The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which transfer loads to depths of less than 3 meters, including spread footings, strip foundations, mat foundations, and combined footings. It also describes deep foundations, which transfer loads to depths greater than 3 meters, including pile foundations and caisson foundations. Key factors for determining the appropriate foundation type include the soil bearing capacity and required load capacity of the structure.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
types of Foundations with animated sketchesGiri Babu S V
This document discusses different types of foundations used to support structures. It begins by stating the objectives are to understand foundation construction, types of foundations, and which are suitable for different soil types. It then defines foundations as the lowest part of a structure below ground that transmits the weight to the subsoil. The main types discussed are shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat foundations, and deep foundations, such as pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. Specific foundation types like isolated column, combined, mat, pile, under-reamed pile and well foundations are then described in more detail.
This document defines and describes different types of foundations. It begins by defining shallow and deep foundations based on their depth. Shallow foundations discussed include isolated spread footings, wall footings, combined footings, cantilever or strap footings, raft or mat foundations, and grillage foundations. Deep foundations discussed are pile foundations and pier foundations. Pile foundations are further classified as load-bearing, friction, or load-bearing cum friction piles. The document provides diagrams and detailed descriptions of the characteristics and uses of each foundation type.
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The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil types and are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Strip foundations are used for light structures on stable soil. Raft foundations spread loads over a large area for structures on low bearing soils. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper soils using columns when suitable shallow foundations are not possible. The document also outlines functions of foundations and materials used, namely concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
types of Foundations with animated sketchesGiri Babu S V
This document discusses different types of foundations used to support structures. It begins by stating the objectives are to understand foundation construction, types of foundations, and which are suitable for different soil types. It then defines foundations as the lowest part of a structure below ground that transmits the weight to the subsoil. The main types discussed are shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat foundations, and deep foundations, such as pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. Specific foundation types like isolated column, combined, mat, pile, under-reamed pile and well foundations are then described in more detail.
This document defines and describes different types of foundations. It begins by defining shallow and deep foundations based on their depth. Shallow foundations discussed include isolated spread footings, wall footings, combined footings, cantilever or strap footings, raft or mat foundations, and grillage foundations. Deep foundations discussed are pile foundations and pier foundations. Pile foundations are further classified as load-bearing, friction, or load-bearing cum friction piles. The document provides diagrams and detailed descriptions of the characteristics and uses of each foundation type.
house foundation types
foundation types for building
raised foundation types
small building foundation types
types of building foundations pdf
commercial building foundation types
home building foundation types
how to build a house foundation
types of foundations in construction
types of house foundations
how to build a foundation
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil types and are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Strip foundations are used for light structures on stable soil. Raft foundations spread loads over a large area for structures on low bearing soils. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper soils using columns when suitable shallow foundations are not possible. The document also outlines functions of foundations and materials used, namely concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
The document provides information on different types of foundations used in construction. It discusses shallow foundations such as spread footings, combined footings, strap or cantilever footings, mat or raft foundations, and grillage foundations. It also covers deep foundations including pile foundations, caisson foundations, and well foundations. Pile foundations are described in more detail, outlining different types of piles based on their function and how they are constructed and used with pile caps to distribute loads to the soil.
This document describes cantilever retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall as a structure that maintains ground surfaces at different elevations on either side. Cantilever retaining walls consist of a stem supported by a base and resist lateral forces through bending. The document discusses the types of forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating lateral earth pressures, and design considerations for stability, soil pressure distribution, and reinforcement in the stem, toe slab, and heel slab.
This document discusses different types of foundations, focusing on pile foundations. It defines foundations and classifies them as either shallow or deep. Pile foundations are described as deep foundations that transfer loads to deeper, stronger soils using piles. The main types of piles - displacement, replacement, and installation techniques - are outlined. Specific pile types are then detailed, including pre-cast concrete, pre-stressed concrete spun, steel H, bored, and wood piles. The document concludes by describing end bearing piles, friction piles, settlement reducing piles, and piles in fill.
This document discusses foundations for structures. It defines a foundation as the low artificially built part of a structure that transmits loads to the ground. Foundations come in two main types: shallow foundations, which are used when soil can support loads within 1.5m of the surface, and deep foundations, which are required when soil cannot support loads near the surface. Shallow foundations include isolated footings, combined footings, raft foundations, and strip footings. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which use long structural members driven or bored into the ground to transfer loads to stronger deeper soils. The document discusses classifications and functions of different foundation types.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations like isolated footings, combined footings, mat or raft foundations, and strap footings. It also discusses deep foundations such as pile foundations, pier foundations, well foundations, and diaphragm foundations. Pile foundations are further classified by function and material, including end bearing piles, friction piles, composite piles, concrete piles, and steel piles.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
This document provides information on different types of masonry construction, including:
- Stone masonry, including rubble masonry (coursed, uncoursed, etc.) and ashlar masonry.
- Brick masonry, including different bonds (English, Flemish, etc.), bricks, and brick joints.
- Composite masonry which uses two or more building materials, like stone facing with brick backing.
- Cavity walls, which feature an inner and outer wall separated by an air gap for insulation and water drainage.
The document compares brick and stone masonry and provides details on important masonry terms. It covers the key types and
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
1. The document discusses various aspects of constructing substructures or foundations, including site clearance, job layout, excavation methods, timbering and strutting, and different types of foundations.
2. Shallow foundations discussed include stepped foundations, wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, isolated and combined column footings, and raft foundations.
3. Deep foundations include different types of piles as well as well foundations and cofferdams. Piles are further classified based on their function as bearing, friction, sheet, anchor, batter, and fender piles.
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
This document defines and describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage foundations, and raft foundations. Spread footings distribute a structure's load over a large area and can be single, stepped, or sloped. Combined footings are used when columns are close together to avoid interference. Strap footings connect independent column footings with a beam. Grillage foundations use layers of steel beams in concrete to distribute loads in poor soil. Raft foundations use a thick concrete slab covering the entire building area for structures on very poor soils.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
Building foundations are broadly classified as shallow and deep foundations. Types of shallow foundations include individual footings, combined footings, strip foundations, and raft or mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations and drilled shafts or caissons. Combined footings are used when column footings are close together, while raft foundations are used for high structural loads. Drilled shafts can transfer larger loads than piles and are used when hard soil is 10-100m deep.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
The document discusses foundations for structures. It defines a foundation as the lowest artificially prepared part of a structure that is in direct contact with the ground and transmits structural loads to the soil. Foundations are designed to limit uneven settling and distribute loads over a large area within the soil's bearing capacity. Common foundation types include shallow foundations like spread, pad, strip, and raft foundations, as well as deep foundations like piles, caissons, and retaining walls. Factors that influence foundation design include soil conditions, structural loads, and the need to prevent tilting, sliding, or overturning of the structure.
Retaining walls are used to retain earth in a vertical position where there is an abrupt change in ground level. There are several types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. Cantilever walls are the most common type for heights up to 8 meters. They consist of a vertical stem and base slab that behave like one-way cantilevers. Counterfort walls include transverse supports called counterforts to reduce bending moments in the stem and slabs. Proper design of the stem, heel slab, toe slab, and foundation depth is required to resist overturning, sliding, soil pressure, and bending failure.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
The document provides information on different types of foundations used in construction. It discusses shallow foundations such as spread footings, combined footings, strap or cantilever footings, mat or raft foundations, and grillage foundations. It also covers deep foundations including pile foundations, caisson foundations, and well foundations. Pile foundations are described in more detail, outlining different types of piles based on their function and how they are constructed and used with pile caps to distribute loads to the soil.
This document describes cantilever retaining walls. It defines a retaining wall as a structure that maintains ground surfaces at different elevations on either side. Cantilever retaining walls consist of a stem supported by a base and resist lateral forces through bending. The document discusses the types of forces acting on retaining walls, methods for calculating lateral earth pressures, and design considerations for stability, soil pressure distribution, and reinforcement in the stem, toe slab, and heel slab.
This document discusses different types of foundations, focusing on pile foundations. It defines foundations and classifies them as either shallow or deep. Pile foundations are described as deep foundations that transfer loads to deeper, stronger soils using piles. The main types of piles - displacement, replacement, and installation techniques - are outlined. Specific pile types are then detailed, including pre-cast concrete, pre-stressed concrete spun, steel H, bored, and wood piles. The document concludes by describing end bearing piles, friction piles, settlement reducing piles, and piles in fill.
This document discusses foundations for structures. It defines a foundation as the low artificially built part of a structure that transmits loads to the ground. Foundations come in two main types: shallow foundations, which are used when soil can support loads within 1.5m of the surface, and deep foundations, which are required when soil cannot support loads near the surface. Shallow foundations include isolated footings, combined footings, raft foundations, and strip footings. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which use long structural members driven or bored into the ground to transfer loads to stronger deeper soils. The document discusses classifications and functions of different foundation types.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations like isolated footings, combined footings, mat or raft foundations, and strap footings. It also discusses deep foundations such as pile foundations, pier foundations, well foundations, and diaphragm foundations. Pile foundations are further classified by function and material, including end bearing piles, friction piles, composite piles, concrete piles, and steel piles.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
This document provides information on different types of masonry construction, including:
- Stone masonry, including rubble masonry (coursed, uncoursed, etc.) and ashlar masonry.
- Brick masonry, including different bonds (English, Flemish, etc.), bricks, and brick joints.
- Composite masonry which uses two or more building materials, like stone facing with brick backing.
- Cavity walls, which feature an inner and outer wall separated by an air gap for insulation and water drainage.
The document compares brick and stone masonry and provides details on important masonry terms. It covers the key types and
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
1. The document discusses various aspects of constructing substructures or foundations, including site clearance, job layout, excavation methods, timbering and strutting, and different types of foundations.
2. Shallow foundations discussed include stepped foundations, wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, isolated and combined column footings, and raft foundations.
3. Deep foundations include different types of piles as well as well foundations and cofferdams. Piles are further classified based on their function as bearing, friction, sheet, anchor, batter, and fender piles.
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
This document defines and describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage foundations, and raft foundations. Spread footings distribute a structure's load over a large area and can be single, stepped, or sloped. Combined footings are used when columns are close together to avoid interference. Strap footings connect independent column footings with a beam. Grillage foundations use layers of steel beams in concrete to distribute loads in poor soil. Raft foundations use a thick concrete slab covering the entire building area for structures on very poor soils.
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support an unsafe or unstable structure. There are three main types of shoring: raking shores, flying shores, and dead shores. Raking shores use inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. Flying shores provide temporary support between party walls when an intermediate building is demolished. Dead shores provide vertical support to walls and structures when the lower part of a wall is removed, such as to add an opening.
Building foundations are broadly classified as shallow and deep foundations. Types of shallow foundations include individual footings, combined footings, strip foundations, and raft or mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations and drilled shafts or caissons. Combined footings are used when column footings are close together, while raft foundations are used for high structural loads. Drilled shafts can transfer larger loads than piles and are used when hard soil is 10-100m deep.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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types of concrete expansion joints
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control joints in concrete
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
The document discusses foundations for structures. It defines a foundation as the lowest artificially prepared part of a structure that is in direct contact with the ground and transmits structural loads to the soil. Foundations are designed to limit uneven settling and distribute loads over a large area within the soil's bearing capacity. Common foundation types include shallow foundations like spread, pad, strip, and raft foundations, as well as deep foundations like piles, caissons, and retaining walls. Factors that influence foundation design include soil conditions, structural loads, and the need to prevent tilting, sliding, or overturning of the structure.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which are near the surface, and deep foundations, which are deeper. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer load through friction or end bearing, and pier foundations. The document provides details on different types of piles based on material, function, and construction method.
Hi everyone thanks for you to see our report again, and our report contains every single information about deep foundation just like advantages and disadvantages and types and here again just like the shallow foundation report we compared both with each other.
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Types of Foundation..Sana may matutunan po tayo !Ricko Guerrero
There are two main types of foundation systems - shallow and deep. Shallow foundations include spread footings and mat/raft foundations. Spread footings are individual slabs under columns and walls that spread the structural load over a broad area. Mat/raft foundations use a continuous slab over the entire loaded area and are often used for structures with high or irregular loads. Deep foundations include piles, piers, caissons and compensated foundations that extend below the building. Piles transfer structural loads to stronger soils at depth using end bearing or friction along the pile. Common pile types include concrete, steel and timber piles.
This document provides an overview of foundations and their design considerations. It discusses the key functions of foundations as transmitting loads to the soil below a structure. Foundations can be either shallow, such as isolated or combined footings, or deep such as pile or well foundations. Design is influenced by soil type, groundwater, and structural requirements. Pile foundations transmit loads through end bearing and friction, and can be made of materials like concrete, timber, steel, or composites.
Shallow foundations transfer structural loads to soil near the surface and are suitable when soil has good bearing capacity. They include spread, combined, and mat/raft foundations. Spread footings are most common, supporting individual columns or walls. Combined and mat foundations are used when loads overlap or are very high. Shallow foundations are simpler and cheaper than deep foundations but have limitations regarding soil conditions and structural loads.
This document discusses deep foundation and pile foundations. It begins with an introduction to deep foundations, which provide support below a structure through end bearing and/or skin friction. Pile foundations are then introduced as a type of deep foundation that transfers loads through vertical members driven or cast into the ground. The document proceeds to classify and describe pile foundations based on construction method, material, function, shape and size. It also discusses uses of pile foundations and methods of pile installation, particularly the use of pile hammers to drive displacement piles into the ground.
This document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations including spread foundations and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep pile foundations that extend below the surface. Specific foundation types are defined, such as spread footings, pad foundations, and different types of piles. Factors that determine the appropriate foundation type include soil conditions, structural loads, cost, and durability. Methods for installing pile foundations include driven piles, cast-in-place piles, and helical piles.
Types of foundation...Sana Po May Matutunan tayo !Ricko Guerrero
This document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations including spread foundations and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep pile foundations that extend below the surface. Specific foundation types are defined, such as spread footings, pad foundations, and different types of piles. Factors that determine the appropriate foundation type include soil conditions, structural loads, cost, and durability. Methods for installing pile foundations include driven piles, cast-in-place piles, and helical piles.
Raft foundations are concrete slabs that spread the load of a building evenly over a large area. They are often used when soil conditions are unstable or over 50% of the ground would need strip footings. There are different types including solid slab rafts, slab beam rafts, cellular rafts, piled rafts, and balancing rafts. Raft foundations are cheaper and easier to install than traditional footings and help reduce differential settlement. The main disadvantage is risk of edge erosion if not properly constructed.
Structural system of Buildings(sub-structure+ super structure)Kaiserin Tania
The document summarizes the structural system of buildings, focusing on foundations and substructures. It defines foundations as the part of the structure that transfers loads from the building to the soil. Substructures are the parts of buildings located underground, transferring loads from the superstructure above ground to the soil. There are different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, wall footings, combined footings, and raft/mat foundations, as well as deep pile foundations, classified based on function, materials, and installation methods. Foundations are designed according to soil conditions and building loads to distribute weight effectively while preventing settlement.
This document discusses different types and uses of pile foundations. It begins by defining piles as long slender foundation elements that transfer structural loads into deeper, competent soils. It then classifies piles based on their mode of construction, material, load transfer mechanism, shape, and size. Common pile installation methods like driving and boring are also outlined. Key points covered include the uses of piles for end bearing, tension resistance, vibration control, and more. Installation considerations and common driving techniques using hammers are summarized as well.
This document discusses different types and uses of pile foundations. It begins by defining piles as long slender foundation elements that transfer structural loads into deeper, competent soils. It then classifies piles based on their mode of construction, material, load transfer mechanism, shape, and size. Common pile installation methods like driving and boring are also outlined. Key points covered include the uses of piles for end bearing, tension resistance, vibration control, and more. Installation considerations and common driving techniques using hammers are summarized as well.
