The key points about schizoid personality disorder are:
1. It is characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and a preference for solitary activities.
2. Diagnostic features include indifference to developing close relationships, deriving little satisfaction from family or social groups, and preferring solitary hobbies over interacting with others.
3. Potential causes include genetic and neurological factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy focused on social skills and relationships, as the condition is generally considered long-term.
The document discusses clinical assessment and diagnosis in psychopathology. It describes the goals of assessment as understanding how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how they can be helped. Assessment tools should be standardized, reliable, and valid. Clinical interviews and psychological tests are common forms of assessment. Treatment decisions are based on assessment and diagnosis to determine an appropriate treatment plan. Research shows that therapy is generally effective compared to no treatment, and certain therapies are effective for specific disorders.
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report inventory that measures the existence and severity of symptoms of depression. It takes 5-10 minutes to administer and provides a score that can indicate minimal, mild, moderate, or severe depression. While widely used, it has limitations such as being subject to exaggeration or minimization by clients and lacks representation of diverse populations in its standardization.
This document discusses the construction and verification of norms for Raven's Progressive Matrices Test using a sample of students in La Plata, Argentina. It finds an increase in scores over time, known as the Flynn Effect, when compared to previous norms from 1964. It also finds differences in mean scores between age groups, education types, and for students in a Fine Arts program. The goals were to update the norms for the test using local data and compare results to previous norms and between demographic groups.
DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
It is the handbook used by health care professionals as an authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.
Historical background health psychology lecture aishaparacha2
This document provides an overview of health psychology. It defines health psychology as a field that deals with psychological and behavioral factors that influence health and well-being. The document then discusses the history of health psychology, including early perspectives on health from ancient cultures and the emergence of the biomedical and biopsychosocial models. It also outlines the scope of health psychology, including clinical, public, community, and critical health psychology approaches.
Cognitive Psychology, Learning and Memory for IGNOU studentsPsychoTech Services
The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that human intelligence involves three aspects: meta-components which control problem-solving and decision making, performance components which carry out actions, and knowledge-acquisition components which obtain new information. Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as adapting to and shaping one's environment. His theory analyzed the mind in terms of these executive, processing, and learning components to provide a more cognitive and less psychometric view of intelligence than prior approaches.
Clinical assessment involves gathering information to understand abnormal behavior and determine how to help an individual. It can follow three models: the info-gathering model focuses on collecting relevant data; the therapeutic model aims to evaluate treatment progress; and the differential treatment model seeks to determine the best treatment approach. Common assessment methods include clinical interviews, intelligence and personality tests, and behavioral observations. Projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot technique and TAT are also used to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.
Identify the distinction of DSM 5 vs ICD.
Explain the significant change in the fifth edition .
Discuss and differentiate the purposes of mental illness classification.
The document discusses clinical assessment and diagnosis in psychopathology. It describes the goals of assessment as understanding how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how they can be helped. Assessment tools should be standardized, reliable, and valid. Clinical interviews and psychological tests are common forms of assessment. Treatment decisions are based on assessment and diagnosis to determine an appropriate treatment plan. Research shows that therapy is generally effective compared to no treatment, and certain therapies are effective for specific disorders.
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report inventory that measures the existence and severity of symptoms of depression. It takes 5-10 minutes to administer and provides a score that can indicate minimal, mild, moderate, or severe depression. While widely used, it has limitations such as being subject to exaggeration or minimization by clients and lacks representation of diverse populations in its standardization.
This document discusses the construction and verification of norms for Raven's Progressive Matrices Test using a sample of students in La Plata, Argentina. It finds an increase in scores over time, known as the Flynn Effect, when compared to previous norms from 1964. It also finds differences in mean scores between age groups, education types, and for students in a Fine Arts program. The goals were to update the norms for the test using local data and compare results to previous norms and between demographic groups.
DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
It is the handbook used by health care professionals as an authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.
Historical background health psychology lecture aishaparacha2
This document provides an overview of health psychology. It defines health psychology as a field that deals with psychological and behavioral factors that influence health and well-being. The document then discusses the history of health psychology, including early perspectives on health from ancient cultures and the emergence of the biomedical and biopsychosocial models. It also outlines the scope of health psychology, including clinical, public, community, and critical health psychology approaches.
