SMD Unit ii

Analysis vs Design
Software analysis and design includes all activities, which help the
transformation of requirement specification into implementation.
Requirement specifications specify all functional and non-functional
expectations from the software. These requirement specifications
come in the shape of human readable and understandable documents,
to which a computer has nothing to do.
Software analysis and design is the intermediate stage, which helps
human-readable requirements to be transformed into actual code.
Analysis phase concentrates on problem domain and clarifies all the
related concepts of problem. This helps for solid design activity.
Design phase starts with exploring the solution domain.

Sr. No. Parameters Analysis Design
1. Domain/Process
flow
Explores the problem domain and
applied the unified process and
tools to clarify the requirements.
Explores the solution
domain and applied the
unified process and tools to
formulate the system
design.
2. Involvement System analyst, business analyst System architects,
developers, system analysts
3. Outcomes Requirement specification
document (SRS)
Low level sys tem design or
detailed level design with
documentation
4. Components Use cases, use case stories,
analysis classes etc.
Class and object diagram,
component diagram, state
diagram etc.
5. Stakeholders System analysts, end users,
business analysts, product owners
System architects, System
analysts, developers,
project managers

Class Diagram
• What is class?
In static modelling, we capture static view of the system. The concepts
of problem are translated into designing constructs are called as
classes.
• What is object?
“A discret entity with a well-defined boundary that encapsulates state
and behavior; an instance of a class.” A system architect starts with
analyzing the requirements and identifying the use cases. The objects
are identified by keeping the use cases in mind. Classes are used to
declare the properties and behavior of objects.
• Class diagram is a static diagram. It represents the static view of an
application. Class diagram describes attributes & operations of a
class and also the constraints imposed on system. Class diagrams
are widely used in the modeling of object oriented systems because
they are the only UML diagrams, which can be mapped directly
with object-oriented languages.
• Class diagram shows a collection of classes, interfaces,
associations, collaborations, and constraints. It is also known as a
structural diagram.

• Purpose of Class Diagrams
- In software engineering, a class diagram in the UML is a type of
static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by
showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods),
and the relationships among objects.
- The class diagram is the main building block of object
oriented modelling. It is used for general conceptual modelling of the
systematic of the application, and for detailed modelling translating
the models into programming code.
- Objects are similar kind belong to one class. The collection of
objects of similar characteristics is class. Class is prototype or
blueprint using objects are created.
- The properties or attributes held by objects are represented in class as
variables and behavior of objects are represented in class as operations
or methods.
- The following points should be remembered while drawing a class
diagram -
• The name of the class diagram should be meaningful to describe the
aspect of the system.

• Responsibility (attributes and methods) of each class should be
clearly identified
• For each class, minimum number of properties should be specified,
as unnecessary properties will make the diagram complicated.
• Use notes whenever required to describe some aspect of the
diagram. At the end of the drawing it should be understandable to
the developer/coder.
• Finally, before making the final version, the diagram should be
drawn on plain paper and reworked as many times as possible to
make it correct.
• Basic Class Diagram Symbols and Notations
Classes represent an abstraction of entities with common
characteristics. The notation of the classes with rectangles divided
into compartments. Place the name of the class in the first partition
(centered, bolded, and capitalized), list the attributes in the second
partition (left-aligned, not bolded, and lowercase), and write
operations into the third. The simple nation of the class is as shown
below

• Active Classes
Active classes initiate and control the flow of activity, while passive
classes store data and serve other classes. Illustrate active classes with
a thicker border.

• Visibility
Use visibility markers to signify who can access the information
contained within a class. Private visibility, denoted with a - sign, hides
information from anything outside the class partition. Public visibility,
denoted with a + sign, allows all other classes to view the marked
information. Protected visibility, denoted with a # sign, allows child
classes to access information they inherited from a parent class.

• Simple examples of classes in UML

• Relationships between classes
There are three types of relationships between the classes
1. Association 2. Composition and aggregation
3. Generalization and specialization
1. Association
Associations represent static relationships between classes. Place
association names above, on, or below the association line. Use a filled
arrow to indicate the direction of the relationship. Place roles near the
end of an association. Roles represent the way the two classes see each
other.

