IGNOU Super-Notes :: Psychology Super Notes, All About Psychology :: MPC3 Personality - Theories and Assessment_4 Assessment of Personality 2 Approaches to Personality Assessment
Clinical assessment involves gathering information to understand abnormal behavior and determine how to help an individual. It can follow three models: the info-gathering model focuses on collecting relevant data; the therapeutic model aims to evaluate treatment progress; and the differential treatment model seeks to determine the best treatment approach. Common assessment methods include clinical interviews, intelligence and personality tests, and behavioral observations. Projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot technique and TAT are also used to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a widely used psychological test that was originally developed in 1943 to aid in diagnosing psychological disorders. It uses a self-report format with true/false questions. The revised MMPI-2 version from 1989 includes validity and personality scales in addition to the original clinical scales. The MMPI provides a comprehensive personality profile used to assess psychopathology and adjust clinical diagnoses. It requires literacy at an 8th grade level and takes an untimed administration, with no right or wrong answers.
The document provides an overview of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), a projective test used to assess personality and adjustment. It describes the administration and scoring of the 40-item test, with responses scored on a scale of 0-6 compared to norms. Conflict responses indicating maladjustment are scored higher, from 4 for minor issues (CI) to 6 for more serious problems (C3). The RISB aims to quickly screen for adjustment issues rather than provide in-depth diagnosis. It has been found useful for research, selection, and evaluating psychotherapy outcomes.
McClelland's Needs Theory identifies three important needs that motivate behavior: the need for power, the need for affiliation, and the need for achievement. The need for power involves influencing and controlling others, while the need for affiliation centers around developing social relationships and avoiding rejection. The need for achievement involves taking moderate or calculated risks to achieve goals and overcome obstacles. McClelland determined that these needs are learned over time based on life experiences rather than innate, and they influence the types of situations and roles that motivate different people.
This document provides information about the Children's Apperception Test (CAT). It begins with a brief introduction of the test and then provides more details in subsequent sections. The CAT uses ambiguous pictures of animals to encourage children to tell stories about the situations depicted. By analyzing these stories, clinicians can assess aspects of the child's personality, maturity level, and psychological health. It is a projective test intended for children ages 3 to 10 years old. Administration involves showing cards to the child one by one and having them describe what is happening in the pictures as well as the characters' thoughts, feelings, and future actions. There are no right or wrong answers, and clinicians examine various elements of the stories to understand the child's underlying needs
Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to PersonalityPsychoTech Services
Surface Traits
- Observable traits like kindness, honesty,
helpfulness etc.
- Manifestations of deeper source traits.
- More specific and narrow in scope.
Source Traits
- Underlying broad dispositions or
tendencies.
- Not directly observable but inferred from
surface traits.
- Fewer in number but better predictors of
behaviour.
2. Constitutional Traits vs. Environmental Mould Traits
Constitutional Traits
- Innate or biologically determined traits like
intelligence, temperament etc.
- Relatively fixed and not much influenced by
environment.
Environmental Mould Traits
- Traits acquired through learning and
experience.
The NEO PI-R is a personality inventory based on the Big Five personality dimensions. It was developed by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae to assess neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Each domain is composed of six facets and is widely used in research, counseling, and occupational settings. The inventory consists of 240 items measuring the five domains and can be completed in about 35 minutes. It has high reliability and validity and provides a well-researched measure of the major dimensions of adult personality.
Standardized personality tests and interviews are commonly used methods to assess personality. The document discusses several specific personality tests, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), California Psychological Inventory (CPI), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and Rorschach inkblot test. It also discusses projective techniques like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Children's Apperception Test (CAT) which analyze responses to ambiguous stimuli. Scoring methods and clinical applications are described for several of the assessments.
