IGNOU Super-Notes :: Psychology Super Notes, All About Psychology :: MPC2 LifeSpan Development_3 Development During Adolescence_3 Identity, Self-concept, Self-esteem, Peer group relationship
Carl Rogers theory on personality, self conceptSowmyaNataraj3
Carl Rogers was a humanist psychologist who believed that for a person to grow, they need an environment with genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. Rogers also believed that people are motivated to reach self-actualization by achieving their goals and desires throughout life. A person's self-concept, or view of themselves, is influenced by childhood experiences and others' evaluations and can impact whether they feel positively or negatively about themselves. Rogers introduced the concept of unconditional positive regard, where one accepts and loves a person for who they are without judgment. He also described characteristics of fully functioning people, including trust, acceptance, and enjoying the present moment.
Young children experience rapid development in their understanding of people and the world. However, their comprehension is limited compared to adults. For this reason, children must learn rules and morality through specific examples and experiences, as their memory and ability to understand abstract concepts is still developing. Several theories discuss children's moral development, focusing on obedience, consequences of actions, and increasing ability to consider reasoning. Effective discipline aims to clearly communicate approved and disapproved behaviors while motivating children to follow standards. Parental relationships and interactions with siblings are especially important for children's self-concept and social-emotional development.
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and American psychologist known for describing behavior and developing theories of intelligence and personality. He proposed two types of general intelligence: fluid intelligence, which involves abstract reasoning and decreases with age, and crystallized intelligence, which involves learned skills and knowledge and increases with age. Cattell also developed theories of personality, including the Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Additionally, he proposed 16 primary personality factors and 5 global factors to comprehensively classify human personality. Cattell made major contributions through his extensive research and publication of over 500 articles and 50 books.
Wechsler Intelligence and Memory ScalesNanza Gonda
The Wechsler Intelligence and Memory Scales are a series of psychological tests developed by David Wechsler to assess intelligence and memory. There are three main versions - the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for ages 6-16, and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) to evaluate different memory functions. Each test provides index scores on areas like verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing speed. The tests are widely used by clinicians to diagnose conditions like learning disabilities and dementia.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology, which views people as both conscious and unconscious, rational and irrational. He believed occult phenomena and inherited ancestral experiences influence individuals. The psyche contains personal experiences and collective archetypes. Dreams are a source of understanding the unconscious, which aims for wholeness. Jung characterized types by attitudes and functions, and developed stages of life. His theories organized observations but lacked falsifiability.
This document discusses the construction and verification of norms for Raven's Progressive Matrices Test using a sample of students in La Plata, Argentina. It finds an increase in scores over time, known as the Flynn Effect, when compared to previous norms from 1964. It also finds differences in mean scores between age groups, education types, and for students in a Fine Arts program. The goals were to update the norms for the test using local data and compare results to previous norms and between demographic groups.
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development. He proposed that social development occurs through eight stages across the lifespan, where individuals must resolve crises of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity. His humanistic approach emphasized self-actualization and the importance of relationships. While influential, his theory focused more on childhood than adulthood and lacked empirical testing of how individuals progress between stages.
Carl Rogers theory on personality, self conceptSowmyaNataraj3
Carl Rogers was a humanist psychologist who believed that for a person to grow, they need an environment with genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. Rogers also believed that people are motivated to reach self-actualization by achieving their goals and desires throughout life. A person's self-concept, or view of themselves, is influenced by childhood experiences and others' evaluations and can impact whether they feel positively or negatively about themselves. Rogers introduced the concept of unconditional positive regard, where one accepts and loves a person for who they are without judgment. He also described characteristics of fully functioning people, including trust, acceptance, and enjoying the present moment.
Young children experience rapid development in their understanding of people and the world. However, their comprehension is limited compared to adults. For this reason, children must learn rules and morality through specific examples and experiences, as their memory and ability to understand abstract concepts is still developing. Several theories discuss children's moral development, focusing on obedience, consequences of actions, and increasing ability to consider reasoning. Effective discipline aims to clearly communicate approved and disapproved behaviors while motivating children to follow standards. Parental relationships and interactions with siblings are especially important for children's self-concept and social-emotional development.