• Link: It is used to represent the association between the classes and
objects. Link represents instance of association.
• Multiplicity (Cardinality)
One important aspect of association is multiplicity that defines how
many instances of one class is associated with single instance of
another class.
Types of multiplicity association
a) One-to-one
b) One-to-many
c) Many-to-one

Multiplicity (Cardinality)
Place multiplicity notations near the ends of an association. These
symbols indicate the number of instances of one class linked to one
instance of the other class. For example, one company will have one
or more employees, but each employee works for just one company.

2. Composition and aggregation
Composition is a special type of aggregation that denotes a strong
ownership between Class A, the whole, and Class B, its part. Illustrate
composition with a filled diamond. Use a hollow diamond to represent
a simple aggregation relationship, in which the "whole" class plays a
more important role than the "part" class, but the two classes are not
dependent on each
other. The
diamond ends in
both composition
and aggregation
relationships point
toward the
"whole" class
(i.e., the aggregation).

3. Generalization and specialization
Generalization is another name for inheritance or an "is a"
relationship. It refers to a relationship between two classes where one
class is a specialized version of another. For example, Honda is a type
of car. So the class Honda would have a generalization relationship
with the class car.

Difference between Class
diagram and Object diagram
Parameters Class Diagram Object Diagram
Definition Class diagram captures the static
aspect of system to be designed.
Object diagram shows
behavioral relationship of
classes.
Dynamic change It does not include dynamic or
runtime change in the system
It captures dynamic or
runtime changes in the
state of system.
Data Class diagram includes variables
and operations
Object diagram the values
of variables and which
operation performed
Purpose It shows what objects in the
system
It shows how those objects
behave at run time

Analysis - Object & classes
finding analysis
• The UP (Unified Process) activity: Analyze a use case
The outputs from the UP workflow “Analyze a use case” are
analysis classes and use case realizations as shown in the
following figure
Figure. The
origin of
Analysis class

• What are analysis classes?
Analysis classes are classes that:
- represent a abstraction in the problem domain;
- should map on to real-world business concepts (and be carefully
named accordingly).
The problem domain is the domain in which the need for a software
system first arises. This is usually a specific area of the business such
as online selling or customer relationship management. However, it is
important to note that the problem domain might not be any specific
business activity at all, but might arise from a piece of physical
hardware that needs software to operate it – this is an embedded
system. Ultimately, all commercial software development serves some
business need, be that automating an existing business process, or
developing a new product that has a significant software component.
The most important aspect of an analysis class is that it should map in
a clear and unambiguous way on to some real-world business concept
such as customer, product, or account. However, this statement

assumes that the business concepts themselves are clear and
unambiguous and this is rarely the case. It is therefore the job of the
OO analyst to try to clarify confused or inappropriate business
concepts into something that can form the basis of an analysis class.
So the first step in building OO software is to clarify the problem
domain. It is important that all classes in the analysis model are
analysis classes rather than classes arising from design considerations
(the solution domain). When you get down to detailed design you may
find that analysis classes are ultimately refined into one or more
design classes.
The real goal of OO analysis is finding the classes of those objects. In
fact, finding the right analysis classes is the key to OO analysis and
design. If the classes are not right in analysis,
then the rest of the software engineering process, which is predicated
on the requirements and analysis workflows, will be in jeopardy. It is
therefore crucial to spend sufficient time in the analysis workflow to
ensure that the right set of analysis classes has been identified. This
time will be well spent, as it will almost certainly save time later.

• Anatomy of an analysis class
Analysis classes should present a very “high level” set of attributes.
Analysis class operations specify, at a high level, the key services that
the class must offer. In design they will become actual, implementable
methods. However, one high-level operation will often break down
into more than one method. We have already covered the UML syntax
for classes in detail, but in analysis only a small subset of that syntax
is actually used. Of course, the analyst is always free to add any
opinions felt to be necessary to make the model clearer. However, the
basic syntax of an analysis class always avoids implementation details.
After all, in analysis we are trying to capture the big picture.
A minimal form for an analysis class consists of the following.
• Name – this is mandatory.
• Attributes – attribute names are mandatory although only an
important subset of candidate attributes may be modeled at this
point. Attribute types are considered optional.