This document discusses different types and uses of pile foundations. It begins by defining piles as long slender foundation elements that transfer structural loads into deeper, competent soils. Piles are classified based on their construction method (driven or cast-in-place), material (timber, steel, concrete), load transfer mechanism (friction or end bearing), shape, and size. Common pile installation methods include driving piles using hammers, boring piles mechanically, or vibrating them into place. Piles are used as deep foundations when shallow foundations are insufficient, to transfer loads below scour depths or compressible soils, and to control vibrations.
POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON pile_foundation_1.pptMdDiluarHossain1
This document discusses different types and uses of pile foundations. It begins by defining piles as long slender foundation elements that transfer structural loads into deeper, competent soils. Piles are classified based on their construction method (driven or cast-in-place), material (timber, steel, concrete), load transfer mechanism (friction, end bearing, or combination), shape, size and function. Common pile installation methods include driving piles using hammers, boring piles mechanically, or vibrating them into place. The document also outlines different pile uses such as providing end bearing capacity, anchoring structures, absorbing vibrations, and protecting waterfronts from impacts.
This document discusses the design of machine foundations to reduce vibration transmission and isolate machines. It provides several methods for vibration isolation, including geometric isolation of locating machines away from other structures, adding dampers or counterweights to change natural frequencies, and using absorbers like rubber mounts between machines and foundations. It also describes different types of machine foundations, such as block, box, plate, and spring foundations. The document outlines information needed for design, including machine properties, soil characteristics, and acceptable design criteria, such as limiting frequency ratios and vibration amplitudes.
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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1. FOUNDATION AND ITSFOUNDATION AND ITS TYPESTYPES
PreparedPrepared BBy:y:--
Satish Kambaliya(11bcl016)Satish Kambaliya(11bcl016)Satish Kambaliya(11bcl016)Satish Kambaliya(11bcl016)
Civil Engineering DepartmentCivil Engineering Department
Institute Of TechnologyInstitute Of Technology NirmaNirma University,University,
AhmedabadAhmedabad
2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
As we know tree cannot stand without roots such a way buildingAs we know tree cannot stand without roots such a way building
cannot stand without foundation and it is most important incannot stand without foundation and it is most important in
construction.construction.
FoundationFoundation,, Part of a structural system that supports and anchorsPart of a structural system that supports and anchors
the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly tothe superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to
the earth .the earth . The foundation provides an anchor from wind andThe foundation provides an anchor from wind andthe earth .the earth . The foundation provides an anchor from wind andThe foundation provides an anchor from wind and
seismic forces, which can move a house and damage itseismic forces, which can move a house and damage it.. It keepsIt keeps
moisture out of the crawl space or basement.moisture out of the crawl space or basement.
3. TYPES OF FOUNDATIONTYPES OF FOUNDATION
There are mainly two types of foundations.There are mainly two types of foundations.
1).Shallow Foundation1).Shallow Foundation
2).Deep Foundation2).Deep Foundation
4. DETAILS ON SHALLOW FOUNDATIONDETAILS ON SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundation:Shallow Foundation:--
According to Terzaghi, a foundation isAccording to Terzaghi, a foundation is
term as shallow if its width is more than its depth. This transferterm as shallow if its width is more than its depth. This transfer
load primarily through shear resistance of bearing strata and areload primarily through shear resistance of bearing strata and are
normally laid to a depth of 3m.normally laid to a depth of 3m.
5. Types of shallow foundationTypes of shallow foundation
1).Spread Footing Foundation1).Spread Footing Foundation
2).Mat Foundation2).Mat Foundation
3).Combined Footing Foundation3).Combined Footing Foundation
4).Strip Foundation4).Strip Foundation
5).Strap Footing Foundation5).Strap Footing Foundation
6).Ring And Shell .6).Ring And Shell .
7).Machine Foundation7).Machine Foundation
6. 1). Spread Footing Foundation1). Spread Footing Foundation
A spread footing foundation, which is typical in residentialA spread footing foundation, which is typical in residential
building, has a wider bottom portion than the loadbuilding, has a wider bottom portion than the load--bearingbearing
foundation walls it supports. This wider part "spreads" the weightfoundation walls it supports. This wider part "spreads" the weight
of the structure over more area for greater stabilityof the structure over more area for greater stability..
A spread footing which changes elevation in several places in aA spread footing which changes elevation in several places in a
series of vertical "steps" in order to follow the contours of aseries of vertical "steps" in order to follow the contours of a
sloping site or accommodate changes in soil strata, is termed asloping site or accommodate changes in soil strata, is termed a
stepped footing.stepped footing.
7.
8. 2).Strip Foundation2).Strip Foundation
A foundation is required to ensure loads from the building areA foundation is required to ensure loads from the building are
sustained and safely transmitted to the ground.sustained and safely transmitted to the ground.
All load bearing elements, these include external walls, partyAll load bearing elements, these include external walls, party
walls, chimney breasts, piers and internal load bearing wallswalls, chimney breasts, piers and internal load bearing walls
should sit on an adequate foundation.should sit on an adequate foundation.should sit on an adequate foundation.should sit on an adequate foundation.
Foundation DepthFoundation Depth
10. 3).Raft Foundation3).Raft Foundation
A raft foundation is essential a mat foundation.A raft foundation is essential a mat foundation.
The purpose of a mat foundation is when you a building built onThe purpose of a mat foundation is when you a building built on
a site with low soil bearing conditions. A raft foundation is use toa site with low soil bearing conditions. A raft foundation is use to
distribute the building pressure over a large area so the soil candistribute the building pressure over a large area so the soil can
bear the stress.bear the stress.bear the stress.bear the stress.
A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab whichA raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which
extends over the entire loaded area.extends over the entire loaded area.
Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differentialRaft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential
settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movementssettlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements
between loading positions.between loading positions.
11. Types of Raft FoundationTypes of Raft Foundation
Raft foundation can be considered of three typesRaft foundation can be considered of three types
a). Solid slab rafts.a). Solid slab rafts.
b). Beam and slab rafts.b). Beam and slab rafts.
c). Cellular rafts.c). Cellular rafts.
12. a). Solid slab raft foundationa). Solid slab raft foundation
13. b).b). Beam and slab raft foundationBeam and slab raft foundation
15. 4).4).Combined Footing FoundationCombined Footing Foundation
A combined footing is usually used to support two columns ofA combined footing is usually used to support two columns of
unequal loads.unequal loads.
Another case where a combined footing is an efficientAnother case where a combined footing is an efficient
foundation solution is when there are two interior columns whichfoundation solution is when there are two interior columns whichfoundation solution is when there are two interior columns whichfoundation solution is when there are two interior columns which
are so close to each other that the two isolated footings stressare so close to each other that the two isolated footings stress
zones in the soil areas would overlap.zones in the soil areas would overlap.
The area of the combined footing may be proportioned for aThe area of the combined footing may be proportioned for a
uniform settlement by making its centroid coincide with theuniform settlement by making its centroid coincide with the
resultant of the column loads supported by the footingresultant of the column loads supported by the footing
16.
17. 5).Machine foundation5).Machine foundation
Machine foundations require a special consideration because theyMachine foundations require a special consideration because they
transmit dynamic loads to soil in addition to static loads due totransmit dynamic loads to soil in addition to static loads due to
weight of foundation, machine and accessories.weight of foundation, machine and accessories.
A suitable foundation is selected, depending upon the type ofA suitable foundation is selected, depending upon the type ofA suitable foundation is selected, depending upon the type ofA suitable foundation is selected, depending upon the type of
machine.machine.
For compressors and reciprocating machines, a block foundationFor compressors and reciprocating machines, a block foundation
is generally provided. Such a foundation consists of a pedestalis generally provided. Such a foundation consists of a pedestal
resting on a footing.resting on a footing.
18. 2).Deep Foundation2).Deep Foundation and its Typesand its Types
According to Terzaghi, a foundation is term as deep if itsAccording to Terzaghi, a foundation is term as deep if its
width is less than its depth. Here depth is greater than 3m.width is less than its depth. Here depth is greater than 3m.
Types of deep foundationTypes of deep foundation
1).Pile Foundation1).Pile Foundation1).Pile Foundation1).Pile Foundation
2).Caissons Foundation2).Caissons Foundation
19. Geotechnical InvestigationGeotechnical Investigation
Before the laying deep foundation following geologicalBefore the laying deep foundation following geological
investigation should be laid down.investigation should be laid down.
1).Recommended deep foundation types and installed capacity.1).Recommended deep foundation types and installed capacity.
2).Recommended center to center spacing of deep foundation2).Recommended center to center spacing of deep foundation2).Recommended center to center spacing of deep foundation2).Recommended center to center spacing of deep foundation
elements.elements.
3).Driving criteria.3).Driving criteria.
4).Installation procedure.4).Installation procedure.
5).Load test requirement.5).Load test requirement.
6).Designation of bearing strata.6).Designation of bearing strata.
7).Suitability of deep foundation material for environment7).Suitability of deep foundation material for environment
20. Details on some types of Deep FoundationDetails on some types of Deep Foundation
1). Piles Foundation:1). Piles Foundation:--
Piles are relatively long, slenderPiles are relatively long, slender
members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of lowmembers that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a highbearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high
bearing capacity.bearing capacity.bearing capacity.bearing capacity.
Piles foundation can be broadly classified as follow.Piles foundation can be broadly classified as follow.
1). Types of pile1). Types of pile
2). Types of construction2). Types of construction
3). Factors influencing choice3). Factors influencing choice
4). Pile groups4). Pile groups
21. Types of pileTypes of pile
End bearing pilesEnd bearing piles
Friction pilesFriction piles
Settlement reducing pilesSettlement reducing pilesSettlement reducing pilesSettlement reducing piles
Tension pilesTension piles
Laterally loaded pilesLaterally loaded piles
Piles in fillPiles in fill
22. Types of pile constructionTypes of pile construction
Displacement pilesDisplacement piles
NonNon--displacement pilesdisplacement piles
23. Displacement pilesDisplacement piles
Totally preformed displacement pilesTotally preformed displacement piles
Driven and castDriven and cast--inin--place displacement pilesplace displacement piles
Helical (screw) castHelical (screw) cast--inin--place displacement pilesplace displacement piles
Methods of installationMethods of installationMethods of installationMethods of installation
24. Methods of installationMethods of installation
Dropping weightDropping weight
Diesel hammerDiesel hammer
Vibratory methods of pile drivingVibratory methods of pile driving
Jacking methods of insertionJacking methods of insertion
25. NonNon--displacement pilesdisplacement piles
Small diameter bored castSmall diameter bored cast--inin--place pilesplace piles
Large diameter bored castLarge diameter bored cast--inin--place pilesplace piles
Partially preformed pilesPartially preformed piles
Grout or concrete intruded pilesGrout or concrete intruded piles
26. Factors influencing choice of pileFactors influencing choice of pile
Ground conditionsGround conditions
DurabilityDurability
CostCost
Location and type of structureLocation and type of structure
27. 2).Caissons Foundation2).Caissons Foundation
The foundation system of and the soils beneath the buildingThe foundation system of and the soils beneath the building
prevent the complex from moving vertically.prevent the complex from moving vertically.
What is CaissonsWhat is Caissons
It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.
Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral loads.Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral loads.Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral loads.Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral loads.
Typical shaft diameters range from 18 to 144 inchesTypical shaft diameters range from 18 to 144 inches
28. Types of CaissonsTypes of Caissons
Box CaissonsBox Caissons
Excavated CaissonsExcavated Caissons
Floating CaissonsFloating Caissons
Open CaissonsOpen Caissons
Pneumatic CaissonsPneumatic Caissons
Sheeted CaissonsSheeted Caissons