This document discusses petroleum engineering as a career. It covers the following key points:
- Petroleum engineering involves the production of hydrocarbons like oil and gas. It covers activities from exploration and production to refining.
- The field requires knowledge of disciplines like geology, geophysics, drilling, reservoir simulation, and economics. Engineers also need skills in using computer systems and automation.
- Duties of petroleum engineers include locating drill sites, setting up extraction machinery, and overseeing safe and efficient extraction and processing of petroleum products.
This document contains a table with statistical significance levels (p-values) for different degrees of freedom and alpha values. The table lists critical values for p-values of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1, with corresponding alpha levels and confidence intervals. It provides critical values for statistical significance testing with degrees of freedom ranging from 1 to 30.
The document contains two tables providing future value interest factors for one dollar and one dollar annuities compounded at various interest rates over different periods of time. Table A-1 shows the future value of $1 invested at rates from 1% to 30% over periods from 1 to 30 years. Table A-2 shows the future value of a $1 annuity invested at the same rates and periods. The tables allow users to determine the future values of single investments and annuities based on the interest rate and time horizon.
This document contains tables of probability values corresponding to the area under the normal distribution curve for given z-values. There are three tables that provide the probability of a statistic being: 1) between 0 and z, 2) less than z, and 3) greater than z. The tables allow looking up the cumulative probability for any z-value between 0 and 3 with increments of 0.01.
The document provides a table of critical values for the chi-square distribution for degrees of freedom ranging from 1 to 100. The table includes critical values for several common significance levels including 0.25, 0.10, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.001. Each row of the table lists the critical value of the chi-square distribution for a given degree of freedom at each of the six significance levels.
- The document appears to contain experimental data from a dilatometer test measuring various parameters like strain, stress, temperature over time as a sample is heated to 600°C.
- Metrics like dilatometer reading, force, stroke, and temperature from thermocouples are recorded at regular time intervals as the test is conducted.
- The data shows changes in things like strain, stress, and temperature as the material is heated and expands over the duration of the 80 second test.
This document contains a table of critical values for the chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom (df) ranging from 0 to 136 and significance levels of 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.001, and 0.005. The table lists the critical value that corresponds to each combination of df and significance level.
This document contains a table of critical values for the chi-squared distribution for different probabilities (p-values) and degrees of freedom (ν). The table lists the minimum value of the chi-squared statistic that would be considered statistically significant for various combinations of p-values ranging from 0.001 to 0.5 and ν ranging from 1 to 200, 300, 500, 600.
This document contains tables of critical values for the z-distribution, t-distribution, and chi-square distribution. The z-table provides critical values for the standard normal distribution used in z-tests. The t-table gives critical values for the t-distribution used in t-tests based on degrees of freedom. And the chi-square table lists critical values for the chi-square distribution applied in chi-square tests.
This document contains a table with statistical significance levels (p-values) for different degrees of freedom and alpha values. The table lists critical values for p-values of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1, with corresponding alpha levels and confidence intervals. It provides critical values for statistical significance testing with degrees of freedom ranging from 1 to 30.
The document contains two tables providing future value interest factors for one dollar and one dollar annuities compounded at various interest rates over different periods of time. Table A-1 shows the future value of $1 invested at rates from 1% to 30% over periods from 1 to 30 years. Table A-2 shows the future value of a $1 annuity invested at the same rates and periods. The tables allow users to determine the future values of single investments and annuities based on the interest rate and time horizon.
This document contains tables of probability values corresponding to the area under the normal distribution curve for given z-values. There are three tables that provide the probability of a statistic being: 1) between 0 and z, 2) less than z, and 3) greater than z. The tables allow looking up the cumulative probability for any z-value between 0 and 3 with increments of 0.01.
The document provides a table of critical values for the chi-square distribution for degrees of freedom ranging from 1 to 100. The table includes critical values for several common significance levels including 0.25, 0.10, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.001. Each row of the table lists the critical value of the chi-square distribution for a given degree of freedom at each of the six significance levels.
- The document appears to contain experimental data from a dilatometer test measuring various parameters like strain, stress, temperature over time as a sample is heated to 600°C.
- Metrics like dilatometer reading, force, stroke, and temperature from thermocouples are recorded at regular time intervals as the test is conducted.
