure and order to achieve coordination, while allowing for changes as feedback is received. However, relying solely on prescriptive models may be inappropriate in a world that demands flexibility and change.
This presentation provides an overview of the system development life cycle (SDLC) in 3 sentences:
It outlines the 8 phases of the SDLC: study of the problem, making a plan, system analysis, system design, program development, program testing, system implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is described in detail, from understanding the problem and feasibility analysis to designing, programming, testing, implementing the system, and ongoing maintenance. The presentation aims to explain the full process of developing a system from start to finish through the SDLC phases.
The document discusses different software process models. It describes the waterfall model, which involves sequential phases of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The waterfall model suggests a systematic approach but real projects rarely follow sequential phases and instead involve overlap and feedback between phases. The document also briefly describes the build-and-fix model, which develops software without specifications or design and relies on repeated modifications until requirements are met.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering concepts including definitions of software, differences between software and other systems, types of software, and top software companies. It defines software engineering as the application of a systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach to software development, operation, and maintenance. Software engineering encompasses processes, techniques, tools, programming languages, design methods, testing, maintenance, and development used in software production. The document lists the top 10 software companies as Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, SAP, Symantec, Adobe, Ericsson, Nintendo, Activision Blizzard, and Salesforce.com.
This document provides an overview of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) framework. It discusses that CMMI was developed by the US Department of Defense and Carnegie Mellon University to improve product quality and development efficiency. CMMI uses five maturity levels to describe an organization's process improvement, from initial/ad hoc processes to optimized, continuously improving processes. The document outlines the behaviors and characteristics associated with each of the five maturity levels.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
The document discusses the Unified Process (UP) model for software development. It describes how the UP was created by combining the best features of individual object-oriented analysis and design methods. The UP includes five phases - Inception, Elaboration, Construction, Transition, and Production. The Inception Phase involves planning and requirements activities. The Elaboration Phase refines use cases and expands the architectural design. The Construction Phase focuses on building the software. The Transition Phase involves user testing and feedback. The Production Phase involves monitoring the deployed software.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
Prescriptive process models attempt to organize the software development life cycle by defining activities, their order, and relationships. Early models like code-and-fix lacked predictability and manageability. Newer models strive for structure and order to achieve coordination, while allowing for changes as feedback is received. However, relying solely on prescriptive models may be inappropriate in a world that demands flexibility and change.
This presentation provides an overview of the system development life cycle (SDLC) in 3 sentences:
It outlines the 8 phases of the SDLC: study of the problem, making a plan, system analysis, system design, program development, program testing, system implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is described in detail, from understanding the problem and feasibility analysis to designing, programming, testing, implementing the system, and ongoing maintenance. The presentation aims to explain the full process of developing a system from start to finish through the SDLC phases.
This document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
- Software evolution and the need for maintenance to fix bugs and adapt to changes.
- The different categories of software maintenance including corrective, adaptive, and perfective maintenance.
- The high cost of software maintenance, which accounts for over 65% of the total software lifecycle costs.
- Software re-engineering to modify legacy code and make it more maintainable without changing functionality.
- Other topics covered include reverse engineering, configuration management, version control, risk analysis, and the COCOMO cost estimation model.
The document discusses several system development approaches and methodologies including the waterfall model, prototype model, spiral model, extreme programming, unified process, agile modeling, rapid application development, and joint application development. It provides an overview of each approach/methodology including typical phases, activities, advantages, and disadvantages.
Software Lifecycle Models / Software Development Models
Types of Software development models
Waterfall Model
Features of Waterfall Model
Phase of Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Advantages of Prototype Model
Disadvantages of Prototype model
V Model
Advantages of V-model
Disadvantages of V-model
When to use the V-model
Incremental Model
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
INCREMENTAL MODEL LIFE CYCLE
When to use the Incremental model
Rapid Application Development RAD Model
phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model
Advantages of the RAD model
Disadvantages of RAD model
When to use RAD model
Agile Model
Advantages of Agile model
Disadvantages of Agile model
When to use Agile model
This document provides an overview of various software testing techniques, including:
- Unit testing, integration testing, acceptance testing, and regression testing.
- Top-down and bottom-up integration strategies are described.