Cognitive Psychology, Learning and Memory for IGNOU studentsPsychoTech Services
The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that human intelligence involves three aspects: meta-components which control problem-solving and decision making, performance components which carry out actions, and knowledge-acquisition components which obtain new information. Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as adapting to and shaping one's environment. His theory analyzed the mind in terms of these executive, processing, and learning components to provide a more cognitive and less psychometric view of intelligence than prior approaches.
Clinical assessment involves gathering information to understand abnormal behavior and determine how to help an individual. It can follow three models: the info-gathering model focuses on collecting relevant data; the therapeutic model aims to evaluate treatment progress; and the differential treatment model seeks to determine the best treatment approach. Common assessment methods include clinical interviews, intelligence and personality tests, and behavioral observations. Projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot technique and TAT are also used to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.
Identify the distinction of DSM 5 vs ICD.
Explain the significant change in the fifth edition .
Discuss and differentiate the purposes of mental illness classification.
Ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology (according to ethics code 2017)Jyosil Kumar Bhol
This document summarizes the key ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology. It begins with definitions of morality, ethics, and law. It then discusses the American Psychological Association's ethics code for clinical psychologists, which consists of general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles are aspirational goals around beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respecting rights and dignity. The ethical standards establish enforceable rules for clinical psychologists in areas like resolving ethical issues, competence, privacy, advertising, record keeping, research, assessment, and therapy. The document provides examples of some of the specific ethical standards within these categories.
The document provides an overview of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), a projective test used to assess personality and adjustment. It describes the administration and scoring of the 40-item test, with responses scored on a scale of 0-6 compared to norms. Conflict responses indicating maladjustment are scored higher, from 4 for minor issues (CI) to 6 for more serious problems (C3). The RISB aims to quickly screen for adjustment issues rather than provide in-depth diagnosis. It has been found useful for research, selection, and evaluating psychotherapy outcomes.
Classificatory systems - Advantages & DisadvantagesHemangi Narvekar
Classification of Diseases/Disorders are important to improve treatment and prevention efforts. Two important classification system used in the field of Mental Disorders are DSM -V and ICD -10. Here we will discuss Strengths and Weaknesses of both.
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
The Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) is a screening tool developed in 1938 to assess visual-motor and visuoconstructive abilities. It involves copying simple line drawings and is used to evaluate neurological and developmental deficits. The test demonstrates good reliability, with interscorer reliability for errors ranging from .87 to .90. Validity is also good as an indicator of perceptual-motor development, with error scores decreasing with age. While brief, economical, and flexible to administer, the BGT provides only limited information about specific brain damage and lacks a universally accepted scoring system.
The document discusses the process of clinical assessment and diagnosis. It covers the basic elements of assessment including taking a social history, ensuring cultural sensitivity, and issues of reliability and validity. Assessment methods include physical exams, interviews, observation of behavior, psychological testing, and integrating all sources of data to form a diagnosis. Physical exams can include neurological exams and neuropsychological testing. Psychosocial assessment uses interviews and behavior observation. Common psychological tests mentioned are intelligence tests, projective tests like Rorschach and TAT, and objective personality tests like the MMPI.
This document discusses the theory and techniques of reality therapy as developed by William Glasser and advanced by Robert Wubbolding. Some key points:
1. Reality therapy focuses on an individual's conscious choices and beliefs that they can control their own behaviors rather than unconscious drives.
2. It views human behavior as aimed toward fulfilling five basic psychological needs: belonging, power, freedom, fun, and identity.
3. The counselor acts as a teacher to help clients evaluate their current behaviors, set plans to meet their needs/wants, and take responsibility through written contracts.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are shown cards and asked to tell stories about what is happening in each picture. Their responses are analyzed to understand their inner drives, emotions, and personality conflicts. While widely used, the TAT lacks a standardized scoring and interpretation system. Different researchers have developed various scoring methods and card sets, but reliability and validity can vary depending on the system used. The TAT provides insights into a person's unconscious motivations but results depend heavily on the clinician's skill in administration and analysis.
Neuropsychological assessment examines cognitive functioning through performance-based testing to determine the effects of brain injury or illness. It assesses areas like memory, intelligence, language, and executive function. The goals are diagnosis of any cognitive problems, understanding the nature and impact of any issues, and measuring change over time such as after treatment. Tests evaluate multiple areas to identify patterns that can indicate neurological disorders. The process involves taking a medical history, interviews, and standardized testing which are compared to norms.