Clinical assessment involves gathering information to understand abnormal behavior and determine how to help an individual. It can follow three models: the info-gathering model focuses on collecting relevant data; the therapeutic model aims to evaluate treatment progress; and the differential treatment model seeks to determine the best treatment approach. Common assessment methods include clinical interviews, intelligence and personality tests, and behavioral observations. Projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot technique and TAT are also used to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a widely used psychological test that was originally developed in 1943 to aid in diagnosing psychological disorders. It uses a self-report format with true/false questions. The revised MMPI-2 version from 1989 includes validity and personality scales in addition to the original clinical scales. The MMPI provides a comprehensive personality profile used to assess psychopathology and adjust clinical diagnoses. It requires literacy at an 8th grade level and takes an untimed administration, with no right or wrong answers.
The document provides an overview of the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB), a projective test used to assess personality and adjustment. It describes the administration and scoring of the 40-item test, with responses scored on a scale of 0-6 compared to norms. Conflict responses indicating maladjustment are scored higher, from 4 for minor issues (CI) to 6 for more serious problems (C3). The RISB aims to quickly screen for adjustment issues rather than provide in-depth diagnosis. It has been found useful for research, selection, and evaluating psychotherapy outcomes.
McClelland's Needs Theory identifies three important needs that motivate behavior: the need for power, the need for affiliation, and the need for achievement. The need for power involves influencing and controlling others, while the need for affiliation centers around developing social relationships and avoiding rejection. The need for achievement involves taking moderate or calculated risks to achieve goals and overcome obstacles. McClelland determined that these needs are learned over time based on life experiences rather than innate, and they influence the types of situations and roles that motivate different people.
This document provides information about the Children's Apperception Test (CAT). It begins with a brief introduction of the test and then provides more details in subsequent sections. The CAT uses ambiguous pictures of animals to encourage children to tell stories about the situations depicted. By analyzing these stories, clinicians can assess aspects of the child's personality, maturity level, and psychological health. It is a projective test intended for children ages 3 to 10 years old. Administration involves showing cards to the child one by one and having them describe what is happening in the pictures as well as the characters' thoughts, feelings, and future actions. There are no right or wrong answers, and clinicians examine various elements of the stories to understand the child's underlying needs
Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to PersonalityPsychoTech Services
Surface Traits
- Observable traits like kindness, honesty,
helpfulness etc.
- Manifestations of deeper source traits.
- More specific and narrow in scope.
Source Traits
- Underlying broad dispositions or
tendencies.
- Not directly observable but inferred from
surface traits.
- Fewer in number but better predictors of
behaviour.
2. Constitutional Traits vs. Environmental Mould Traits
Constitutional Traits
- Innate or biologically determined traits like
intelligence, temperament etc.
- Relatively fixed and not much influenced by
environment.
Environmental Mould Traits
- Traits acquired through learning and
experience.
The NEO PI-R is a personality inventory based on the Big Five personality dimensions. It was developed by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae to assess neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Each domain is composed of six facets and is widely used in research, counseling, and occupational settings. The inventory consists of 240 items measuring the five domains and can be completed in about 35 minutes. It has high reliability and validity and provides a well-researched measure of the major dimensions of adult personality.
Standardized personality tests and interviews are commonly used methods to assess personality. The document discusses several specific personality tests, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), California Psychological Inventory (CPI), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and Rorschach inkblot test. It also discusses projective techniques like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Children's Apperception Test (CAT) which analyze responses to ambiguous stimuli. Scoring methods and clinical applications are described for several of the assessments.
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition (SB5) is an individually administered intelligence test for individuals ages 2 to 89 years old. It measures five cognitive factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. The SB5 contains 10 subtests administered adaptively based on performance. It provides scores for nonverbal IQ, verbal IQ, full scale IQ, and the five factors. The SB5 has good reliability and was standardized on a sample of 4800 individuals representative of the US population.
