Harassment and Abuse - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and Interventions - Psychology Super Notes

Harassment and Abuse
Counselling and Family Therapy -
Applications and Interventions By M.S. Ahluwalia
Psychology SuperNotes
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Contents
1. Types of Harassment and Abuse
2. Sexual Harassment and Abuse
3. Effect of Sexual Harassment and Abuse
4. Elderly Abuse
5. Role of Counsellor and Family Therapist
6. Therapeutic Interventions
Harassment
and
Abuse
–
Super-Notes
10

Types of Harassment and Abuse
11
Types
of
Harassment
and
Abuse
By Age Group
Child abuse
Adolescent abuse
Adulthood harassment and abuse
Old age/Elderly abuse and neglect
By Type of Maltreatment
Physical abuse
Verbal abuse
Sexual abuse
Psychological abuse
Neglect
Next

1. Physical Abuse
12
Types
of
Harassment
and
Abuse
• Children: During childhood, physical abuse (corporal punishment) is at times quite harsh.
• Parents at times scold, slap or beat their child to stop misbehaviour.
• But if this physical beating becomes regular, torturous and/ or harms the child; whether it is by
parents, teachers, siblings, relatives, elders in the community, known or unknown persons, it is
physical abuse.
• Adolescents: Physical abuse is also observed among older individuals. Adolescents
fighting with each other, road rage, gang war crimes are some resultants of physical abuse.
• Husband/Wife: In many parts of the world, women are physically beaten by their
husband. In India, at times in-laws also physically abuse the women. Sometimes, man is
also physically beaten by the wife.
• Elderly: Older generations become weak and fragile with age and physical weakness.
Sometimes, their children, now in their prime ages, beat their parents – it could be for
seeking parental property, money, showing autonomy, etc.
Physical
Abuse
Harsh behaviour which often leads
to injury.

2. Verbal Abuse
13
Types
of
Harassment
and
Abuse
• Verbal abuse is quite common in all people irrespective of race, region, religion
and society.
• Abusive language in some cultures constitutes a part of expressing love and care for
loved ones.
• But, too much verbal aggression leads to a lot of stress and psychological distress in the
person who is verbally abused, of whichever life span age group that person may be of.
3. Sexual Abuse
• Sexual abuse and harassment could be of different types. It could be sexual
harassment at workplace, incest, rape, unnatural sex, etc.

4. Psychological Abuse
14
Types
of
Harassment
and
Abuse
• Psychological abuse is evident across the life span.
• Individuals consider themselves worthless, unloved, unwanted, uncared,
isolated, neglected etc.
• Psychological abuse increases the risk factors among the individual.
• Some individuals may develop resiliency due to presence of some special person
like teacher, sibling, parent, relative, idol/role model etc. who helps him/her to
tide over the stress.
Psychological
Abuse
causing emotional stress to a person which crosses the threshold that
individual can bear.

5. Neglect
15
Types
of
Harassment
and
Abuse
• Neglect is shown by uncaring, unloving, isolation behaviour by the person whom we
consider important for ourselves.
• Care and warmth provided by the parents of a young child cannot be replaced by anything/anyone.
• Expectations of parents to be cared for by their child(ren) during old age especially in Indian sub-
continent and collectivistic societies are quite prominent.
• Wife’s expectation to be cared, valued, accepted, loved, respected especially by her husband
and his family members is common throughout the world across regions and religions.
• Husband’s expectation to be cared, loved, valued and respected by wife and her family members.
• Any opposition of these expectations leads to feeling of neglect in the individual: child,
parent, wife husband, etc.
• When situations and life circumstances are opposed to the general expectations of the
social norms, it leads to distress in the individual. This psychological abuse and neglect
manifests itself in many types of mental health problems in the individual.

c
Contents
4. Elderly Abuse
Harassment
and
Abuse
–
Super-Notes
16

Victims of Sexual Harassment
17
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
Generally, females and children are more prone to sexual harassment than men.
Abuse by Women
• These days a number of incidents are being reported by husbands and his family
members regarding harassment and abuse faced by them because of the
wife/daughter-in-law.
• At workplace, at times men also face sexual harassment at the hands of female
bosses. This is a crime which is also quite under-reported in India.