Clinical psychologists apply principles and procedures to understand, predict, and alleviate intellectual, emotional, psychological, and behavioral problems. They have skills in intervention and therapy, assessment and diagnosis, teaching, clinical supervision, research, consultation, program development, and administration. Some of their main activities include conducting psychotherapy and other therapies to help people overcome mental illnesses; assessing individuals' development, behavior, and functioning through methods like testing and interviews to inform diagnoses; and teaching courses on topics like psychopathology and psychological testing at academic institutions.
The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) is a personality test developed by psychologist Allen L. Edwards in 1953. It measures 15 personality needs or motives and consists of 225 pairs of statements to assess these needs. The EPPS is primarily used for personal counseling but can also be used for career guidance and recruitment. It provides a quick measure of independent personality variables and has good reliability due to the low intercorrelations between variables. The EPPS is still published internationally and has been translated into several languages.
The Slosson Drawing Coordination Test (SDCT) was created in 1967 by Richard L. Slosson to test drawing abilities. It takes 10-15 minutes to administer and involves drawing 12 items without an eraser or drawing aids. Scoring involves assigning plus or minus points based on accuracy. Cutoff scores for different age levels are determined by obtaining 85% of criteria, with the number of allowed minus drawings increasing with age. The test shows high reliability and validity, with reliability coefficients of 0.96 and test-retest reliability of 0.83-0.89.
This document discusses case formulation, which involves developing a hypothesis about the factors that cause and maintain a client's problems. It outlines the key components of case formulation using the DSM-5, including the presenting problem, predisposing factors, precipitating factors, perpetuating factors, and protective factors. The document provides an example case formulation for a client named Nasira who is experiencing depression. It analyzes the precipitant, predisposing factors, and perpetuating factors for Nasira based on her history and symptoms. The case formulation would then inform the treatment plan.
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, which emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. The theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy are that people's internal communications can be accessed through introspection, clients' beliefs have personal meanings that can be discovered by the client rather than interpreted by the therapist. Basic principles of cognitive therapy include addressing arbitrary inferences, selective abstractions, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization, labeling and mislabeling, and dichotomous thinking. Effective cognitive therapists establish empathy and a therapeutic alliance while using cognitive and behavioral strategies through Socratic questioning to guide clients in self-discovery and change.
The document discusses Carl Rogers and his person-centered therapy approach. Some key points include:
- Rogers believed people have an innate potential for growth and self-actualization given the right environment.
- The therapeutic relationship is the most important factor in therapy, with the therapist displaying genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.
- The goal of therapy is to help clients fully understand themselves by exploring their feelings in a non-judgmental setting. Clients are seen as capable of solving their own problems.
Interpersonal theory of personality was proposed by Harry Stack Sullivan. He believed that one’s personality involved more than individual characteristics, particularly how one interacted with others. He also explained about the importance of current life events to psychopathology. The theory further states that the purpose of all behavior is to get needs met through interpersonal interactions and decrease or avoid anxiety.
This document provides an overview of psychopathology and the history of defining mental health and illness. It discusses how abnormal behavior and psychology have been defined. Throughout history, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes like demon possession. Hippocrates first proposed a biological explanation for abnormal behaviors and thinking. The rise of hospitals and more humane treatment methods occurred in the 18th-19th centuries. Defining mental health and illness remains difficult due to variability between individuals and cultures. Studying psychopathology is important for various mental health professionals to better understand and treat disorders.
There are several physical and cognitive challenges that can arise during adulthood and old age due to the natural aging process:
1. Physically, the body shows a gradual decline in organ function of around 1% per year after 30. This includes external changes like graying hair and wrinkles, and internal changes to systems like respiratory and cardiovascular decline.
2. Sensory abilities also decline with age, with losses in hearing higher pitches and vision. Strength, flexibility, and reaction time decrease as well.
3. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and processing speed decline from mid-adulthood onward. However, crystallized intelligence and practical skills continue to grow through experience. Memory abilities also show
Allport proposed that personality develops through stages of selfhood from infancy to adulthood. The earliest stage is the bodily self in infancy, focused on physical sensations and needs. Next is the personal self of childhood, where a sense of identity separates from others. In adolescence and beyond, the social self emerges through relationships and roles. The final stage is the transpersonal self, oriented toward universal principles like justice that transcend individual concerns. Allport saw personality developing as an increasingly complex self-concept at the core of one's being.
Ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology (according to ethics code 2017)Jyosil Kumar Bhol
This document summarizes the key ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology. It begins with definitions of morality, ethics, and law. It then discusses the American Psychological Association's ethics code for clinical psychologists, which consists of general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles are aspirational goals around beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respecting rights and dignity. The ethical standards establish enforceable rules for clinical psychologists in areas like resolving ethical issues, competence, privacy, advertising, record keeping, research, assessment, and therapy. The document provides examples of some of the specific ethical standards within these categories.
The document provides an overview of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), a projective test used to assess personality and adjustment. It describes the administration and scoring of the 40-item test, with responses scored on a scale of 0-6 compared to norms. Conflict responses indicating maladjustment are scored higher, from 4 for minor issues (CI) to 6 for more serious problems (C3). The RISB aims to quickly screen for adjustment issues rather than provide in-depth diagnosis. It has been found useful for research, selection, and evaluating psychotherapy outcomes.
Classificatory systems - Advantages & DisadvantagesHemangi Narvekar
Classification of Diseases/Disorders are important to improve treatment and prevention efforts. Two important classification system used in the field of Mental Disorders are DSM -V and ICD -10. Here we will discuss Strengths and Weaknesses of both.
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
The Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) is a screening tool developed in 1938 to assess visual-motor and visuoconstructive abilities. It involves copying simple line drawings and is used to evaluate neurological and developmental deficits. The test demonstrates good reliability, with interscorer reliability for errors ranging from .87 to .90. Validity is also good as an indicator of perceptual-motor development, with error scores decreasing with age. While brief, economical, and flexible to administer, the BGT provides only limited information about specific brain damage and lacks a universally accepted scoring system.
The document discusses the process of clinical assessment and diagnosis. It covers the basic elements of assessment including taking a social history, ensuring cultural sensitivity, and issues of reliability and validity. Assessment methods include physical exams, interviews, observation of behavior, psychological testing, and integrating all sources of data to form a diagnosis. Physical exams can include neurological exams and neuropsychological testing. Psychosocial assessment uses interviews and behavior observation. Common psychological tests mentioned are intelligence tests, projective tests like Rorschach and TAT, and objective personality tests like the MMPI.
This document discusses the theory and techniques of reality therapy as developed by William Glasser and advanced by Robert Wubbolding. Some key points:
1. Reality therapy focuses on an individual's conscious choices and beliefs that they can control their own behaviors rather than unconscious drives.
2. It views human behavior as aimed toward fulfilling five basic psychological needs: belonging, power, freedom, fun, and identity.
3. The counselor acts as a teacher to help clients evaluate their current behaviors, set plans to meet their needs/wants, and take responsibility through written contracts.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are shown cards and asked to tell stories about what is happening in each picture. Their responses are analyzed to understand their inner drives, emotions, and personality conflicts. While widely used, the TAT lacks a standardized scoring and interpretation system. Different researchers have developed various scoring methods and card sets, but reliability and validity can vary depending on the system used. The TAT provides insights into a person's unconscious motivations but results depend heavily on the clinician's skill in administration and analysis.
Neuropsychological assessment examines cognitive functioning through performance-based testing to determine the effects of brain injury or illness. It assesses areas like memory, intelligence, language, and executive function. The goals are diagnosis of any cognitive problems, understanding the nature and impact of any issues, and measuring change over time such as after treatment. Tests evaluate multiple areas to identify patterns that can indicate neurological disorders. The process involves taking a medical history, interviews, and standardized testing which are compared to norms.
Clinical psychologists apply principles and procedures to understand, predict, and alleviate intellectual, emotional, psychological, and behavioral problems. They have skills in intervention and therapy, assessment and diagnosis, teaching, clinical supervision, research, consultation, program development, and administration. Some of their main activities include conducting psychotherapy and other therapies to help people overcome mental illnesses; assessing individuals' development, behavior, and functioning through methods like testing and interviews to inform diagnoses; and teaching courses on topics like psychopathology and psychological testing at academic institutions.
The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) is a personality test developed by psychologist Allen L. Edwards in 1953. It measures 15 personality needs or motives and consists of 225 pairs of statements to assess these needs. The EPPS is primarily used for personal counseling but can also be used for career guidance and recruitment. It provides a quick measure of independent personality variables and has good reliability due to the low intercorrelations between variables. The EPPS is still published internationally and has been translated into several languages.