The Children's Apperception Test (CAT) is a projective personality test for children ages 3-10 that involves showing them a series of picture cards depicting animals or people in familiar situations. The child's stories in response are analyzed to understand their personality, maturity level, and psychological health. Specifically, the CAT aims to reveal a child's reality testing abilities, drive regulation, defenses, conflicts, and autonomy. It was developed based on the Thematic Apperception Test for adults and older children, but uses animal figures instead of humans. The CAT takes 20-45 minutes to administer by a trained professional and involves encouraging children to tell stories about what is happening in each card and what might occur. There are no right or
Erich Fromm (1900-1980) was a German social psychologist and philosopher. He received his PhD in sociology at age 22 and was a member of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. In 1933, he fled Nazi Germany for the US. He later taught in Mexico and Switzerland. Fromm made significant contributions to personality theory and emphasized how social factors influence development. He is known forEscape from Freedom (1941) and The Art of Loving (1956). Fromm identified different character orientations and mechanisms for escaping freedom and responsibility. He stressed the importance of relatedness, identity, and using one's creative powers productively.
This document discusses psychodiagnostics, which involves using psychological assessment techniques to evaluate personality and diagnose mental disorders. The aims of psychodiagnostic techniques include answering diagnostic questions, ascertaining difficulties, making predictions about behavior, and measuring cognitive abilities. Common types of psychodiagnostic tests include intelligence tests, projective techniques like Rorschach tests, and personality assessments. The process of clinical assessment involves planning assessments, collecting data through interviews, tests, observations, and records, processing and interpreting the data, and communicating findings in a psychological report.
The WISC-IV is an individually administered intelligence test for children published in 2003 as an update to previous versions. It yields an overall intelligence score and index scores in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed based on 10 core subtests. The test was standardized on a stratified sample of 2,200 children aged 6 to 16. It addresses some limitations of previous versions through improved sample representation, updated materials, and a focus on the CHC model of intelligence while still incorporating a general intelligence factor. Comparisons to other tests like the SB5 show many similarities in approach but some differences in subtests and composite scores.
The present ppt will help the student to get the idea of response set or bias. The ppt will help the learner to understand various types of biases and techniques for controlling them.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is an individually administered test that examines the cognitive ability of children and adults falling the age-range of 2 to 85+ years. It examines children with intellectual and developmental deficiencies as well as intellectually gifted individuals. This test originated from The Binet-Simon Scale (1905) and had undergone five major revisions. This presentation gives an overview of all five of them with most emphasis on the fifth edition by Roid (2003).
Psychological testing has evolved over centuries from early written exams in ancient China to modern standardized tests. Key developments include Binet's intelligence test in 1905, which introduced the concept of mental age, and the Stanford-Binet test in 1916, which established the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula. World War I saw the development of intelligence tests to screen army recruits. Spearman's two-factor theory from 1902 proposed that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) and specific factors, influencing the development of modern standardized testing.
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
Raymond Cattell developed a trait theory of personality based on factor analysis. He argued personality developed in 3 phases from intuitive insights to modern experimental methods. Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 primary traits from questionnaires, tests, and life records. These 16 traits could be further analyzed into 5 secondary factors known as the Big Five: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Cattell's research helped establish the scientific study of traits as fundamental dimensions of individual differences.
The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is a standardized questionnaire used to assess personality traits and psychopathology. It was developed in 1940 and has become the most widely used personality test, with over 10,000 research publications. The MMPI contains several clinical scales that measure traits like depression, hysteria, psychopathology, and social introversion. It also includes validity scales to detect inaccurate responding. Administration takes 1-1.5 hours and results must be interpreted by a qualified professional. The MMPI provides a standardized measure of personality and psychopathology.
The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) is a personality test developed by psychologist Allen L. Edwards in 1953. It measures 15 personality needs or motives and consists of 225 pairs of statements to assess these needs. The EPPS is primarily used for personal counseling but can also be used for career guidance and recruitment. It provides a quick measure of independent personality variables and has good reliability due to the low intercorrelations between variables. The EPPS is still published internationally and has been translated into several languages.