- Testing objectives like quality improvement, verification, and reliability estimation are outlined.
- Additional topics covered include test drivers, stubs, white box testing, and stress testing. The document serves as a guide to different approaches for thoroughly testing software applications and systems.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as a systematic approach to software analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It describes conventional software engineering methods including requirements analysis, design, construction, testing, and maintenance. It also covers software project management principles, quality assurance, metrics, estimation, risk management, and testing. The document is a comprehensive introduction to the key concepts and processes in software engineering.
The document discusses software engineering processes and provides an overview of key concepts:
1) It describes a process framework that includes core framework activities like requirements analysis, design, coding, and testing, as well as umbrella activities like project management and quality assurance.
2) Process models need to be adaptable to different project types and characteristics. The CMMI model defines goals and practices for process areas.
3) Process patterns provide templates for typical process elements like requirements gathering.
4) Processes should be assessed against criteria to ensure success, with options like CMMI, SPICE, and ISO 9001. Assessment drives process improvement.
5) Individual processes like PSP and TSP emphasize
Evolutionary Software Process Module in Easy Terminology by Taha ShahidTahaa Shahid
The main objective of this presentation was to focus and describe the Evolutionary Software Process Model in easy terminologies. ESPM is a model, used by Software companies for the completion of their products.
Software Design
Design principles
Problem partitioning
Abstraction
Top down and bottom up-design
Structured approach
Functional versus object oriented approach
Design specifications and verification
Monitoring and control
Cohesiveness
Coupling
Fourth generation techniques
Functional independence
Software Architecture
Transaction and Transform Mapping
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the definition of software engineering, software components, characteristics of software, the software crisis, software quality attributes, and software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It discusses several SDLC models - waterfall model, prototype model, spiral model, evolutionary development model - outlining their phases and advantages/disadvantages.
The document discusses various evolutionary software process models, including prototyping, the spiral model, and component-based development. Prototyping involves building initial versions of a software system to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model is iterative like prototyping but more controlled, with software developed through a series of releases. Component-based development reuses existing software components with well-defined interfaces. All of these evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions of software over time through iteration.
The document discusses various software life cycle models, including waterfall, V-model, incremental, prototype, spiral, RAD and 4GT. It provides descriptions of each model's phases, advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall and V-model are presented as classic sequential models. Incremental and spiral models iterate through phases to allow for flexibility. Prototype and RAD models emphasize early prototypes. Risk analysis is a key part of the spiral model.
This document introduces software engineering and discusses its importance. It explains that software engineering is concerned with the systematic development of software and aims for cost-effective and reliable results. It addresses common questions about software, processes, methods and challenges. It emphasizes that software engineers have ethical responsibilities to act with integrity, protect intellectual property and not misuse systems.
The document discusses iterative development, which breaks down software development into smaller chunks called iterations. Each iteration involves designing, developing, and testing a set of features until the full application is complete. The iterative development process follows phases of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. It contrasts with waterfall development by allowing backtracking and delivering business value incrementally in each iteration rather than all at once at the end of the project. The document provides guidelines for implementing iterative development, such as ensuring modifications are easy to make and analyzing the implementation frequently.
This document discusses architectural design and software architecture. It covers topics like architectural design decisions, system organization styles, decomposition styles, control styles, and reference architectures. The objectives are to introduce architectural design, explain important decisions, and discuss styles for organizing, decomposing, and controlling systems. Examples and characteristics of different architectural patterns are provided.
The V-model is a software development lifecycle framework where each phase of development (requirements, design, implementation, testing) has a corresponding testing phase that validates the product. The V-model is suited for projects with clearly defined requirements and available technical resources, as each phase must be completed before moving to the next. Key phases include requirements analysis, system design, module design and coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.
Evolutionary process models allow developers to iteratively create increasingly complete versions of software. Examples include the prototyping paradigm, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The prototyping paradigm uses prototypes to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model couples iterative prototyping with controlled development, dividing the project into framework activities. The concurrent development model concurrently develops components with defined interfaces to enable integration. These evolutionary models allow flexibility and accommodate changes but require strong communication and updated requirements.
The document discusses the V-model software development lifecycle (SDLC). It explains that the V-model is a modified version of the waterfall model where each phase is verified by testing in the corresponding phase. The phases include requirements analysis, system design, coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing. The V-model is best for small to medium projects with clearly defined requirements and high customer confidence.
The document discusses software architecture and life cycle management. It defines a company information system and notes that architecture has always been important, even in the 1960s, though the technological means have changed. It discusses architectural disorientation and notes that without proper architecture, software systems can become disorganized "shantytowns". It provides definitions of architecture and notes that good architecture balances stakeholder needs and may conform to recognized styles.
The document discusses use case modeling and UML diagrams. It provides an overview of commonly used UML diagrams such as use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It then describes use cases, use case diagrams, and relationships between use cases including include, extend, and generalize relationships.
Lab 3 Introduction to the UML - how to create a use case diagramFarah Ahmed
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case modeling. It provides an overview of use case diagrams, including their purpose and components. Key points include:
- Use case diagrams show interactions between actors and the system/software being modeled through use cases. They are used early in development to capture requirements and later to specify system behavior.
- Components of a use case diagram include actors, use cases, and relationships between them like generalization, include, and extend. Actors represent roles that interact with the system while use cases represent system functions/processes.
- Examples of a use case diagram for a vehicle sales system are provided to demonstrate how actors, use cases, and relationships can be modeled visually. Guidance is
This document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
- Software evolution and the need for maintenance to fix bugs and adapt to changes.
- The different categories of software maintenance including corrective, adaptive, and perfective maintenance.
- The high cost of software maintenance, which accounts for over 65% of the total software lifecycle costs.
- Software re-engineering to modify legacy code and make it more maintainable without changing functionality.
- Other topics covered include reverse engineering, configuration management, version control, risk analysis, and the COCOMO cost estimation model.
The document discusses several system development approaches and methodologies including the waterfall model, prototype model, spiral model, extreme programming, unified process, agile modeling, rapid application development, and joint application development. It provides an overview of each approach/methodology including typical phases, activities, advantages, and disadvantages.
Software Lifecycle Models / Software Development Models
Types of Software development models
Waterfall Model
Features of Waterfall Model
Phase of Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Advantages of Prototype Model
Disadvantages of Prototype model
V Model
Advantages of V-model
Disadvantages of V-model
When to use the V-model
Incremental Model
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
INCREMENTAL MODEL LIFE CYCLE
When to use the Incremental model
Rapid Application Development RAD Model
phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model
Advantages of the RAD model
Disadvantages of RAD model
When to use RAD model
Agile Model
Advantages of Agile model
Disadvantages of Agile model
When to use Agile model
This document provides an overview of various software testing techniques, including:
- Unit testing, integration testing, acceptance testing, and regression testing.
- Top-down and bottom-up integration strategies are described.
- Testing objectives like quality improvement, verification, and reliability estimation are outlined.
- Additional topics covered include test drivers, stubs, white box testing, and stress testing. The document serves as a guide to different approaches for thoroughly testing software applications and systems.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It defines software engineering as a systematic approach to software analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. It describes conventional software engineering methods including requirements analysis, design, construction, testing, and maintenance. It also covers software project management principles, quality assurance, metrics, estimation, risk management, and testing. The document is a comprehensive introduction to the key concepts and processes in software engineering.
The document discusses software engineering processes and provides an overview of key concepts:
1) It describes a process framework that includes core framework activities like requirements analysis, design, coding, and testing, as well as umbrella activities like project management and quality assurance.
2) Process models need to be adaptable to different project types and characteristics. The CMMI model defines goals and practices for process areas.
3) Process patterns provide templates for typical process elements like requirements gathering.
4) Processes should be assessed against criteria to ensure success, with options like CMMI, SPICE, and ISO 9001. Assessment drives process improvement.
5) Individual processes like PSP and TSP emphasize
Evolutionary Software Process Module in Easy Terminology by Taha ShahidTahaa Shahid
The main objective of this presentation was to focus and describe the Evolutionary Software Process Model in easy terminologies. ESPM is a model, used by Software companies for the completion of their products.