Types of Sexual Harassment and Abuse
18
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
1
Paedophilia/
Paedophilic behaviour
• Sexual abuse of young children - both
boys and girls by adults or late
adolescents.
• A recent phenomenon or is reported now
2
Incest
• Sexual intercourse between close
relatives among which the society
considers as taboo.
3
Sexual Harassment/
Exploitation
• Intimidation, bullying or coercion of a
sexual nature
• Unwelcome or inappropriate promise of
rewards in exchange for sexual favours.
4
Eve-teasing
• Obscene behaviour towards women in
public areas and/or roads.
5
Molestation
• Act of subjecting women or children to
unwanted sexual advances or improper
sexual acts or activity.
6
Rape
• Sexual assault linked with forced sexual
intercourse initiated by a person on a
person who does not consent to it.

Types of Incest
19
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
Incest
Depending upon the social norms and culture of a particular society, it could be a taboo among blood relatives, clan-group,
same village, same lineage, same household, etc. Types of incest are:
Between Adult and Minor
• Between parent and child: e.g.:
mother-son, father-daughter.
• Between step-relations: step-
parent could have sexual relations
with step-child(ren).
• Between adults and children:
known adult close to the family may
have illicit relation with the
child(ren).
• Between siblings or step-siblings:
both could be minors, or one minor
and other late adolescent or adult.
Between Consenting Adults
• Both sexual partners, in
whatever relationship are
mature and adults, doing sexual
activity with conscious agreement.
• Could be consenting:
• adult parent-child relation
• adult parent-step child relation
• siblings
• cousins in relationships
• sexual relations with persons not
permitted through marriage /clan
lineage/village/etc.
Incest Without Consent
• Incest is many times forced.
• Incest in the family is the most
unreported intrafamilial abuse
due to associated shame, guilt, fear.
• Incest during young ages, especially
on females is forced by brother,
father, brother/father-like figure.
• It may be because of the absence of
a strong ‘father’ figure in the
family, or, unfortune
circumstances which provides
opportunity to other adults to make
‘younger ones’ their prey.

Sexual Harassment and Eve-Teasing
20
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
Sexual
Harassment
and
Eve-Teasing
Sexual Harassment/Exploitation
• Unwelcome sexually determined behaviour,
whether directly or by implication, through:
• physical contact and advances
• demand or request for sexual favours
• sexually coloured remarks
• showing pornography
• any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-
verbal conduct of sexual nature.
• Sexual harassment or exploitation of women
at workplace is on a rise with women
entering the work force.
Eve Teasing
• It’s a common euphemistic term
used in Indian sub-continent.
• It refers to all such harassments
women face in public places which
are related to:
• sexual ridicule
• provocative statements
• derogatory public harassment of women.
• Eve teasing outrages the modesty of
women by word, gesture or act.

Molestation and Rape
21
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
Molestation
and
Rape
Molestation
• Child molestation is also on rise in
India now.
• Molestation also includes touching of
private parts, exposure of genitalia,
taking of pornographic pictures, etc.
• It includes offences that use force or
assault to outrage the modesty of
women.
• Many times, children don’t report it
and develop psychosomatic problems.
Rape
• Generally, in India, rape victims are women or
female children.
• Initiation could be by one or more than one person.
• Rape could be by both people known or unknown to
the victim.
• There are some reports of male-male and female-
female rapes especially taking place in prisons and
hostels.
• Rape among married couples is also reported.
• Rape outrages the modesty of the victim which has
serious lingering consequences on the victim’s
well-being.

c
Contents
4. Elderly Abuse
Harassment
and
Abuse
–
Super-Notes
22

Effect of Sexual Harassment and Abuse
23
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
1
Effect on Sexually
Assaulted
Individual
2
Effect on a
Abused Child
3
Effect on the
family of the
victim
4
Effect on the
perpetrator and
his/her family

24
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
1
Effect on Sexually
Assaulted
Individual
2
Effect on a
Abused Child
3
Effect on the
family of the
victim
4
Effect on the
perpetrator and
his/her family
Sexual harassment and abuse have a long-lasting impression in the memory/minds
of the abused - a lasting impression of being hurt and used. Children who are
sexually abused when quite young are unable to forget such bad memories.
To help such persons it is important to understand the effect of sexual harassment
and abuse on the minds of those involved:
Next

25
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
Sexually
Assaulted
Individual
1. Effect on the Abused/Survivor of Sexual Assault
• Rape victim is affected by both physical and psychological trauma.
• Deaths of rape victims are also reported.
• Rape has a tragic impact on the victim’s:
• physical health,
• reproductive health,
• mental health and
• social well-being.