The document provides an overview of several projective tests used in psychology, including the Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test, Draw a Person Test, and Sentence Completion Test. It discusses the theoretical basis of projective tests in psychoanalytic theory, describing how they are designed to reveal hidden emotions and conflicts through ambiguous stimuli. The document then examines specific aspects of several tests, such as their history, materials, administration procedures, scoring, interpretation, and importance in psychological assessment.
Wechsler Intelligence and Memory ScalesNanza Gonda
The Wechsler Intelligence and Memory Scales are a series of psychological tests developed by David Wechsler to assess intelligence and memory. There are three main versions - the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for ages 6-16, and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) to evaluate different memory functions. Each test provides index scores on areas like verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing speed. The tests are widely used by clinicians to diagnose conditions like learning disabilities and dementia.
Psychological testing and assessment has evolved over thousands of years from early job selection tests in ancient China to modern standardized psychological tests and evaluations. Key developments included early mental ability tests by Binet and Simon, the development of intelligence testing by Terman and Wechsler, the emergence of projective testing techniques like the Rorschach inkblot test, the creation of personality tests like the MMPI and Myers-Briggs, and ongoing work to reduce cultural bias in testing.
Psychological tests are formal tools used to measure mental functioning and behaviors. They can be administered in various settings like schools, hospitals, and workplaces to assess abilities, personality, and neurological status. Common uses of tests include education placement, career counseling, diagnosing disorders, and selecting job applicants. Tests vary in their administration method, targeted behaviors, and purpose between ability, personality, and clinical domains. Proper tests are standardized, objective, use norms, and are reliable and valid measures of their intended construct.
There are several physical and cognitive challenges that can arise during adulthood and old age due to the natural aging process:
1. Physically, the body shows a gradual decline in organ function of around 1% per year after 30. This includes external changes like graying hair and wrinkles, and internal changes to systems like respiratory and cardiovascular decline.
2. Sensory abilities also decline with age, with losses in hearing higher pitches and vision. Strength, flexibility, and reaction time decrease as well.
3. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and processing speed decline from mid-adulthood onward. However, crystallized intelligence and practical skills continue to grow through experience. Memory abilities also show
TAT Interpretation
Interpretation: There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
General
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
It is useful to know the typical themes and stories that are elicited by each of the cards.
Deviations from these may offer rich interpretive value.
Typical themes are presented in Groth-Marnat (2003) Chapter 10, in Bellak (1997) Chapter 4, and in Teglasi, (2001).
It is important to look for corroboration of patterns in other stories, other test results, or in background information.
Bellak (1997) says "A repetitive pattern is the best assurance that one does not deal with an artifact".
In interpretation of the TAT is that the
Pictures are best seen psychologically as a series of social situations and interpersonal relations. Or
All characters in the stories are projected aspects of the self, keeping in mind that they may represent
The ideal self,
The real self,
The feared self, etc.
Adler was an Austrian psychiatrist born in 1870 who was among the founders of the psychoanalytic movement but later broke away to form his own school called Individual Psychology. He is best known for concepts like the inferiority complex and striving for superiority. Adler believed that feelings of inferiority in childhood motivate people to compensate through developing a lifestyle and fictional goals to gain significance. Key aspects of Adler's theory included birth order influences, social interest in cooperation, and parenting styles like pampering or neglect.
Psych 24 history of personality assessmentMaii Caa
The document discusses various methods used in psychological assessment, including both objective measures like standardized tests and projective tests, as well as clinical interviews. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment approaches and how assessments are used to better understand individuals and their behavior. The document also provides examples of specific assessment tools like the MMPI-2, TAT, and astrology.
Psych 24 history of personality assessmentMaii Caa
The document discusses various methods used in psychological assessment, including both objective measures like standardized tests and projective tests, as well as clinical interviews. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment approaches and how assessments are used to better understand individuals and their behavior. The document also provides examples of specific assessment tools like the MMPI-2, TAT, and astrology.