Software Design
Design principles
Problem partitioning
Abstraction
Top down and bottom up-design
Structured approach
Functional versus object oriented approach
Design specifications and verification
Monitoring and control
Cohesiveness
Coupling
Fourth generation techniques
Functional independence
Software Architecture
Transaction and Transform Mapping
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the definition of software engineering, software components, characteristics of software, the software crisis, software quality attributes, and software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It discusses several SDLC models - waterfall model, prototype model, spiral model, evolutionary development model - outlining their phases and advantages/disadvantages.
The document discusses various evolutionary software process models, including prototyping, the spiral model, and component-based development. Prototyping involves building initial versions of a software system to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model is iterative like prototyping but more controlled, with software developed through a series of releases. Component-based development reuses existing software components with well-defined interfaces. All of these evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions of software over time through iteration.
The document discusses various software life cycle models, including waterfall, V-model, incremental, prototype, spiral, RAD and 4GT. It provides descriptions of each model's phases, advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall and V-model are presented as classic sequential models. Incremental and spiral models iterate through phases to allow for flexibility. Prototype and RAD models emphasize early prototypes. Risk analysis is a key part of the spiral model.
This document introduces software engineering and discusses its importance. It explains that software engineering is concerned with the systematic development of software and aims for cost-effective and reliable results. It addresses common questions about software, processes, methods and challenges. It emphasizes that software engineers have ethical responsibilities to act with integrity, protect intellectual property and not misuse systems.
The document discusses iterative development, which breaks down software development into smaller chunks called iterations. Each iteration involves designing, developing, and testing a set of features until the full application is complete. The iterative development process follows phases of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. It contrasts with waterfall development by allowing backtracking and delivering business value incrementally in each iteration rather than all at once at the end of the project. The document provides guidelines for implementing iterative development, such as ensuring modifications are easy to make and analyzing the implementation frequently.
This document discusses architectural design and software architecture. It covers topics like architectural design decisions, system organization styles, decomposition styles, control styles, and reference architectures. The objectives are to introduce architectural design, explain important decisions, and discuss styles for organizing, decomposing, and controlling systems. Examples and characteristics of different architectural patterns are provided.
The V-model is a software development lifecycle framework where each phase of development (requirements, design, implementation, testing) has a corresponding testing phase that validates the product. The V-model is suited for projects with clearly defined requirements and available technical resources, as each phase must be completed before moving to the next. Key phases include requirements analysis, system design, module design and coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.
Evolutionary process models allow developers to iteratively create increasingly complete versions of software. Examples include the prototyping paradigm, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The prototyping paradigm uses prototypes to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model couples iterative prototyping with controlled development, dividing the project into framework activities. The concurrent development model concurrently develops components with defined interfaces to enable integration. These evolutionary models allow flexibility and accommodate changes but require strong communication and updated requirements.
The document discusses the V-model software development lifecycle (SDLC). It explains that the V-model is a modified version of the waterfall model where each phase is verified by testing in the corresponding phase. The phases include requirements analysis, system design, coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing. The V-model is best for small to medium projects with clearly defined requirements and high customer confidence.
The document discusses software architecture and life cycle management. It defines a company information system and notes that architecture has always been important, even in the 1960s, though the technological means have changed. It discusses architectural disorientation and notes that without proper architecture, software systems can become disorganized "shantytowns". It provides definitions of architecture and notes that good architecture balances stakeholder needs and may conform to recognized styles.
The document discusses use case modeling and UML diagrams. It provides an overview of commonly used UML diagrams such as use case diagrams, activity diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It then describes use cases, use case diagrams, and relationships between use cases including include, extend, and generalize relationships.
Lab 3 Introduction to the UML - how to create a use case diagramFarah Ahmed
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case modeling. It provides an overview of use case diagrams, including their purpose and components. Key points include:
- Use case diagrams show interactions between actors and the system/software being modeled through use cases. They are used early in development to capture requirements and later to specify system behavior.
- Components of a use case diagram include actors, use cases, and relationships between them like generalization, include, and extend. Actors represent roles that interact with the system while use cases represent system functions/processes.
- Examples of a use case diagram for a vehicle sales system are provided to demonstrate how actors, use cases, and relationships can be modeled visually. Guidance is
Presentation Use Case Diagram and Use Case Specification.pptxazida3
The use case diagram models the interactions between a Customer and an ATM machine. The Customer can perform the use cases of Logging In, Making a Withdrawal, Checking Balance, and Depositing Funds. The ATM machine facilitates these use cases.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to document and visualize the design of object-oriented software systems. It was developed in the 1990s to standardize the different object-oriented modeling notations that existed. UML is based on several influential object-oriented analysis and design methodologies. It includes diagrams for modeling a system's structural and behavioral elements, and has continued to evolve with refinements and expanded applicability. Use case diagrams are one type of UML diagram that are used to define system behaviors and goals from the perspective of different user types or external entities known as actors.
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
Requirement analysis and UML modelling in Software engineeringsnehalkulkarni74
Receptionist
Patient: Patient
Doctor: Doctor
- The vertical solid line represents the life of an
object.
- It runs from top to bottom.
Messages:-
- The arrow represents the message passing
between objects.
- The arrow head points to the receiver.
- The message name is written near arrow.
- Synchronous and asynchronous message
Receptionist
Patient
Doctor
makeAppointment()
checkAvailability()
scheduleAppointment()
confirmAppointment()
treatPatient()
billPatient()
- Sequence diagram shows the time sequence of
messages between objects.
- It emphasizes on
The document discusses use case diagrams and their components. It defines key terms like actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases. It explains that use case diagrams model interactions between actors and a system, and capture the system's functional requirements. Diagrams show actors outside the system boundary and use cases inside it. Relationships like "include", "extend", and "generalization" define relationships between use cases. The document provides examples and guidelines for creating use case specifications that describe use case scenarios in detail.
This document provides information on object oriented analysis and use case modeling. It discusses identifying objects and their relationships, defining object operations and attributes, and modeling system functionality through use cases. Use cases describe interactions between actors and the system, including typical workflows, alternative scenarios, and pre- and post-conditions. Use case diagrams visually represent the relationships between actors and use cases.
The document discusses use case modeling for requirements gathering and documentation. It defines key use case concepts like actors, use cases, and how to identify them. Actors represent anything external to the system and use cases represent tasks or goals actors want to accomplish through interactions with the system. The document provides questions and examples to help identify actors and write use cases from the user's perspective to effectively capture requirements.
Use case modeling and analysis involves identifying actors, use cases, and system boundaries. Actors are entities that interact with the system, such as people, hardware, devices, or other systems. Primary actors are completely outside the system while secondary actors are more inside. Use cases describe system functionality and interactions from a user perspective. Relationships like include, extend, and generalization help structure use cases. Include is used when use cases share common portions, extend specifies additional behavior, and generalization allows inheritance. Identifying actors, use cases, relationships, and boundaries aids in discovering requirements, communicating with stakeholders, and generating test cases.
The document discusses UML use cases, which describe the functionality of a system from the user's perspective without specifying how it is implemented. It provides examples of UML diagrams including use case diagrams and describes the key elements of a use case description, such as actors, flow of events, and pre/post conditions. The use case model illustrates the activities performed by users to achieve goals and shows how the system responds.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for modeling software systems. It provides notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing and documenting software artifacts. The key components of UML include classes, attributes, operations, relationships, and diagrams. Common UML diagrams are use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and deployment diagrams. UML is widely used for object-oriented analysis and design. It helps model the problem domain, visualize the system design, and document implementation.
A use case diagram captures system functionality and requirements by modeling actors and use cases. Actors represent roles that interact with the system, while use cases represent system functions. A use case diagram visually shows the relationships between actors and use cases. An include relationship shows that one use case includes the functionality of another, while an extend relationship shows optional or conditional behavior. Generalization defines one use case as a generalization of another to replace generic functionality.
Use case modeling is a technique for capturing requirements by describing how system actors interact with the system. Key aspects of use case modeling include: identifying actors and use cases; creating a use case diagram; describing use cases and their flows; and identifying relationships between use cases using include, extend, and generalization. Use case modeling helps elicit requirements, communicate with stakeholders, and generate test cases. The analysis process involves developing problem statements, identifying actors and use cases, creating an initial diagram, describing use cases, and refining the model through elaboration and prioritization.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and documentation. It covers identifying use cases, actors, and developing use case models. The key steps of object-oriented analysis are identifying actors, use cases, interaction diagrams, and developing a class diagram to identify classes, relationships, attributes, and methods. Effective documentation is also discussed, emphasizing eliminating repetition, using familiar vocabulary, and organizing the document clearly.
Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT) is an object-oriented analysis and design methodology. It uses three main modeling approaches: object models, dynamic models, and functional models. The object model defines the structure of objects in the system through class diagrams. The dynamic model describes object behavior over time using state diagrams and event flow diagrams. The functional model represents system processes and data flow using data flow diagrams.
System Simulation and Modelling with types and Event SchedulingBootNeck1
System simulation and modelling involves creating models of real-world systems and using those models to simulate and analyze the performance of existing or proposed systems. A system consists of interrelated components that work together towards a common goal. Simulation is the process of using a model to study the performance of a system over time or space. Modelling involves creating a model that represents a system, while simulation operates that model. Simulation can be used across various domains like healthcare, engineering, and military applications. It provides advantages like testing changes without impacting real systems and identifying constraints.
Lecture no 8 use case modeling and use case diagramsnaveed428
The document discusses use case modeling and diagrams. It provides examples of use cases, actors, and relationships between them. Some key points:
- A use case represents a goal of an actor and the interactions needed to achieve that goal. Actors can be people or other systems.
- Use case diagrams show use cases, actors, and their relationships to understand system requirements and functionality.
- Common relationships include generalization, extension, and inclusion to model optional/exceptional behavior or reuse of common interactions.
- Well-defined use cases with descriptions help validate requirements, guide testing, and communicate with stakeholders.
This document is a lecture on object-oriented programming concepts in Java including abstraction, encapsulation, and interfaces. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. Abstraction hides implementation details and shows only functionality. Encapsulation wraps code and data together and controls access through getters and setters. Interfaces contain abstract method signatures that classes implement, allowing for multiple inheritance of behaviors. The lecture covers declaring and implementing abstract classes and interfaces and how inheritance and polymorphism apply.
The document discusses polymorphism in object-oriented programming. It defines polymorphism as an object's ability to take on many forms, and explains that in Java, polymorphism occurs when a parent class reference is used to refer to a child class object. Any Java object that can pass more than one "IS-A" test is considered polymorphic. The document also discusses reference variables, overridden methods, and virtual method invocation in Java.
The document discusses method overriding in object-oriented programming. It explains that a subclass can override a method from its parent class if the method is not marked final. Overriding allows defining behavior specific to the subclass. At compile time, the reference type is checked, but at runtime the actual object type is used to determine which version of the method to run. The document also provides rules for method overriding, such as arguments and return types must match the overridden method. It explains how to invoke the superclass version of an overridden method using the super keyword.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Java including inheritance, extends keyword, super keyword, IS-A and HAS-A relationships, instanceof operator, and types of inheritance. It provides examples to demonstrate inheritance between classes using extends keyword, differentiating members using super keyword, checking types using instanceof, and composition for HAS-A relationships. The key concepts covered are that a subclass inherits from a superclass, super is used to call parent methods or variables, instanceof checks object types, and classes can compose other classes to share behaviors.
The document discusses Java arrays. It explains that arrays allow storing a fixed number of elements of the same type. Arrays are declared with a variable type and size, such as int numbers[]. Individual elements can then be accessed via their index number like numbers[0]. Arrays can be iterated over using for loops or the enhanced for-each loop. Arrays can also be passed to methods and returned from methods.
Operators in Java include unary, arithmetic, relational, shift, bitwise, ternary, and assignment operators. Operator precedence determines the order that operations are performed. Java supports if, if-else, nested if, and if-else-if statements to test conditions, as well as switch statements. Methods are blocks of code that perform operations. Methods can take parameters, return values, and be invoked from within a class.
This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on object-oriented programming in Java, including data types, tokens, and variables. It discusses the different types of primitive and non-primitive data types in Java. It also describes the five categories of tokens - identifiers, keywords, literals, operators, and separators. Finally, it explains the different types of variables in Java including instance variables, class variables, local variables, and parameters.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts through a lecture on a CMP-2123 Object Oriented Programming course. It defines key OOP concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also lists textbooks and materials for the course and provides an overview of topics to be covered, including objects and classes, inheritance, interfaces, exceptions, GUI programming, and more.
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An agriculture web application was proposed to provide Pakistani farmers with knowledge about crops, animals, irrigation, machinery, cultivation methods, and technology from an online portal. The project aims to enhance farmers' capabilities and increase agricultural awareness by offering web-based information on crop area analysis, online property checks, and videos uploaded by users. The application would connect farmers to the agriculture administration for appointments to address problems faced in Pakistan's important agriculture industry and labor force.
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Cross-Cultural Leadership and CommunicationMattVassar1
Business is done in many different ways across the world. How you connect with colleagues and communicate feedback constructively differs tremendously depending on where a person comes from. Drawing on the culture map from the cultural anthropologist, Erin Meyer, this class discusses how best to manage effectively across the invisible lines of culture.
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
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Using CRM module, we can manage and keep track of all new leads and opportunities in one location. It helps to manage your sales pipeline with customizable stages. In this slide let’s discuss how to create a stage or pipeline inside the CRM module in odoo 17.
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the creation of images and videos, enabling the generation of highly realistic and imaginative visual content. Utilizing advanced techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and neural style transfer, AI can transform simple sketches into detailed artwork or blend various styles into unique visual masterpieces. GANs, in particular, function by pitting two neural networks against each other, resulting in the production of remarkably lifelike images. AI's ability to analyze and learn from vast datasets allows it to create visuals that not only mimic human creativity but also push the boundaries of artistic expression, making it a powerful tool in digital media and entertainment industries.
5. History
• CASE Tools: Automation of Software Development
• People-to-People
• People-to-Computer
• Rational Software (An IBM Company)
• Rational Rose / MS Visio:
Converting UML-Diagrams-to-Programs
7. History
• UML: an open standard controlled by OMG
• UML 1.0 (1997)
• UML 2.0 (2004)
8.
9. USE CASE MODELLING
-functional reqts., analysis phase
- what a system does: functions represented as use cases
- Actor: external agent that interacts with the system, exchanges info. with
the system (user, sub-system, etc.)
- a role played by user
Note: a use case represents a complete functionality.
• view of system behavior from an external person’s viewpoint
• effective tool for validating requirements
• an effective communication tool
• basis for a test plan
• basis for user manual
Developing the use cases in not difficult; ensuring that you have them all
is murder.
10. Use cases help ..
· Capture the system's functional requirements
from the users' perspective
· Actively involve users in the requirements-
gathering process
· Provide the basis for identifying major classes
and their relationships
· Serve as the foundation for developing system
test cases
11. Use Case Diagrams
• Use case diagrams are used to visualize, specify, construct, and
document the (intended) behavior of the system, during
requirements capture and analysis.
• Provide a way for developers, domain experts and end-users to
Communicate.
• Serve as basis for testing.
• Use case diagrams contain use cases, actors, and their relationships.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Use Case
• Use cases specify desired behavior.
• A use case is a description of a set of sequences of actions, including
variants, a system performs to yield an observable result of value to
an actor.
• Each sequence represent an interaction of actors with the system.
name
17.
18. Actors
• An actor represents a set of roles that users of use case play when
interacting with these use cases.
• Actors can be human or automated systems.
• Actors are entities which require help from the system to perform
their task or are needed to execute the system’s functions.
• Actors are not part of the system.
name
19. Use Cases and Actors
• From the perspective of a given actor, a use case does something that
is of value to the actor, such as calculate a result or change the state
of an objects
20. Example of Use Case Diagram
student
registration
updating
grades
output
generating
faculty
21. Use-Case Diagrams (POST)
CustomerCashier
Buy Item
Log In
Refund a Purchased Item
POST
Use Case
System Boundary
Adapted from Larman “Applying UML and Patterns”
POST: Point of Sale Terminal
23. Black Box Use Cases
• Most common and recommended
• Black box use cases do not describe internal working of a system and
components
• System is defined with the help of responsibilities
• Responsibilities help to identify what the system will do (functional
requirement) not how the system will do it
• Analysis – What?
• Design – How?
• During requirement analysis HOW is omitted
• Only behavior is specified
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