26
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
Sexually
Assaulted
Individual
1.1 Impact on Physical and Reproductive Health
• Vaginal bleeding, if uncontrolled leads to death
• Vaginal infection
• Fibroids
• Genital irritation
• Pain during intercourse
• Decreased sexual desire
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Urinary infections
• Pregnancy
• HIV/AIDS
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

27
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
Sexually
Assaulted
Individual
1.2 Impact on Psychological Health and Social Well-being
• Stigma
• Betrayal
• Decreased sexual desire
• Pain during intercourse even with consent
• Self-blame: blames herself for doing something which led to rape. It is
a common feeling among abuse victims - might blame their character
or their actions for not being appropriate.
• Shame: feels ashamed - lacks courage to face the society at large
• Fear: of men, place and situations which evoke bad memories
• Isolation: isolates herself from the social world
• Lack of self-care and self-love: Stops looking after oneself
• Anger and aggression: In the early phase after sexual abuse the victim
is angry towards self and later towards others
• Suicidal ideation: may develop suicide ideation and attempt suicide
• Poor self-esteem: Victim thinks poorly of herself
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Anxiety
• Among abused children - eating disorder or other
psychosomatic conditions may be seen
• Mental health disorders
• Skin diseases are also observed in children who are
sexually abused
• Not trusting the world
• Disgust at oneself
• Unaccepting the inevitable and going into delusions
• Lose confidence in one’s own abilities
• Become too prudent for social acceptance
• Feels powerless
• Repression of the event is never complete

28
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
1
Effect on Sexually
Assaulted
Individual
2
Effect on a
Abused Child
3
Effect on the
family of the
victim
4
Effect on the
perpetrator and
his/her family
Next

29
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
abused
child
2. Effect of Abuse on Children
• Abuse leaves harsh lines on their psyche.
• Finkelhor and Browne (1986) reported that long-term effects include:
• poor self-esteem,
• difficulty in trusting others,
• anxiety,
• feelings of isolation and stigma,
• depression,
• self-destructive tendencies,
• sexual maladjustment and
• substance abuse.

30
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
abused
child
2.1 Effect of Abuse on Child’s Physical Health
• Too much of physical abuse could lead to some physical injury to the child.
• Johnson (2002) said that too much vigorous shaking of an infant by the caregiver
back and forth causes a rapid acceleration and deceleration of the brain within the
skull, this was termed as shaken baby syndrome.
• This could lead to:
• severe brain damage,
• vomiting,
• seizures,
• coma or
• death of the baby.

31
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
abused
child
2.2 Effect of Abuse on Child’s Behaviour and Mental Health
The child may show behaviour problems and/or mental health disorders:
• Anxiety and panic attacks
• Non-trust to the others around,
• Eating disorder,
• Aggression, anger outbursts, and disruptive behaviour,
• Fits,
• Unsocial/antisocial behaviour,
• Depression, reclusion to oneself,
• Mood changes,
• Regressive behaviour (bed wetting, thumb sucking etc.)
• Insomnia

32
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
abused
child
2.3 Effect of Abuse on Child’s Relationships and Cognition
• Impact on quality of attachment in close relationship
• Abused child finds it difficult to develop secure positive and healthy attachments with
others.
• Later, adult romantic attachments are also not of high quality as the victim is not able to
trust and rely on others easily.
• Cognitive Abilities
• Like language, speech, memory retention are impacted.

33
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
1
Effect on Sexually
Assaulted
Individual
2
Effect on a
Abused Child
3
Effect on the
family of the
victim
4
Effect on the
perpetrator and
his/her family
Next

34
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
the
Family
of
the
Victim
3. Effect of Abuse on the Family of the Victim
Effect of sexual abuse is seen on the whole family/all family members of the victim.
• They feel helpless, ashamed, guilty and powerless.
• They have to face the world - its questions, mirage of helping hands which disappear once
they go near them.
• If the perpetrator is a part of the family or known to the family:
• and has an important role in the family, it leads to divided loyalty as well as distress among the
family members.
• family system is threatened to break down or get more closure.
• Blaming each other, self-blame by mother, anger and aggression towards others is
quite common.
• Foster and adoptive parents of the abused child feel more distressed and responsible
for the plight of their child.