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition (SB5) is an individually administered intelligence test for individuals ages 2 to 89 years old. It measures five cognitive factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. The SB5 contains 10 subtests administered adaptively based on performance. It provides scores for nonverbal IQ, verbal IQ, full scale IQ, and the five factors. The SB5 has good reliability and was standardized on a sample of 4800 individuals representative of the US population.
The Children's Apperception Test (CAT) is a projective personality test for children ages 3-10 that involves showing them a series of picture cards depicting animals or people in familiar situations. The child's stories in response are analyzed to understand their personality, maturity level, and psychological health. Specifically, the CAT aims to reveal a child's reality testing abilities, drive regulation, defenses, conflicts, and autonomy. It was developed based on the Thematic Apperception Test for adults and older children, but uses animal figures instead of humans. The CAT takes 20-45 minutes to administer by a trained professional and involves encouraging children to tell stories about what is happening in each card and what might occur. There are no right or
Erich Fromm (1900-1980) was a German social psychologist and philosopher. He received his PhD in sociology at age 22 and was a member of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. In 1933, he fled Nazi Germany for the US. He later taught in Mexico and Switzerland. Fromm made significant contributions to personality theory and emphasized how social factors influence development. He is known forEscape from Freedom (1941) and The Art of Loving (1956). Fromm identified different character orientations and mechanisms for escaping freedom and responsibility. He stressed the importance of relatedness, identity, and using one's creative powers productively.
This document discusses psychodiagnostics, which involves using psychological assessment techniques to evaluate personality and diagnose mental disorders. The aims of psychodiagnostic techniques include answering diagnostic questions, ascertaining difficulties, making predictions about behavior, and measuring cognitive abilities. Common types of psychodiagnostic tests include intelligence tests, projective techniques like Rorschach tests, and personality assessments. The process of clinical assessment involves planning assessments, collecting data through interviews, tests, observations, and records, processing and interpreting the data, and communicating findings in a psychological report.
The WISC-IV is an individually administered intelligence test for children published in 2003 as an update to previous versions. It yields an overall intelligence score and index scores in verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed based on 10 core subtests. The test was standardized on a stratified sample of 2,200 children aged 6 to 16. It addresses some limitations of previous versions through improved sample representation, updated materials, and a focus on the CHC model of intelligence while still incorporating a general intelligence factor. Comparisons to other tests like the SB5 show many similarities in approach but some differences in subtests and composite scores.
The present ppt will help the student to get the idea of response set or bias. The ppt will help the learner to understand various types of biases and techniques for controlling them.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is an individually administered test that examines the cognitive ability of children and adults falling the age-range of 2 to 85+ years. It examines children with intellectual and developmental deficiencies as well as intellectually gifted individuals. This test originated from The Binet-Simon Scale (1905) and had undergone five major revisions. This presentation gives an overview of all five of them with most emphasis on the fifth edition by Roid (2003).
Psychological testing has evolved over centuries from early written exams in ancient China to modern standardized tests. Key developments include Binet's intelligence test in 1905, which introduced the concept of mental age, and the Stanford-Binet test in 1916, which established the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula. World War I saw the development of intelligence tests to screen army recruits. Spearman's two-factor theory from 1902 proposed that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) and specific factors, influencing the development of modern standardized testing.
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
Raymond Cattell developed a trait theory of personality based on factor analysis. He argued personality developed in 3 phases from intuitive insights to modern experimental methods. Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 primary traits from questionnaires, tests, and life records. These 16 traits could be further analyzed into 5 secondary factors known as the Big Five: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Cattell's research helped establish the scientific study of traits as fundamental dimensions of individual differences.
The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is a standardized questionnaire used to assess personality traits and psychopathology. It was developed in 1940 and has become the most widely used personality test, with over 10,000 research publications. The MMPI contains several clinical scales that measure traits like depression, hysteria, psychopathology, and social introversion. It also includes validity scales to detect inaccurate responding. Administration takes 1-1.5 hours and results must be interpreted by a qualified professional. The MMPI provides a standardized measure of personality and psychopathology.