- The data shows changes in things like strain, stress, and temperature as the material is heated and expands over the duration of the 80 second test.
This document contains a table of critical values for the chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom (df) ranging from 0 to 136 and significance levels of 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.001, and 0.005. The table lists the critical value that corresponds to each combination of df and significance level.
This document contains a table of critical values for the chi-squared distribution for different probabilities (p-values) and degrees of freedom (ν). The table lists the minimum value of the chi-squared statistic that would be considered statistically significant for various combinations of p-values ranging from 0.001 to 0.5 and ν ranging from 1 to 200, 300, 500, 600.
This document contains tables of critical values for the z-distribution, t-distribution, and chi-square distribution. The z-table provides critical values for the standard normal distribution used in z-tests. The t-table gives critical values for the t-distribution used in t-tests based on degrees of freedom. And the chi-square table lists critical values for the chi-square distribution applied in chi-square tests.
This document contains a table of values representing the area under the standard normal distribution curve to the left of given z-scores, ranging from -3.9 to 3.9. The table provides the cumulative probability or proportion of the total area under the normal curve that lies between minus infinity and the given z-score.
The document provides a table of thermophysical properties of refrigerant 22 (chlorodifluoromethane) at various temperatures ranging from -100°C to 32°C. For each temperature, the table lists properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor including pressure, density, enthalpy, entropy, specific heat, and more. The extensive table acts as a reference for engineers to look up refrigerant 22 properties under different temperature conditions.
This document contains a table of critical values for the chi-squared distribution. The table lists the critical value of chi-squared for different degrees of freedom and significance levels ranging from 0.001 to 0.995. The table is used to determine if a calculated chi-squared value is statistically significant for hypothesis testing.
This document contains a list of IP addresses. Based on the domain name in the URL (gatherproxy.com/sockslist/country/?c=Switzerland), this list contains IP addresses located in Switzerland. There are over 300 IP addresses listed from Switzerland.
The document contains a table of critical values for the t-distribution for various sample sizes (degrees of freedom), significance levels, and test types (one-tailed vs two-tailed). The table provides critical t-values for sample sizes ranging from 1 to 97 degrees of freedom and significance levels from 0.25 to 0.001 for one-tailed tests, and from 0.5 to 0.002 for two-tailed tests. The critical values can be used to determine if a calculated t-statistic is statistically significant for a given hypothesis test.
The document lists American Wire Gauge (AWG) wire sizes from 36 to 2000 in both imperial and metric units, providing the wire diameter, cross-sectional area, and standard size for each listing. Wire sizes range from 0.0050 inches to 2 inches in diameter, and include common wire gauges for solid copper conductors used in electrical work.
This document contains two tables listing probability values for the binomial distribution with varying values of n (number of trials) and x (number of successes). The tables provide the probability of x successes out of n trials for values of n from 1 to 10 and probabilities from 0.05 to 0.95 in increments of 0.05. The tables can be used to determine the probability of a given number of successes in a fixed number of binomial trials.
Laporan 1 Sistem dan Signal (DFT Ms. Excel)Bayu Nurcahyo
Menganalisis gelombang suara manusia dengan merekam suara bernada diatonis pada Software Spectraplus V5.0. lalu mencari persamaan gelombang dengan bantuan pengolahan data Ms. Excel
This document appears to contain student exam and quiz scores along with their calculated grades. It lists each student's ID number followed by their scores on 3 quizzes, an incentive amount, their quiz average which counts for 40% of their midterm grade, their midterm exam score which counts for another 40%, and their final calculated midterm grade. There are over 100 students listed with their various exam and quiz results.
The document contains a list of IP addresses with no additional context or information provided. There are approximately 100 IP addresses listed ranging from single to quad-octet addresses.
This document appears to contain statistical analysis results from measuring 120 people on 74 items, including differential item functioning (DIF) measures. It lists DIF measures, standard errors, contrasts, t-statistics, and probability values for comparisons between different person groups on several test items. Significant DIF was found for some items between different person groups.
The document simulates gym capacity at the Töölö Unisport gym in Helsinki based on arrival rates. It uses an exponential distribution to simulate customer inter-arrival times based on historical crowdedness data. It assigns customers to different exercise machines and tracks their waiting times. The simulation is run multiple times to analyze average waiting times and system capacity under different arrival rates.