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and American psychologist known for describing behavior and developing theories of intelligence and personality. He proposed two types of general intelligence: fluid intelligence, which involves abstract reasoning and decreases with age, and crystallized intelligence, which involves learned skills and knowledge and increases with age. Cattell also developed theories of personality, including the Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Additionally, he proposed 16 primary personality factors and 5 global factors to comprehensively classify human personality. Cattell made major contributions through his extensive research and publication of over 500 articles and 50 books.
Wechsler Intelligence and Memory ScalesNanza Gonda
The Wechsler Intelligence and Memory Scales are a series of psychological tests developed by David Wechsler to assess intelligence and memory. There are three main versions - the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for ages 6-16, and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) to evaluate different memory functions. Each test provides index scores on areas like verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing speed. The tests are widely used by clinicians to diagnose conditions like learning disabilities and dementia.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology, which views people as both conscious and unconscious, rational and irrational. He believed occult phenomena and inherited ancestral experiences influence individuals. The psyche contains personal experiences and collective archetypes. Dreams are a source of understanding the unconscious, which aims for wholeness. Jung characterized types by attitudes and functions, and developed stages of life. His theories organized observations but lacked falsifiability.
This document discusses the construction and verification of norms for Raven's Progressive Matrices Test using a sample of students in La Plata, Argentina. It finds an increase in scores over time, known as the Flynn Effect, when compared to previous norms from 1964. It also finds differences in mean scores between age groups, education types, and for students in a Fine Arts program. The goals were to update the norms for the test using local data and compare results to previous norms and between demographic groups.
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development. He proposed that social development occurs through eight stages across the lifespan, where individuals must resolve crises of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity. His humanistic approach emphasized self-actualization and the importance of relationships. While influential, his theory focused more on childhood than adulthood and lacked empirical testing of how individuals progress between stages.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a widely used psychological test that was originally developed in 1943 to aid in diagnosing psychological disorders. It uses a self-report format with true/false questions. The revised MMPI-2 version from 1989 includes validity and personality scales in addition to the original clinical scales. The MMPI provides a comprehensive personality profile used to assess psychopathology and adjust clinical diagnoses. It requires literacy at an 8th grade level and takes an untimed administration, with no right or wrong answers.
The document discusses schemas and prototypes in social psychology. It defines schemas as mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information. Schemas can be useful but can also lead to stereotypes. Prototypes are cognitive representations that exemplify the essential features of a category. The document provides examples of schemas and prototypes, and discusses how schemas can influence attention, memory, judgments and behavior through assimilation, accommodation and self-fulfilling prophecies. It also notes some problems with overreliance on schemas.
Analytical psychology Theories of Personality Carl JungGrace Bran
Carl Jung developed the concepts of the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The psyche consists of the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains archetypes - universal themes such as the mother, hero, and self. Jung described personality types as introverted/extraverted with thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting functions. His method of analysis included dream analysis, word association tests, and active imagination to understand a patient's unconscious and facilitate self-realization through integrating opposing forces. Critics argue Jung's concepts are difficult to empirically test and some concepts lack clarity due to ambiguity.
J.P. Guilford was a 20th century American psychologist best known for his study of human intelligence and the distinction between convergent and divergent thinking. He developed a detailed model of intelligence in the 1950s that categorized intellectual abilities into three dimensions: operations, content, and products. Guilford's model proposed that intelligence involves diverse mental abilities beyond just analytical reasoning, including creativity. However, his Structure of Intellect model was criticized and is not widely accepted today.
Neuropsychological assessment examines cognitive functioning through performance-based testing to determine the effects of brain injury or illness. It assesses areas like memory, intelligence, language, and executive function. The goals are diagnosis of any cognitive problems, understanding the nature and impact of any issues, and measuring change over time such as after treatment. Tests evaluate multiple areas to identify patterns that can indicate neurological disorders. The process involves taking a medical history, interviews, and standardized testing which are compared to norms.
The document provides an overview of developmental psychology, including:
1. It discusses several philosophical roots of explanations for human development such as original sin, innate goodness, and the blank slate theory.
2. Early scientific theories focused on documenting physical changes and establishing norms, while maturation theories emphasized genetically programmed development.