• Operations – in analysis, operations might just be very high-level
statements of the responsibilities of the class. Operation parameters
and return types are only shown where they are important for
understanding the model.
• Visibility – generally not shown.
• Labels (Stereotypes) – may be shown if they enhance the model.
• Marked (Tagged) values – may be shown if they enhance the model.
An example is given in Figure

• Finding classes
Finding analysis classes is on of the important activity in unified
process. There are two ways
1. Finding classes with the help of noun/verb analysis
2. Finding class with the help of CRC analysis
1. Finding classes using noun/verb analysis
Noun/verb analysis is a very simple way of analyzing text to try to
find classes, attributes, and responsibilities. In essence, nouns and
noun phrases in the text indicate classes or attributes of classes, and
verbs and verb phrases indicate responsibilities or operations of a
class.
We have to be very careful if the problem domain is poorly understood
and defined. In this case, try to collect as much information about the
domain from as many people as possible. Look for similar problem
domains outside your organization.

Perhaps the trickiest aspect of noun/verb analysis is finding the
“hidden” classes. These are classes which are intrinsic to the problem
domain, but which might never be mentioned explicitly. For example,
in a reservation system for a holiday company, you will hear the
stakeholders talk about reservations, bookings, etc., but the single
most important abstraction, Order, may never be mentioned explicitly
if it does not exist in current business systems.
Noun/verb analysis procedure The first step in noun/verb analysis is to
collect as much relevant information as possible. Suitable sources of
information are:
• the Supplementary Requirements Specification (if it exists);
• use cases;
• the project Glossary;
• anything else (architecture, vision documents, etc.).
After collecting the documentation, analyze it in a very simple way by
highlighting (or recording in some other way) the following:

• nouns – e.g. flight;
• noun phrases – e.g. flight number;
• verbs – e.g. allocate;
• verb phrases – e.g. verify credit card.
Nouns and noun phrases may indicate classes or class attributes. Verbs
and verb phrases may indicate responsibilities of classes.
If you come across any terms that you don’t understand during this
process, seek immediate clarification from a domain expert and add
the term to the Project Glossary. Take the list of nouns, noun phrases,
verbs, and verb phrases and use the Project Glossary to resolve any
synonyms and homonyms. This creates a list of candidate classes,
attributes, and responsibilities. Once you have this list of candidate
classes, attributes, and responsibilities, you make a tentative allocation
of the attributes and responsibilities to the classes.

2. Finding classes using CRC (Class Responsibility Collaborator)
analysis
A very good (and fun) way to get user involvement in finding classes
is to use CRC analysis – this stands for class, responsibilities, and
collaborators. This technique uses the world’s most powerful analysis
tool, the sticky note! So popular is the CRC method that there is a
(possibly apocryphal) story that at one point a company actually
marketed sticky notes already marked out with class name,
responsibilities, and collaborators. You begin by marking up some
sticky notes as shown Figure

The note is divided into three compartments – in the top
compartment you record the name of the candidate class; in the
left compartment, the responsibilities; and in the right the
collaborators. Collaborators are other classes that may
collaborate with this class to realize a piece of system
functionality. The collaborators compartment provides a way of
recording relationships between classes. Another way to capture
relationships (which we prefer) is to stick the notes on a
whiteboard, and draw lines between the collaborating classes.
CRC analysis procedure
The CRC analysis procedure is straightforward and the key is to
separate information gathering from information analysis. CRC
is therefore best run as a two-phase activity.
Phase 1: Brainstorm – gather the information
The participants are OO analysts, stakeholders, and domain experts.
The procedure is as follows.

1 Explain that this is a true brainstorm.
1.1 All ideas are accepted as good ideas.
1.2 Ideas are recorded but not debated – never argue about something,
just write it down and then move on. Everything will be analyzed later.
2 Ask the team members to name the “things” that operate in their
business domain – e.g. customer, product.
2.1 Write each thing on a sticky note – it is a candidate class, or
attribute of a class.
2.2 Stick the note on a wall or whiteboard.
3 Ask the team to state responsibilities that those things might have –
record these in the responsibilities compartment of the note.
4 Working with the team, try to identify classes that might work
together. Rearrange the notes on the whiteboard to reflect this
organization and draw lines between them. Alternatively, record
collaborators in the collaborators compartment of the note.

Phase 2: Analyze information
The participants are OO analysis, and domain experts. How do you
decide which sticky notes should become classes and which should
become attributes? analysis classes must represent a crisp abstraction
in the problem domain. Certain sticky notes will represent key
business concepts and clearly need to become classes. Other notes
may become classes or attributes. If a note logically seems to be a part
of another note, this is a good indication that it represents an attribute.
Also, if a note doesn’t seem to be particularly important, or has very
little interesting behavior, see if it can be made an attribute of another
class.
If in doubt about a note just make it a class. The important point is to
make a best guess and then drive this process to closure – you can
always refine the model later.