The document contains a table with various hydraulic parameters including:
- K coefficient
- Angle (radians and degrees)
- Dimensionless parameters involving angle
- Differences between parameters
- Wetted area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, velocity, depth, and diameter.
The table contains values for these parameters for different pipe materials with varying angles and coefficients.
The document contains a table of numbers organized in rows and columns. The first column contains probability values from 0.1 to 0.005 decreasing by factors of 2. The remaining columns contain sets of numbers that decrease as the probability values decrease.
1. The report summarizes the time series forecasting practicum conducted by Adhitya Akbar.
2. The data from 2006-2008 is analyzed to determine the best ARIMA model and forecast the 2009 January data.
3. Several ARIMA models are fitted to the data including ARIMA (0,1,3), (0,1,2), and (0,1,1) and diagnostic checks are performed to identify the best fitting model.
This document summarizes a student experiment on measuring the energy content of different nuts. It lists the group members and materials used. The results show that among peanuts, cashew nuts, and almonds, peanuts had the highest change in mass and temperature after burning, indicating it has the highest energy content, while almonds had the lowest changes. Temperature data of burning the different nuts in water was also recorded over time.
Tablas normal chi cuadrado y t student 1-semana 6Karla Diaz
The document contains a table of values for the standard normal cumulative distribution function F(z) for z-values ranging from -3.5 to 3.2 in increments of 0.1. The table provides the probability P(Z≤z) for finding a value less than or equal to z in a standard normal distribution.
The document summarizes an experiment conducted by a group of 5 students to determine the food energy provided by peanuts, cashew nuts, and almonds. The group recorded the initial and final mass and temperatures of each food sample as it burned. Their results showed that peanuts provided the highest amount of energy through the greatest change in mass, while almonds provided the lowest. Temperature data of the burning foods was also recorded over time using a data logger.
The document is a conversion table that lists millimeter measurements from 0.01 to 100 in increments of 0.01 and their equivalent measurements in inches.
This document is a report from July 2014 that provides station-by-station details of a road improvement project in Junin, Peru. It includes the station number, cut/fill area, cut/fill volumes, and cumulative totals. The project improved the road from Chupuro to Vista Alegre to Chicche to Chongos Alto to Huasicancha. It was supervised by engineer Ruben Hugo Garcia Abregu.
R and B SOR FOR BUILDING WORKS AHMEDABAD CITY 2021_22.pdfssuserc0e014
This document appears to be a schedule of rates for building works in Ahmedabad City, Gujarat for the year 2021-22. It contains various annexures and statements providing basic rates for materials, labor, carriage, hire charges, and other construction-related costs. Specifically, statement 4A provides the estimated costs for transporting materials over different distances by truck, accounting for factors like fuel consumption, labor wages, and vehicle hire charges.
This document contains tables of thermodynamic property data for steam in SI units. It includes saturation temperature, saturation pressure, superheated vapor, and compressed liquid tables. The tables provide properties such as specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, and others over a range of temperatures and pressures. The document was prepared for an engineering course at Michigan State University and includes contact information for the professor.
This document contains a table of values representing the area under the standard normal distribution curve to the left of given z-scores, ranging from -3.9 to 3.9. The table provides the cumulative probability or proportion of the total area under the normal curve that lies between minus infinity and the given z-score.
The document provides a table of thermophysical properties of refrigerant 22 (chlorodifluoromethane) at various temperatures ranging from -100°C to 32°C. For each temperature, the table lists properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor including pressure, density, enthalpy, entropy, specific heat, and more. The extensive table acts as a reference for engineers to look up refrigerant 22 properties under different temperature conditions.
This document contains a table of critical values for the chi-squared distribution. The table lists the critical value of chi-squared for different degrees of freedom and significance levels ranging from 0.001 to 0.995. The table is used to determine if a calculated chi-squared value is statistically significant for hypothesis testing.
This document contains a list of IP addresses. Based on the domain name in the URL (gatherproxy.com/sockslist/country/?c=Switzerland), this list contains IP addresses located in Switzerland. There are over 300 IP addresses listed from Switzerland.
The document contains a table of critical values for the t-distribution for various sample sizes (degrees of freedom), significance levels, and test types (one-tailed vs two-tailed). The table provides critical t-values for sample sizes ranging from 1 to 97 degrees of freedom and significance levels from 0.25 to 0.001 for one-tailed tests, and from 0.5 to 0.002 for two-tailed tests. The critical values can be used to determine if a calculated t-statistic is statistically significant for a given hypothesis test.
The document lists American Wire Gauge (AWG) wire sizes from 36 to 2000 in both imperial and metric units, providing the wire diameter, cross-sectional area, and standard size for each listing. Wire sizes range from 0.0050 inches to 2 inches in diameter, and include common wire gauges for solid copper conductors used in electrical work.
This document contains two tables listing probability values for the binomial distribution with varying values of n (number of trials) and x (number of successes). The tables provide the probability of x successes out of n trials for values of n from 1 to 10 and probabilities from 0.05 to 0.95 in increments of 0.05. The tables can be used to determine the probability of a given number of successes in a fixed number of binomial trials.
Laporan 1 Sistem dan Signal (DFT Ms. Excel)Bayu Nurcahyo
Menganalisis gelombang suara manusia dengan merekam suara bernada diatonis pada Software Spectraplus V5.0. lalu mencari persamaan gelombang dengan bantuan pengolahan data Ms. Excel
This document appears to contain student exam and quiz scores along with their calculated grades. It lists each student's ID number followed by their scores on 3 quizzes, an incentive amount, their quiz average which counts for 40% of their midterm grade, their midterm exam score which counts for another 40%, and their final calculated midterm grade. There are over 100 students listed with their various exam and quiz results.
The document contains a list of IP addresses with no additional context or information provided. There are approximately 100 IP addresses listed ranging from single to quad-octet addresses.
This document appears to contain statistical analysis results from measuring 120 people on 74 items, including differential item functioning (DIF) measures. It lists DIF measures, standard errors, contrasts, t-statistics, and probability values for comparisons between different person groups on several test items. Significant DIF was found for some items between different person groups.
The document simulates gym capacity at the Töölö Unisport gym in Helsinki based on arrival rates. It uses an exponential distribution to simulate customer inter-arrival times based on historical crowdedness data. It assigns customers to different exercise machines and tracks their waiting times. The simulation is run multiple times to analyze average waiting times and system capacity under different arrival rates.
The document contains a table with various hydraulic parameters including:
- K coefficient
- Angle (radians and degrees)
- Dimensionless parameters involving angle
- Differences between parameters
- Wetted area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, velocity, depth, and diameter.
The table contains values for these parameters for different pipe materials with varying angles and coefficients.
The document contains a table of numbers organized in rows and columns. The first column contains probability values from 0.1 to 0.005 decreasing by factors of 2. The remaining columns contain sets of numbers that decrease as the probability values decrease.
1. The report summarizes the time series forecasting practicum conducted by Adhitya Akbar.
2. The data from 2006-2008 is analyzed to determine the best ARIMA model and forecast the 2009 January data.
3. Several ARIMA models are fitted to the data including ARIMA (0,1,3), (0,1,2), and (0,1,1) and diagnostic checks are performed to identify the best fitting model.
This document summarizes a student experiment on measuring the energy content of different nuts. It lists the group members and materials used. The results show that among peanuts, cashew nuts, and almonds, peanuts had the highest change in mass and temperature after burning, indicating it has the highest energy content, while almonds had the lowest changes. Temperature data of burning the different nuts in water was also recorded over time.
Tablas normal chi cuadrado y t student 1-semana 6Karla Diaz
The document contains a table of values for the standard normal cumulative distribution function F(z) for z-values ranging from -3.5 to 3.2 in increments of 0.1. The table provides the probability P(Z≤z) for finding a value less than or equal to z in a standard normal distribution.
The document summarizes an experiment conducted by a group of 5 students to determine the food energy provided by peanuts, cashew nuts, and almonds. The group recorded the initial and final mass and temperatures of each food sample as it burned. Their results showed that peanuts provided the highest amount of energy through the greatest change in mass, while almonds provided the lowest. Temperature data of the burning foods was also recorded over time using a data logger.
