This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses how software serves both as a product that delivers computing potential and as a vehicle for delivering other products. The document defines what constitutes software and discusses different types of software applications. It also covers software engineering practices, including communication, planning, analysis and design modeling, construction, and principles related to each practice. Overall, the document gives a high-level overview of key concepts in software engineering.
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...Drusilla918
Full clear download( no error formatting) at: https://goo.gl/XmRyGP
software engineering a practitioner's approach 8th edition pdf free download
software engineering a practitioner's approach 8th edition ppt
software engineering a practitioner's approach 6th edition pdf
software engineering pressman 9th edition pdf
software engineering a practitioner's approach 9th edition
software engineering a practitioner's approach 9th edition pdf
software engineering a practitioner's approach 7th edition solution manual pdf
roger s. pressman
The document provides an introduction to software engineering and process models. It defines key terms like software, software engineering, and characteristics of software. It then discusses software engineering as a layered technology with process, method, and tools layers. The document also explains the software process as consisting of five generic activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides examples and definitions for each activity. Finally, it asks exam questions related to defining software engineering and explaining it as a layered technology.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software and describes its key attributes and classifications. It discusses what constitutes good software in terms of maintainability, dependability, efficiency and usability. The document also outlines different types of software and defines software engineering as a systematic approach to software analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. It compares software engineering to computer science and system engineering. Finally, it discusses the two main components of software engineering as the systems engineering approach and development engineering approach.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
Software engineering a practitioners approach 8th edition pressman solutions ...Drusilla918
Full clear download( no error formatting) at: https://goo.gl/XmRyGP
software engineering a practitioner's approach 8th edition pdf free download
software engineering a practitioner's approach 8th edition ppt
software engineering a practitioner's approach 6th edition pdf
software engineering pressman 9th edition pdf
software engineering a practitioner's approach 9th edition
software engineering a practitioner's approach 9th edition pdf
software engineering a practitioner's approach 7th edition solution manual pdf
roger s. pressman
The document provides an introduction to software engineering and process models. It defines key terms like software, software engineering, and characteristics of software. It then discusses software engineering as a layered technology with process, method, and tools layers. The document also explains the software process as consisting of five generic activities - communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It provides examples and definitions for each activity. Finally, it asks exam questions related to defining software engineering and explaining it as a layered technology.
The document contains slides from a lecture on software engineering. It discusses definitions of software and software engineering, different types of software applications, characteristics of web applications, and general principles of software engineering practice. The slides are copyrighted and intended for educational use as supplementary material for a textbook on software engineering.
This document discusses different approaches to requirements modeling including scenario-based modeling using use cases and activity diagrams, data modeling using entity-relationship diagrams, and class-based modeling using class-responsibility-collaborator diagrams. Requirements modeling depicts requirements using text and diagrams to help validate requirements from different perspectives and uncover errors, inconsistencies, and omissions. The models focus on what the system needs to do at a high level rather than implementation details.
Software development process models
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
Evolutionary Process Models
Spiral Model
THE FORMAL METHODS MODEL
Specialized Process Models
The Concurrent Development Model
This lecture provide a detail concepts of user interface development design and evaluation. This lecture have complete guideline toward UI development. The interesting thing about this lecture is Software User Interface Design trends.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software and describes its key attributes and classifications. It discusses what constitutes good software in terms of maintainability, dependability, efficiency and usability. The document also outlines different types of software and defines software engineering as a systematic approach to software analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. It compares software engineering to computer science and system engineering. Finally, it discusses the two main components of software engineering as the systems engineering approach and development engineering approach.
This document discusses requirements modeling in software engineering. It covers creating various models during requirements analysis, including scenario-based models, data models, class-oriented models, flow-oriented models, and behavioral models. These models form the requirements model, which is the first technical representation of a system. The document provides examples of writing use cases and constructing a preliminary use case diagram for a home security system called SafeHome. It emphasizes that requirements modeling lays the foundation for software specification and design.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
This document discusses the nature of software. It defines software as a set of instructions that can be stored electronically. Software engineering encompasses processes and methods to build high quality computer software. Software has a dual role as both a product and a vehicle to deliver products. Characteristics of software include being engineered rather than manufactured, and not wearing out over time like hardware. Software application domains include system software, application software, engineering/scientific software, embedded software, product-line software, web applications, and artificial intelligence software. The document also discusses challenges like open-world computing and legacy software.
This document discusses different types of software metrics including process, product, and project metrics. It defines metrics as quantitative measures of attributes and discusses how they can be used as indicators to improve processes and projects. Process metrics measure attributes of the development process over long periods of time. Product metrics measure attributes of the software at different stages. Project metrics are used to monitor and control projects. The document also discusses size-oriented and function-oriented metrics for normalization and comparison purposes. It provides examples of calculating function points and deriving metrics like errors per function point.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The document discusses software quality and defines key aspects:
- It explains the importance of software quality for users and developers.
- Qualities like correctness, reliability, efficiency are defined.
- Methods for measuring qualities like ISO 9126 standard are presented.