35
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
1
Effect on Sexually
Assaulted
Individual
2
Effect on a
Abused Child
3
Effect on the
family of the
victim
4
Effect on the
perpetrator and
his/her family
Next

36
Effect
of
Sexual
Harassment
and
Abuse
>>
on
the
Perpetrator
and
his/her
Family
4. Effect of Abuse on the Perpetrator and his/her Family
• Most men who molest, abuse and victimize are members known to the victim.
• These men are often highly valued for their good social behaviour and
upholding values in the society in general. They live a double-faced life!
• Family members and victims have confused, contradicting feelings towards
them.
• Most family members might be dependent on the perpetrator, and thus, not
repel him completely as well as accept them at heart.
• Women also at times sexually abuse male/females -adult or child. They find
themselves in powerful situation or hierarchy to do the same. This is a way of
asserting power by the offenders, whether male or female.

c
Contents
4. Elderly Abuse
Harassment
and
Abuse
–
Super-Notes
37

Elderly Abuse
38
Elderly
Abuse
• Physical and psychological abuse with elderly population is becoming a
recurrent problem in India.
• Industrialisation and urbanisation has led to increased materialism in the
society which has both positive and negative impact on the people.
• On one hand it has improved the living standards of people, increased the life span,
improved health conditions.
• On the other hand, it has made youngsters more materialistic and individualistic in
nature. Neglect of elderly parents by their children is becoming increasingly common in
India.

c
Contents
4. Elderly Abuse
Harassment
and
Abuse
–
Super-Notes
39

Role of Counsellor and Family Therapist – Managing Abuse
40
Role
of
Counsellor
and
Family
Therapist
Counsellor and family therapist plays an important role to retrieve the mental
and social well-being of the offended, offender and their family members.
S/he should:
• portray genuineness, positive regard, empathy, belief, patience towards the
client.
• be careful to maintain neutrality with family members containing both offender
and offended and at the same time be empathetic towards the offended.
• Teach the parents to impart sex education, knowledge about appropriate and
inappropriate touches, show of love and affection, understand what are sexual
advances, etc. to their child appropriate to the child’s age.

Role of Counsellor and Family Therapist – Managing Neglect
41
Role
of
Counsellor
and
Family
Therapist
• Elderly feel neglected and worthless after leading a productive life as their
children no more care for them.
• Family needs to be re-integrated and involved with each other.
• Where sons have moved apart, contact needs to be established and maintained
through phone calls, letters, emails, etc.
• Elderly couple need to re-learn staying with and caring for each other as a
couple.
• Involvement of the elders in some productive and socially useful work will help
to give elders a sense of being useful and needed in the society.

c
Contents
4. Elderly Abuse
Harassment
and
Abuse
–
Super-Notes
42

Therapeutic Interventions
43
Therapeutic
Interventions
1
Supportive
Therapy
2
Parent Training/
Behaviour Parent
Training
3
Cognitive
Behaviour Family
Therapy
4
Ecological
Approaches to
Treatment
5
Trauma Focused
Cognitive
Behaviour Therapy
6
Cognitive
Restructuring with
Adolescents
7
Play Therapy
8
Meditation and
Relaxation
Techniques
9
Yoga Therapy

1. Supportive Therapy (1/2)
44
Therapeutic
Interventions
• Supportive therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach
and it integrates psychodynamic, cognitive-
behavioural and interpersonal conceptual theories.
• The main role of the therapist is to reinforce healthy
and adaptive pattern of behaviour and thoughts in the
abused person. It is one of the most commonly used
therapy with abused and neglected children (Weiss, 2008).
• According to Weiss, the primary goal of supportive
therapy is to:
• help the children cope with feelings and memories
associated with their maltreatment
• improve their sense of self and relationships with them.
William Friedrich (2002)
approaches children’s
maltreatment by addressing
three main issues:
1. Attachment to caregivers
2. Behavioural regulation
3. Self-perceptions.

1. Supportive Therapy (2/2)
45
Therapeutic
Interventions
• Initially, therapy provides a source of support, care and nurturance to the
abused children. Trust has to be developed in this relation which is quite difficult
for the abused to develop in the therapist.
• Later, therapy helps child to accept and understand their feelings, thoughts
and actions.
• With therapy they develop insight into their thoughts and feelings.
• Relaxation techniques are taught.
• Child is involved in art and sports activities.
• Unconditional positive regard by the therapist to the child provides correcting
the self-perceptions of worthlessness or guilt that interfere with the child’s self-
esteem and self-efficacy (Weiss, 2008).

2. Parent Training/ Behavioural Parent Training
46
Therapeutic
Interventions
• Parent training helps to teach parents to socialise their children in more
effective ways.
• This therapy is provided to caregivers who physically abuse or neglect
children (Weiss, 2008).
• According to Weiss, in this therapy, parents are shown how to:
• attend to children’s activities and positively reinforce appropriate behaviour
• give clear and developmentally appropriate commands to maximise children’s
compliance
• ignore inappropriate behaviours and avoid hostile-aggressive displays
• use noncoercive forms of discipline, such as time out (with young children) and response
cost (with older children and adolescents).

3. Cognitive Behavioural Family Therapy
47
Therapeutic
Interventions
Used in varied types of abuse and with different life span age groups of the abused
and their family members. It helps them to:
• form realistic expectations,
• develop problem-solving skills,
• remove cognitive distortions,
• improve coping skills,
• improve quality of parent-child relations etc.

4. Ecological Approaches to Treatment
48
Therapeutic
Interventions
• Weiss (2008) stated that treatment for child maltreatment, must address the
family’s needs across multiple levels of functioning.
• The ecological therapist, according to him, has to first assess the family’s strengths and
weaknesses across - children’s characteristics, parents’ characteristics, family and work
environment, peers, school, neighbourhood, and larger community.
• According to Swenson & Chaffin (2006), the therapist and the family has to
design the treatment programme that acknowledges the family’s weaknesses
across ecological contexts but capitalizes on the family’s strengths.

5. Trauma-Focussed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT)
49
Therapeutic
Interventions
• TF-CBT integrates principles of exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring, parent
training, and family support.
• It is especially used with sexually abused children.
• Weiss (2008) outlines goal of TF-CBT is to help children identify and manage negative
emotions associated with the traumatic experience.
• Child is:
• taught to STOP the unwanted thoughts and memories by being able to manage the stopping of the
appearance of the bad repulsive memories.
• exposed to memories and the therapist teaches a relationship between memories and reality and
action.
• encouraged to write or draw or illustrate their traumatic experiences. The therapist tries to
reframe children’s maladaptive thoughts about the abused experience (Weiss, 2008).

6. Cognitive Restructuring with Adolescents
50
Therapeutic
Interventions
• Sexually abused older children and adolescents often:
• have mood disorders,
• consider themselves worthless, used,
• have negative thoughts for the outer world, themselves, and people close to them,
• afraid to get-in close to anyone.
• Therapists while challenging cognitive distortions help these youths to find
ways to think about their abusive experiences (Heflin & Deblinger, 2003).

7. Play Therapy
51
Therapeutic
Interventions
• Play therapy is extensively used with maltreated children to help the child:
• reach catharsis,
• express oneself and
• get over the past experiences.
• It may be used also in conjunction with another therapy or by itself.

8. Meditation and Relaxation Techniques
52
Therapeutic
Interventions
• Meditation and relaxation techniques are used to help the abused:
• cope with their anxiety, mood disorders, and the past;
• look forward to the future in a positive frame of mind.

9. Yoga Therapy
53
Therapeutic
Interventions
• Yoga has been known to help cure illness and promote well-being through
ancient times in India.
• Yoga:
• helps to alleviate stress, reduce anxiety and promote happiness.
• when done in groups leads to inter and intra well-being of all the group members.
• promotes well-being even if it is performed individually.

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We have curated a list of movies directly and indirectly related to psychology... Click here to access now!
We have curated a list of movies directly
and indirectly related to psychology...
Do you know: Watching movies is probably the best way of learning about something?
Do you know: Watching movies is probably
the best way of learning about something?
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We have a collection of reviews, previews, and legally free e-books for you…
We have a collection of reviews, previews, and
legally free e-books for you…
Are you looking for books to help you apply the concepts of Psychology in real life?
Are you looking for books to help you apply
the concepts of Psychology in real life?
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www.RealHappinessCenter.com
www.RealHappinessCenter.com
The
Real Happiness
Center
The
Real Happiness
Center

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FREE IGNOU HELP CENTER
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IGNOU Psychology Hub
IGNOU Psychology Hub
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Harassment and Abuse - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and Interventions - Psychology Super Notes

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