The document is a conversion table that lists millimeter measurements from 0.01 to 100 in increments of 0.01 and their equivalent measurements in inches.
This document is a report from July 2014 that provides station-by-station details of a road improvement project in Junin, Peru. It includes the station number, cut/fill area, cut/fill volumes, and cumulative totals. The project improved the road from Chupuro to Vista Alegre to Chicche to Chongos Alto to Huasicancha. It was supervised by engineer Ruben Hugo Garcia Abregu.
R and B SOR FOR BUILDING WORKS AHMEDABAD CITY 2021_22.pdfssuserc0e014
This document appears to be a schedule of rates for building works in Ahmedabad City, Gujarat for the year 2021-22. It contains various annexures and statements providing basic rates for materials, labor, carriage, hire charges, and other construction-related costs. Specifically, statement 4A provides the estimated costs for transporting materials over different distances by truck, accounting for factors like fuel consumption, labor wages, and vehicle hire charges.
This document contains tables of thermodynamic property data for steam in SI units. It includes saturation temperature, saturation pressure, superheated vapor, and compressed liquid tables. The tables provide properties such as specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, and others over a range of temperatures and pressures. The document was prepared for an engineering course at Michigan State University and includes contact information for the professor.
The document contains tables for the design of reinforced concrete structures according to EC2 (Eurocode 2). It includes tables for dimensioning rectangular cross-sections, selection of reinforcement for slabs and walls (rebar diameter and area), and selection of reinforcement for beams. The tables provide values for parameters including strain, force, and dimensions for use in structural design calculations.
This document contains tables of critical values for various statistical tests including the z-distribution, t-distribution, chi-square distribution, and F-distribution. The z-distribution table lists critical values for the z-test across different levels of significance. Similarly, the other tables provide critical values for t-tests, chi-square tests, ANOVA, and other statistical analyses across different degrees of freedom and significance levels.
This document describes a regression analysis conducted on data containing 97 observations of PSA levels and 7 predictor variables. Initially, a full regression model was fit using the first 65 observations. Diagnostic plots of the residuals showed some lack of randomness, indicating a need for transformation. A Box-Cox transformation with lambda=0.5 was applied to the response variable before refitting the model. The transformed model will be validated using the remaining 32 observations to select the best regression model for predicting PSA levels from this data.
This document provides availability data for equipment from September 1, 2016 to June 31, 2017. It lists 22 pieces of equipment (identified as MO06 through TO22) and includes statistics on their effective and operational demand, availability, utilization rates, and time spent in various maintenance states over the reporting period.
The document provides the system operation report for the Southern Region grid for the month of July 2023. It includes key details such as the daily maximum, minimum and average frequency for the region which was maintained within the normal range of 49.9-50.05 Hz. It also provides information on the total generation and demand for each state along with the maximum demand levels recorded during the month. The maximum demand for the Southern Region grid was recorded at 54,211 MW on July 17, 2023 at 10:25 hours with a frequency of 50.03 Hz.
The document provides the system operation report for the Southern Region grid for the month of July 2023. It includes key metrics such as the maximum and minimum frequency for the month, daily frequency profile, monthly generation and demand for the five states in the region, the maximum demand recorded in the region and the date/time it occurred, and the daily drawal and schedule for the five states. The maximum demand for the region was recorded as 54,211 MW on July 17, 2023 at 10:25 hours at a frequency of 50.03 Hz.
This document contains a table listing basic values for L and H parameters corresponding to kinematic viscosity measurements in the 40-100°C system. The table includes kinematic viscosity values in mm2/s at 100°C along with the associated L and H parameters for determining kinematic viscosity at other temperatures between 40-100°C. There are over 70 rows of viscosity values ranging from 2 to 70 mm2/s at 100°C with calculations to estimate viscosity at different temperatures within the specified range.
The document contains 14 tables with thermodynamic property data for various substances important in engineering. Table A-2 specifically contains temperature and pressure dependent properties for saturated liquid and vapor states of water, including specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and other values. The table contains these property values over a range of temperatures from 0.01 to 100 degrees Celsius.
Manufacturing Process Optimization Using Statistical Modeling 2015Ronald Ortiz
1) The document discusses using Discoverant software to optimize manufacturing processes by gathering and analyzing data from production.
2) Discoverant allows companies to gather data from multiple sources, perform analysis to identify issues, and optimize processes to improve throughput, quality and costs.
3) The presentation will make the business case for implementing Discoverant by detailing how it can help companies achieve business goals and better serve their markets.
The document provides reference tables for refrigerant pressure-temperature charts for R22, R134a, and R407C refrigerants. It also includes charts converting between kg/cm2 and psi pressure units, as well as common conversion factors for units like mm, m, kg, kW, °C, and °F.
The document contains a code that should be copied into two text files named AccionesBonosUSA.txt. The code provides daily stock price and other financial data for various US companies and indices from 1987 to 1987. It lists dates, company ticker symbols, and corresponding price values.
1) This document provides a chi-square table for determining the critical value for rejecting the null hypothesis at different confidence levels and degrees of freedom.
2) The table lists the chi-square value for confidence levels from 99% to 0.1% and degrees of freedom ranging from 1 to 30.
3) If the calculated chi-square value is greater than the corresponding value in the table for a given confidence level and degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis can be rejected.
The document provides a conversion table for inches to millimeters. It lists inches in decimal and fractional increments from 0 inches to 1 inch in the left column. The corresponding millimeter measurements are listed in the right column. There are conversion values shown for 64ths of an inch up to 59/64 of an inch.
Como se utiliza la tabla t de student Irving THdez
This document provides a table of quantile values for different degrees of freedom. The table is used to define the Student's t-distribution, which is utilized in the analysis to distinguish between distinct quantile values for various levels of freedom. Specifically, the table is analyzed for a Student with 3 degrees of freedom, where the quantile is found to be approximately 0.8834 for a 90% confidence level. The quantile values allow distinguishing different confidence levels for statistical analyses with students t-distributions.
- The document is a temperature conversion table that lists Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures from -40°C to +165°C.
- It also includes information on non-freezing cold injury (NFCI), noting that it has an insidious onset, can be difficult to recognize and treat, and causes significant health issues for both military personnel and civilians working in cold conditions.
- To help reduce cases of NFCI, the document emphasizes the importance of recognizing those at risk, limiting their cold exposure, and using appropriate protective equipment in cold environments.
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Study on baltim field,b.sc graduation project 2015, by atam team
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6. “What we like about petroleum engineering is that it doesn’t just cover math and science, but also
brings in politics and economics. We think it’s exciting you can cover so many interesting subjects
in one career.”
Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering con-
cerned with the activities related to the production of
hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural
gas. Exploration and Production are deemed to fall
within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry.
Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of
many other related disciplines, such as geophysics,
geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling,
economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir
engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems,
completions and oil and gas facilities engineering.
With advances in technology, petroleum engineers
also need to develop an understanding of how to use
advanced computer systems for simulation and anal-
ysis of reservoir behavior as well as automation or
drilling operations and oil field production activities. It
comes as no surprise that petroleum companies own
a large number of the super computers all across the
world.
Petroleum engineers carry out a myriad of tasks
including testing, designing and implementing
methods for the extraction of petroleum products
from the surface of the earth as well as the ocean
floor. To begin with, petroleum engineers need to
locate a suitable dig site. This is followed by the
setting up of the required machinery. Engineers must
overlook the extraction process which includes the
removal as well as processing of petroleum.
Petroleum engineers must have the expertise and
ability to work closely with geologists and other
professionals to extract and refine petroleum
products in a safe and efficient manner.
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Section III | Well logging
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
Some of modern logging tools
226. 209
Section VI | Production Engineering
Study on Baltim East Field BS.C Graduation Project 15
5.1 Introduction
Gas reservoir deliverability is evaluated using well inflow performance
relationship (IPR). Gas well IPR determines gas production rate as a nonlinear function
of pressure drawdown (reservoir pressure minus bottom hole pressure). Gas well IPR
also depends on flow conditions, that is, transient, steady state, or pseudo steady state
flow, which are determined by reservoir boundary conditions. Both analytical methods
and empirical methods are discussed.