The Slosson Drawing Coordination Test (SDCT) was created in 1967 by Richard L. Slosson to test drawing abilities. It takes 10-15 minutes to administer and involves drawing 12 items without an eraser or drawing aids. Scoring involves assigning plus or minus points based on accuracy. Cutoff scores for different age levels are determined by obtaining 85% of criteria, with the number of allowed minus drawings increasing with age. The test shows high reliability and validity, with reliability coefficients of 0.96 and test-retest reliability of 0.83-0.89.
This document discusses case formulation, which involves developing a hypothesis about the factors that cause and maintain a client's problems. It outlines the key components of case formulation using the DSM-5, including the presenting problem, predisposing factors, precipitating factors, perpetuating factors, and protective factors. The document provides an example case formulation for a client named Nasira who is experiencing depression. It analyzes the precipitant, predisposing factors, and perpetuating factors for Nasira based on her history and symptoms. The case formulation would then inform the treatment plan.
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, which emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. The theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy are that people's internal communications can be accessed through introspection, clients' beliefs have personal meanings that can be discovered by the client rather than interpreted by the therapist. Basic principles of cognitive therapy include addressing arbitrary inferences, selective abstractions, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization, labeling and mislabeling, and dichotomous thinking. Effective cognitive therapists establish empathy and a therapeutic alliance while using cognitive and behavioral strategies through Socratic questioning to guide clients in self-discovery and change.
The document discusses Carl Rogers and his person-centered therapy approach. Some key points include:
- Rogers believed people have an innate potential for growth and self-actualization given the right environment.
- The therapeutic relationship is the most important factor in therapy, with the therapist displaying genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.
- The goal of therapy is to help clients fully understand themselves by exploring their feelings in a non-judgmental setting. Clients are seen as capable of solving their own problems.
Interpersonal theory of personality was proposed by Harry Stack Sullivan. He believed that one’s personality involved more than individual characteristics, particularly how one interacted with others. He also explained about the importance of current life events to psychopathology. The theory further states that the purpose of all behavior is to get needs met through interpersonal interactions and decrease or avoid anxiety.
This document provides an overview of psychopathology and the history of defining mental health and illness. It discusses how abnormal behavior and psychology have been defined. Throughout history, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes like demon possession. Hippocrates first proposed a biological explanation for abnormal behaviors and thinking. The rise of hospitals and more humane treatment methods occurred in the 18th-19th centuries. Defining mental health and illness remains difficult due to variability between individuals and cultures. Studying psychopathology is important for various mental health professionals to better understand and treat disorders.
There are several physical and cognitive challenges that can arise during adulthood and old age due to the natural aging process:
1. Physically, the body shows a gradual decline in organ function of around 1% per year after 30. This includes external changes like graying hair and wrinkles, and internal changes to systems like respiratory and cardiovascular decline.
2. Sensory abilities also decline with age, with losses in hearing higher pitches and vision. Strength, flexibility, and reaction time decrease as well.
3. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and processing speed decline from mid-adulthood onward. However, crystallized intelligence and practical skills continue to grow through experience. Memory abilities also show
Allport proposed that personality develops through stages of selfhood from infancy to adulthood. The earliest stage is the bodily self in infancy, focused on physical sensations and needs. Next is the personal self of childhood, where a sense of identity separates from others. In adolescence and beyond, the social self emerges through relationships and roles. The final stage is the transpersonal self, oriented toward universal principles like justice that transcend individual concerns. Allport saw personality developing as an increasingly complex self-concept at the core of one's being.
IGNOU Super-Notes :: Psychology Super Notes, All About Psychology :: MPC3 Personality - Theories and Assessment_4 Assessment of Personality 2 Approaches to Personality Assessment
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IGNOU Super-Notes :: Psychology Super Notes, All About Psychology :: MPC2 LifeSpan Development_3 Development During Adolescence_3 Identity, Self-concept, Self-esteem, Peer group relationship
There are several key characteristics of group formation:
1. Groups involve people who perceive themselves as a coherent unit distinct from other groups.
2. Groups can be common-bond or common-identity, depending on how members are linked to each other.
3. Important group characteristics include status hierarchies, roles that members take on, norms that guide behavior, and cohesiveness or bonding between members.
4. Theories of group formation examine how and why individuals come together into coherent social units.
IGNOU Question Paper Pattern >> MAPC >> MPC006 - Statistics in PsychologyPsychoTech Services
This document provides guidance to IGNOU students on preparing for their term end examinations in statistics. It analyzes past question papers from 2011-2014 to identify the most important topics. The analysis shows that Blocks 1 and 2, and Chapters 2.1 and 4.4 are most heavily tested. It also finds that questions typically include both long and short answer numerical and conceptual questions. Students are advised to focus their studies on the frequently tested topics and practice different question types in order to score well on examinations.
Role of Family Pathology....Bhupendra singhdyutirajagiri
The document discusses the role of family pathology and social support in relapses among patients with bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. It finds that patients with schizophrenia have poorer social support compared to those with bipolar disorder, and that family pathology is higher in families of schizophrenia patients. There is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of social support and family pathology. The study also finds a correlation between low social support, high family pathology, and schizophrenia diagnosis.
The document defines aggression and discusses factors that can lead to aggressive behavior, including personal, situational, and social factors. It then outlines several strategies that can be used to reduce aggression, such as punishment, catharsis, cognitive interventions like apologies, exposure to non-aggressive social models, training in social skills, and using incompatible responses to generate emotions like laughter that are incompatible with anger.
The document discusses factors that influence personality development, including biological, cultural, social, and situational factors. Biological factors include genetics and physical characteristics. Cultural factors refer to the traditions, customs and beliefs of one's culture. Social factors comprise the relationships, interactions and environment within families, organizations, communities and societies. Situational factors can cause a person's behavior and responses to differ depending on the context or situation. All of these factors collectively shape a person's unique personality over time.
This document contains templates and guidelines for administering and analyzing the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). It includes sections for collecting a case history, analyzing the form and content of patient responses, identifying needs and emotions, examining dynamic structures, reporting time data, providing an integrated summary, and compiling a final report. The TAT is a projective test used in psychoanalysis to learn about a person's personality or emotional functioning.
This document contains templates for conducting and recording the results of the Rorschach inkblot test, including: a profile sheet for the subject's information, response sheets to record reactions to each card, a summary sheet to calculate scores on location of responses and determinants, and sections to record content categories and pathological signs. Interpretation of the findings is discussed at the end.
The document discusses various methods of organizing and structuring data, including:
1. Structuring data in a table with records and fields to store student information like name, age, address etc.
2. Designing relational databases with tables that have relationships like one-to-many and one-to-one.
3. Important considerations for data structure design include outlining the block and sub-structures of documents, and testing and validating data.
Data organization and presentation (statistics for research)Harve Abella
The document discusses various methods of presenting data, including textual, tabular, and graphical displays. It provides examples and definitions of key terms used in data presentation, such as frequency distribution tables, class intervals, class boundaries, class marks, and cumulative frequencies. The document also outlines steps for constructing a frequency distribution table, including determining the number of classes, range, class size, and class limits.
1. Standardization of research conditions and obtaining detailed information about participants and procedures can help minimize threats to internal validity from various sources like history, instrumentation, selection, and mortality.
2. Choosing an appropriate research design like using a control group or avoiding pretests can further help control threats from history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and regression.
3. Both internal and external validity are important to making accurate and confident interpretations and generalizations from research results. Various threats need to be addressed through study design and methodology.
The humanistic perspective in psychology emphasizes empathy, equality, and helping individuals improve their self-image and self-actualization. It focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals and rejects scientific methods in favor of qualitative research. Examples of the humanistic perspective include gestalt therapy, family therapy, and encouraging individuals to focus on their strengths rather than faults. The humanistic perspective views all humans as having equal worth and capacity for growth.
Five Popular Theories of Counseling PsychologyShivaniPadole
Counseling psychology could be a specialty field at intervalsin the broader discipline of psychology. The distinctiveness of the specialty is processed in terms of its five unifying themes: specialization in intact personalities; specializationon human strengths; stress on relatively brief interventions; stress on person-environment interactions; and stress on education, environments, and career development.
This document is a literature review comparing the humanistic and psychoanalytic orientations in psychology. It discusses the key aspects and differences between the two approaches, including their philosophical views and effectiveness in treatment. The review finds that while both orientations have strengths and weaknesses, neither is clearly superior to the other. It concludes by proposing a new question for further study - how the humanistic and psychoanalytic orientations could potentially be integrated to form an improved approach that combines aspects of each theory.
Humanistic psychology focuses on helping people reach their fullest potential. It believes individuals have free will and can choose to actualize their abilities. The key to self-actualization is self-acceptance of one's strengths and limitations. However, humanistic psychology is difficult to study objectively since it relies on subjective experiences and perceptions.