Refining analysis relationships
When you move to design, you have to refine the relationships between
analysis classes into relationships between design classes. Many of the
relationships captured in analysis are not directly implementable as they
stand, and they must be made so. For example, there is no commonly used
OO programming language that directly supports bidirectional associations,
association classes, or many-to-many associations. To create a design model,
you have to specify how these associations are going to be realized. Refining
analysis associations to design associations involves several procedures:
• refining associations to aggregation or composition relationships
• implementing association classes
• implementing one-to-many associations
• implementing many-to-many associations
• implementing bidirectional associations.
All design associations must have:
• navigability
• multiplicity on both ends
All design associations should have a role name on at least the target end.

Inheritance and Polymorphism
Before we can discuss inheritance and polymorphism, we need to have
a solid understanding of the idea of generalization. Generalization is a
relationship between a more general element and a more specific
element, where the more specific element is entirely consistent with
the more general element, but contains more information.
Conceptually, generalization is a very simple idea – you are already
very familiar with the notion of general things such as a tree, and then
more specific things such as an oak tree, which is a particular type of
tree. You have already seen generalization applied to use cases and
actors, and now you will see how it is applied to classes. In fact,
generalization applies to all
classifiers and to some other
modeling elements such as
associations, states, events, and
collaborations.

• Class inheritance
When you arrange classes into a generalization hierarchy as shown
previous Figure you implicitly have inheritance between the classes
where the subclasses inherit all the features of their super classes. To be
more specific, subclasses inherit:
- Attributes - operations
- Relationships - constraints
Subclasses can also add new features and override superclass
operations.
Overriding
In the example as shown in Figure the Shape subclasses Square and
Circle inherit all of the attributes, operations, and constraints from the
Shape superclass. This means that although you don’t see these
features in the subclasses, they are actually implicitly there. We say
that Square and Circle are a type of Shape.

Notice that the operations draw( ) and getArea( ) defined in Shape can
in no way be appropriate for the subclasses. Square and Circle need to
implement their own draw( ) and getArea( ) operations that override
the default operations supplied by the parent and provide a more
appropriate behavior as shown in figure. the subclasses Square and
Circle have provided their own draw( ) and getArea( ) operations that
have the appropriate behaviors

To override a superclass operation, a subclass must provide an
operation with exactly the same signature as the superclass operation it
wishes to override. UML defines operation signature as the operation
name, its return type, and the types of all of the parameters listed in
order. The parameter names don’t count, as they are just a convenient
way of referring to a specific parameter within an operation body, and
so are not really part of the signature.
Abstract operations and classes
We can specify that an operation lacks an implementation by making it
an abstract operation. In UML you do this simply by writing the
operation name in italics. When you think about it, a class with one or
more abstract operations is incomplete as there are some operations
that don’t have an implementation. This means that you can’t
instantiate such classes and they are therefore known as abstract
classes. You write the class name in italics to show that it is abstract.
In the example as shown in the figure below, we have the abstract

class shape which has two abstract operations Shape::draw( g :
Graphics ) and Shape::getArea( ) : int. The implementations for these
operations are provided by both the Square and the Circle subclasses.
Although Shape is incomplete, and can’t be instantiated, both of its
subclasses provide the missing implementations, are complete and can
be instantiated. Any class that can be instantiated is known as a
concrete class.
The operation getBoundingArea( ) is a concrete operation of Shape
because the bounding area of every kind of Shape is calculated in the
exactly the same way – it is always the width of the shape multiplied
by its height. There are a couple of big advantages of using abstract
classes and operations.

• We can define a set of abstract operations in the abstract superclass
that must be implemented by all Shape subclasses. You can think of
this as defining a “contract” that all concrete Shape subclasses must
implement.
• We can write code to manipulate Shapes and then substitute Circle,
Square and other Shape subclasses as appropriate. According to the
substitutability principle, code written to manipulate Shapes should
also work for all Shape subclasses.
Level of abstraction
Before we get into polymorphism, it’s a good idea to understand
something about levels of abstraction. What’s wrong with the model in
Figure

The answer is “levels of abstraction”. A generalization hierarchy
defines a set of levels of abstraction from the most general at the top to
the most specific at the bottom. You should always try to maintain a
uniform level of abstraction at each level of the generalization
hierarchy. In the example above, we have not achieved this. JaguarXJS
is a type of car. Clearly this is a lower level of abstraction than Truck.
Polymorphism
Polymorphism means “many forms”. A polymorphic operation is one
that has many implementations. You have already seen two
polymorphic operations in the Shape example. The abstract
operations draw( ) and getArea( ) in the Shape class have two
different implementations – an implementation in the Square class
and a different implementation in the Circle class. The operations
have “many forms” and are therefore polymorphic. Following figure
illustrates polymorphism perfectly. We define an abstract Shape class
with abstract operations draw( ) and getArea( ).