The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) is a personality test developed by psychologist Allen L. Edwards in 1953. It measures 15 personality needs or motives and consists of 225 pairs of statements to assess these needs. The EPPS is primarily used for personal counseling but can also be used for career guidance and recruitment. It provides a quick measure of independent personality variables and has good reliability due to the low intercorrelations between variables. The EPPS is still published internationally and has been translated into several languages.
The document provides an overview of several projective tests used in psychology, including the Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test, Draw a Person Test, and Sentence Completion Test. It discusses the theoretical basis of projective tests in psychoanalytic theory, describing how they are designed to reveal hidden emotions and conflicts through ambiguous stimuli. The document then examines specific aspects of several tests, such as their history, materials, administration procedures, scoring, interpretation, and importance in psychological assessment.
Wechsler Intelligence and Memory ScalesNanza Gonda
The Wechsler Intelligence and Memory Scales are a series of psychological tests developed by David Wechsler to assess intelligence and memory. There are three main versions - the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for ages 6-16, and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) to evaluate different memory functions. Each test provides index scores on areas like verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing speed. The tests are widely used by clinicians to diagnose conditions like learning disabilities and dementia.
Psychological testing and assessment has evolved over thousands of years from early job selection tests in ancient China to modern standardized psychological tests and evaluations. Key developments included early mental ability tests by Binet and Simon, the development of intelligence testing by Terman and Wechsler, the emergence of projective testing techniques like the Rorschach inkblot test, the creation of personality tests like the MMPI and Myers-Briggs, and ongoing work to reduce cultural bias in testing.
Psychological tests are formal tools used to measure mental functioning and behaviors. They can be administered in various settings like schools, hospitals, and workplaces to assess abilities, personality, and neurological status. Common uses of tests include education placement, career counseling, diagnosing disorders, and selecting job applicants. Tests vary in their administration method, targeted behaviors, and purpose between ability, personality, and clinical domains. Proper tests are standardized, objective, use norms, and are reliable and valid measures of their intended construct.
There are several physical and cognitive challenges that can arise during adulthood and old age due to the natural aging process:
1. Physically, the body shows a gradual decline in organ function of around 1% per year after 30. This includes external changes like graying hair and wrinkles, and internal changes to systems like respiratory and cardiovascular decline.
2. Sensory abilities also decline with age, with losses in hearing higher pitches and vision. Strength, flexibility, and reaction time decrease as well.
3. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and processing speed decline from mid-adulthood onward. However, crystallized intelligence and practical skills continue to grow through experience. Memory abilities also show
TAT Interpretation
Interpretation: There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
General
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
It is useful to know the typical themes and stories that are elicited by each of the cards.
Deviations from these may offer rich interpretive value.
Typical themes are presented in Groth-Marnat (2003) Chapter 10, in Bellak (1997) Chapter 4, and in Teglasi, (2001).
It is important to look for corroboration of patterns in other stories, other test results, or in background information.
Bellak (1997) says "A repetitive pattern is the best assurance that one does not deal with an artifact".
In interpretation of the TAT is that the
Pictures are best seen psychologically as a series of social situations and interpersonal relations. Or
All characters in the stories are projected aspects of the self, keeping in mind that they may represent
The ideal self,
The real self,
The feared self, etc.
Adler was an Austrian psychiatrist born in 1870 who was among the founders of the psychoanalytic movement but later broke away to form his own school called Individual Psychology. He is best known for concepts like the inferiority complex and striving for superiority. Adler believed that feelings of inferiority in childhood motivate people to compensate through developing a lifestyle and fictional goals to gain significance. Key aspects of Adler's theory included birth order influences, social interest in cooperation, and parenting styles like pampering or neglect.
Psych 24 history of personality assessmentMaii Caa
The document discusses various methods used in psychological assessment, including both objective measures like standardized tests and projective tests, as well as clinical interviews. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment approaches and how assessments are used to better understand individuals and their behavior. The document also provides examples of specific assessment tools like the MMPI-2, TAT, and astrology.