5.2 Constructing IPR
5.2.1 Analytical Methods
A general solution to pseudo steady state flow in a radial-flow gas reservoir is
expressed as (Economides 1994):
Where
q:- is the gas production rate in Mscf/d
k:- the effective permeability (md)
h :- pay zone thickness in (ft)
m(p) :- the real gas pseudo pressure in psi2/cp(pr)
m(pwf):- the real gas pseudo pressure in psi2/cp at(pwf)
T :- the reservoir temperature in R
re :- the radius of drainage area in ft
rw :- wellbore radius in ft
s :- is skin factor
D:- is the non-Darcy coefficient in d/Mscf.
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Where pb is the base pressure, µis the average gas viscosity, and z is the Average gas
compressibility factor. Can then be simplified using a pressure-squared approach such
as:
At pressures higher than 3,000 Pisa, highly compressed gases behave like liquids.
Where: Bg is the average formation volume factor of gas in rb/scf.
5.2.2 Empirical Methods
Empirical models are therefore more attractive and widely employed in field
applications. Two commonly used empirical models are the Forchheimer model and
backpressure model. They take the following forms, respectively:
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Where A, B, C, and n are empirical constants that can be determined based on test
points. The value of n is usually between 0.5 and 1. It is obvious that a multirate test is
required to estimate values of these constants. If two test points are (q1, pwf1) and (q2,
Pwf2)
The previous equation can be simplified using the pressure-squared approach as
follows:
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5.3 Constructing TPR
Constructing tubing performance relationship (TPR):
5.3.1 Single-Phase Gas Well
Tubing Performance Relationship is defined as a relation between tubing size, fluid
properties, fluid flow rate, wellhead pressure, and bottom hole pressure. With no shaft
work device installed along the tubing string, the first law of thermodynamics yields the
following mechanical balance equation:
5.3.2 The Average Temperature and Compressibility Factor Method
If single, average values of temperature and compressibility factor over the entire
tubing length can be assumed.
Take the following forms when U.S. Field units (qsc in MSc/d), are used (Katz et al.
1959):
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Guo (2001) used the following Nikuradse friction factor correlation for fully
turbulent flow in rough pipes:
5.3.3 The Cullender and Smith Method
Equation can be solved for bottomhole pressure using a fast numerical algorithm
originally developed by Cullender and Smith (Katz et al.1959). Equation can be
rearranged as:
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The followung expressions are obtained:
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Mist Flow in Gas Wells
In addition to gas, almost all gas wells produce a certain amount of liquids & solids
(water-gas condensate-sand-coal particles).These wells are called multiphase-gas wells.
It is warned that the four-phase flow model is valid only for gas wells producing
multiphase fluid with gas being the main component. To the governing equation and
applied the solution to aerated fluid hydraulics. The exact solution is summarized as
follows. According to Guo, Sun, and Ghalambor (2004) the following equation can be
used for calculating pressure P (in lb. /ft2) at depth L:
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5.1 FUTURE PRIDICTIONFOR Gas
WELL IPR
We use here the procedure of Fetkovich & Vogel Combination for predicting the
Future IPR.Eckmier noted that if we take the equations of Fetkovich for Static Pressure
at time 1 and divide by the inflow equation for Static Pressure at time 2 we arrive at an
equation for determining qmaxat time 2 – by assuming n = 3 – after which we can use
Vogel’s equation directly for preparation of the IPR Curve. The future IPR Curves can be
used to determine the best size for the tubing to be used with a certain well. This can be
achieved by constructing the VLP Curves over the Predicted IPR Curves. The results are
shown on the next page.
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Calculation of the Current IPR for BE-1
From given data of c & n and by using previous equations, we can
obtain the this table for IPR
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
initial IPR@PR=5425 psia
initial IPR@PR=5425 psia
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
pr qmax
5200 24771.649
q
(MMscf/day)
pwf (psia)
0 5200
38.83389554 5000
62.93368207 4800
82.9563568 4600
100.4639207 4400
116.1284954 4200
130.321165 4000
143.2754592 3800
155.1508758 3600
166.0626269 3400
176.0973753 3200
185.3223174 3000
193.7907792 2800
201.5458447 2600
208.6228059 2400
215.0508734 2200
220.8544033 2000
226.053797 1800
230.6661737 1600
234.7058793 1400
238.1848768 1200
241.1130466 1000
243.4984178 800
245.3473462 600
246.6646479 400
247.4536972 200
247.7164929 0