Clearly the implementation of draw( ) and getArea( ) will be different for
Squares and Circles. The draw( ) operation will draw a square for objects of
the Square class, and will draw a circle for objects of the Circle class. You
can see that the getArea( ) operation will also have different
implementations. It will return width*height for a square and π*r2 for a
circle. This is the essence of polymorphism – objects of different classes
have operations with the same signature but different implementations.
Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism are the “three pillars” of OO.
Polymorphism allows you to design simpler systems that can more easily
accommodate change because it allows you to treat different objects in the
same way.

Object Diagram
An object diagram is a diagram that shows objects and their
relationships at a point in time. It is like a snapshot of part of an
executing OO system at a particular instant, showing the objects and
the links between them.
A link is a semantic connection between two objects that allows
messages to be sent from one object to the other. Many links that join
those objects together. Messages are passed back and forth between
objects over these links. On receipt of a message, an object will invoke
the corresponding method.
Objects that are connected by links may adopt various roles relative to
each other. As shown in the following figure, you can see that the jim
object adopts the role of chairman in its link with the
downHillSkiClub object. You indicate this on the object diagram by
placing the role name at the appropriate end of the link. You can put
role names at either or both ends of a link. In this case, the
downHillSkiClub object always plays the role of “club” and so there is

no real point in showing this on the diagram – it would not really add
anything to our understanding of the object relationships. Figure tells
us that at a particular point in time, the object jim is playing the role of
chairman. However, it is important to realize that links are dynamic
connections between objects. the chairman role may pass at some point
to fab or christian, and we could easily create an object diagram to
show this new state of affairs.
Normally, a single link connects exactly two objects as shown in
Figure. However, UML does allow a single link to connect more than
two objects. This is known as an n-ary link and is shown as a diamond
with a path to each participating object.

We can specify that the link only goes one way by placing an
arrowhead on the appropriate end of the line. For example, Figure
shows that the link between :PersonDetails and :Address is
unidirectional. This means that the :PersonDetails object has an object
reference to the :Address object, but not vice versa. Messages can only
be sent from :PersonDetails to :Address.
Paths
UML symbols, such as the object icon, use case icon, and class icon,
are connected to other symbols by paths. A path is a “connected series
of graphic segments” joining two or more symbols. There are two
styles for drawing paths:
• orthogonal – where the path consists of a series of horizontal and
vertical segments
• oblique – where the path is a series of one or more sloping lines
(shown in below figure)

In above Figure, we have adopted the orthogonal path style, and the
paths have been combined into a tree. You can only combine paths that
have the same properties. In this case, all the paths represent links and
so we can legally combine them.

Component diagram- Interfaces
& components
• Component based software architecture
Component-based architecture focuses on the decomposition of the
design into individual functional or logical components that represent
well-defined communication interfaces containing methods, events,
and properties. It provides a higher level of abstraction and divides the
problem into sub-problems, each associated with component
partitions. The primary objective of component-based architecture is
to ensure component reusability. A component encapsulates
functionality and behaviors of a software element into a reusable and
self-deployable binary unit.
Component-oriented software design has many advantages over the
traditional object-oriented approaches such as −
- Reduced time in market and the development cost by reusing
existing components.
- Increased reliability with the reuse of the existing components.

• What is a Component?
A component is a modular, portable, replaceable, and reusable set
of well-defined functionality that encapsulates its
implementation and exporting it as a higher-level interface.
A component is a software object, intended to interact with other
components, encapsulating certain functionality or a set of
functionalities. It has an obviously defined interface and
conforms to a recommended behavior common to all
components within an architecture.
• Views of a Component
A component can have three different views
1. object-oriented view
2. conventional view
3. process-related view

1. Object-oriented view
A component is viewed as a set of one or more cooperating classes.
Each problem domain class (analysis) and infrastructure class (design)
are explained to identify all attributes and operations that apply to its
implementation. It also involves defining the interfaces that enable
classes to communicate and cooperate.
2. Conventional view
It is viewed as a functional element or a module of a program that
integrates the processing logic, the internal data structures that are
required to implement the processing logic and an interface that
enables the component to be invoked and data to be passed to it.
3. Process-related view
In this view, instead of creating each component from scratch, the
system is building from existing components maintained in a library.
As the software architecture is formulated, components are selected
from the library and used to populate the architecture.

A component diagram, also known as a UML component diagram,
describes the organization and wiring of the physical components in a
system. Component diagrams are often drawn to help model
implementation details and double-check that every aspect of the
system's required functions is covered by planned development.
• Basic Component Diagram Symbols & Notations
Component
A component is a logical unit block of the system, a slightly higher
abstraction than classes. It is represented as a rectangle with a smaller
rectangle in the upper right corner with tabs or the word written above
the name of the component to help distinguish it from a class.

Interface
An interface (small circle or semi-circle on a stick) describes a group
of operations used (required) or created (provided) by components. A
full circle represents an interface created or provided by the
component. A semi-circle represents a required interface, like a
person's input.
Dependencies
Draw dependencies among components using dashed arrows.

Port
Ports are represented using a square along the edge of the system or a
component. A port is often used to help expose required and provided
interfaces of a component.
How to Draw a Component Diagram
• Take stock of everything needed to implement the planned system.
• Create a visual for each of the components.
• Describe the organization and relationships between components
using interfaces, ports, and dependencies.

Deployment Diagrams
A deployment diagram shows the physical configuration of the system
in terms of physical nodes and physical connections between the nodes,
such as network connections. A node is shown as a cube, and the
connection is shown as a line joining the nodes. A deployment diagram is
essentially a class diagram that focuses on the system’s nodes.
The term Deployment itself describes the purpose of the diagram.
Deployment diagrams are used for describing the hardware components,
where software components are deployed. Component diagrams and
deployment diagrams are closely related. Component diagrams are used
to describe the components and deployment diagrams shows how they
are deployed in hardware.
Most of the UML diagrams are used to handle logical components but
deployment diagrams are made to focus on the hardware topology of a
system. Deployment diagrams are used by the system engineers. The
purpose of deployment diagrams can be described as −
• Visualize the hardware topology of a system.
• Describe the hardware components used to deploy software
components.
• Describe the runtime processing nodes.

How to Draw a Deployment Diagram?
Node
There are two types of nodes in a deployment diagram. The first are
device nodes--computing resources that have processing capabilities
and the ability to execute programs. Some examples of device nodes
are a PC, laptop, or mobile phone. The second type of node is called
an execution environment node, or EEN. An EEN is any computer
system that resides within a device node. It could be an operating
system, a JVM, or another servlet container.

Database
Represents any data stored by the deployed system. In the example,
the database is represented as just another node, but sometimes you
will see this shape as a database.
Other Shapes
Communication path A straight line that represents communication
between two device nodes.
Artifacts A box with the header "<<artifact>>" and then the name of
the file.
Package A package is a file shaped box that groups together all the
device nodes to encapsulate the entire deployment.
Component UML Component diagram notations are going to be the
same here as in the component diagram section.

Hierarchical Node
Hierarchical nodes can be modeled using composition or by defining
an internal structure. Internal structure of the node is defined in terms
of parts & connectors. Parts of the node could be only nodes.
Execution environment is usually a part of a general node or
<<device>> which represents the physical hardware environment on
which this execution environment resides. Execution environments can
be nested (e.g., a database execution environment may be nested in an
operating system execution environment).

Device
A device is a node which represents a physical computational resource
with processing capability upon which artifacts may be deployed for
execution.
A device is rendered as a node (perspective, 3-dimensional view of a
cube) annotated with keyword «device».
UML provides no standard stereotypes for devices. Examples of non-
normative stereotypes for devices are:
«application server»
«client workstation»
«mobile device»
«embedded device»
Device may be depicted using custom icon. Profiles, stereotypes and tagged
values could be used to provide custom icons and properties for the devices.

Deployment diagrams can be used −
• To model the hardware topology of a system.
• To model the embedded system.
• To model the hardware details for a client/server system.
• To model the hardware details of a distributed application.
• For Forward and Reverse engineering.
Figure.
application
deployment to
Android.

Package Diagram
Packages in software are used to group logically similar kind of
elements. Packages are used to group similar classes.
We have studied Use case packages are used for grouping logically
similar kind of use cases
at one place to handle
the complexity.

Package diagram is UML structure diagram which shows
packages and dependencies between the packages.
Package
• Package is a namespace used to group together elements that are
semantically related and might change together. It is a general
purpose mechanism to organize elements into groups to provide
better structure for system model.
• Owned members of a package should all be package able elements.
If a package is removed from a model, so are all the
elements owned by the package. Package by itself is package able
element, so any package could be also a member of other packages.
• As a namespace, a package can import either individual members
of other packages or all the members of other packages. Package
can also be merged with other packages.
• A package is rendered as a tabbed folder as shown in the following
figure - a rectangle with a small tab attached to the left side of the
top of the rectangle. If the members of the package are not shown
inside the package rectangle, then the name of the package should
be placed inside.

The members of the package may be shown within the boundaries of
the package. In this case the name of the package should be placed on
the tab. A diagram showing a package with content is allowed to show
only a subset of the contained elements according to some criterion.
Members of the package may be shown outside of the package by
branching lines from the package to the members. A plus sign (+)
within a circle is drawn at the end attached to the namespace
(package). This notation for packages is semantically equivalent to
composition (which is shown using solid diamond.)

The elements that can be referred to within a package using non-
qualified names are:
• owned elements,
• imported elements, and
• elements in enclosing (outer) namespaces.
Owned and imported elements may have a visibility that determines
whether they are available outside the package. If an element that is
owned by a package has visibility, it could be
only public or private visibility. Protected or package visibility is not
allowed. The visibility of a package element may be indicated by
preceding the name of the element by a visibility symbol ("+" for
public and "-" for private).

• Package URI Attribute
Package has optional URI attribute which serves as unique
identifier of the package. This attribute was introduced in UML
2.4 mostly to support exchange of profiles using XMI. The URI
attribute of a package may be rendered in the form {uri=<uri>} after
the package name.
• Package Template
Package can be used as a template for other packages. Package
element can be used as a template parameter. A package template
parameter may refer to any element owned or used by the package
template, or templates nested within it.

A package may be bound to one or more template packages. When
several bindings are applied the result of bindings is produced by
taking the intermediate results and merging them into the combined
result using package merge.

• Package able Element
Package able element is a named element that may be owned directly
by a package. Some examples of package able elements are:
- Type - Classifier
- Class - Use case
- Component etc.
Package able element by itself has no notation (Element import).
Element import is directed relationship between an importing
namespace and imported package able element. It allows the element
to be referenced using its name without a qualifier. An element import
is used to selectively import individual elements without relying on a
package import.
The name of the package able element or its alias is to be added to the
namespace of the importing namespace. It works by reference, which
means that it is not possible to add features to the element import
itself, but it is possible to modify the referenced element in the
namespace from which it was imported.

It is possible to control whether the imported element can be further
imported by other namespaces using either element or package
imports. The visibility of the element import may be either the same or
more restricted than that of the imported element. The visibility of an
element import is either public or private.
An element import is shown using a dashed arrow with an open
arrowhead from the importing namespace to the imported
element. Note, that though it looks exactly like dependency and
usage relationships, it is a completely separate directed relationship.
The keyword «import» is shown near the dashed arrow if the
visibility of import is public while the keyword «access» is used to
indicate private visibility. If the imported element is not a package,
the keyword may optionally be preceded by element, i.e., «element
import».

Figure. package diagram elements - package, import, access,
use, merge

Various examples of Class diagram
Figure. class diagram example for the Abstract Factory Design
Pattern

Class Diagram for Hotel Management System

Various examples of Component diagram
Figure. Online shopping UML component diagram example with three
related subsystems – Web Store, Warehouses, and Accounting

Figure.
component
diagram for a
product using
Sentinel HASP
Software
Licensing
Security Solution

Various examples of Deployment
diagram

Figure. networking diagram for web application

Figure. home networking diagram - cable modem, wireless router,
various computers and devices

Figure. deployment diagram for Apple iTunes

Figure. deployment diagram with hardware load balancing of J2EE
servers

Various examples of Package diagram
Figure.
package
diagram
representi
ng major
interfaces
and
classes
of Java™
Servlet
2.5 API

Figure. package template example for the Data Transfer
Object design pattern

Figure. package diagram of multi layered web application

SMD Unit ii

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