Psych 24 history of personality assessmentMaii Caa
The document discusses various methods used in psychological assessment, including both objective measures like standardized tests and projective tests, as well as clinical interviews. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different assessment approaches and how assessments are used to better understand individuals and their behavior. The document also provides examples of specific assessment tools like the MMPI-2, TAT, and astrology.
Personality. To understand a buyer needs and convert them into customers is the main purpose of the consumer behavior study. ... Personality signifies the inner psychological characteristics that reflect how a person reacts to his environment. Personality shows the individual choices for various products and brands.
Psychological assessment involves testing and evaluation techniques to understand an individual's behavior, personality, and capabilities. It can include interviews, observations, psychological testing, and consultation. Testing evaluates areas like intellectual skills, memory, problem-solving, and academic abilities. Psychological assessment is used to identify strengths and weaknesses, diagnose issues, and assist with treatment planning and recommendations. It involves multiple components, including interviews, observations, standardized psychological tests, and case studies. The overall goal is to understand an individual in a comprehensive manner.
The document provides an overview of the field of psychology, including definitions of key terms like psychology, the brain, mind, and mental states. It discusses various areas of psychology like abnormal psychology, clinical psychology, counseling psychology, industrial/organizational psychology, and disorders usually diagnosed in childhood. Research methods and the multi-axial diagnostic system are also summarized.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Personality is shaped by both heredity and environment. Research on twins shows genetic factors influence personality traits significantly. Two commonly used models to describe personality are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Big Five Model. The Big Five Model identifies five key dimensions of personality: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience. These traits can predict behaviors in work situations - for example, Conscientious individuals tend to have higher job performance while Extraverts tend to be happier in their jobs and perform better in roles requiring social interaction. Certain traits like Persistence and Attention to Detail are especially important for success in business environments like buyout companies.
This document discusses attitudes and how they can be measured. It defines attitude as a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward an object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are influenced by experience and upbringing. While enduring, attitudes can also change over time. Several methods for measuring attitudes are described, including Likert scales, semantic differential scales, Bogardus social distance scales, and Thurstone scales. These scales aim to quantify attitudes in a standardized way and provide insights into people's feelings, beliefs, and level of acceptance toward various topics.
Mc swainhiott whitepaper_predictiveassesments_3Bailey Hood
The document discusses using predictive assessments to help address human resource challenges in hiring and retaining the right employees. It explains that employee performance is determined by three factors - talent, effort, and opportunity. Predictive assessments can provide objective insights into an individual's inherent talents and natural effort levels by measuring traits, behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Considering an individual's talent and effort profiles alongside job requirements can help determine good fits and identify areas that may require extra effort. The assessments are statistically validated tools that predict high performance and allow comparisons between individuals.
The document provides information on personality types and theories. It discusses the Big Five model of personality, which describes five broad dimensions of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. It also discusses the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test, which categorizes people into 16 types based on their preferences on four dichotomies: introversion/extraversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. The document also covers factors that influence personality like heredity, environment, culture and family. It provides details on each of the Big Five traits and Myers-Briggs dichotomies
1. The document provides information about the format and contents of a psychology practical file, including an index, introduction, types of psychological tests, concepts of psychological testing, applications of testing, and pioneers in the field.
2. It discusses key aspects of psychological testing such as standardization, objectivity, test norms, reliability, and validity. Different types of validity including face, content, criterion, and construct validity are defined.
3. Applications of psychological testing discussed include detection of specific behaviors, measuring individual differences, diagnosis, legal classification, self-understanding, program evaluation, research, military selection, industry, and education.
The document discusses personality and various theories and models of personality. It describes Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, including the id, ego, and superego. It also discusses other influential personality theories and models, such as the Big Five model. A variety of personality tests and assessments are explained that are commonly used to measure traits like extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and more. The document provides an overview of approaches to defining, understanding, and assessing human personality.
