The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
The document provides an introduction to soil mechanics and soil types. It defines soil mechanics as the branch of engineering that deals with the properties and behavior of soil. It discusses the different types of soils based on their geological origin such as glacial soil, residual soil, alluvial soil, and aeolian soil. It also classifies soils based on engineering properties such as clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders. The key factors that influence the engineering behavior of soils like particle size, shape, mineral composition are also highlighted.
About foundation and its Types
1. Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
2. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line.
3. The foundations of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater area.
4. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the exterior wall.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
The document describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, and raft/mat foundations. Spread footings include wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, inverted arch footings, and column footings. Combined footings are used when columns are close together or near a property line. Raft foundations consist of a thick concrete slab covering the entire structure area and are used when soil capacity is low or loads are large. The document also discusses advantages, limitations, and construction procedures of shallow foundations.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
The document provides an introduction to soil mechanics and soil types. It defines soil mechanics as the branch of engineering that deals with the properties and behavior of soil. It discusses the different types of soils based on their geological origin such as glacial soil, residual soil, alluvial soil, and aeolian soil. It also classifies soils based on engineering properties such as clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders. The key factors that influence the engineering behavior of soils like particle size, shape, mineral composition are also highlighted.
About foundation and its Types
1. Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
2. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line.
3. The foundations of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater area.
4. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the exterior wall.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
The document describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, and raft/mat foundations. Spread footings include wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, inverted arch footings, and column footings. Combined footings are used when columns are close together or near a property line. Raft foundations consist of a thick concrete slab covering the entire structure area and are used when soil capacity is low or loads are large. The document also discusses advantages, limitations, and construction procedures of shallow foundations.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which transfer loads to depths of less than 3 meters, including spread footings, strip foundations, mat foundations, and combined footings. It also describes deep foundations, which transfer loads to depths greater than 3 meters, including pile foundations and caisson foundations. Key factors for determining the appropriate foundation type include the soil bearing capacity and required load capacity of the structure.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques including removal and replacement, in-situ densification methods like dynamic compaction, preloading, use of vertical drains and stone columns. It provides details on specific in-situ densification methods like vibro-float compaction using a vibrating probe, dynamic compaction using heavy weights, and explosive compaction using detonated charges. The document also summarizes advantages and limitations of preloading using surcharge fills and uses of vertical drains and geosynthetics to accelerate consolidation.
This document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations including spread foundations and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep pile foundations that extend below the surface. Specific foundation types are defined, such as spread footings, pad foundations, and different types of piles. Factors that determine the appropriate foundation type include soil conditions, structural loads, cost, and durability. Methods for installing pile foundations include driven piles, cast-in-place piles, and helical piles.
About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
Shallow foundations are foundations where the depth is equal to or less than the width. There are four main types of shallow foundations: 1) Spread footings which spread loads over a larger area and are used for light loads or strong soils, 2) Combined footings which are preferred when columns are close together to make construction more economical, 3) Strap or cantilever footings which connect independent footings with a beam that does not transfer pressure to the soil, and 4) Mat or raft foundations which cover the entire area beneath a structure and are used for supporting loads on soft soils by spreading them over a large area.
The document discusses various types of retaining walls and their failure modes. It describes gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining walls. The five modes of failure are identified as sliding, overturning, bearing capacity, shallow shear, and deep shear failures. Factors of safety are provided for each failure mode. Two case studies of retaining wall collapses are also summarized.
This document provides information about pile foundations. It begins with an introduction defining a pile foundation as a construction for supporting foundations that is supported on piles. It then discusses where piles are placed and when they are adopted, such as in loose soils or when load transfer is needed. The document categorizes piles based on their function, material composition, installation method, and load carrying characteristics. It provides examples within each category and discusses factors that affect pile selection. The document also describes pile accessories like caps and shoes and pile driving methods. Overall, it serves as an overview of pile foundation types, uses, and design considerations.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
This document discusses bearing capacity theory and methods for determining the bearing capacity of soil. It defines key terms like maximum safe bearing capacity, allowable bearing pressure, and net pressure intensity. It describes different types of bearing capacity failure and assumptions in Terzaghi's bearing capacity method. The document also discusses other theories by Meyerhof, Vesic, and Skempton that improved on Terzaghi's method. Finally, it outlines field tests like plate load tests and laboratory tests to directly determine the bearing capacity of soil.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses various types of footings used in building foundations. It defines a footing as the lower part of a foundation constructed below ground level on solid ground. The main purposes of footings are to transfer structural loads to the soil over a large area to prevent soil and building movement, and to resist settlement and lateral loads. Common footing types include isolated, strap, strip/continuous, and combined footings. Key data needed for footing design includes soil bearing capacity, structural loads, and column dimensions. The document outlines general design procedures and considerations for spread, combined, strap, and brick footings.
Coffer dams are temporary structures built to retain water and soil in order to create a dry work area for construction projects. There are several types of coffer dams suited to different conditions, including earth-filled, sheet pile, and cellular designs. Key considerations in selecting a coffer dam include water depth, area size, soil/river bed conditions, and potential for erosion or flooding. Proper design is needed to withstand hydrostatic pressures and ensure structural integrity until the permanent structure is complete.
1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
The document discusses foundations for structures. Foundations distribute the load from a structure across a larger area of soil, support the structure, and provide stability against forces like wind and rain. Foundation design depends on soil type, groundwater, structural requirements, site conditions, and cost. Shallow foundations have a depth less than the width and include isolated and combined footings. Deep foundations like piles and piers extend below the shallow depth and transfer load directly to a hard soil layer or bedrock. Piles support load through friction against the soil or by bearing directly on a firm layer, and can be made of materials like concrete, steel, or timber.
Shallow foundations transfer structural loads to soil near the surface and are suitable when soil has good bearing capacity. They include spread, combined, and mat/raft foundations. Spread footings are most common, supporting individual columns or walls. Combined and mat foundations are used when loads overlap or are very high. Shallow foundations are simpler and cheaper than deep foundations but have limitations regarding soil conditions and structural loads.
Shallow foundations are suitable for structures with light to moderate loads built on soil with good bearing capacity. They transfer structural loads to the soil near the surface through footings. The main types are isolated footings under individual columns/walls, combined footings where footings overlap, and raft/mat foundations which use a continuous slab to support the whole structure. Shallow foundations are commonly used for residential and light commercial buildings due to their low cost and ease of construction compared to deep foundations.
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which transfer loads to depths of less than 3 meters, including spread footings, strip foundations, mat foundations, and combined footings. It also describes deep foundations, which transfer loads to depths greater than 3 meters, including pile foundations and caisson foundations. Key factors for determining the appropriate foundation type include the soil bearing capacity and required load capacity of the structure.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques including removal and replacement, in-situ densification methods like dynamic compaction, preloading, use of vertical drains and stone columns. It provides details on specific in-situ densification methods like vibro-float compaction using a vibrating probe, dynamic compaction using heavy weights, and explosive compaction using detonated charges. The document also summarizes advantages and limitations of preloading using surcharge fills and uses of vertical drains and geosynthetics to accelerate consolidation.
This document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations including spread foundations and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep pile foundations that extend below the surface. Specific foundation types are defined, such as spread footings, pad foundations, and different types of piles. Factors that determine the appropriate foundation type include soil conditions, structural loads, cost, and durability. Methods for installing pile foundations include driven piles, cast-in-place piles, and helical piles.
About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
Shallow foundations are foundations where the depth is equal to or less than the width. There are four main types of shallow foundations: 1) Spread footings which spread loads over a larger area and are used for light loads or strong soils, 2) Combined footings which are preferred when columns are close together to make construction more economical, 3) Strap or cantilever footings which connect independent footings with a beam that does not transfer pressure to the soil, and 4) Mat or raft foundations which cover the entire area beneath a structure and are used for supporting loads on soft soils by spreading them over a large area.
The document discusses various types of retaining walls and their failure modes. It describes gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress retaining walls. The five modes of failure are identified as sliding, overturning, bearing capacity, shallow shear, and deep shear failures. Factors of safety are provided for each failure mode. Two case studies of retaining wall collapses are also summarized.
This document provides information about pile foundations. It begins with an introduction defining a pile foundation as a construction for supporting foundations that is supported on piles. It then discusses where piles are placed and when they are adopted, such as in loose soils or when load transfer is needed. The document categorizes piles based on their function, material composition, installation method, and load carrying characteristics. It provides examples within each category and discusses factors that affect pile selection. The document also describes pile accessories like caps and shoes and pile driving methods. Overall, it serves as an overview of pile foundation types, uses, and design considerations.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
This document discusses bearing capacity theory and methods for determining the bearing capacity of soil. It defines key terms like maximum safe bearing capacity, allowable bearing pressure, and net pressure intensity. It describes different types of bearing capacity failure and assumptions in Terzaghi's bearing capacity method. The document also discusses other theories by Meyerhof, Vesic, and Skempton that improved on Terzaghi's method. Finally, it outlines field tests like plate load tests and laboratory tests to directly determine the bearing capacity of soil.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses various types of footings used in building foundations. It defines a footing as the lower part of a foundation constructed below ground level on solid ground. The main purposes of footings are to transfer structural loads to the soil over a large area to prevent soil and building movement, and to resist settlement and lateral loads. Common footing types include isolated, strap, strip/continuous, and combined footings. Key data needed for footing design includes soil bearing capacity, structural loads, and column dimensions. The document outlines general design procedures and considerations for spread, combined, strap, and brick footings.
Coffer dams are temporary structures built to retain water and soil in order to create a dry work area for construction projects. There are several types of coffer dams suited to different conditions, including earth-filled, sheet pile, and cellular designs. Key considerations in selecting a coffer dam include water depth, area size, soil/river bed conditions, and potential for erosion or flooding. Proper design is needed to withstand hydrostatic pressures and ensure structural integrity until the permanent structure is complete.
1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
The document discusses foundations for structures. Foundations distribute the load from a structure across a larger area of soil, support the structure, and provide stability against forces like wind and rain. Foundation design depends on soil type, groundwater, structural requirements, site conditions, and cost. Shallow foundations have a depth less than the width and include isolated and combined footings. Deep foundations like piles and piers extend below the shallow depth and transfer load directly to a hard soil layer or bedrock. Piles support load through friction against the soil or by bearing directly on a firm layer, and can be made of materials like concrete, steel, or timber.
Shallow foundations transfer structural loads to soil near the surface and are suitable when soil has good bearing capacity. They include spread, combined, and mat/raft foundations. Spread footings are most common, supporting individual columns or walls. Combined and mat foundations are used when loads overlap or are very high. Shallow foundations are simpler and cheaper than deep foundations but have limitations regarding soil conditions and structural loads.
Shallow foundations are suitable for structures with light to moderate loads built on soil with good bearing capacity. They transfer structural loads to the soil near the surface through footings. The main types are isolated footings under individual columns/walls, combined footings where footings overlap, and raft/mat foundations which use a continuous slab to support the whole structure. Shallow foundations are commonly used for residential and light commercial buildings due to their low cost and ease of construction compared to deep foundations.
1) Shallow foundations, such as spread footings, are used to transfer structural loads from columns and walls directly to soil. Spread footings spread loads over a large soil area to avoid overstressing the soil.
2) Loads on foundations include dead loads from the structure itself, live loads from occupancy, and other loads like wind forces. Settlements can be uniform or differential, with differential settlement needing to be minimized.
3) Common types of shallow foundations are square, rectangular, circular, continuous strip, combined, and ring spread footings. Foundation depth and location depends on soil properties and surrounding structures.
The document discusses the basic components of buildings. It defines what constitutes a building and explains that buildings have two primary components - the sub-structure/foundation and the super-structure. The sub-structure includes different types of shallow and deep foundations that transfer the building's loads to the ground. The super-structure includes elements like the plinth, floors, columns, walls, beams and roof that make up the upper portions of the building above ground level. It provides details on the various load types buildings must support and describes common foundation and super-structure elements.
The document discusses foundations and their purpose of distributing structural loads over a large area to prevent soil failure. It describes shallow foundations like spread footings, strip footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations discussed are pile foundations, which are used when soil is very soft and increase load capacity. Piles are classified by function as bearing, friction, or friction/bearing piles depending on if they rest on hard soil or transfer loads through soil friction.
The document discusses different types of foundations for structures, including shallow and deep foundations. It describes spread footings, mat/raft foundations, piles, piers, and caissons. Spread footings are the most common shallow foundation and involve concrete slabs under columns and load-bearing walls. Mat/raft foundations use a continuous slab to spread loads over a large area, especially for high loads or poor soil. Deep foundations like piles, piers, and caissons extend deeper into the ground to bear loads in stronger soil layers. Piles transfer loads through end bearing or friction, while piers and caissons are constructed by excavating holes and filling with concrete.
Raft foundations are concrete slabs that spread the load of a building evenly over a large area. They are often used when soil conditions are unstable or over 50% of the ground would need strip footings. There are different types including solid slab rafts, slab beam rafts, cellular rafts, piled rafts, and balancing rafts. Raft foundations are cheaper and easier to install than traditional footings and help reduce differential settlement. The main disadvantage is risk of edge erosion if not properly constructed.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which are near the surface, and deep foundations, which are deeper. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer load through friction or end bearing, and pier foundations. The document provides details on different types of piles based on material, function, and construction method.
This document discusses foundations for structures. It defines a foundation as the low artificially built part of a structure that transmits loads to the ground. Foundations come in two main types: shallow foundations, which are used when soil can support loads within 1.5m of the surface, and deep foundations, which are required when soil cannot support loads near the surface. Shallow foundations include isolated footings, combined footings, raft foundations, and strip footings. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which use long structural members driven or bored into the ground to transfer loads to stronger deeper soils. The document discusses classifications and functions of different foundation types.
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.
1. Shallow foundations, such as spread footings, are used to transfer structural loads from the superstructure to the soil. They spread the load over a larger area of soil.
2. Common types of shallow foundations include isolated footings, combined footings, square pad foundations, rectangular footings, circular footings, and strip or grid foundations. Raft foundations use a continuous slab to spread loads over the entire building area.
3. The depth and location of foundations depends on soil properties and conditions like zones of volume change, groundwater levels, and proximity to other structures to avoid damage during construction.
Types of Foundation..Sana may matutunan po tayo !Ricko Guerrero
There are two main types of foundation systems - shallow and deep. Shallow foundations include spread footings and mat/raft foundations. Spread footings are individual slabs under columns and walls that spread the structural load over a broad area. Mat/raft foundations use a continuous slab over the entire loaded area and are often used for structures with high or irregular loads. Deep foundations include piles, piers, caissons and compensated foundations that extend below the building. Piles transfer structural loads to stronger soils at depth using end bearing or friction along the pile. Common pile types include concrete, steel and timber piles.
foundation methods, foundation types, foundation construction process, all type of fundation details, foundation assessment of settlement , raft foundation , mat foundation
Building foundation: Types, Conditions, and Safety PrecautionsJames Tolentino
The document discusses different types of building foundations, including shallow foundations which are used when the soil close to the surface can safely support the load, and deep foundations which are used when shallow foundations are insufficient. It describes various foundation systems like individual, combined, strip and raft foundations, and also different types of deep foundations including pile, drilled shaft, and pier foundations. The document also covers considerations for different soil types and provides safety guidelines for working on construction sites.
Types of foundation...Sana Po May Matutunan tayo !Ricko Guerrero
This document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations including spread foundations and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep pile foundations that extend below the surface. Specific foundation types are defined, such as spread footings, pad foundations, and different types of piles. Factors that determine the appropriate foundation type include soil conditions, structural loads, cost, and durability. Methods for installing pile foundations include driven piles, cast-in-place piles, and helical piles.
The document provides information on different types of foundations used in construction. It discusses shallow foundations such as spread footings, combined footings, strap or cantilever footings, mat or raft foundations, and grillage foundations. It also covers deep foundations including pile foundations, caisson foundations, and well foundations. Pile foundations are described in more detail, outlining different types of piles based on their function and how they are constructed and used with pile caps to distribute loads to the soil.
Types of Building Foundations- Shallow and DeepSHAZEBALIKHAN1
The article explains the types of building foundations, i.e., shallow and deep. Further, the examples, uses, design criteria of each of the shallow and deep foundations have been described in detail.
Building foundations are broadly classified as shallow and deep foundations. Types of shallow foundations include individual footings, combined footings, strip foundations, and raft or mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations and drilled shafts or caissons. Combined footings are used when column footings are close together, while raft foundations are used for high structural loads. Drilled shafts can transfer larger loads than piles and are used when hard soil is 10-100m deep.
A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. ... Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations that can be used to transfer structural loads from buildings to the soil or earth very near the surface. It describes spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, and rubble trench foundations. Spread footing foundations consist of strips or pads of concrete that transfer loads from walls and columns to the soil. Mat-slab foundations distribute loads across the entire building area to lower pressure on the soil. Slab-on-grade foundations are commonly used in areas with expansive clay soils. Rubble trench foundations use loose stone to minimize concrete and improve drainage in an environmentally friendly way.
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
India is one of the most vulnerable developing countries to suffer very often from various natural
disasters, namely drought, flood, cyclone, earthquake, landslide, forest fire etc. Which strike causing a
devastating impact on human life, economy and environment, Though it is almost impossible to fully recoup
the damage caused by the disasters, it is possible to minimize the potential risks by developing early warning
strategies. The recent advancements in space technology and satellite remote sensing playing a crucial role
in efficient mitigation of disasters. There is a desperate need of establishing early warning systems in order
to raise alerts for taking preventive measures before a natural hazard occurs. One of the dangerous natural
hazards for a country like India having a long coastal line is tsunami. On 26th December 2004, the Indian
coastline experienced the most devastating tsunami in recorded history and Tsunami inundation in coastal
zones caused damage to buildings, infrastructures, as well as properties and poses the threat to lives.
The ITEWS comprises a real-time network of seismic stations, Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR),
tide gauges and 24 X 7 operational tsunami warning centre to detect tsunamigenic earthquakes, to monitor
tsunamis and to provide timely advisories to vulnerable community by means of latest communication
methods with back-end support of a pre-run scenario database and Decision Support System (DSS).The
National Tsunami Early Warning Centre at INCOIS is operational since October 2007. The Indian National
Tsunami Early Warning Centre started exchanging service level-I earthquake information basically
qualitative tsunami advisory about tsunamigenic potential. India is now geared up to provide service level-II
bulletins for the Indian Ocean region (based as tsunami numerical modeling and with use of open ocean
propagation tsunami scenario data base.) service level-III in this level inundation vulnerability mapping for
identified vulnerable regions.
Service level-I was operated in 2007.Service level-II was operated in 2011.Service level-III is
initiating now. Here we are using sources for this one is spatial data sets of open ocean propagation tsunami
scenario data base. Spatial data sets of coastal inundation modeling inputs: i) identification of high
vulnerable coastal regions from MHVM (Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Map), ii) high resolution coastal
topography, iii) bathymetry data, iv) observation networks.) Spatial layers of inundation model and
respective grids. Centralized spatial data base server. Data reception, data processing, tsunami
vulnerability mapping, inundation decision making and tsunami advisory generation .
Increased urbanization and industrialization in developing countries has created a huge demand for construction activities, which in turn has resulted in the fast growth of the brick-making industry. Unfortunately, brick-kilns are mostly situated on fertile agricultural land and moreover the process of digging soil from agricultural field for Brick industry is frequently accompanied by severe soil erosion, and destruction of mixed vegetation cover and grazing lands. Further transportation of raw materials for brick industry that is soil leads to environmental pollution by mixing of dust particles in the atmosphere along with Co2 accumulation during burning of fresh bricks. However the opportunity cost of selling top-soil for brick making is likely to increase as good quality soil for agriculture become more and more scare. Basic objectives of soil conservation measures are: (a) protection of surface from splash erosion, (b) increase in infiltration of rain water, (c) decrease in volume and velocity of surface and subsurface runoff, (d) modifying biological and mechanical measures to increase the resistance of soil erosion. Also foam bricks and concrete bricks can replace this problem. The present study investigates on the role of brick industry in the degradation of land and environment at Mallaram in Nizamabad District of Telangana. Furthermore, this investigation shows the increasing of agricultural density due to the above mention process.
This document discusses stereoscopic vision and its use in aerial photo interpretation. Stereoscopic vision involves using binocular vision to view overlapping photos from two camera positions to perceive 3D depth. Various stereoscopes can be used, like lens stereoscopes suitable for field use. Key measurements for determining object heights from stereo pairs include the average photo base length and differential parallax. Precise stereoplotters and software can digitally recreate stereo models for mapping. Orthophotos rectify photos to show objects in true planimetric positions.
The document discusses various concepts relating to vertical aerial photographs, including:
- Focal length is the distance from the focal plane to the center of the camera lens, and the angle of coverage increases as focal length decreases.
- Fiducial marks define the coordinate axes and geometric center of an individual photograph. The principal point is the intersection of the fiducial marks.
- There are three important photo centers: the principal point, nadir, and isocenter. Different types of distortion and displacement radiate from each center.
- Distortion alters the perspective of images while displacement does not. Lens distortion and tilt displacement are examples discussed in more detail.
There are several major types of maps, including climate maps, political maps, economic or resource maps, physical maps, street maps, road maps, topographic maps, and thematic maps. Climate maps portray climate conditions, political maps show state and natural boundaries as well as city locations, and economic maps denote natural resources and economic activities through colors and symbols. Physical maps portray landscape features such as mountains, lakes, and rivers using colors to represent elevations. Street maps and road maps indicate highways with different colors. Topographic maps use contour lines to show terrain elevations. Thematic maps focus on a particular theme rather than natural features.
This document discusses geographical topology and spatial measurement levels. Topology examines the spatial relationships between points, lines, and polygons, including distance, intersections, and containment. There are three scales of spatial measurement: nominal, where objects can only be named but not directly compared; ordinal, where objects are ordered into discrete classes; and interval/ratio, where numbers are assigned and measurements can be directly compared. Examples are provided for each type of scale.
An aerial photo is not a map because:
- A map has a single consistent scale and projects points to a defined elevation, while an aerial photo's scale changes with distance from the ground and provides a perspective view from one vantage point.
- A map uses symbols and orthographic projection, whereas an aerial photo contains infinite detail from a single tilted perspective with potential geometric distortions.
- A map has a defined coordinate system and projection, while an aerial photo requires definition of its own coordinate system.
Remote sensing provides data for large areas, including remote and inaccessible regions, in a continuous and inexpensive manner through rapid collection and interpretation of imagery. However, remote sensing data requires skilled interpretation and may need to be verified with field data due to potential misclassification, confusion between data sources, and image distortions. Electromagnetic radiation interacts with atmospheric particles through scattering and absorption processes like Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering that depend on radiation wavelength and atmospheric conditions.
This document discusses different types of aerial photographs used for mapping, including black and white, color, and near-infrared photographs. It also describes some basic elements of aerial photographs like fiducial marks and principal points. Finally, it outlines different types of geometric errors that can occur in vertical aerial photography, such as optical distortion, tilt, roll distortion, crab distortion, and pitch distortion, and how they are caused by factors like camera problems or aircraft motion.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by instruments. There are two main types of sensors: active sensors that emit energy and measure reflected radiation, and passive sensors that measure incoming radiation from external sources like the sun. Examples of active sensors include radar and LIDAR, while examples of passive sensors include cameras, spectrometers, and radiometers. Sensors can operate across different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and be used for applications like imaging, scanning, and measuring wind speed and direction.
This document discusses different methods of data representation in GIS, including data collection, input, and output devices. It covers three main types of data input: sample ground data, topographic maps, and satellite digital data. Common input devices include digitizers, scanners, keyboards, and disk drives, while common output devices are plotters, printers, visual display units, and tape drives. The document then focuses on different data input methods like keyboard entry, digitizing, and scanning, outlining their processes, advantages, and limitations.
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2. A foundation is the lowest and supporting layer of a structure and a
building component which transfers building loads to the soil.
There are two basic types of foundations:
SHALLOW - Shallow foundations transfer the load to soil at
the base of the substructure
DEEP - Deep foundations transfer loads far below the
substructure. These foundations penetrate incompetent soil until a
satisfactory bearing stratum is reached.
3. The objective of shallow foundation is to distribute
the structural concentrated load over a wide horizontal area at
a little depth rather than a range of the depths.
Shallow foundation is often selected when the soil has good
bearing capacity and the structural load will not cause
excessive settlement of the underlying soil layers.
shallow foundations are more simple and cost effective to
construct than deep foundations because little soil is removed
or disturbed.
This foundation is usually utilized in residential and light
commercial buildings.
4. TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundation System
i) Spread Foundation
ii) Combined foundation
iii) Mat / Raft Foundation
5. SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION
It’s an enlargement at the bottom of a column/ bearing wall
that spreads the applied structural loads over a sufficiently
large soil area.
Each column & each bearing wall has its own spread
footing, so each structure may include dozens of individual
footings.
6. Most common type of foundation used due to their low cost & ease of
construction.
Most often used in small to medium size structure with moderate to
good soil condition.
Spread footings may be built in different
shapes & sizes to accommodate individual
needs such as the following:
a) Square Spread Footings / Square Footings
b) Rectangular Spread Footings
c) Circular Spread Footings
d) Continuous Spread Footings
e) Combined Footings
f) Ring Spread Footings
7. a) Square Spread Footings / Pad Foundation
- support a single centrally located column
- use concrete mix 1:2:4 and reinforcement
- the reinforcement in both axes are to
resist/carry tension loads.
b) Rectangular Spread Footings
- Useful when obstructions prevent
construction of a square footing with a
sufficiently large base area and when
large moment loads are present
8. c) Circular Spread Footings
- are round in plan view
- most frequently used as foundation for
light standards, flagpoles and power
transmission lines.
10. f) Ring Spread Footings
- continuous footings that have been wrapped into a
circle
- commonly used to support the walls above-ground
circular storage tanks.
- The contents of these tanks are spread evenly
across the total base area and this weight is probably
greater that the tank itself
- Therefore the geotechnical analyses of tanks usually
treat them as circular foundations with diameters
equal to the diameter of the tank.
11. COMBINED FOOTING
This type of footing is adopted when the space between two
columns is so small that the foundation for individual columns will
overlap.
Combined footings are proportioned in such a way that the centre
of gravity of the loads coincides with the center of gravity of the
foundation. Hence these footings have either a trapezoidal or a
rectangular shape.
12. Cantilever or Strap Footings
A strap footing is used to connect an eccentrically loaded
column footing to an
interior column.
The strap is used to transmit the moment caused from an
eccentricity to the interior column footing so that a uniform
soil pressure is generated beneath both footings.
The strap footing may be used instead of a rectangular or
trapezoidal combined
footing if the distance between columns is large and / or
the allowable soil pressure is relatively large so that the
additional footing area is not needed.
13. Mat-slab foundations
Mat-slab foundations are used to distribute heavy column and
wall loads across the entire building area, to lower the contact
pressure compared to conventional spread footings. Mat-slab
foundations can be constructed near the ground surface, or at
the bottom of basements. In high-rise buildings, mat-slab
foundations can be several meters thick, with extensive
reinforcing to ensure relatively uniform load transfer.
It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced with steel, which
carries the downward loads of the individual columns or walls.
14. Mat Foundation often considered to be used when dealing with the
following
conditions:
The structural loads are so high or the soil condition so poor that
spread footings would be exceptionally large
The soil is very erratic & prone to excessive differential settlements.
The structure continuity and flexural strength of a mat will bridge over
these irregularities.
The uplift loads are larger than spread footings can accommodate. The
greater weight and continuity of a mat may provide sufficient
resistance.
The bottom of the structure is located below the groundwater table, so
waterproofing is an important concern. Because mats are monolithic,
they are much easier to waterproof. The weight of the mat also helps
resist hydrostatic uplift forces from the groundwater.
15. USES
Shallow foundations are used in many applications in highway projects when
the subsurface conditions are appropriate.
Such applications include bridge abutments on soil slopes or embankments,
bridge intermediate piers, retaining walls, culverts, sign posts, noise barriers,
and rest stop or maintenance building foundations.
Footings or mats may support column loads under buildings. Bridge piers are
often supported on shallow foundations using various structural configurations.
16. ADVANTAGES OF USING SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1- Cost (affordable)
2- Construction Procedure (simple)
3- Materials (mostly concrete)
4- Labour (does not need expertise)
DISADVANTAGES OF USING SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1- Settlement
2- Limit Capacity * Soil * Structure
3- Irregular ground surface (slope, retaining wall)
4- Foundation subjected to pull out, torsion, moment.