3. Modern perspectives consider development across the lifespan rather than only in childhood, and examine factors like nature vs nurture, ecology, and historical/cultural context.
4. Research methods discussed include basic and applied research using experimental, longitudinal, and observational designs while addressing ethical issues.
Intelligence test used in the forensic psychology.
There are different tests are used to measure the intelligence or IQ of a person. Such as,
Ravens Progressive Matrices
Bhatia Battery of Intelligence
Culture Fair test
Wechsler scale
Alexander Pass a long test
etc.
The cognitive perspective focuses on internal mental processes like thinking and memory. Key aspects of this perspective include:
- Studying cognition, or how knowledge is acquired and organized mentally.
- Rejecting introspection and embracing the scientific method.
- Acknowledging the existence of internal mental states like beliefs and desires.
- Tracing its foundations to Gestalt psychology and Jean Piaget's work on child development.
- Being influenced by advancements in technology and computer science from the 1950s onward.
Major figures who contributed to the development of this perspective include Noam Chomsky, who argued psychology should study more than just behavior, and Aaron Beck, who pioneered cognitive therapy by
Social psychology has evolved over centuries from early philosophers' theories to modern experimental research. It developed in three stages: [1] social philosophy with discussions but no data; [2] social empiricism with systematic data collection but no experiments; and [3] social analysis with causation studies and experiments. In the 20th century, wartime studies of prejudice and propaganda increased interest. Research expanded to include cognition, attitudes, relationships, and groups. Field studies now complement controlled experiments. Social psychology continues to investigate diverse topics with implications for society such as leadership, terrorism, and cultural influences on behavior.
The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a widely used assessment of the five factor model of personality. It measures the five domains of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The NEO-PI was developed by Costa and McCrae in 1978 and has since been revised multiple times, with the current version being the NEO-PI-3. It is a 240 item self-report inventory that is easy to administer and provides a comprehensive assessment of normal adult personality.
The WISC-IV is an individually administered intelligence test for children published in 2003 as an update to previous versions. It yields an overall intelligence score and index scores in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed based on 10 core subtests. The test was standardized on a stratified sample of 2,200 children aged 6 to 16. It addresses some limitations of previous versions through improved sample representation, updated materials, and a focus on the CHC model of intelligence while still incorporating a general intelligence factor. Comparisons to other tests like the SB5 show many similarities in approach but some differences in subtests and composite scores.
Developmental changes in puberty
Characteristics of Puberty
Criteria of puberty
Causes Of Puberty
Age of puberty
Body changes at puberty
Effect of Puberty Changes
Sources of concern
Hazards of Puberty
The central issue in test translations and adaptations is producing instruments that adequately measure target constructs across cultures. There are two main perspectives on equivalence - linguistic equivalence focuses on similarity of linguistic features, while psychological equivalence focuses on similarity of meaning and scores. A good translation combines high levels of construct, cultural, linguistic, and measurement equivalence. There is no single best approach, as the optimal method depends on the specific case. Multiple procedures can be used together to evaluate translation accuracy.
Carl Rogers was an American psychologist who developed client-centered therapy. He believed that people have a natural tendency towards self-actualization. Rogers viewed personality as consisting of three components - self-worth, self-image, and ideal self. He argued that for healthy psychological development, individuals need unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy from important figures. When these needs are met, people can reduce incongruence between their real and ideal selves, moving towards congruence and fulfilling their potential. Critics argue Rogers was too optimistic about human nature and did not adequately address human capacity for evil.
Humanistic psychology focuses on human potential and fulfillment. Gestalt psychology views learning as understanding whole problems and how the environment shapes perception. Abraham Maslow believed humans strive for self-actualization. Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy where the client, not therapist, guides behavior change. A humanistic curriculum emphasizes personal growth over subjects, meaning over content, and situations over products.
This document summarizes lifespan development from conception to old age. It describes key stages of physical, cognitive, and social development. These include prenatal development, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood, and discusses factors like genetics and environment that influence the developmental process.
Psychological testing has evolved over centuries from early written exams in ancient China to modern standardized tests. Key developments include Binet's intelligence test in 1905, which introduced the concept of mental age, and the Stanford-Binet test in 1916, which established the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula. World War I saw the development of intelligence tests to screen army recruits. Spearman's two-factor theory from 1902 proposed that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) and specific factors, influencing the development of modern standardized testing.