Emotional intelligence involves the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions. It has been studied since the early 20th century and researchers like Mayer, Salovey, Bar-On, and Goleman developed models and tests to measure emotional intelligence abilities. High emotional intelligence is linked to positive outcomes in relationships and job performance. Businesses are interested in emotional intelligence because it helps communication, leadership, and handling change. Assessments and training can help develop emotional intelligence skills.
Personality refers to the unique characteristics that distinguish an individual, including patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. There are several methods used to assess personality, including interviews, observation, questionnaires, case studies and projective techniques. Some commonly used personality tests are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), NEO PI-R, 16PF, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and California Test of Personality. Each method has its strengths and limitations for understanding different aspects of an individual's personality.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Definition and Concept of Personality and Personality DevelopmentPsychoTech Services
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Research on self and evaluation of humanistic approach by mili aggarwalMili Aggarwal
The document summarizes research on self-concept and self-esteem. It discusses two main topics studied: the development of self-esteem and the role of self-verification and self-enhancement motives. Self-esteem refers to how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves. Several studies found that levels of self-esteem are generally stable over the lifespan, though it declines temporarily during adolescence for girls. High self-esteem is associated with positive outcomes while low self-esteem can lead to psychological and physical health issues. The drive for self-verification and self-enhancement also impact self-concept.
The document discusses psychological testing and the roles of nurses in conducting them. It describes different types of psychological tests including IQ/achievement tests, attitude tests, neuropsychological tests, personality tests, sexological tests, and direct observation tests. It then outlines the roles and responsibilities of nurses in performing comprehensive mental health assessments, psychiatric evaluations, analyzing factors affecting mental health, and assessing patients and their families.
This document provides an overview of psychological assessment and testing in various settings. It discusses that psychological assessment involves gathering data using tools like tests, interviews, observation to make an evaluation. It then discusses different types of settings where assessments and tests are commonly conducted like educational, clinical, counselling, geriatric, business, military, governmental, academic and health settings. It provides examples of published tests used in these different settings like WAIS-R, Rorschach, MMPI, DISC assessment, Hogan personality inventory, Hare psychopathy checklist and geriatric assessment.
Similar to IGNOU Super-Notes: MPC3 Personality - Theories and Assessment_4 Assessment of Personality 2 Approaches to Personality Assessment (20)
Research Tools in Family Therapy - Marital and Family Therapy and Counselling...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Self-Report Scales - Marital and Family Therapy and Counselling - Psychology ...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Marital Enrichment Techniques - Marital and Family Therapy and Counselling - ...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cognitive Behavioural Sex Therapy - Marital and Family Therapy and Counsellin...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Emotion-Focused Couples Therapy - Marital and Family Therapy and Counselling ...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Essential Skills for Family Assessment - Marital and Family Therapy and Couns...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Interview Methods - Marital and Family Therapy and Counselling - Psychology S...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Harassment and Abuse - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and Interv...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Aggression - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Phosphorus, is intensely sensitive to ‘other worlds’ and lacks the personal boundaries at every level. A Phosphorus personality is susceptible to all external impressions; light, sound, odour, touch, electrical changes, etc. Just like a match, he is easily excitable, anxious, fears being alone at twilight, ghosts, about future. Desires sympathy and has the tendency to kiss everyone who comes near him. An insane person with the exaggerated idea of one’s own importance.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with.
Some congenital heart defects in children are simple and don't need treatment. Others are more complex. The child may need several surgeries done over a period of several years.
Breast cancer :Receptor (ER/PR/HER2 NEU) Discordance.pptxDr. Sumit KUMAR
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Part III - Cumulative Grief: Learning how to honor the many losses that occur...bkling
Cumulative grief, also known as compounded grief, is grief that occurs more than once in a brief period of time. As a person with cancer, a caregiver or professional in this world, we are often met with confronting grief on a frequent basis. Learn about cumulative grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF