This document provides information about estimating costs for construction projects. It discusses the importance of estimating, requirements for preparing estimates like drawings and specifications, types of estimates, and methods for taking quantities and measurements. Estimating involves calculating quantities of materials, labor, and expenses for individual work items. The document also covers estimating earthwork quantities, reinforcement in concrete, schedule of bars, and analyzing rates to determine costs.
Estimates are important documents that calculate the quantities, rates, and anticipated costs of works involved in a construction project. They help determine approximate construction costs, taxes, rents, materials, labor, and more. A quantity surveyor takes off quantities from drawings and calculates rates and costs. Estimates include preliminary, rough cost, detailed, annual repair, special repair, revised, supplementary, and complete estimates. They provide essential cost information to help plan and budget construction projects.
This presentation covers introduction to Estimating and costing and its importance. Also, types of estimation, different terms and provisions used in estimating, are explained in it. Format of measurement sheet and abstract sheet and the rate analysis has been covered in this presentation. It can be helpful to study basics of estimating and costing.
This document provides an internship presentation on quantity estimation for a building. It includes sections on estimation, essential qualities of a good estimator, types of estimates, methods for detailed estimates, descriptions of measurements for common items, and estimation of a sample building plan including foundations, walls, roof, and more. Calculations are shown for estimating quantities of various building components like brickwork, plastering, concrete work and more. The overall goal is to explain the process of estimating building costs through preparing preliminary and final estimates for a residential structure.
Contracts and Tenders
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to each other to create same obligation between them there is said to be an agreement. An agreement which is enforceable by law is a Contract.
A Tenders is called upon for executing certain specified work, or supplying specified materials; subjected to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc. It is an offer in written form: Legally speaking, it is an offer to receive an offer for the work, within the specified financial limits.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
This document provides an introduction to construction estimation and measurement. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and costs for construction work items. Estimates require drawings, specifications, and site data. They are prepared by measuring quantities from drawings and multiplying by unit costs. Estimates are needed to determine project costs, materials, schedules, and more. The document discusses types of estimates like preliminary, detailed, quantity, and revised estimates. It also defines estimation terms and outlines the process for preparing a detailed estimate using measurement and cost forms.
This document discusses rate analysis and valuation of properties. It provides information on:
1) Rate analysis is determining the cost per unit of work based on material, labor, and other costs. Rates vary by location. Rate analysis is used to determine actual costs, optimize efficiency, and revise rates due to cost changes.
2) Valuation estimates the fair price or value of a property based on type, location, quality, size, and other factors. It is used for buying/selling, taxation, rent calculation, loans, and more. Valuation considers cost, depreciation, income, expenses, and taxes to determine present value.
3) Key terms like market value, scrap value, salv
Estimates are important documents that calculate the quantities, rates, and anticipated costs of works involved in a construction project. They help determine approximate construction costs, taxes, rents, materials, labor, and more. A quantity surveyor takes off quantities from drawings and calculates rates and costs. Estimates include preliminary, rough cost, detailed, annual repair, special repair, revised, supplementary, and complete estimates. They provide essential cost information to help plan and budget construction projects.
This presentation covers introduction to Estimating and costing and its importance. Also, types of estimation, different terms and provisions used in estimating, are explained in it. Format of measurement sheet and abstract sheet and the rate analysis has been covered in this presentation. It can be helpful to study basics of estimating and costing.
This document provides an internship presentation on quantity estimation for a building. It includes sections on estimation, essential qualities of a good estimator, types of estimates, methods for detailed estimates, descriptions of measurements for common items, and estimation of a sample building plan including foundations, walls, roof, and more. Calculations are shown for estimating quantities of various building components like brickwork, plastering, concrete work and more. The overall goal is to explain the process of estimating building costs through preparing preliminary and final estimates for a residential structure.
Contracts and Tenders
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to each other to create same obligation between them there is said to be an agreement. An agreement which is enforceable by law is a Contract.
A Tenders is called upon for executing certain specified work, or supplying specified materials; subjected to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc. It is an offer in written form: Legally speaking, it is an offer to receive an offer for the work, within the specified financial limits.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
This document provides an introduction to construction estimation and measurement. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and costs for construction work items. Estimates require drawings, specifications, and site data. They are prepared by measuring quantities from drawings and multiplying by unit costs. Estimates are needed to determine project costs, materials, schedules, and more. The document discusses types of estimates like preliminary, detailed, quantity, and revised estimates. It also defines estimation terms and outlines the process for preparing a detailed estimate using measurement and cost forms.
This document discusses rate analysis and valuation of properties. It provides information on:
1) Rate analysis is determining the cost per unit of work based on material, labor, and other costs. Rates vary by location. Rate analysis is used to determine actual costs, optimize efficiency, and revise rates due to cost changes.