The document discusses the development of self-concept from childhood to adulthood. It begins by defining self-concept and its key components, including self-esteem, identity, body image, and the influence of school, age, and adolescence. It then examines how self-concept develops through cognitive and social changes. The characteristics of a positive self-concept are described as self-confidence, acceptance of criticism, goal-setting, and risk-taking. Finally, it identifies several factors that can influence self-concept, such as media, appearance, abuse, relationships, and life experiences.
This document provides an overview of behavioral science and concepts related to self-knowledge. It discusses:
1) Behavioral science as the study of human habits, actions, and intentions using knowledge from sociology, psychology, and anthropology.
2) Key concepts in behavioral science like self-concept, self-esteem, identity, and role performance that influence human behavior.
3) Models for understanding self-knowledge like Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and the Johari Window model of self-awareness.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a widely used psychological test that was originally developed in 1943 to aid in diagnosing psychological disorders. It uses a self-report format with true/false questions. The revised MMPI-2 version from 1989 includes validity and personality scales in addition to the original clinical scales. The MMPI provides a comprehensive personality profile used to assess psychopathology and adjust clinical diagnoses. It requires literacy at an 8th grade level and takes an untimed administration, with no right or wrong answers.
The document discusses schemas and prototypes in social psychology. It defines schemas as mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information. Schemas can be useful but can also lead to stereotypes. Prototypes are cognitive representations that exemplify the essential features of a category. The document provides examples of schemas and prototypes, and discusses how schemas can influence attention, memory, judgments and behavior through assimilation, accommodation and self-fulfilling prophecies. It also notes some problems with overreliance on schemas.
Analytical psychology Theories of Personality Carl JungGrace Bran
Carl Jung developed the concepts of the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The psyche consists of the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains archetypes - universal themes such as the mother, hero, and self. Jung described personality types as introverted/extraverted with thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting functions. His method of analysis included dream analysis, word association tests, and active imagination to understand a patient's unconscious and facilitate self-realization through integrating opposing forces. Critics argue Jung's concepts are difficult to empirically test and some concepts lack clarity due to ambiguity.
J.P. Guilford was a 20th century American psychologist best known for his study of human intelligence and the distinction between convergent and divergent thinking. He developed a detailed model of intelligence in the 1950s that categorized intellectual abilities into three dimensions: operations, content, and products. Guilford's model proposed that intelligence involves diverse mental abilities beyond just analytical reasoning, including creativity. However, his Structure of Intellect model was criticized and is not widely accepted today.
Neuropsychological assessment examines cognitive functioning through performance-based testing to determine the effects of brain injury or illness. It assesses areas like memory, intelligence, language, and executive function. The goals are diagnosis of any cognitive problems, understanding the nature and impact of any issues, and measuring change over time such as after treatment. Tests evaluate multiple areas to identify patterns that can indicate neurological disorders. The process involves taking a medical history, interviews, and standardized testing which are compared to norms.
The document provides an overview of developmental psychology, including:
1. It discusses several philosophical roots of explanations for human development such as original sin, innate goodness, and the blank slate theory.
2. Early scientific theories focused on documenting physical changes and establishing norms, while maturation theories emphasized genetically programmed development.
3. Modern perspectives consider development across the lifespan rather than only in childhood, and examine factors like nature vs nurture, ecology, and historical/cultural context.
4. Research methods discussed include basic and applied research using experimental, longitudinal, and observational designs while addressing ethical issues.
Intelligence test used in the forensic psychology.
There are different tests are used to measure the intelligence or IQ of a person. Such as,
Ravens Progressive Matrices
Bhatia Battery of Intelligence
Culture Fair test
Wechsler scale
Alexander Pass a long test
etc.
The cognitive perspective focuses on internal mental processes like thinking and memory. Key aspects of this perspective include:
- Studying cognition, or how knowledge is acquired and organized mentally.
- Rejecting introspection and embracing the scientific method.
- Acknowledging the existence of internal mental states like beliefs and desires.
- Tracing its foundations to Gestalt psychology and Jean Piaget's work on child development.
- Being influenced by advancements in technology and computer science from the 1950s onward.
Major figures who contributed to the development of this perspective include Noam Chomsky, who argued psychology should study more than just behavior, and Aaron Beck, who pioneered cognitive therapy by
Social psychology has evolved over centuries from early philosophers' theories to modern experimental research. It developed in three stages: [1] social philosophy with discussions but no data; [2] social empiricism with systematic data collection but no experiments; and [3] social analysis with causation studies and experiments. In the 20th century, wartime studies of prejudice and propaganda increased interest. Research expanded to include cognition, attitudes, relationships, and groups. Field studies now complement controlled experiments. Social psychology continues to investigate diverse topics with implications for society such as leadership, terrorism, and cultural influences on behavior.
The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a widely used assessment of the five factor model of personality. It measures the five domains of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The NEO-PI was developed by Costa and McCrae in 1978 and has since been revised multiple times, with the current version being the NEO-PI-3. It is a 240 item self-report inventory that is easy to administer and provides a comprehensive assessment of normal adult personality.
The WISC-IV is an individually administered intelligence test for children published in 2003 as an update to previous versions. It yields an overall intelligence score and index scores in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed based on 10 core subtests. The test was standardized on a stratified sample of 2,200 children aged 6 to 16. It addresses some limitations of previous versions through improved sample representation, updated materials, and a focus on the CHC model of intelligence while still incorporating a general intelligence factor. Comparisons to other tests like the SB5 show many similarities in approach but some differences in subtests and composite scores.
Developmental changes in puberty
Characteristics of Puberty
Criteria of puberty
Causes Of Puberty
Age of puberty
Body changes at puberty
Effect of Puberty Changes
Sources of concern
Hazards of Puberty
The central issue in test translations and adaptations is producing instruments that adequately measure target constructs across cultures. There are two main perspectives on equivalence - linguistic equivalence focuses on similarity of linguistic features, while psychological equivalence focuses on similarity of meaning and scores. A good translation combines high levels of construct, cultural, linguistic, and measurement equivalence. There is no single best approach, as the optimal method depends on the specific case. Multiple procedures can be used together to evaluate translation accuracy.
Carl Rogers was an American psychologist who developed client-centered therapy. He believed that people have a natural tendency towards self-actualization. Rogers viewed personality as consisting of three components - self-worth, self-image, and ideal self. He argued that for healthy psychological development, individuals need unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy from important figures. When these needs are met, people can reduce incongruence between their real and ideal selves, moving towards congruence and fulfilling their potential. Critics argue Rogers was too optimistic about human nature and did not adequately address human capacity for evil.
Humanistic psychology focuses on human potential and fulfillment. Gestalt psychology views learning as understanding whole problems and how the environment shapes perception. Abraham Maslow believed humans strive for self-actualization. Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy where the client, not therapist, guides behavior change. A humanistic curriculum emphasizes personal growth over subjects, meaning over content, and situations over products.
This document summarizes lifespan development from conception to old age. It describes key stages of physical, cognitive, and social development. These include prenatal development, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood, and discusses factors like genetics and environment that influence the developmental process.
Psychological testing has evolved over centuries from early written exams in ancient China to modern standardized tests. Key developments include Binet's intelligence test in 1905, which introduced the concept of mental age, and the Stanford-Binet test in 1916, which established the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula. World War I saw the development of intelligence tests to screen army recruits. Spearman's two-factor theory from 1902 proposed that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) and specific factors, influencing the development of modern standardized testing.
Similar to IGNOU Super-Notes: MPC2 LifeSpan Development_3 Development During Adolescence_3 Identity, Self-concept, Self-esteem, Peer group relationship
The document discusses the development of self-concept from childhood to adulthood. It begins by defining self-concept and its key components, including self-esteem, identity, body image, and the influence of school, age, and adolescence. It then examines how self-concept develops through cognitive and social changes. The characteristics of a positive self-concept are described as self-confidence, acceptance of criticism, goal-setting, and risk-taking. Finally, it identifies several factors that can influence self-concept, such as media, appearance, abuse, relationships, and life experiences.
This document provides an overview of behavioral science and concepts related to self-knowledge. It discusses:
1) Behavioral science as the study of human habits, actions, and intentions using knowledge from sociology, psychology, and anthropology.
2) Key concepts in behavioral science like self-concept, self-esteem, identity, and role performance that influence human behavior.
3) Models for understanding self-knowledge like Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and the Johari Window model of self-awareness.
This document discusses self-concept and its development. It defines self-concept as an individual's thoughts and beliefs about themselves, and notes it has cognitive, behavioral, and affective aspects. The development of self-concept occurs across the lifespan as individuals internalize feedback and social roles. Factors like health, experiences, and culture can influence self-perception. The nursing process can be used to assess and support patients with altered self-concepts through strengthening coping skills and maintaining dignity.
The document discusses several theories of child development, including:
1. Psychosocial Development Theory by Erik Erikson which describes 8 stages of social development from infancy to late adulthood.
2. Psycho-Sexual Development Theory by Sigmund Freud which proposes 5 stages of libido/sexual development from oral to genital stages.
3. Intellectual Development Theory by Jean Piaget which outlines 4 stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operations.
The document provides details on the key concepts, stages, and theorists behind several influential theories of child growth and development.
This document discusses the fundamentals of self-concept. It defines self-concept as an internalized set of perceptions about oneself that is relatively stable over time. Self-concept develops throughout life and is influenced by factors such as development level, beliefs, experiences, culture, and success/failures. It has several components including personal identity, body image, self-esteem, and role performance. Self-concept influences how people perceive themselves and make decisions.
The document discusses self-esteem in adolescents. It states that self-esteem can positively or negatively impact an adolescent's life and can be influenced by factors like socioeconomic status, race, gender, ethnicity, and societal pressures. Adolescents can have high or low self-esteem in different areas like academics, relationships, and social life. Their self-concept, or beliefs about themselves, may not fully align with how they see themselves. Self-esteem in various domains can determine their overall self-esteem going forward.
Development of self and social cognitionTerrie Loye
The document discusses the development of self and social cognition from childhood through adolescence. It covers key topics like the emergence of self-awareness in infants, the role of social comparisons and feedback from others in developing self-concept, and changes in self-esteem and identity formation during middle childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and Marcia's identity statuses are also referenced in relation to forming a sense of self across one's lifespan.
This document discusses several theories related to self-esteem and how it can impact decision-making. It examines the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, which holds that people may rationalize their actions to maintain high self-esteem even if their actions go against their beliefs. It also looks at how self-esteem can be influenced by social comparison and experiences like struggling in school but later finding success through hard work. Overall, the document explores how self-esteem develops and how it can sometimes override logic and lead people to make choices that go against their true beliefs or abilities in order to preserve their self-image.
This document discusses understanding self, which has two components: self-concept and self-esteem. Self-concept is one's perception of themselves and is comprised of personal identity and social identity. Self-esteem refers to one's subjective view of their own worth. The development of both begins in early childhood, with self-concept emerging around age 3 and being influenced by parents and gender stereotypes, and self-esteem forming from parenting styles and experiences that make a child feel cared for. Academics also influence self-concept from ages 10-11 as children compare abilities. Overall, understanding self involves recognizing one's self-perception and feelings of self-worth.
1. The document discusses personality development, defining it as patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize individuals.
2. It outlines four types of personality: average, reserved, role-models, and self-centered.
3. Stages of personality development from infancy through adolescence are described based on Erikson's psychosocial theory, including developing trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, and identity.
The document discusses three key aspects of human development: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. It also discusses factors that influence human development such as heredity, environment, and maturation. It defines personal development as a process of self-reflection, self-understanding, and learning new values and skills to reach one's full potential. The document also discusses the concepts of ideal self versus actual self, and describes self-concept and personality in terms of Freud's concepts of the id, ego, and superego.
The Development of the Self - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 4Simon Bignell
The Development of the Self - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 4.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
The document provides an outline of Chapter 11, which covers the topics of self, identity, and personality. Some key points:
1. Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan, from early self-recognition in infancy to life reviews in older adulthood. Self-esteem and self-regulation also change across developmental periods.
2. Identity formation is influenced by Erikson's psychosocial stages and involves exploring roles and committing to an identity. It continues well into emerging adulthood and possibly middle adulthood. Ethnic identity is also an important aspect.
3. Personality consists of traits like the Big Five factors. Views of adult personality development include stage theories and recognizing individual variations. Midlife
Social and emotional development involves growing one's ability to form relationships and understand and manage emotions. Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory outlines eight stages from infancy to late adulthood, where people face crises that shape their social-emotional growth. For example, infants develop trust through caring relationships, while toddlers learn autonomy versus shame and doubt. Each stage involves resolving crises through social interactions that impact one's identity and relationships. Positive social-emotional development includes traits like trust, self-esteem, and social competence that allow people to form strong relationships and understand themselves.
This document provides an overview of personality, including key definitions, theories, and concepts. It begins by defining personality as the sum of typical ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that make each person unique. It then discusses three main factors that influence personality: heredity, experience, and culture. Two major personality types - Type A and Type B - are also introduced in relation to stress responses. The document outlines the major stages of personality development across the human lifespan. Finally, several prominent theories of personality traits are summarized, including Myers-Briggs, Allport's theory, and the Five-Factor Model.
Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist known for his theory on psychosocial development across the human lifespan. The document summarizes Erikson's theory of 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage involves resolving a psychosocial crisis through developing certain psychosocial strengths or virtues. The stages involve developing trust vs mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs shame and doubt in early childhood, initiative vs guilt in preschool years, industry vs inferiority in school-age children, identity vs role confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs isolation in young adulthood, generativity vs stagnation in adulthood, and integrity vs despair in late adulthood.
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (1)Deepika Ahlaeat
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that personality develops through 8 stages from infancy to late adulthood, where individuals face new challenges and crises. Each stage focuses on becoming competent in an area of social functioning. If handled well, it results in healthy development and a sense of competence. If handled poorly, it leads to feelings of inadequacy. The 8 stages are: basic trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, and integrity vs despair.
The document discusses social and emotional development according to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. It describes each stage from infancy through late adulthood, the key task or strength developed at each stage, and examples. The stages include trust vs. mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs. shame in toddlerhood, initiative vs. guilt in early childhood, industry vs. inferiority in middle childhood, identity vs. role confusion in adolescence, intimacy vs. isolation in young adulthood, generativity vs. stagnation in middle adulthood, and ego integrity vs. despair in late adulthood. It emphasizes that successful resolution of earlier crises influences success in later stages.
Similar to IGNOU Super-Notes: MPC2 LifeSpan Development_3 Development During Adolescence_3 Identity, Self-concept, Self-esteem, Peer group relationship (20)
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Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
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Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
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ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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Understanding Atherosclerosis Causes, Symptoms, Complications, and Preventionrealmbeats0
Definition: Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaques, which are made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, in the walls of arteries. Over time, these plaques harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow.
Importance: This condition is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. Understanding atherosclerosis is crucial for preventing these serious health issues.
Overview: We will cover the aims and objectives of this presentation, delve into the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis, discuss its complications, and explore preventive measures and lifestyle changes that can mitigate risk.
Aim: To provide a detailed understanding of atherosclerosis, encompassing its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and strategies for prevention and management.
Purpose: The primary purpose of this presentation is to raise awareness about atherosclerosis, highlight its impact on public health, and educate individuals on how they can reduce their risk through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.
Educational Goals:
Explain the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, including the processes of plaque formation and arterial hardening.
Identify the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.
Discuss the clinical signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of atherosclerosis.
Highlight the potential complications arising from untreated atherosclerosis, including heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Provide practical advice on preventive measures, including dietary recommendations, exercise guidelines, and the importance of regular medical check-ups.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Phosphorus, is intensely sensitive to ‘other worlds’ and lacks the personal boundaries at every level. A Phosphorus personality is susceptible to all external impressions; light, sound, odour, touch, electrical changes, etc. Just like a match, he is easily excitable, anxious, fears being alone at twilight, ghosts, about future. Desires sympathy and has the tendency to kiss everyone who comes near him. An insane person with the exaggerated idea of one’s own importance.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
congenital GI disorders are very dangerous to child. it is also a leading cause for death of the child.
this congenital GI disorders includes cleft lip, cleft palate, hirchsprung's disease etc.