- Quality is important throughout the software development process.
- Both product quality and process quality need to be managed.
This document discusses various techniques for estimating software costs:
1. Expert judgment relies on experienced people's assessments but can be unreliable due to biases. The Delphi technique improves expert judgment by anonymously aggregating estimates over multiple rounds.
2. Work breakdown structures break projects down into components to estimate costs bottom-up. The COCOMO model also estimates bottom-up using algorithmic formulas adjusted by multipliers for attributes.
3. COCOMO is demonstrated through an example estimating effort of 191 person-months and a 13 month schedule for a 30,000 line embedded software project with high reliability requirements.
This topic covers the following topics
Introduction
Golden rules of user interface design
Reconciling four different models
User interface analysis
User interface design
User interface evaluation
Example user interfaces
This document discusses metrics that can be used to measure software processes and projects. It begins by defining software metrics and explaining that they provide quantitative measures that offer insight for improving processes and projects. It then distinguishes between metrics for the software process domain and project domain. Process metrics are collected across multiple projects for strategic decisions, while project metrics enable tactical project management. The document outlines various metric types, including size-based metrics using lines of code or function points, quality metrics, and metrics for defect removal efficiency. It emphasizes integrating metrics into the software process through establishing a baseline, collecting data, and providing feedback to facilitate continuous process improvement.
Software metrics can be used to measure various attributes of software products and processes. There are direct metrics that immediately measure attributes like lines of code and defects, and indirect metrics that measure less tangible aspects like functionality and reliability. Metrics are classified as product metrics, which measure attributes of the software product, and process metrics, which measure the software development process. Project metrics are used tactically within a project to track status, risks, and quality, while process metrics are used strategically for long-term process improvement. Common software quality attributes that can be measured include correctness, maintainability, integrity, and usability.
Software Engineering Layered Technology Software Process FrameworkJAINAM KAPADIYA
Software engineering is the application of engineering principles to software development to obtain economical and quality software. It is a layered technology with a focus on quality. The foundation is the software process, which provides a framework of activities. This includes common activities like communication, modeling, planning, construction, and deployment. Additional umbrella activities support the process, such as quality assurance, configuration management, and risk management.
Formal Specification in Software Engineering SE9koolkampus
This document discusses formal specification techniques for software. It describes algebraic techniques for specifying interfaces as abstract data types and model-based techniques for specifying system behavior. Algebraic specifications define operations and their relationships, while model-based specifications represent the system state using mathematical constructs like sets and sequences. Formal specification finds errors earlier and reduces rework, though it requires more upfront effort. The document also provides an example of formally specifying an air traffic control system and insulin pump.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
The document discusses formal approaches to software quality assurance (SQA). It states that SQA can be improved through software engineering practices like technical reviews, multi-tiered testing, controlling work products and changes, and following standards. It also argues that a more rigorous mathematical approach is needed for SQA since programs can be viewed as mathematical objects with rigorous syntax and semantics defined for languages, allowing proofs of correctness.
This document discusses software metrics and how they can be used to measure various attributes of software products and processes. It begins by asking questions that software metrics can help answer, such as how to measure software size, development costs, bugs, and reliability. It then provides definitions of key terms like measurement, metrics, and defines software metrics as the application of measurement techniques to software development and products. The document outlines areas where software metrics are commonly used, like cost estimation and quality/reliability prediction. It also discusses challenges in implementing metrics and provides categories of metrics like product, process, and project metrics. The remainder of the document provides examples and formulas for specific software metrics.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of software development including definitions of software, characteristics of software, software engineering, layered approach to software engineering, need for software engineering, and common software development life cycle models. It describes system software and application software. It outlines characteristics like understandability, cost, maintainability, modularity, reliability, portability, documentation, reusability, and interoperability. It also defines software engineering, layered approach, and need for software engineering. Finally, it explains popular life cycle models like waterfall, iterative waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and RAD models.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the field of software engineering. It defines software engineering as the application of systematic and disciplined approaches to software development, operation, and maintenance. The document discusses the importance of software engineering in producing reliable and economical software. It also summarizes essential attributes of good software such as maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. Additionally, the document outlines a generic software engineering process framework involving activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It notes that the process should be adapted to the specific project.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a design model from analysis and architectural models. Component-level design can be represented using graphical, tabular, or text-based notations. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining a software component as a modular building block with interfaces and collaboration
- Designing class-based components following principles like open-closed and dependency inversion
- Guidelines for high cohesion and low coupling in components
- Designing conventional components using notations like sequence, if-then-else, and tabular representations
The document provides an overview of the Software Engineering course for the second semester of the second year (B.Tech IT/II Sem-II). It includes details about the term, text books, unit syllabus, index of topics, and slides covering introductions to software engineering, the changing nature of software, software myths, generic views of process, the Capability Maturity Model Integration and personal and team software processes.
This document provides an overview of domain modeling concepts including:
- A domain model illustrates meaningful conceptual classes in a problem domain and is not focused on software components.
- Key elements of a domain model include conceptual classes, associations between classes, and attributes of classes.
- Identifying conceptual classes involves techniques like analyzing common nouns and noun phrases.
- Associations represent meaningful relationships between conceptual classes and should be identified based on information needs.
- Attributes specify logical data values of conceptual classes and should be kept simple.
- The document uses examples to demonstrate domain modeling techniques.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
This document discusses the nature of software. It defines software as a set of instructions that can be stored electronically. Software engineering encompasses processes and methods to build high quality computer software. Software has a dual role as both a product and a vehicle to deliver products. Characteristics of software include being engineered rather than manufactured, and not wearing out over time like hardware. Software application domains include system software, application software, engineering/scientific software, embedded software, product-line software, web applications, and artificial intelligence software. The document also discusses challenges like open-world computing and legacy software.
This document discusses different types of software metrics including process, product, and project metrics. It defines metrics as quantitative measures of attributes and discusses how they can be used as indicators to improve processes and projects. Process metrics measure attributes of the development process over long periods of time. Product metrics measure attributes of the software at different stages. Project metrics are used to monitor and control projects. The document also discusses size-oriented and function-oriented metrics for normalization and comparison purposes. It provides examples of calculating function points and deriving metrics like errors per function point.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The document discusses software quality and defines key aspects:
- It explains the importance of software quality for users and developers.
- Qualities like correctness, reliability, efficiency are defined.
- Methods for measuring qualities like ISO 9126 standard are presented.
- Quality is important throughout the software development process.
- Both product quality and process quality need to be managed.
This document discusses various techniques for estimating software costs:
1. Expert judgment relies on experienced people's assessments but can be unreliable due to biases. The Delphi technique improves expert judgment by anonymously aggregating estimates over multiple rounds.
2. Work breakdown structures break projects down into components to estimate costs bottom-up. The COCOMO model also estimates bottom-up using algorithmic formulas adjusted by multipliers for attributes.
3. COCOMO is demonstrated through an example estimating effort of 191 person-months and a 13 month schedule for a 30,000 line embedded software project with high reliability requirements.
This topic covers the following topics
Introduction
Golden rules of user interface design
Reconciling four different models
User interface analysis
User interface design
User interface evaluation
Example user interfaces
This document discusses metrics that can be used to measure software processes and projects. It begins by defining software metrics and explaining that they provide quantitative measures that offer insight for improving processes and projects. It then distinguishes between metrics for the software process domain and project domain. Process metrics are collected across multiple projects for strategic decisions, while project metrics enable tactical project management. The document outlines various metric types, including size-based metrics using lines of code or function points, quality metrics, and metrics for defect removal efficiency. It emphasizes integrating metrics into the software process through establishing a baseline, collecting data, and providing feedback to facilitate continuous process improvement.
Software metrics can be used to measure various attributes of software products and processes. There are direct metrics that immediately measure attributes like lines of code and defects, and indirect metrics that measure less tangible aspects like functionality and reliability. Metrics are classified as product metrics, which measure attributes of the software product, and process metrics, which measure the software development process. Project metrics are used tactically within a project to track status, risks, and quality, while process metrics are used strategically for long-term process improvement. Common software quality attributes that can be measured include correctness, maintainability, integrity, and usability.
Software Engineering Layered Technology Software Process FrameworkJAINAM KAPADIYA
Software engineering is the application of engineering principles to software development to obtain economical and quality software. It is a layered technology with a focus on quality. The foundation is the software process, which provides a framework of activities. This includes common activities like communication, modeling, planning, construction, and deployment. Additional umbrella activities support the process, such as quality assurance, configuration management, and risk management.
Formal Specification in Software Engineering SE9koolkampus
This document discusses formal specification techniques for software. It describes algebraic techniques for specifying interfaces as abstract data types and model-based techniques for specifying system behavior. Algebraic specifications define operations and their relationships, while model-based specifications represent the system state using mathematical constructs like sets and sequences. Formal specification finds errors earlier and reduces rework, though it requires more upfront effort. The document also provides an example of formally specifying an air traffic control system and insulin pump.
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification in software engineering. It defines what requirements are and explains the typical activities involved - requirements gathering, analysis, and specification. The importance of documenting requirements in a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is explained. Key sections of an SRS like stakeholders, types of requirements (functional and non-functional), and examples are covered. Special attention is given to requirements for critical systems and importance of non-functional requirements.
The document discusses formal approaches to software quality assurance (SQA). It states that SQA can be improved through software engineering practices like technical reviews, multi-tiered testing, controlling work products and changes, and following standards. It also argues that a more rigorous mathematical approach is needed for SQA since programs can be viewed as mathematical objects with rigorous syntax and semantics defined for languages, allowing proofs of correctness.
This document discusses software metrics and how they can be used to measure various attributes of software products and processes. It begins by asking questions that software metrics can help answer, such as how to measure software size, development costs, bugs, and reliability. It then provides definitions of key terms like measurement, metrics, and defines software metrics as the application of measurement techniques to software development and products. The document outlines areas where software metrics are commonly used, like cost estimation and quality/reliability prediction. It also discusses challenges in implementing metrics and provides categories of metrics like product, process, and project metrics. The remainder of the document provides examples and formulas for specific software metrics.
The document discusses the software design process. It begins by explaining that software design is an iterative process that translates requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software. It then describes the main steps and outputs of the design process, which include transforming specifications into design models, reviewing designs for quality, and producing a design document. The document also covers key concepts in software design like abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, and information hiding.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of software development including definitions of software, characteristics of software, software engineering, layered approach to software engineering, need for software engineering, and common software development life cycle models. It describes system software and application software. It outlines characteristics like understandability, cost, maintainability, modularity, reliability, portability, documentation, reusability, and interoperability. It also defines software engineering, layered approach, and need for software engineering. Finally, it explains popular life cycle models like waterfall, iterative waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and RAD models.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the field of software engineering. It defines software engineering as the application of systematic and disciplined approaches to software development, operation, and maintenance. The document discusses the importance of software engineering in producing reliable and economical software. It also summarizes essential attributes of good software such as maintainability, dependability, efficiency, and acceptability. Additionally, the document outlines a generic software engineering process framework involving activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It notes that the process should be adapted to the specific project.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a design model from analysis and architectural models. Component-level design can be represented using graphical, tabular, or text-based notations. The key aspects covered include:
- Defining a software component as a modular building block with interfaces and collaboration
- Designing class-based components following principles like open-closed and dependency inversion
- Guidelines for high cohesion and low coupling in components
- Designing conventional components using notations like sequence, if-then-else, and tabular representations
The document provides an overview of the Software Engineering course for the second semester of the second year (B.Tech IT/II Sem-II). It includes details about the term, text books, unit syllabus, index of topics, and slides covering introductions to software engineering, the changing nature of software, software myths, generic views of process, the Capability Maturity Model Integration and personal and team software processes.
This document provides an overview of domain modeling concepts including:
- A domain model illustrates meaningful conceptual classes in a problem domain and is not focused on software components.
- Key elements of a domain model include conceptual classes, associations between classes, and attributes of classes.
- Identifying conceptual classes involves techniques like analyzing common nouns and noun phrases.
- Associations represent meaningful relationships between conceptual classes and should be identified based on information needs.
- Attributes specify logical data values of conceptual classes and should be kept simple.
- The document uses examples to demonstrate domain modeling techniques.
Sequence Diagram of Hotel Management SystemSushil Mishra
The sequence diagram shows a user successfully logging in to edit their account. It then shows the process of making a hotel reservation, including finding a hotel, selecting room preferences, and confirming the reservation. It also shows canceling an existing reservation. Finally, it demonstrates a travel agent requesting a new account and generating a report. Each diagram uses vertical lines to represent different objects and horizontal arrows to show the flow of messages between objects over time.
Hotel management or reservation system document prabhat kumar
This document outlines the objectives and modules of a proposed hotel reservation system. The system aims to provide online reservation, cancellation, and administrative functions for customers, employees and administrators. It improves on an existing manual system by adding secure user registration and profile management, increased data security, and larger memory usage. The proposed system includes modules for authentication, administration, employee functions, hotel and room management, services, and report generation. It is designed for easy use through a rich interface and uses classes to manage user and product data. The system will be developed using PHP for the programming language and MySQL for the database.
The document discusses domain modeling. It defines a domain model as a structural model showing the basic concepts and relationships in a domain. It describes the key components of a domain model including conceptual classes, attributes, associations, multiplicity, aggregation, composition, generalization and roles. The document provides an example domain model for a video rental shop showing customers who can buy or rent movies, and rent specific rental copies with attributes like due dates. It models members who get discounts and can reserve rentals, and includes reviews customers can provide.
This document provides a software requirements specification for a hotel management system. It outlines the purpose, scope, functions, users and requirements of the system. The system will allow customers to book rooms online, receptionists to manage reservations and the manager to view reports and update room information. It describes the user interfaces, software interfaces, hardware interfaces and communication interfaces. It also includes the functional requirements for registration, login, reservations, receptionist access, manager access and payment management. Non-functional requirements around performance, security, safety, capacity and availability are also specified.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides a summary of the requirements for a hotel management system being developed for Hotel Dayal. It outlines the purpose, scope, and objectives of the system, which is to automate major hotel operations like reservations, room management, inventory control, and guest management. The system will have three types of end users (owner, manager, receptionist) with different access levels. The document provides an overview of the system's product perspective and functions. Tables of contents and references are also included.
The document discusses various aspects of software project management including project planning activities like estimation, scheduling, staffing, and risk handling. It describes different project organization structures like functional organization and project organization. It also discusses different team structures like chief programmer teams, democratic teams, and mixed teams. The document emphasizes the importance of careful project planning and producing a software project management plan document. It also discusses considerations for staffing a project team and attributes of a good software engineer.
The document describes an online railway reservation system project submitted by students. It discusses software engineering principles and methods used to develop the system. It includes UML diagrams like use case, class, sequence, and activity diagrams that were created as part of the analysis and design of the system. It also describes testing done on the project in the form of alpha testing.
This document introduces an Online Photo Processing System (OPPS) project presented to a professor. It summarizes the ordinary photo printing shop scenario where customers physically visit the shop and the proposed automated OPPS scenario where customers can upload and order prints online. It includes use case and deployment diagrams, comparisons of costs and time for each scenario, screenshots of the OPPS prototype, and details on the technologies used to develop the system.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses that software has a dual role as both a product and vehicle to deliver functionality. It defines software as a set of programs, documents, and data that form a configuration. The document outlines different types of software applications and categories. It also discusses software engineering practices such as communication, planning, modeling, construction, and coding principles.
This document provides an overview of software and software engineering. It discusses that software is designed by engineers and used virtually everywhere. It also outlines important questions for software engineers, different types of software applications, challenges in software development, and realities of software engineering. The document emphasizes that software engineering applies systematic and disciplined approaches to develop reliable and efficient software economically. It also summarizes various software engineering processes, activities, principles, and that software is created to meet business needs.
The document discusses key practices in software engineering including communication practices, planning practices, analysis and design modeling practices, construction practices, testing practices, and deployment practices. It provides principles for each practice such as keeping communication focused and documented, estimating realistically, designing for simplicity and traceability, testing exhaustively, and managing customer expectations during deployment. The overall aim is to transform an unfocused approach into one that is organized, effective, and achieves success.
This document discusses software engineering and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
- Software engineering is defined as an engineering discipline concerned with all aspects of software production. It focuses on practical software development and delivery, whereas computer science focuses more on theory.
- Good software should deliver required functionality, performance, and be maintainable, dependable, usable and acceptable to users.
- A software engineering approach is layered, with quality, process models, methods and tools. Process models define activities for effective delivery. Methods provide tasks for requirements, design, coding and testing. Tools support the process and methods.
- Generic software processes involve communication, planning, modeling, construction and deployment activities in an iterative fashion to develop
The document discusses key concepts and principles of software engineering practice. It covers the software development lifecycle including requirements analysis, planning, modeling, construction, testing, and deployment. It provides guidance on best practices for communication, modeling, design, coding, testing, and project management. The overall aim of software engineering is to develop reliable, maintainable and usable software that meets customer requirements.
This document provides an overview of software engineering principles and practices. It discusses the core goals of software engineering as developing reliable and efficient software that meets customer requirements. It also summarizes key practices like analysis, modeling, planning, construction, testing, and deployment. The document outlines best practices for communication, modeling, construction, testing and other areas of software engineering. It emphasizes principles like keeping solutions simple, planning for reuse, and thinking before acting.
This document contains a lecture on software engineering from Dr. Syed Ali Raza. It discusses key topics like the Standish Report, different types of software, challenges in the field, and the importance of ethics. It also summarizes problem-solving approaches and common myths about both developing and managing software projects.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions of software and software engineering. It discusses the importance of software and characteristics that make it different than other engineered products. The document also outlines some common software applications and categories. It defines the key activities in a generic software process including communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. Finally, it provides examples of two case studies - an embedded system in an insulin pump and a patient information system for mental health care.
Week_01-Intro to Software Engineering-1.ppt23017156038
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including definitions of software and software engineering. It discusses the importance of software and different types of software applications. The document also introduces a generic software engineering process framework consisting of communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment activities. Finally, it provides examples of an embedded insulin pump control system and a patient information system for mental health care to illustrate software engineering concepts and processes.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts. It begins by defining software and discussing different types of software applications. It then defines software engineering as the systematic application of engineering principles to software development. Some key practices of software engineering discussed include understanding requirements, planning solutions, implementing plans, and examining results. The document also summarizes George Polya's four essential practices of software engineering and Richard Hooker's seven general principles of software engineering. Finally, it discusses some common myths regarding software and software engineering practices.
This document discusses software design principles and concepts. It begins by defining software design as translating requirements into a blueprint for constructing software. Key concepts discussed include:
1. Managing complexity through principles like uniformity, accommodating change, and minimizing coupling between modules.
2. Software architecture, which defines the overall structure and interactions between major system elements.
3. Common design techniques like abstraction, modularity, hierarchy, and separation of concerns that help manage complexity.
This document discusses prescriptive and agile software process models. Prescriptive models emphasize detailed planning to improve quality, manageability, and predictability. However, they can increase bureaucracy if applied rigidly. Agile models prioritize adaptability and are useful for web applications. The document also discusses Polya's problem-solving steps of understanding the problem, planning a solution, carrying out the plan, and examining the results, as well as general principles and myths about software engineering.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the software engineering process, prescriptive process models (waterfall model, V-model, incremental model), evolutionary process models (prototyping), and software engineering principles. It defines software engineering and discusses the software engineering layered technology of quality focus, process layer, methods, and tools. It also describes common software process activities and umbrella activities applied throughout a software project.
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1. UNIT I
Introduction to Software Engineering
Presented By
Prof.Hitesh Mohapatra
Dept. of Computer Engg.
2. Software’s Dual Role
Software is a product
Delivers computing potential
Produces, manages, acquires, modifies, displays, or transmits
information
Software is a vehicle for delivering a product
Supports or directly provides system functionality
Controls other programs (e.g., an operating system)
Effects communications (e.g., networking software)
Helps build other software (e.g., software tools)
3. What is Software?
Software is a set of items or objects
that form a “configuration” that
includes
• programs
• documents
• data ...
5. Wear vs. Deterioration
in re s d fa re
c ae
ilu
ra d e to s e e c
te u
id ffe ts
F ilue
a r
rt
ae
cag
hne
a t ac r e
cu l uv
id a e c r e
e liz d uv
T e
im
7. Software—New Categories
Ubiquitous computing—wireless networks
Net sourcing—the Web as a computing engine
Open source—”free” source code open to the computing
community (a blessing, but also a potential curse!)
Also … (see Chapter 32)
Data mining
Grid computing
Cognitive machines
Software for nanotechnologies
8. Legacy Software
Why must it change?
software must be adapted to meet the needs of new
computing environments or technology.
software must be enhanced to implement new
business requirements.
software must be extended to make it interoperable
with other more modern systems or databases.
software must be re-architected to make it viable
within a network environment.
9. Software Myths
Management Myths
Customer myths
We have books of standards, my staff will have sufficient info.
I work very hard to put the latest, greatest, fastest, state-of-the-art
hardware in front of all my programmers.
We have the greatest CASE tools around.
If we get behind, we can just add more programmers.
A general statement of objectives is sufficient to start coding, fill in the
details later.
Project requirements change constantly, but change is easy because
software is flexible.
Programmer myths
Once the program is written and working, our job is done.
Until the program is running, there is no way to assess quality.
The only deliverable for a successful project is the working program.
10. Software Engineering
Practice
Software engineering practice
- Communication practices
- Planning practices
- Analysis modeling practices
- Design modeling practices
- Construction practices
- Deployment practices
-
11. Software Engineering Practice
Consists of a collection of concepts, principles, methods, and tools
that a software engineer calls upon on a daily basis
Equips managers to manage software projects and software
engineers to build computer programs
Provides necessary technical and management how to’s in getting
the job done
Transforms a haphazard unfocused approach into something that is
more organized, more effective, and more likely to achieve success
12. The Essence of Problem Solving
Understand the problem (communication and analysis)
1)
•
•
•
•
Who has a stake in the solution to the problem?
What are the unknowns (data, function, behavior)?
Can the problem be compartmentalized?
Can the problem be represented graphically?
Plan a solution (planning, modeling and software design)
1)
•
•
•
Have you seen similar problems like this before?
Has a similar problem been solved and is the solution reusable?
Can sub problems be defined and are solutions available for the
sub problems?
13. The Essence of Problem Solving
(continued)
Carry out the plan (construction; code generation)
3)
•
•
Does the solution conform to the plan? Is the source code
traceable back to the design?
Is each component of the solution correct? Has the design and
code been reviewed?
Examine the results for accuracy (testing and quality
assurance)
3)
•
•
Is it possible to test each component of the solution?
Does the solution produce results that conform to the data,
function, and behavior that are required?
14. Seven Core Principles for Software Engineering
1)
Remember the reason that the software exists
•
1)
Keep it simple, stupid (KISS)
•
1)
Never design yourself into a corner; build software that can be easily
changed and adapted
Plan ahead for software reuse
•
1)
Always specify, design, and implement knowing that someone else will
later have to understand and modify what you did
Be open to the future
•
1)
A clear vision is essential to the project’s success
Others will consume what you produce
•
1)
All design and implementation should be as simple as possible
Maintain the vision of the project
•
1)
The software should provide value to its users and satisfy the
requirements
Reuse of software reduces the long-term cost and increases the value of
the program and the reusable components
Think, then act
•
Placing clear, complete thought before action will almost always
produce better results
16. Communication Principles
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Listen to the speaker and concentrate on what is being said
Prepare before you meet by researching and understanding the
problem
Someone should facility the meeting and have an agenda
Face-to-face communication is best, but also have a document or
presentation to focus the discussion
Take notes and document decisions
Strive for collaboration and consensus
Stay focused on a topic; modularize your discussion
If something is unclear, draw a picture
Move on to the next topic a) after you agree to something, b) if you
cannot agree to something, or c) if a feature or function is unclear
and cannot be clarified at the moment
Negotiation is not a contest or a game; it works best when both
parties win
17. Planning Practices
(Defining a Road Map)
Communication
Project initiation
Requirements
gathering
Planning
Estimating
Scheduling
Modelling
Tracking
Analysis
Design
Construction
Code
Test
Deployment
Delivery
Support
Feedback
17
18. Planning Principles
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Understand the scope of the project
Involve the customer in the planning activity
Recognize that planning is iterative; things will change
Estimate based only on what you know
Consider risk as you define the plan
Be realistic on how much can be done each day by each person
and how well
Adjust granularity as you define the plan
Define how you intend to ensure quality
Describe how you intend to accommodate change
Track the plan frequently and make adjustments as required
19. Barry Boehm’s W5HH Principle
Why is the system being developed?
What will be done?
When will it be accomplished?
Who is responsible for each function?
Where are they organizationally located?
How will the job be done technically and managerially?
How much of each resource is needed?
The answers to these questions lead to a definition of key
project characteristics and the resultant project plan.
20. Modeling Practices
(Analysis and Design)
Communication
Project initiation
Requirements
gathering
Planning
Estimating
Scheduling
Tracking
Modelling
Analysis
Design
Construction
Code
Test
Deployment
Delivery
Support
Feedback
21. Analysis Modeling Principles
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
The information domain of a problem (the data that flows in and
out of a system) must be represented and understood
The functions that the software performs must be defined
The behavior of the software (as a consequence of external events)
must be represented
The models that depict information, function, and behavior must
be partitioned in a manner that uncovers detail in a layered (or
hierarchical) fashion
The analysis task should move from essential information toward
implementation detail
22. Design Modeling Principles
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
The design should be traceable to the analysis model
Always consider the software architecture of the system to be built
Design of data is as important as design of processing functions
Interfaces (both internal and external) must be designed with care
User interface design should be tuned to the needs of the end-user
and should stress ease of use
Component-level design should be functionally independent (high
cohesion)
Components should be loosely coupled to one another and to the
external environment
Design representations (models) should be easily understandable
The design should be developed iteratively; with each iteration, the
designer should strive for greater simplicity
External quality factors: those properties that can be readily
observed
Internal quality factors: those properties that lead to a high-quality
design from a technical perspective
24. Coding Principles
(Preparation before coding)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Understand the problem you are trying to solve
Understand basic design principles and concepts
Pick a programming language that meets the needs of the
software to be built and the environment in which it will operate
Select a programming environment that provides tools that will
make your work easier
Create a set of unit tests that will be applied once the component
you code is completed
25. Coding Principles
(As you begin coding)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Constrain your algorithms by following structured programming
practices
Select data structures that will meet the needs of the design
Understand the software architecture and create interfaces that are
consistent with it
Keep conditional logic as simple as possible
Create nested loops in a way that makes them easily testable
Select meaningful variable names and follow other local coding
standards
Write code that is self-documenting
Create a visual layout (e.g., indentation and blank lines) that aids
code understanding
26. Coding Principles
1)
2)
3)
(After completing the first round of
code)
Conduct a code walkthrough
Perform unit tests (black-box and white-box) and correct errors
you have uncovered
Refactor the code
27. Testing Principles
1)
2)
3)
All tests should be traceable to the software requirements
Tests should be planned long before testing begins
The Pareto principle applies to software testing
•
1)
Testing should begin “in the small” and progress toward testing
“in the large”
•
1)
80% of the uncovered errors are in 20% of the code
Unit testing --> integration testing --> validation testing --> system
testing
Exhaustive testing is not possible .
28. Test Objectives
1)
2)
3)
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of
finding an error
A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an asyet undiscovered error
A successful test is one that uncovers an as-yet undiscovered error
30. Deployment Principles
1)
Customer expectations for the software must be managed
•
1)
2)
3)
4)
Be careful not to promise too much or to mislead the user
A complete delivery package should be assembled and tested
A support regime must be established before the software is
delivered
Appropriate instructional materials must be provided to end
users
Buggy software should be fixed first, delivered later
32. Process Models
Waterfall model
Incremental Process Models
Evolutionary Process Models
Prototyping model
Spiral model
Specialized Process Models
Rapid application development model
Incremental model
Component-Based Development
Formal Method model
Comparison of life-cycle models
34. r)
r)
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de y cl M od
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l M ife ti a l
l
rfa a l L ue n
a te sic e q
W as
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Li
35.
36. Incremental model
Evolution of waterfall model
New features added to 1st Increment(core product)
Incremental software development model may be
applicable to projects where:
Software Requirements are well defined, but realization may be
delayed.
The basic software functionality are required early
38. RAD Model
Rapid Application Development
Short development cycle
Faster development (60-90) days
High quality results
Use of (CASE) Tools
Component based construction
System delivered in short time (2 to 3 months)
Useful where requirements are well understood and
scope is limited
39. The RAD Model
Team # n
M o d e lin g
bus ines s m odeling
dat a m odeling
proc es s m odeling
C o n s t r u c t io n
c om ponent reus e
aut om at ic c ode
generat ion
t es t ing
Team # 2
Com m unicat ion
Mo d eling
b u si n e ss m o d e l i n g
dat a m odeling
p ro ce ss m o d e l i n g
Planning
Co nst r uct io n
Team # 1
co m p o n e n t re u se
a u t o m a t i c co d e
g e n e ra t i o n
t e st i n g
Mode ling
De ploym e nt
int egrat ion
deliv ery
feedback
business modeling
dat a modeling
process modeling
Const r uct ion
component reuse
aut omat ic code
generat ion
t est ing
6 0 - 9 0 days
40
40. Process Models
Waterfall model
Incremental Process Models
Evolutionary Process Models
Prototyping model
Spiral model
Specialized Process Models
Rapid application development model
Incremental model
Component-Based Development
Formal Method model
Unified Process
Comparison of life-cycle models
41. Prototyping
Early approximation of a final system
Linear and iterative
Customer is unable to define the system
Requirements are not freezed
a prototype is built to understand the requirements
42. Evolutionary Models: Prototyping
Qu ick p lan
Quick
Com m unicat ion
plan
communication
Mo d e lin g
Modeling
Qu ick d e sig n
Quick design
Deployment
Deployment
De live r y
delivery &
& Fe e dback
feedback
Const r uct ion
Construction
of
of prototype
pr ot ot ype
43
43. Spiral Model
Simplified form
Precede each phase by
Waterfall model plus risk analysis
Alternatives
Risk analysis
Follow each phase by
Evaluation
Planning of next phase
44. Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
planning
estimation
scheduling
risk analysis
communication
modeling
analysis
design
start
deployment
delivery
feedback
construction
code
test
45
45. Specialized Process Models
1)Component Based Development
COTS
Commercial off-the-shelf software components developed by
vendors who offer them as products.
Decomposition of the engineered systems into functional
or logical components with well-defined interfaces used
for communication across the components.
46. Co
De m
M s ig p on
C o odu n e n
m le a r c t i n
pr I n h te
e h te ite g
e n ge ct u r a t
s i ra r e ion
ve tio
te n.
st
in
g.
47. 2) Formal Methods Model
Mathematically based techniques for representing and
analysis of software.
Formal methods include
Formal specification
Specification analysis and proof
Transformational development
Program verification
48. Formal Methods Model
Reduces requirements errors as it forces a detailed
analysis of the requirements
Incompleteness and inconsistencies can be
discovered and resolved
Currently very time consuming and expensive
Extensive training required
Difficult to use this model to communicate with the
customer.
49. Unified Process
Contains features of OOA and OOD.
UML- Unified Modeling Language
It was created to support the OO design and modeling.
iterative and incremental process
50. Phases of Unified process
All the phases are concurrent in nature
Inception
Elaboration
Construction
Transition
Production
51. The Unified Process (UP)
Elab o r at io n
elaboration
Incep t
inceptionio n
inception
co nst r uct io n
Release
soft ware increment
t r ansit io n
p r o d uct io n
52
52. UP (contd)
Inception
Customer communication
Planning
Business requirements are identified
Identify resources, assess risks, defines schedule
In the form of use cases.
Rough architecture
A tentative outline of major sub-systems, functions and features
that populate them.
53. UP (contd)
Elaboration
Customer communication
Modeling activity
Expands the use cases.
Expands the architecture to:
Use case model, analysis model, design model, implementation
model and deployment model.
Review plan and make modifications
Evaluate scope, risks, project delivery dates
54. UP (contd)
Construction
Develop software components (that make the use cases
operational).
Complete the analysis and design models.
Implement all functions and features for that increment.
Conduct unit testing for the components
Integrate components.
55. UP (contd)
Transition
Create user manuals, guidelines, installation procedures.
Software is given to users for beta testing.
Get user feedback
The increment is now a useable software release.
56. Incept ion phase
Vision document
Init ial use-case model
Init ial project glossary
Init ial business case
Init ial risk assessment .
Project plan,
phases and it erat ions.
Business model,
if necessary .
One or more prot ot y pes
I nc e pt i o
n
UP Work Products
Elaborat ion phase
Use-case model
Supplement ary requirement s
including non-funct ional
Analy sis model
Soft ware archit ect ure
Descript ion.
Execut able archit ect ural
prot ot y pe.
Preliminary design model
Rev ised risk list
Project plan including
it erat ion plan
adapt ed workflows
milest ones
t echnical work product s
Preliminary user manual
Const ruct ion phase
Design model
Sof t ware component s
Int egrat ed soft ware
increment
Test plan and procedure
Test cases
Support document at ion
user manuals
inst allat ion manuals
descript ion of current
increment
Transit ion phase
Deliv ered soft ware increment
Bet a t est report s
General user feedback
57
57. Agile Software Development
Is a group of software development methodologies
based on iterative and incremental development, where
requirements and solutions evolve through
collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional
teams.
Self Organization: is the process where a structure or
pattern appears in a system without central authority.
Cross-Functional team : is a group of people with
different functional expertise working toward a common
goal.
58. Extreme Programming
Is a software development methodology which is
intended to improve software quality and
responsiveness to changing customer requirements.
It releases product in short development cycles (time
boxing)
Pair Programming: Driver and Observer
Time Boxing
Code Review
Unit Testing
Editor's Notes
Requirement Engineering
Identify real needs of the client
Requirements are set in stone.
“What system will do”
Contract between client and the developer
SRS is the product
Design Specification
SRS is the input
“How system will do”
High level design (Specifying common needs)
Low level design (Crucial details)
Implementation
Design Specification Input
Modules (to decrease complexity)
Verification
Testing is crucial to integration
Unite modules
Acceptance testing (to chk whether requirements are met or not)
Product ready to be used.