2) Valuation estimates the fair price or value of a property based on type, location, quality, size, and other factors. It is used for buying/selling, taxation, rent calculation, loans, and more. Valuation considers cost, depreciation, income, expenses, and taxes to determine present value.
3) Key terms like market value, scrap value, salv
The document discusses different types of construction cost estimates. It describes preliminary estimates which provide approximate costs using methods like per unit, plinth area, or cubic content. Detailed estimates involve accurately calculating quantities for each work item. Other estimates include revised estimates for costs exceeding 5% of original estimates, supplementary estimates for additional works, and annual repair estimates for maintenance. Terminology related to construction projects is also defined.
This document contains questions and answers related to the subject of Estimation and Quantity Surveying. It includes definitions of key terms like tender, contract, estimate, detailed estimate, abstract estimate, and quantity surveyor. It also provides examples of calculating quantities of materials for constructions like walls, roads, and culverts. Methods for measurement of quantities and types of estimates are described.
Construction planning - Construction Technology and Project Managementsrinivas2036
The document discusses construction project planning. It defines planning as developing a method or scheme in advance. Construction planning involves optimally utilizing resources like people, equipment, materials and money. Key activities in construction planning include defining the scope of work, identifying involved activities, establishing project duration, defining resource control procedures, and updating plans. Different types of project plans may focus on schedule, cost, quality or safety. Techniques used in planning include work breakdown structure, precedence, network logic and critical path method.
Valuation is determining the fair price or value of a property like buildings, land, etc. It considers factors like construction cost, age, maintenance, location, and income generated. Common valuation methods are rental method, comparing recent sale prices, and depreciation method. Rent is usually fixed as a percentage of valuation, with allowances for expenses like repairs, taxes, and management costs. Depreciation and obsolescence reduce value over time. Various terms related to valuation are defined, like gross income, net income, salvage value, sinking fund, and years purchase.
Construction Project Management is an important subject to learn in Civil Engineering.
Significance • As construction involves various activities starting from the design and planning to project completion and quality check, there is a exorbitant need for Management of construction. • Construction Industry plays a crucial role in the economy and development of a nation.
4. Objectives To complete the project in specified time and with allocated budget. To Plan and schedule the work and distribute between various departments. Deployment of personnel in Different tasks. To achieve High quality workmanship. Creating an organisation that works as a team. Using the limited available resources and producing maximum output. Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions for all personnel and workers.
5. Functions: Planning & Scheduling Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling & Co-ordinating
6. Stages of construction Briefing Designing Tendering Construction Commissioning
7. 1) Briefing Stage • This stage consists of framework required for the construction work to take a shape from the ideology of client and feasibility of Project which involves architects, engineers and project manager.
Objectives Developing Alternatives Feasible Solution ? Evaluation of Alternatives Report & Recommendation Technical and non technical Investigations
8. 2) Designing or planning Stage Prepare construction schedule Prepare final cost estimate Prepare Working Drawings and specificati ons Prepare scheme and detailed designs Soil investigations, Topographic investigation, material supply and market surveys etc Carry out Technical Investigations Final adoption of the most suitable summary Finalize Project Summary
Estimation is the process of calculating the approximate costs of an engineering project before work begins. It requires thorough knowledge of construction procedures, material and labor costs, and skills like experience, judgment, and foresight. There are two main types of estimates - rough cost estimates and detailed estimates. A rough cost estimate provides an initial approximate cost based on unit costs from similar past projects. It is used to assess the feasibility of a project and obtain initial approval. A detailed estimate provides a more accurate expected cost based on detailed plans and specifications by calculating the quantities of materials and hours of labor.
The document discusses various types of construction contracts. It describes lump sum contracts, item rate contracts, labour contracts, and cost reimbursement contracts. It provides details on how each contract type works, including payment structures, risk allocation, and suitable applications for different contract types. Key factors like flexibility, incentives, and risk allocation are considered when choosing the appropriate construction contract.
Construction planning and management are closely related and involve executing construction plans using various management techniques. Modern technology is important for construction management, planning, equipment, contracts, safety, and earthquake management. Proper planning and management are necessary to complete construction on time and within budget. Effective construction planning and management involves organizing work, allocating resources, monitoring progress, and controlling costs and quality.
The document provides information on various topics related to property valuation including:
1. It defines valuation as estimating the fair price or value of a property based on factors like location, maintenance, purpose of valuation, and more.
2. It describes different valuation methods for properties like the rental method, land and building method, and profit-based method. It also discusses valuation methods for open land like the comparative method and belting method.
3. It explains the concept of depreciation and how it is calculated using methods like the straight line method and sinking fund method.
In less than 3 sentences, the summary captures the key topics and methods discussed in the multi-page professional practice and valuation document.
The document discusses Bills of Quantities (BOQ), which are schedules that categorize, detail, and quantify materials and costs for construction projects. A BOQ is an important communication tool between clients, consultants, and contractors that provides estimated costs, defines the scope of work, and establishes a basis for cost valuation and contract payments. It generally includes item descriptions, units, quantities, rates, and amounts in a tabular format. BOQs help standardize bidding, financial administration, and valuation of variations throughout the project lifecycle.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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This document provides an introduction to the subject of estimating and costing for the 2nd year intermediate vocational course in construction technology. It discusses key definitions like estimating, costing, and procedures for estimating. The importance of estimation and costing is explained. The data required for preparing an estimate like drawings, specifications, and rates is described. The document also discusses complete estimates, lump sum items, and work charged establishment. Measurement units for different construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork, and finishing works are listed with the applicable unit of measurement and payment.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in reinforced concrete design. It defines reinforced concrete as a composite material made of concrete and steel reinforcement. The purpose of reinforcement is to improve the tensile strength of concrete. The Limit State Method of design considers both the strength limit state and serviceability limit state, making it a more realistic and economical approach compared to other methods like Working Stress Method and Ultimate Load Method. Key factors of safety in the Limit State Method include partial factors for concrete γc = 1.5, and for steel γs = 1.15.
BUILDING ESTIMATION (Details Estimate For G+2 Storied Building presentation ...Manoranjan Roy
The document provides details for estimating the costs of constructing a G+2 storied building. It includes plans for the building layout, dimensions for various structural elements, and methods for calculating quantities of materials needed. The estimation process involves measuring quantities from drawings, applying unit rates, and preparing an abstract of costs for all necessary line items. Formulas are provided for estimating quantities of items like brickwork, concrete work, shuttering, and plastering based on the building's dimensions and number of structural components.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
The document discusses key concepts related to estimating and costing for construction projects. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and expected costs for a work or project. Estimation requires drawings, specifications, and rate schedules. Estimates are needed to determine feasibility, schedule, invite tenders, and control costs. The document outlines procedures for detailed and approximate estimating, including measuring quantities and abstracting costs. It also covers contingencies, work charged establishment charges, and modes of measurement for construction items.
Estimation and costing of a commercial buildinglckr117
This document provides information on estimating and costing for a commercial building project. It defines estimation as calculating expected expenditures for a project based on drawings, specifications, and schedule of rates. Estimates are needed to determine feasibility, invite tenders, control costs, and ensure funds are sufficient. The estimate preparation involves detailed measurements, unit rates, and an abstract of costs. Reinforced concrete, electrification, and sanitary works are also discussed in terms of estimating quantities and rates.
The document discusses different types of construction cost estimates. It describes preliminary estimates which provide approximate costs using methods like per unit, plinth area, or cubic content. Detailed estimates involve accurately calculating quantities for each work item. Other estimates include revised estimates for costs exceeding 5% of original estimates, supplementary estimates for additional works, and annual repair estimates for maintenance. Terminology related to construction projects is also defined.
This document contains questions and answers related to the subject of Estimation and Quantity Surveying. It includes definitions of key terms like tender, contract, estimate, detailed estimate, abstract estimate, and quantity surveyor. It also provides examples of calculating quantities of materials for constructions like walls, roads, and culverts. Methods for measurement of quantities and types of estimates are described.
Construction planning - Construction Technology and Project Managementsrinivas2036
The document discusses construction project planning. It defines planning as developing a method or scheme in advance. Construction planning involves optimally utilizing resources like people, equipment, materials and money. Key activities in construction planning include defining the scope of work, identifying involved activities, establishing project duration, defining resource control procedures, and updating plans. Different types of project plans may focus on schedule, cost, quality or safety. Techniques used in planning include work breakdown structure, precedence, network logic and critical path method.
Valuation is determining the fair price or value of a property like buildings, land, etc. It considers factors like construction cost, age, maintenance, location, and income generated. Common valuation methods are rental method, comparing recent sale prices, and depreciation method. Rent is usually fixed as a percentage of valuation, with allowances for expenses like repairs, taxes, and management costs. Depreciation and obsolescence reduce value over time. Various terms related to valuation are defined, like gross income, net income, salvage value, sinking fund, and years purchase.
Construction Project Management is an important subject to learn in Civil Engineering.
Significance • As construction involves various activities starting from the design and planning to project completion and quality check, there is a exorbitant need for Management of construction. • Construction Industry plays a crucial role in the economy and development of a nation.
4. Objectives To complete the project in specified time and with allocated budget. To Plan and schedule the work and distribute between various departments. Deployment of personnel in Different tasks. To achieve High quality workmanship. Creating an organisation that works as a team. Using the limited available resources and producing maximum output. Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions for all personnel and workers.
5. Functions: Planning & Scheduling Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling & Co-ordinating
6. Stages of construction Briefing Designing Tendering Construction Commissioning
7. 1) Briefing Stage • This stage consists of framework required for the construction work to take a shape from the ideology of client and feasibility of Project which involves architects, engineers and project manager.
Objectives Developing Alternatives Feasible Solution ? Evaluation of Alternatives Report & Recommendation Technical and non technical Investigations
8. 2) Designing or planning Stage Prepare construction schedule Prepare final cost estimate Prepare Working Drawings and specificati ons Prepare scheme and detailed designs Soil investigations, Topographic investigation, material supply and market surveys etc Carry out Technical Investigations Final adoption of the most suitable summary Finalize Project Summary
Estimation is the process of calculating the approximate costs of an engineering project before work begins. It requires thorough knowledge of construction procedures, material and labor costs, and skills like experience, judgment, and foresight. There are two main types of estimates - rough cost estimates and detailed estimates. A rough cost estimate provides an initial approximate cost based on unit costs from similar past projects. It is used to assess the feasibility of a project and obtain initial approval. A detailed estimate provides a more accurate expected cost based on detailed plans and specifications by calculating the quantities of materials and hours of labor.
The document discusses various types of construction contracts. It describes lump sum contracts, item rate contracts, labour contracts, and cost reimbursement contracts. It provides details on how each contract type works, including payment structures, risk allocation, and suitable applications for different contract types. Key factors like flexibility, incentives, and risk allocation are considered when choosing the appropriate construction contract.
Construction planning and management are closely related and involve executing construction plans using various management techniques. Modern technology is important for construction management, planning, equipment, contracts, safety, and earthquake management. Proper planning and management are necessary to complete construction on time and within budget. Effective construction planning and management involves organizing work, allocating resources, monitoring progress, and controlling costs and quality.
The document provides information on various topics related to property valuation including:
1. It defines valuation as estimating the fair price or value of a property based on factors like location, maintenance, purpose of valuation, and more.
2. It describes different valuation methods for properties like the rental method, land and building method, and profit-based method. It also discusses valuation methods for open land like the comparative method and belting method.
3. It explains the concept of depreciation and how it is calculated using methods like the straight line method and sinking fund method.
In less than 3 sentences, the summary captures the key topics and methods discussed in the multi-page professional practice and valuation document.
The document discusses Bills of Quantities (BOQ), which are schedules that categorize, detail, and quantify materials and costs for construction projects. A BOQ is an important communication tool between clients, consultants, and contractors that provides estimated costs, defines the scope of work, and establishes a basis for cost valuation and contract payments. It generally includes item descriptions, units, quantities, rates, and amounts in a tabular format. BOQs help standardize bidding, financial administration, and valuation of variations throughout the project lifecycle.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
pipe expansion joint us bellows us bellows catalogue rubber expansion joint metal expansion joints driveway expansion joint filler flexi craft expansion joints building expansion joint systems
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joint sidewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
monolithic isolation joints isolation joint material isolation joint vs expansion joint isolation joint neo prene insulating joints pipeline isolation joint vs control joint isolation joints in concrete concrete slab isolation joint
construction joint vs expansion joint construction joint vs control joints idewalk control joint spacing concrete wall control joints expansion joint concrete construction joint concrete concrete joints control joint
concrete joint filler
concrete joint filler strips
control joint vs construction joint concrete
concrete control joint filler
concrete slab control joint detail
types of concrete expansion joints
construction joint concrete
control joints in concrete
This document provides an introduction to the subject of estimating and costing for the 2nd year intermediate vocational course in construction technology. It discusses key definitions like estimating, costing, and procedures for estimating. The importance of estimation and costing is explained. The data required for preparing an estimate like drawings, specifications, and rates is described. The document also discusses complete estimates, lump sum items, and work charged establishment. Measurement units for different construction items like earthwork, concrete, masonry, woodwork, and finishing works are listed with the applicable unit of measurement and payment.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in reinforced concrete design. It defines reinforced concrete as a composite material made of concrete and steel reinforcement. The purpose of reinforcement is to improve the tensile strength of concrete. The Limit State Method of design considers both the strength limit state and serviceability limit state, making it a more realistic and economical approach compared to other methods like Working Stress Method and Ultimate Load Method. Key factors of safety in the Limit State Method include partial factors for concrete γc = 1.5, and for steel γs = 1.15.
BUILDING ESTIMATION (Details Estimate For G+2 Storied Building presentation ...Manoranjan Roy
The document provides details for estimating the costs of constructing a G+2 storied building. It includes plans for the building layout, dimensions for various structural elements, and methods for calculating quantities of materials needed. The estimation process involves measuring quantities from drawings, applying unit rates, and preparing an abstract of costs for all necessary line items. Formulas are provided for estimating quantities of items like brickwork, concrete work, shuttering, and plastering based on the building's dimensions and number of structural components.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
The document discusses key concepts related to estimating and costing for construction projects. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and expected costs for a work or project. Estimation requires drawings, specifications, and rate schedules. Estimates are needed to determine feasibility, schedule, invite tenders, and control costs. The document outlines procedures for detailed and approximate estimating, including measuring quantities and abstracting costs. It also covers contingencies, work charged establishment charges, and modes of measurement for construction items.
Estimation and costing of a commercial buildinglckr117
This document provides information on estimating and costing for a commercial building project. It defines estimation as calculating expected expenditures for a project based on drawings, specifications, and schedule of rates. Estimates are needed to determine feasibility, invite tenders, control costs, and ensure funds are sufficient. The estimate preparation involves detailed measurements, unit rates, and an abstract of costs. Reinforced concrete, electrification, and sanitary works are also discussed in terms of estimating quantities and rates.
The document provides information on estimating and costing for a commercial building project, including definitions, requirements, procedures, and methods used. It discusses the need for estimation to determine project feasibility and cost, the data required including drawings, specifications, and rates. It also outlines the process for preparing detailed and approximate estimates, including calculating quantities, developing rate analyses, and accounting for items like reinforced concrete, electrification, and sanitary works.
This document provides information about estimating brickwork quantities for construction projects. It discusses detail estimates, which include determining quantities and costs of all project requirements. The purpose of detail estimates is outlined, including use for contracts, guiding execution, and planning. Brickwork is introduced, and deduction rules for openings are explained. The long wall short wall and center line methods for calculating brickwork quantities are described through examples. The center line method accounts for junctions between walls, while the long wall short wall method does not.
Lec.3 General rules in quantitative survey. Quantity measuring. Rate analysisMuthanna Abbu
Analysis of rates for various types of construction works provides very useful information for effective planning, control, organization and management.
This document provides an overview of estimating and costing for construction projects. It discusses the importance of estimating, the types of estimates including preliminary, plinth area, cube rate, and detailed estimates. It also covers the data required for estimating such as drawings, specifications, rates. Rate analysis and terms used in estimating and costing such as contingencies charges, work charge establishment are also defined. Finally, common units of measurement for construction activities are listed.
The document discusses key aspects of quantity surveying and cost estimation for construction projects. It covers the need for and types of estimates, including rough and detailed estimates. It also describes methods for taking out quantities and preparing bills of quantities. Factors to consider in estimation and common units of measurement are outlined.
Estimation Costing and Valuation Unit 1 to Unit 6Padmasinh Patil
The document provides an overview of estimation costing and valuation for construction projects. It discusses preliminary or approximate estimates, which are rough estimates prepared early in the planning process using methods like plinth area, cubic content, service units, or bay methods. It also covers detailed estimates, revised estimates, supplementary estimates, and annual maintenance estimates. The document outlines various items of work, units of measurement, and rules for deductions. It concludes with discussing valuation methods, types of values, factors affecting property value, depreciation methods, and types of leases.
The document provides an overview of the course "Quantity Surveying and Valuation". It lists textbooks and reference books for the course. It outlines the topics that will be covered in Unit 1 on Estimation, including definition of estimates, types of estimates, methods of measurement, and terminology used in estimates. It also describes the method of calculating quantities for different building estimate methods and standards from the Indian Standard code for measurement of quantities in civil works.
The document provides details about an internship at Srushti Engineers & Valuers company. It includes information about the company profile such as its founder, location, and years in operation. It also describes several completed construction projects the company has worked on. The main focus of the internship is a residential building project including plans, cost estimates, and construction methodology for activities like excavation, plinth beams, brick masonry, RCC slabs, plastering and flooring. The intern aims to gain practical experience and apply their theoretical knowledge through this project.
The document provides an introduction to the concepts of estimation and quantity surveying in construction projects. It discusses the key steps and considerations in preparing different types of cost estimates, including preliminary, detailed, quantity, revised, and annual repair estimates. Various methods for preparing approximate estimates are described, such as the service unit method, plinth area method, floor area method, carpet area method, percentage method, and cubical content method. Requirements for preparing accurate estimates like drawings, specifications, and rate analysis are also outlined.
The document outlines the sequence of activities involved in building a house. It begins with designing the house and obtaining financing, which takes 3 months. Next, the foundation is laid after the design is completed, taking 2 months. Various construction activities like framing, electrical work, plumbing etc are then carried out concurrently or sequentially as needed, with an overall construction period of 6 months. The document thus provides a overview of the key steps and their timeline for a house building project.
This document provides an introduction to estimating and costing in civil engineering projects. It discusses the need for estimation, including knowing quantities of work, verifying available funds, obtaining approvals, and inviting tenders. It also defines estimation and costing as determining quantities of work items and their costs. Measurement units for different types of work like massive works, shallow works, and long works are explained. Common units used include cubic meters, square meters, and running meters. The document outlines rules for measurement and different methods of taking out quantities, including the long wall and short wall method.
The document discusses key concepts related to project cost estimation including:
1) Estimates are prepared before construction to anticipate probable costs by computing quantities and costs of materials, labor, and other expenses.
2) Drawings and specifications are used to estimate quantities of materials and work.
3) Rates for materials, labor, transportation and other costs are used to calculate unit costs for items.
4) Different types of estimates are prepared at various stages including preliminary, plinth area, cube rate, detailed, revised, and annual maintenance estimates.
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1. Introduction
2. Measurement of materials and works
3. Types of estimates
4. Detailed and abstract estimate of buildings
5. Specification and analysis of rates
6. Earthwork calculations
7. Detailed estimates
This document provides an overview of estimation, costing, and valuation for civil engineering works. It covers various topics including:
1. Estimating quantities for items like brickwork, concrete, plastering etc. for buildings, using methods like long wall short wall, center line, and detailed estimates.
2. Estimating quantities for other structures like roads, retaining walls, culverts, irrigation works etc.
3. Specifications and tenders, including data sources, detailed and general specifications, and contract types.
4. Valuation methods for buildings including capitalized value, depreciation, rental valuation.
5. Preparation of reports for estimates of buildings, roads, water supply works
This document contains 52 questions and answers related to the subject of Estimation and Quantity Surveying. It covers topics such as methods of calculating volumes, types of estimates, duties of quantity surveyors, components of contracts, specifications, types of contracts, and factors influencing property valuation. The document serves as a study guide for the VII semester Department of Civil Engineering course on Estimation and Quantity Surveying.
This document discusses various types of cost estimates used in construction projects including preliminary, plinth area, cube rate, approximate quantity, detailed, revised, supplementary, and annual repair estimates. It describes how each type of estimate is prepared and key factors considered such as plinth area, cubical content, and unit rates. The document also defines important related terms like contingencies, work-charged establishment, tools and plants, centage charges, expenditure sanction, technical sanction, quantity survey, sub-head items, sub-works, and schedule of rates.
Unit 1 - General Items used for buildingHimani762003
This document defines several key technical terms related to building estimates, including:
1. Estimates provide anticipated costs before construction begins by calculating item costs.
2. Quantity surveys calculate and schedule all work items and quantities from drawings.
3. Specifications provide details on work quality, materials, and execution methods.
4. Rates of materials, labor, and transportation are needed to price out estimate items.
5. Plans show building locations, dimensions, and other site details.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
1. BY : AADIL ANSAR
ROLL NUMBER : 14H11A0101
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
AL-HABEEB COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
2. Estimating is the technique of
calculating or Computing the
various quantities and the
expected Expenditure to be
incurred on a particular work or
project.
3. In case the funds available are less than the
estimated cost the work is done in part or by
reducing it or specifications are altered, the
following requirement are necessary for
preparing an estimate.
• Drawings like plan, elevation and sections
of important points.
• Detailed specifications about workmenship
& properties of materials etc.
• Standard schedule of rates of the current
year.
4. REQUIREMENTS OF ESTIMATION AND COSTING
• Estimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and
hence its feasibility can be determined i.e. whether
the project could be taken up with in the funds
available or not.
• Estimate gives an idea of time required for the
completion of the work.
• Estimate is required to invite the tenders and
Quotations and to arrange contract.
• Estimate is also required to control the expenditure
during the execution of work.
• Estimate decides whether the proposed plan
matches the funds available or not
5. PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING
Estimating involves the following
operations
• Preparing detailed Estimate.
• Calculating the rate of each unit of
work
• Preparing abstract of estimate
6. DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
• Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections
etc.
• Specifications.
• Rates
7. TYPES OF ESTIMATES
• Approximate estimate: It is also known as rough
estimate and it is not accurate. It is useful for
preliminary study of project to finalize the budget .
• Detailed estimate: It is accurate estimate, in which
each item of work is worked out separately in the
prescribed format
• Abstract estimate: It gives an accurate cost of the
project .The cost of each item is calculated with the
quantity in detailed estimate and rate arrived at site
in the prescribed format.
10. METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE
ESTIMATE
Following are the methods used for preparation of
approximate estimate.
• Plinth area method
• Cubical content method
11. METHODS OF TAKING OUT QUANTITIES
The quantities like earth work, foundation
concrete, brickwork in plinth and super
structure etc., can be workout by any of
following two methods:
• Long wall - short wall method
• Centre line method.
12. LONGWALL-SHORTWALL METHOD
In this method, the wall along the length of room is
considered to be long wall while the wall
perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To
get the length of long wall or short wall, calculate first
the center line lengths of individual walls. Then the
length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after
adding half breadth at each end to its center line
length. Thus the length of short wall Measured into in
and may be found by deducting half breadth from its
center line length at each end. The length of long wall
usually decreases from earth work to brick work in
super structure while the short wall increases. These
lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get
quantities.
13. CENTER LINE METHOD
This method is suitable for walls of similar cross
sections. Here the total center line length is
multiplied by breadth and depth of respective
item to get the total quantity at a time.
When cross walls or partitions or verandah
walls join with main all, the center line length
gets reduced by half of breadth for each
junction. Such junction or joints are studied
carefully while calculating total center line
length. The estimates prepared by this method
are most accurate and quick.
14. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature,
shape and size and for making payments to the contractor and also. The
principle of units of measurements normally consists the following:
• Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., is expressed in
numbers.
• Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice,
fencing, hand rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in
running meters (RM).
• Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like
plastering, white washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., and
are expressed in square meters (m2).
• Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth
work, cement concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic meters.
15. RULES FOR MEASUREMENT
1. Measurement shall be made for finished
item of work and description of each item
shall include materials, transport, labor,
fabrication tools and plant and all types of
overheads for finishing the work in
required shape, size and specification.
2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence
of length, breadth and height
or thickness
16. 3. All works shall be measured subject to the following
tolerances.
• linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest
0.01m.
• Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq. m.
• Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest
0.01 cum.
4. Same type of work under different conditions and
nature shall be measured separately under separate
items.
5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials,
proportions, workmanships and accurately represent
the work to be executed.
17. Generally all the Civil Engineering
projects like roads, railways, earth
dams , canals, buildings etc
involves under earth work. This
work may be either earth
excavation or earth filling or Some
times both will get according to the
desired shape and level.
18. • The volume of the earth work is
calculated from length, breadth and
depth of excavation of filling.
• Earth work in filling is called as
“earth work in embankment” and
earth work in excavation as “earth
work in cutting”.
22. LEAD : It is the average horizontal
distance between the center of the
excavation to the center of the
deposition.
LIFT : It is the average height
through which the earth has to be
lifted from source to the place of
spreading.
23. • Normally earthwork is
estimated for 30 meter lead
for distance and 1.5 meter lift
for height or depth and this
distance of 30 meter and the
height of 30 meter are known
as normal lead and lift .
24. Calculation of Quantity of Earthwork
The quantity of earthwork may be calculated by
various methods
1. Mid sectional area Method
Volume of Earthwork= Area of Mid section *
distance between sections
2. Mean sectional area Method
Volume of Earthwork= Mean cross sectional area
* Distance between them
3. Trapezoidal Rule
Volume of Earthwork=
L(A1/2 + A2 +A3 + ……+A(n-1) + A(n)/2)
where L= length of equal intervals between section ,
A1,A2,A3 ….. A(n) = area of cross sections along the longitudinal sections
25. 4. Prismoidal Formula
Volume of Earthwork =
L/3(A1+A(n))+4(A2+A4+…+A(n-1))+
2(A3+A5+….A(n-2))
where L = length between the sections
A1= Area of cross section at one end
A(n)= Area of cross section at the
other end
A2,A3,A4= Areas of cross sections of
intermediate sections.
26. QUANTITY OF STEEL IN R.C.C.
ELEMENTS
• Reinforced cement concrete work is usually estimated
under two items. the concrete work including centering
and shuttering and binding of steel bar in position is taken
under one items under one items in cu m(cu ft.)
• the quantity of steel being small no deduction is made for
steel from the volume of concrete. Binding wire is not taken
separately but include in item of RCC work.
• Centering and shuttering may also be taken under a
separate item is sq. m(sq. ft.).Bending and binding of steel
may also be taken separately in quintal (cwt.).
27. • Steel reinforcement is calculated as per
actual requirement as laid in position
including overlaps, hooks, cranks etc. and is
determined from the detail drawings.
• If the detailed drawings are not available the
steel reinforcement may be calculated
approximately on the percentage basic of
concrete . The density of steel may be taken
as 78.5 quintal per cu m or 7.85 grams per cu
m.
28. • The percentage of steel reinforcement
depends on the design of structure . In
absence od detailed design the percentage
for steel concrete may be taken
approximately as given below:-
a) lintel , slabs etc. ...... 0.7 to 1%
b) beams ...... 1 to 2%
c) columns ...... 1 to 5%
d) foundation ...... 0.5 to 0.8%
• For small span and light load less steel is
required and for bigger span and heavier
load greater amount of steel is required.
29. • In RCC work the end or side covers for steel bar
may be taken as 40 mm to 50 mm(1.5" to 2") and the
bottom and top covers may be taken as 12 mm to 20
mm(0.5" to 0.75") for slab and 25 mm to 50 mm(1" to
2") for beams.
• The length of one hook may be taken as 9 dia. of
bar and the total length of straight bar hooked at
both ends may be taken as L+18 dia.
30. • For 45° cranked or bent up bar the additional length for one
bent up is equal difference in length of hypotenuse and
base
=d/sin45°-d
=d(1/0.707-1)
=d(1.42-1)
=0.42d
where 'd' is the vertical distance between the center of
upper and lower arms of bent up bars
= Total length of beam or slab minus of top and
bottom cover minus dia of bar.
31. • For 30° cranked or bent up bar inclined length
of crank
=d/sin30°
=2d
horizontal length of crank=d/tan30°
=1.73d
32. Schedule of bars
• The schedule of bars is list of reinforcement
bars in a tabular form giving the particulars of
bars, shape of bending with sketches, length of
each, total length and total weight.
• For each type of RCC work a schedule of bars
is usually prepared.
• From the schedule of bars the requirement of
different sizes and lengths of bars may be
known , and may be arranged and bent-up
during the time of construction.
33.
34. The determination of rate per unit of a
particular item of the work, cost of the
quantity of material, the cost of labours
and miscellaneous petty expanses
require for its compilation is known as
Analysis of rates .
35. • The reasonable profit usually 10% for the
contractor is also included in analysis of rate.
• Rate of the material are usually taken as the
rate delivered at the site of the work and
include the cost at origin , cost of transport
and taxes.
• If the material are to be carried from a
distant place more than 8 km then cost of
the transport is also added.
• Rate of the material and the labour vary
from place to place and therefor, the rate of
the different items of the work also vary
from place to place.
36. Purpose of Analysis of Rate
• The quantities of material required
and their cost should be known.
• The number of different categories of
labours required.
• The capacity of doing work per
labours and their wages per day
should be known.
37. Factor depends the rate of a particular item of
work
• Specification of work and materials, quantity of a
material, proportion of mortor method of
constructional operation.
• Quantities of materials and their number of
different type of labours and their rates.
• Location of the site of work and its distance from
the source of material and the rate of transport
and availability of water.
• Profit and miscellaneous and overhead expanses
of the contractor.
38. Standard Data Book
It is a book in which the quantity of a material
and labour required per unit of various finished
items of work has been standardized.
Standard Schedule of Rate
It is a book in which the rates of all the material
at source, the wages of the labour, conveyance
charge of material where fixed by the competent
engineering authority for each year for various
government department.
39. Rates of Materials
• 1st class bricks = Rs 4500 per 1000 Nos.
• 2nd class bricks = Rs 4000 per 1000 Nos.
• Brick Ballast = Rs 800 per cum
• Coarse sand = Rs 800 per cum
• Cement 50 kg bag = Rs 350 per bag
• Twisted bars = Rs 5000 per Quintal
• Bitumen = Rs 10 per kg
40. Rates of Labours
• Mason = Rs 450 per day
• Plaster = Rs 400 per day
• Carpenter = Rs 400 per day
• Bhishti = Rs 250 per day
• Mazdoor = Rs 250 per day
• Painter = Rs 300 per day
41. Labour required for different work
• Earth work in excavation: Mazdoor = 33
(% cum) Mason = 1.5
• Earth work in Filling : Mazdoor = 18
(% cum) Mason = 0.5
• Cement concrete : Mazdoor = 15
in foundation Mason =1.5
Bhishti = 2
43. Estimating serves a number of purposes in the
construction process including preparation of
bids and cost control. The role of the estimator
includes preparing conceptual estimates,
preliminary estimates, pre-bid estimates, post
bid estimates, cost control, final project cost,
cost on the operating construction period.
As the works gets organized, smaller
contractors can work on the project at lesser
rate.