The document discusses the psychodynamic approach to leadership and counseling. It notes that the psychodynamic approach focuses on unconscious motivations and how early childhood experiences shape personality. The document also examines how the author's personality traits of empathy were reflected in various personality tests. It discusses how psychodynamic psychotherapy can provide insight into a client's early relationships and how they impact current behaviors and coping skills.
This document discusses several humanistic perspectives that can be used to explain patient behavior from a nursing perspective. It describes Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs which suggests humans are motivated to meet basic physiological needs and progress to higher needs of esteem and self-actualization. Rollo May's existential anxiety theory focuses on how existential thoughts and freedom can lead to anxiety and influence behavior. Victor Frankl's logotherapy emphasizes finding meaning and purpose as a primary motivator and explains behavior in terms of searching for significance. Carl Rogers' person-centered approach views people as inherently good and focuses on unconditional positive regard, empathy, and understanding each patient's perspective to foster self-actualization. The humanistic perspective in nursing recognizes each patient
Modern psychology is divided into several subdisciplines focused on different models of behavior. New fields have emerged like industrial/organizational psychology examining the workplace, and health psychology studying how psychology factors influence illnesses. Environmental psychology researches how people react to their environments. Other new areas include counseling, school, forensic, and community psychology.
HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENTSimran Mondal
The humanistic approach emerged in reaction to more pessimistic theories and focuses on free will, personal growth, and fulfilling one's potential. Key figures Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow believed people are inherently good and strive for self-actualization. Rogers described the ideal self and congruence between real and ideal selves as important for growth. Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes basic needs must be met before pursuing higher-level growth needs and self-actualization. However, the humanistic approach lacks empirical evidence and standardization, and its focus on subjectivity makes research difficult.
psychopathology of learners in classroom education
Today, 12:32 PM
describing challenges of inclusive classrooms and understanding psychopath learners in order to accomodate them in classroom education
This document outlines the structure and content of a course on psychotherapeutic methods. It is divided into 4 blocks that cover major modalities of psychological treatment of mental disorders, cognitive and behavioural therapies, other therapies for psychological interventions, and psychotherapy across the life cycle. The first unit focuses on psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy. It describes Freudian psychoanalytic theory, including psychosexual development stages, ego defense mechanisms, and structural and topographical models of personality. It also outlines other psychoanalytic theories like object relations theory and discusses components and techniques of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy.
This document discusses abnormal psychology and different therapeutic processes. It begins by defining normal and abnormal psychology and how they relate to cultural values and societal acceptance. Two specific mental disorders are then examined: general anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The document outlines several therapeutic approaches used to treat mental illnesses, including psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, exposure, and humanistic therapies. It emphasizes that therapy can help individuals better understand and cope with their disorders to live fulfilled lives.
This document discusses six major theories of anxiety: psychoanalytic, biological, trait, humanistic, behavioral/social learning, and cognitive. It provides a brief overview of each theory, including key contributors and common treatment approaches. The conclusion states that anxiety is normal in some situations but treatment should be sought when it affects daily life. Finding an effective therapist and treatment method tailored to the individual is important.
This document discusses six major theories of anxiety: psychoanalytic, biological, trait, humanistic, behavioral/social learning, and cognitive. It provides a brief overview of each theory, including key contributors and common treatment approaches. The conclusion states that anxiety is normal in some situations but treatment should be sought when it affects daily life. Finding an effective therapist and treatment method tailored to the individual is important.
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Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Phosphorus, is intensely sensitive to ‘other worlds’ and lacks the personal boundaries at every level. A Phosphorus personality is susceptible to all external impressions; light, sound, odour, touch, electrical changes, etc. Just like a match, he is easily excitable, anxious, fears being alone at twilight, ghosts, about future. Desires sympathy and has the tendency to kiss everyone who comes near him. An insane person with the exaggerated idea of one’s own importance.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Breast cancer :Receptor (ER/PR/HER2 NEU) Discordance.pptxDr. Sumit KUMAR
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Part III - Cumulative Grief: Learning how to honor the many losses that occur...bkling
Cumulative grief, also known as compounded grief, is grief that occurs more than once in a brief period of time. As a person with cancer, a caregiver or professional in this world, we are often met with confronting grief on a frequent basis. Learn about cumulative grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf