There are several key characteristics of group formation:
1. Groups involve people who perceive themselves as a coherent unit distinct from other groups.
2. Groups can be common-bond or common-identity, depending on how members are linked to each other.
3. Important group characteristics include status hierarchies, roles that members take on, norms that guide behavior, and cohesiveness or bonding between members.
4. Theories of group formation examine how and why individuals come together into coherent social units.
This document discusses the construction and verification of norms for Raven's Progressive Matrices Test using a sample of students in La Plata, Argentina. It finds an increase in scores over time, known as the Flynn Effect, when compared to previous norms from 1964. It also finds differences in mean scores between age groups, education types, and for students in a Fine Arts program. The goals were to update the norms for the test using local data and compare results to previous norms and between demographic groups.
Cognitive Psychology, Learning and Memory for IGNOU studentsPsychoTech Services
The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that human intelligence involves three aspects: meta-components which control problem-solving and decision making, performance components which carry out actions, and knowledge-acquisition components which obtain new information. Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as adapting to and shaping one's environment. His theory analyzed the mind in terms of these executive, processing, and learning components to provide a more cognitive and less psychometric view of intelligence than prior approaches.
Psychological testing has evolved over centuries from early written exams in ancient China to modern standardized tests. Key developments include Binet's intelligence test in 1905, which introduced the concept of mental age, and the Stanford-Binet test in 1916, which established the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula. World War I saw the development of intelligence tests to screen army recruits. Spearman's two-factor theory from 1902 proposed that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) and specific factors, influencing the development of modern standardized testing.
classical methods of psychophysics (Three methods)Dr Rajesh Verma
This document discusses classical methods of psychophysics developed by Fechner to measure the relationship between stimulus intensity and perception. It describes three main classical methods - the method of constant stimuli, method of limits, and method of adjustment. The method of constant stimuli involves presenting a range of stimulus intensities randomly and calculating the percentage of correct responses. The method of limits determines the detection limit by gradually increasing or decreasing the stimulus intensity. The method of adjustment involves subjects adjusting the stimulus intensity until a perception or disappearance is reached. These methods are used to measure absolute and differential thresholds.
Historical background health psychology lecture aishaparacha2
This document provides an overview of health psychology. It defines health psychology as a field that deals with psychological and behavioral factors that influence health and well-being. The document then discusses the history of health psychology, including early perspectives on health from ancient cultures and the emergence of the biomedical and biopsychosocial models. It also outlines the scope of health psychology, including clinical, public, community, and critical health psychology approaches.
IGNOU Super-Notes :: Psychology Super Notes, All About Psychology :: MPC3 Personality - Theories and Assessment_4 Assessment of Personality 2 Approaches to Personality Assessment
The cognitive perspective focuses on internal mental processes like thinking and memory. Key aspects of this perspective include:
- Studying cognition, or how knowledge is acquired and organized mentally.
- Rejecting introspection and embracing the scientific method.
- Acknowledging the existence of internal mental states like beliefs and desires.
- Tracing its foundations to Gestalt psychology and Jean Piaget's work on child development.
- Being influenced by advancements in technology and computer science from the 1950s onward.
Major figures who contributed to the development of this perspective include Noam Chomsky, who argued psychology should study more than just behavior, and Aaron Beck, who pioneered cognitive therapy by
Ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology (according to ethics code 2017)Jyosil Kumar Bhol
This document summarizes the key ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology. It begins with definitions of morality, ethics, and law. It then discusses the American Psychological Association's ethics code for clinical psychologists, which consists of general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles are aspirational goals around beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respecting rights and dignity. The ethical standards establish enforceable rules for clinical psychologists in areas like resolving ethical issues, competence, privacy, advertising, record keeping, research, assessment, and therapy. The document provides examples of some of the specific ethical standards within these categories.
This document discusses the construction and verification of norms for Raven's Progressive Matrices Test using a sample of students in La Plata, Argentina. It finds an increase in scores over time, known as the Flynn Effect, when compared to previous norms from 1964. It also finds differences in mean scores between age groups, education types, and for students in a Fine Arts program. The goals were to update the norms for the test using local data and compare results to previous norms and between demographic groups.
Cognitive Psychology, Learning and Memory for IGNOU studentsPsychoTech Services
The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that human intelligence involves three aspects: meta-components which control problem-solving and decision making, performance components which carry out actions, and knowledge-acquisition components which obtain new information. Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as adapting to and shaping one's environment. His theory analyzed the mind in terms of these executive, processing, and learning components to provide a more cognitive and less psychometric view of intelligence than prior approaches.
Psychological testing has evolved over centuries from early written exams in ancient China to modern standardized tests. Key developments include Binet's intelligence test in 1905, which introduced the concept of mental age, and the Stanford-Binet test in 1916, which established the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula. World War I saw the development of intelligence tests to screen army recruits. Spearman's two-factor theory from 1902 proposed that intelligence comprises a general factor (g) and specific factors, influencing the development of modern standardized testing.
classical methods of psychophysics (Three methods)Dr Rajesh Verma
This document discusses classical methods of psychophysics developed by Fechner to measure the relationship between stimulus intensity and perception. It describes three main classical methods - the method of constant stimuli, method of limits, and method of adjustment. The method of constant stimuli involves presenting a range of stimulus intensities randomly and calculating the percentage of correct responses. The method of limits determines the detection limit by gradually increasing or decreasing the stimulus intensity. The method of adjustment involves subjects adjusting the stimulus intensity until a perception or disappearance is reached. These methods are used to measure absolute and differential thresholds.
Historical background health psychology lecture aishaparacha2
This document provides an overview of health psychology. It defines health psychology as a field that deals with psychological and behavioral factors that influence health and well-being. The document then discusses the history of health psychology, including early perspectives on health from ancient cultures and the emergence of the biomedical and biopsychosocial models. It also outlines the scope of health psychology, including clinical, public, community, and critical health psychology approaches.
IGNOU Super-Notes :: Psychology Super Notes, All About Psychology :: MPC3 Personality - Theories and Assessment_4 Assessment of Personality 2 Approaches to Personality Assessment
The cognitive perspective focuses on internal mental processes like thinking and memory. Key aspects of this perspective include:
- Studying cognition, or how knowledge is acquired and organized mentally.
- Rejecting introspection and embracing the scientific method.
- Acknowledging the existence of internal mental states like beliefs and desires.
- Tracing its foundations to Gestalt psychology and Jean Piaget's work on child development.
- Being influenced by advancements in technology and computer science from the 1950s onward.
Major figures who contributed to the development of this perspective include Noam Chomsky, who argued psychology should study more than just behavior, and Aaron Beck, who pioneered cognitive therapy by
Ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology (according to ethics code 2017)Jyosil Kumar Bhol
This document summarizes the key ethical and legal issues in clinical psychology. It begins with definitions of morality, ethics, and law. It then discusses the American Psychological Association's ethics code for clinical psychologists, which consists of general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles are aspirational goals around beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respecting rights and dignity. The ethical standards establish enforceable rules for clinical psychologists in areas like resolving ethical issues, competence, privacy, advertising, record keeping, research, assessment, and therapy. The document provides examples of some of the specific ethical standards within these categories.
The present ppt will help the student to get the idea of response set or bias. The ppt will help the learner to understand various types of biases and techniques for controlling them.
The Rorschach inkblot test was developed in 1921 by Herman Rorschach as a way to analyze personality characteristics and unconscious processes. It involves showing a series of 10 inkblots to a subject and asking them what they see in each one. The responses and details provided are analyzed to draw conclusions about cognitive and emotional processes. Over time, different scoring systems were developed by researchers like Beck and Klopfer. John Exner integrated these approaches into a comprehensive system in 1974. While the test is resistant to faking, interpretation requires extensive training and its validity for diagnosis is limited except for a few disorders. The document outlines the history, administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test.
Ravens progressive matrices
Non verbal group tests.
The test is used to judge a person’s capacity to apprehend meaningless figures
presented for his observations, to see the relation between them and to conceal the
nature of figure completing each system of relations presented and by doing so he
develop a systematic method of reasoning.
As the test progresses the level of difficulty also increases. Hence it is called
progressive matrices.
It is a culture
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
Internalising and Externalizing BehavioursDora Kukucska
The document discusses internalizing and externalizing behaviors in children. It defines internalizing behaviors as problems that affect a child's internal psychological state, such as anxiety, withdrawal, depression, and somatic complaints. It outlines some specific internalizing disorders like depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints. It discusses causes like familial and genetic factors, temperament, life events, and social relationships. It also notes high rates of comorbidity between internalizing disorders and with other externalizing disorders. Internalizing problems in children are risk factors for continued internalizing issues and other disorders in adulthood.
The 16PF5 is the fifth version of the 16PF, a self-report questionnaire originally devised by Dr Raymond Cattell as part of his work to identify the primary components of personality. His research, which began in the 1940s, was based on the use of factor analysis to interpret data derived from questionnaire items (Q-data) and from behaviour ratings (L-data). The 16PF was designed to give a broad measure of personality that would be useful to practitioners in a wide range of settings: from selection, to counselling to clinical decision-making.
Please let me know if you are interested to purchase psychological test.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Positive Cognitive States and Processes.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Positive Cognitive States and Processes:Resilience•Resilience-Thecapacitytowithstandexceptional stresses and demands without developing stress-related problems.
The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a widely used assessment of the five factor model of personality. It measures the five domains of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The NEO-PI was developed by Costa and McCrae in 1978 and has since been revised multiple times, with the current version being the NEO-PI-3. It is a 240 item self-report inventory that is easy to administer and provides a comprehensive assessment of normal adult personality.
This Slide is very simple to understand the assessment, process of assessment..and it also provide help to understand differences between assessment, evolution and testing... for more information you can contact on email "asit.psy@gmail.com" thank you.
Humanistic approach talks about human potential which can only be harnessed by an individual by focussing on internalization and subjective knowledge for this world for the attainment of self-actualization or true potential by fulfilling the needs as per the hierarchy of importance.
Norms provide a framework for interpreting test scores by comparing an individual's performance to that of a standardized sample. Raw scores on their own have little meaning. Norms are derived from standardization samples and can be expressed in various ways, including percentiles, standard scores, grade equivalents, and mental ages. Norms allow evaluation of an individual's relative standing but are specific to the normative population used.
The document discusses Carl Rogers and his person-centered therapy approach. Some key points include:
- Rogers believed people have an innate potential for growth and self-actualization given the right environment.
- The therapeutic relationship is the most important factor in therapy, with the therapist displaying genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.
- The goal of therapy is to help clients fully understand themselves by exploring their feelings in a non-judgmental setting. Clients are seen as capable of solving their own problems.
Analytical psychology Theories of Personality Carl JungGrace Bran
Carl Jung developed the concepts of the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The psyche consists of the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains archetypes - universal themes such as the mother, hero, and self. Jung described personality types as introverted/extraverted with thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting functions. His method of analysis included dream analysis, word association tests, and active imagination to understand a patient's unconscious and facilitate self-realization through integrating opposing forces. Critics argue Jung's concepts are difficult to empirically test and some concepts lack clarity due to ambiguity.
Cognitive psychology is the study of how people think. This chapter outlines the history of cognitive psychology from its philosophical roots in Plato and Aristotle through approaches like structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and Gestalt psychology. It describes the emergence of cognitive psychology due to challenges to behaviorism from researchers like Chomsky and Turing. The chapter then discusses common research methods in cognitive psychology like experiments, neuroimaging, self-reports, and computer modeling before concluding with key themes such as the interaction of cognitive processes and the need for diverse research methods.
There are several physical and cognitive challenges that can arise during adulthood and old age due to the natural aging process:
1. Physically, the body shows a gradual decline in organ function of around 1% per year after 30. This includes external changes like graying hair and wrinkles, and internal changes to systems like respiratory and cardiovascular decline.
2. Sensory abilities also decline with age, with losses in hearing higher pitches and vision. Strength, flexibility, and reaction time decrease as well.
3. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and processing speed decline from mid-adulthood onward. However, crystallized intelligence and practical skills continue to grow through experience. Memory abilities also show
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition (SB5) is an individually administered intelligence test for individuals ages 2 to 89 years old. It measures five cognitive factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. The SB5 contains 10 subtests administered adaptively based on performance. It provides scores for nonverbal IQ, verbal IQ, full scale IQ, and the five factors. The SB5 has good reliability and was standardized on a sample of 4800 individuals representative of the US population.
Social cognition refers to how people process and respond to social information. It involves interpreting social cues, analyzing social situations, and remembering social information using mental structures called schemas. Schemas help organize our knowledge about social roles, people, and events. When making judgments with limited time and information, people rely on mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, social cognition is not always rational and can involve errors like unrealistic optimism and counterfactual thinking.
This document provides an overview of attitudes, including their definition, formation, structure, and relationship to behavior. It discusses several key theories related to attitudes:
- Learning theories (classical conditioning, observational learning) describe how attitudes are formed through experience.
- Consistency theories like balance theory and cognitive dissonance propose people seek to maintain consistency between their attitudes and behaviors.
- Factors like attitude strength (extremity, certainty) and situational constraints moderate the link between attitudes and behaviors.
- The theory of planned behavior and cognitive response model examine additional influences on attitude-behavior relationships and persuasion.
Western and eastern perspective of positive psychologyJosline Dsilva
The document discusses differences between Western and Eastern perspectives on concepts like the "good life" and happiness. Western views tend to emphasize individualism, autonomy, achievement, and future-oriented thinking, while Eastern views focus more on collectivism, cooperation, balance, harmony with nature, and respect for tradition and elders. The good life from a Western lens involves success, wealth and pursuing goals, whereas Eastern philosophies see an optimal life as a spiritual journey of transcendence involving compassion for others.
Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to PersonalityPsychoTech Services
Surface Traits
- Observable traits like kindness, honesty,
helpfulness etc.
- Manifestations of deeper source traits.
- More specific and narrow in scope.
Source Traits
- Underlying broad dispositions or
tendencies.
- Not directly observable but inferred from
surface traits.
- Fewer in number but better predictors of
behaviour.
2. Constitutional Traits vs. Environmental Mould Traits
Constitutional Traits
- Innate or biologically determined traits like
intelligence, temperament etc.
- Relatively fixed and not much influenced by
environment.
Environmental Mould Traits
- Traits acquired through learning and
experience.
Allport proposed that personality develops through stages of selfhood from infancy to adulthood. The earliest stage is the bodily self in infancy, focused on physical sensations and needs. Next is the personal self of childhood, where a sense of identity separates from others. In adolescence and beyond, the social self emerges through relationships and roles. The final stage is the transpersonal self, oriented toward universal principles like justice that transcend individual concerns. Allport saw personality developing as an increasingly complex self-concept at the core of one's being.
The key points about schizoid personality disorder are:
1. It is characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and a preference for solitary activities.
2. Diagnostic features include indifference to developing close relationships, deriving little satisfaction from family or social groups, and preferring solitary hobbies over interacting with others.
3. Potential causes include genetic and neurological factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy focused on social skills and relationships, as the condition is generally considered long-term.
The present ppt will help the student to get the idea of response set or bias. The ppt will help the learner to understand various types of biases and techniques for controlling them.
The Rorschach inkblot test was developed in 1921 by Herman Rorschach as a way to analyze personality characteristics and unconscious processes. It involves showing a series of 10 inkblots to a subject and asking them what they see in each one. The responses and details provided are analyzed to draw conclusions about cognitive and emotional processes. Over time, different scoring systems were developed by researchers like Beck and Klopfer. John Exner integrated these approaches into a comprehensive system in 1974. While the test is resistant to faking, interpretation requires extensive training and its validity for diagnosis is limited except for a few disorders. The document outlines the history, administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test.
Ravens progressive matrices
Non verbal group tests.
The test is used to judge a person’s capacity to apprehend meaningless figures
presented for his observations, to see the relation between them and to conceal the
nature of figure completing each system of relations presented and by doing so he
develop a systematic method of reasoning.
As the test progresses the level of difficulty also increases. Hence it is called
progressive matrices.
It is a culture
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
Internalising and Externalizing BehavioursDora Kukucska
The document discusses internalizing and externalizing behaviors in children. It defines internalizing behaviors as problems that affect a child's internal psychological state, such as anxiety, withdrawal, depression, and somatic complaints. It outlines some specific internalizing disorders like depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints. It discusses causes like familial and genetic factors, temperament, life events, and social relationships. It also notes high rates of comorbidity between internalizing disorders and with other externalizing disorders. Internalizing problems in children are risk factors for continued internalizing issues and other disorders in adulthood.
The 16PF5 is the fifth version of the 16PF, a self-report questionnaire originally devised by Dr Raymond Cattell as part of his work to identify the primary components of personality. His research, which began in the 1940s, was based on the use of factor analysis to interpret data derived from questionnaire items (Q-data) and from behaviour ratings (L-data). The 16PF was designed to give a broad measure of personality that would be useful to practitioners in a wide range of settings: from selection, to counselling to clinical decision-making.
Please let me know if you are interested to purchase psychological test.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Positive Cognitive States and Processes.pptxAQSA SHAHID
Positive Cognitive States and Processes:Resilience•Resilience-Thecapacitytowithstandexceptional stresses and demands without developing stress-related problems.
The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a widely used assessment of the five factor model of personality. It measures the five domains of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The NEO-PI was developed by Costa and McCrae in 1978 and has since been revised multiple times, with the current version being the NEO-PI-3. It is a 240 item self-report inventory that is easy to administer and provides a comprehensive assessment of normal adult personality.
This Slide is very simple to understand the assessment, process of assessment..and it also provide help to understand differences between assessment, evolution and testing... for more information you can contact on email "asit.psy@gmail.com" thank you.
Humanistic approach talks about human potential which can only be harnessed by an individual by focussing on internalization and subjective knowledge for this world for the attainment of self-actualization or true potential by fulfilling the needs as per the hierarchy of importance.
Norms provide a framework for interpreting test scores by comparing an individual's performance to that of a standardized sample. Raw scores on their own have little meaning. Norms are derived from standardization samples and can be expressed in various ways, including percentiles, standard scores, grade equivalents, and mental ages. Norms allow evaluation of an individual's relative standing but are specific to the normative population used.
The document discusses Carl Rogers and his person-centered therapy approach. Some key points include:
- Rogers believed people have an innate potential for growth and self-actualization given the right environment.
- The therapeutic relationship is the most important factor in therapy, with the therapist displaying genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.
- The goal of therapy is to help clients fully understand themselves by exploring their feelings in a non-judgmental setting. Clients are seen as capable of solving their own problems.
Analytical psychology Theories of Personality Carl JungGrace Bran
Carl Jung developed the concepts of the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The psyche consists of the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains archetypes - universal themes such as the mother, hero, and self. Jung described personality types as introverted/extraverted with thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting functions. His method of analysis included dream analysis, word association tests, and active imagination to understand a patient's unconscious and facilitate self-realization through integrating opposing forces. Critics argue Jung's concepts are difficult to empirically test and some concepts lack clarity due to ambiguity.
Cognitive psychology is the study of how people think. This chapter outlines the history of cognitive psychology from its philosophical roots in Plato and Aristotle through approaches like structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and Gestalt psychology. It describes the emergence of cognitive psychology due to challenges to behaviorism from researchers like Chomsky and Turing. The chapter then discusses common research methods in cognitive psychology like experiments, neuroimaging, self-reports, and computer modeling before concluding with key themes such as the interaction of cognitive processes and the need for diverse research methods.
There are several physical and cognitive challenges that can arise during adulthood and old age due to the natural aging process:
1. Physically, the body shows a gradual decline in organ function of around 1% per year after 30. This includes external changes like graying hair and wrinkles, and internal changes to systems like respiratory and cardiovascular decline.
2. Sensory abilities also decline with age, with losses in hearing higher pitches and vision. Strength, flexibility, and reaction time decrease as well.
3. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and processing speed decline from mid-adulthood onward. However, crystallized intelligence and practical skills continue to grow through experience. Memory abilities also show
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales - Fifth Edition (SB5) is an individually administered intelligence test for individuals ages 2 to 89 years old. It measures five cognitive factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. The SB5 contains 10 subtests administered adaptively based on performance. It provides scores for nonverbal IQ, verbal IQ, full scale IQ, and the five factors. The SB5 has good reliability and was standardized on a sample of 4800 individuals representative of the US population.
Social cognition refers to how people process and respond to social information. It involves interpreting social cues, analyzing social situations, and remembering social information using mental structures called schemas. Schemas help organize our knowledge about social roles, people, and events. When making judgments with limited time and information, people rely on mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, social cognition is not always rational and can involve errors like unrealistic optimism and counterfactual thinking.
This document provides an overview of attitudes, including their definition, formation, structure, and relationship to behavior. It discusses several key theories related to attitudes:
- Learning theories (classical conditioning, observational learning) describe how attitudes are formed through experience.
- Consistency theories like balance theory and cognitive dissonance propose people seek to maintain consistency between their attitudes and behaviors.
- Factors like attitude strength (extremity, certainty) and situational constraints moderate the link between attitudes and behaviors.
- The theory of planned behavior and cognitive response model examine additional influences on attitude-behavior relationships and persuasion.
Western and eastern perspective of positive psychologyJosline Dsilva
The document discusses differences between Western and Eastern perspectives on concepts like the "good life" and happiness. Western views tend to emphasize individualism, autonomy, achievement, and future-oriented thinking, while Eastern views focus more on collectivism, cooperation, balance, harmony with nature, and respect for tradition and elders. The good life from a Western lens involves success, wealth and pursuing goals, whereas Eastern philosophies see an optimal life as a spiritual journey of transcendence involving compassion for others.
Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to PersonalityPsychoTech Services
Surface Traits
- Observable traits like kindness, honesty,
helpfulness etc.
- Manifestations of deeper source traits.
- More specific and narrow in scope.
Source Traits
- Underlying broad dispositions or
tendencies.
- Not directly observable but inferred from
surface traits.
- Fewer in number but better predictors of
behaviour.
2. Constitutional Traits vs. Environmental Mould Traits
Constitutional Traits
- Innate or biologically determined traits like
intelligence, temperament etc.
- Relatively fixed and not much influenced by
environment.
Environmental Mould Traits
- Traits acquired through learning and
experience.
Allport proposed that personality develops through stages of selfhood from infancy to adulthood. The earliest stage is the bodily self in infancy, focused on physical sensations and needs. Next is the personal self of childhood, where a sense of identity separates from others. In adolescence and beyond, the social self emerges through relationships and roles. The final stage is the transpersonal self, oriented toward universal principles like justice that transcend individual concerns. Allport saw personality developing as an increasingly complex self-concept at the core of one's being.
The key points about schizoid personality disorder are:
1. It is characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and a preference for solitary activities.
2. Diagnostic features include indifference to developing close relationships, deriving little satisfaction from family or social groups, and preferring solitary hobbies over interacting with others.
3. Potential causes include genetic and neurological factors. Treatment involves psychotherapy focused on social skills and relationships, as the condition is generally considered long-term.
IGNOU Super-Notes: MPC2 LifeSpan Development_3 Development During Adolescence...PsychoTech Services
IGNOU Super-Notes :: Psychology Super Notes, All About Psychology :: MPC2 LifeSpan Development_3 Development During Adolescence_3 Identity, Self-concept, Self-esteem, Peer group relationship
The document defines aggression and discusses factors that can lead to aggressive behavior, including personal, situational, and social factors. It then outlines several strategies that can be used to reduce aggression, such as punishment, catharsis, cognitive interventions like apologies, exposure to non-aggressive social models, training in social skills, and using incompatible responses to generate emotions like laughter that are incompatible with anger.
This document outlines the major stages of human development from pre-natal period through late adulthood. It describes key aspects of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development that occur during each phase. The document also discusses developmental tasks, which are goals that should be achieved during each life stage in order to support healthy development and functioning in later stages. Some examples of developmental tasks include learning to walk during infancy, developing a sense of identity during adolescence, and adjusting to retirement during late adulthood. Accomplishing the tasks of earlier stages helps to achieve tasks in subsequent stages.
IGNOU Question Paper Pattern >> MAPC >> MPC006 - Statistics in PsychologyPsychoTech Services
This document provides guidance to IGNOU students on preparing for their term end examinations in statistics. It analyzes past question papers from 2011-2014 to identify the most important topics. The analysis shows that Blocks 1 and 2, and Chapters 2.1 and 4.4 are most heavily tested. It also finds that questions typically include both long and short answer numerical and conceptual questions. Students are advised to focus their studies on the frequently tested topics and practice different question types in order to score well on examinations.
The document defines a group as two or more individuals interacting to achieve common goals, who develop shared attitudes and perceive themselves as part of the group. It lists key characteristics of groups as having collective identity, interaction, shared interests/goals, rules and guidelines for behavior. Groups allow pooling of knowledge and skills to accomplish difficult tasks, and provide status, protection from threats, and fulfillment of social and emotional needs. The document also outlines Tuckman's stages of group development and references several theories of group formation and dynamics.
Group cohesiveness refers to the ability of group members to think and act as one, whether physically together or not. It develops from a sense of belonging, attraction to other members, and commitment to working together to achieve shared goals. Factors that contribute to cohesiveness include threats to the group, difficulty entering the group, time spent together, smaller group size, past successes, and similarity of attitudes and values among members. Higher cohesiveness is generally associated with higher performance and productivity up to a moderate level, beyond which it can decrease performance. Ways to increase cohesiveness include agreeing on goals, increasing homogeneity, interactions, competition, and rewarding the group, while decreasing it involves disagreeing on goals,
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real, imagined, or implied social contexts. Some key topics covered include social influence, conformity, compliance, social norms, and research studies such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The document discusses how social factors like group pressure, authority, and reciprocity can influence individual attitudes and behaviors. In summary, it introduces social psychology concepts relating to how social environments and other people shape individual cognition, interaction, and performance.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals behave and think in social situations and how they interact with and influence others. Some key topics in social psychology include conformity, obedience, attitudes, persuasion, group processes, prejudice, aggression, and interpersonal relationships. Social psychology was introduced in the late 19th century to understand human behavior and phenomena like extreme obedience. It uses scientific methods to study how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real or imagined presence of others.
The document discusses factors that influence personality development, including biological, cultural, social, and situational factors. Biological factors include genetics and physical characteristics. Cultural factors refer to the traditions, customs and beliefs of one's culture. Social factors comprise the relationships, interactions and environment within families, organizations, communities and societies. Situational factors can cause a person's behavior and responses to differ depending on the context or situation. All of these factors collectively shape a person's unique personality over time.
Group structure refers to the roles, norms, and networks of relationships that define and organize a group. Norms are unwritten rules that regulate members' behaviors and develop gradually over interactions. Roles are sets of expected behaviors for people in certain positions within a group. Role differentiation occurs as roles become more specialized. Status differentiation is when some members gain more authority, with certain individuals acquiring status through their accepted claims and authority. Communication and attraction networks describe who interacts most frequently within the group, influencing outcomes like performance and satisfaction.
Physical and motor development of children and adolescentsRamil Gallardo
Physical and motor development follows consistent patterns from early childhood through adolescence. Large muscles develop before small muscles, and development proceeds from the head down. Gross motor skills like walking emerge before fine motor skills like drawing. The brain grows rapidly in early childhood, with synaptic growth and pruning shaping brain regions. Handedness is established between ages 3-6. During middle childhood, children's bodies change dramatically and both gross and fine motor skills are refined. In adolescence, puberty brings rapid growth and sexual maturation while the brain continues developing, especially in frontal lobes. Child nutrition, maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation, genetics, exercise and other factors influence development. Some children exhibit exceptional development due to disabilities, sensory impairments or learning
Social influence can be described as an effort to change another person's behavior or attitudes. It can come from real or imagined social pressure. Six main principles of social influence are scarcity, liking, commitment/consistency, reciprocity, social validation, and authority. Social impact theory focuses on the strength of social influences, which can be positive or negative. Conformity is when people go along with the group to be accepted. Normative influence is conforming to be liked, while informational influence is conforming because others seem more informed. Minority influence can impact the majority through consistency of views over time. Compliance involves changing behaviors through requests, while obedience involves following commands from those in positions of authority.
This document discusses various group processes including conformity, deviance, cohesiveness, social loafing and facilitation, cooperation and competition. It provides details on factors that influence conformity such as group size, minority size, task nature and public vs private expression. It also discusses personality factors in conformity and the types of social influence. Cooperation and competition in groups is explored along with determinants. Features of group cohesiveness are outlined including group size, member similarities, status, communication and success history. Deviance and the difference between social facilitation and social loafing are also defined.
The document discusses various topics related to social influence and social learning, including social influence, conformity, types of conformity, social impact theory, propaganda, persuasion, and several classic experiments. It provides an overview of group members working on the topic and defines key concepts such as conformity, compliance, internalization, informational influence, normative influence, obedience, and propaganda techniques. It also summarizes Soloman Asch's classical conformity experiment and studies by Milgram on obedience and Zimbardo on role-playing in a simulated prison environment.
This document discusses social influence and the dynamics between minorities and majorities. It covers research on conformity, obedience, and minority influence. Some key points:
- Majority influence, known as conformity, occurs when an individual yields to group pressures and norms. Minority influence can also influence majorities under certain conditions.
- Obedience research showed people often comply with authority figures, as seen in the Milgram and Stanford prison experiments. Unanimity among the influencing group increases its power.
- Social influence comes from informational influence, looking to others for guidance, and normative influence, wanting to be liked or avoid rejection. Strength, immediacy and size of the influencing group impact its effects.
This document discusses various types and forms of social influence. It defines social influence as a change in behavior caused by how a person perceives themselves in relation to others. There are two main types of social influence: normative influence, which is conforming publicly, and informational influence, which leads to private and public changes. Some key social influencers discussed include political leaders, religious leaders, celebrities, and citizen influencers on social media. The document also outlines different ways people can exert social influence through guidance, leadership, followership, and instruction. It identifies several types of social influence like conformity, obedience, compliance, persuasion, and minority influence. Finally, it discusses some important Filipino social values related to social influence.
LECTURE 5- ATTRIBUTION - IMPRESSION FORMATION AND MANAGEMENT.pptxgladysdzoro
Impression formation and management involves how individuals form impressions of others based on certain traits and characteristics. People pay attention to central traits to help form overall impressions, though various sources of information are used unequally. Initial impressions, even if unsupported by facts, can affect future interactions. Additionally, people seek to influence how others perceive them through impression management techniques like self-presentation and regulation of social interactions.
This document discusses various aspects of perception and social perception. It begins by defining perception as the process of collecting, organizing and interpreting information from the environment to derive meaning. Sensation involves basic physiological responses to stimuli, while perception involves higher-level cognitive processing of sensory inputs. Perception involves stimulus registration, interpretation based on factors like learning and personality, feedback, behavior, and consequences. Selectivity and various external and internal factors influence perception. The document also discusses perceptual organization, constancy, context, defense and social perception and the factors that influence it like stereotyping and halo effects. It concludes with a discussion of attribution theory and impression management strategies used in organizations.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology including attribution theory, fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance theory, social influence, norms, conformity, prejudice, aggression, and social relations. It defines important terms and briefly describes classic studies that helped establish theories in social psychology.
Social influences can lead to conformity as people seek reassurance from others and adopt average positions rather than fringe positions. Experiments show that conformity rates increase with group size up to 3-5 members, and unanimity increases conformity. There are three main processes of conformity: informational influence to be correct, normative influence for social approval, and referent informational influence to follow in-group norms. Minority influences can create social change through consistent behavior, investment, and autonomy to negotiate influence with the majority.
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Social influence is the change in an individual's thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviors that results from
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations of people, objects or ideas that influence thoughts and actions. Attitudes have cognitive, affective and behavioral components and are formed through social learning, comparison, experiences and potentially genetics. Attitudes can change through persuasion using communicators, messages, audiences and channels of communication. Various scales have been developed to measure attitudes, including Likert scales, Thurstone scales and Bogardus social distance scales. Group dynamics, conformity, cohesiveness and leadership are also areas of study in social psychology.
Attitudes are positive or negative evaluations that have three components: cognitive (beliefs and ideas), affective (emotions and feelings), and behavioral (predispositions to act). Attitude change can be influenced by credible sources of persuasion and factors like conditioning, observational learning, cognitive dissonance, and counter-attitudinal behavior. Conformity and group behavior are influenced by group size, unanimity, dissenters, social pressure, closeness to authority, and the bystander effect where people are less likely to help in groups due to diffusion of responsibility. While groups can suffer from social loafing and loss of coordination, groups are often better than individuals at solving complex problems.
Social psychology examines how individuals are influenced by and influence others. Key topics include social influence, norms, attitudes, stereotypes, conformity, obedience, and persuasion. Important concepts are social learning theory, attribution biases like the fundamental attribution error, and interpersonal attraction factors like similarity, proximity, and self-disclosure.
Social psychology is the study of how people relate to and influence each other. Key topics covered include person perception, stereotyping and prejudice, aggression and prosocial behavior, attribution theory, interpersonal attraction, and attitude formation and change. Social cognition involves making quick judgments and inferences about others based on appearance and behaviors. Attribution theory examines how people explain the causes of behaviors as either internal or external factors.
This document summarizes key concepts from social psychology including person perception, attitudes, conformity, group dynamics, and interpersonal attraction. It discusses how people form quick judgments of others based on appearance and stereotypes. Factors that influence attitudes include mere exposure effect, persuasive communicators, and cognitive dissonance. Conformity studies show people tend to comply with group norms. Group dynamics examine social loafing, polarization, and groupthink. Interpersonal attraction is influenced by similarity, self-disclosure, and cultural mating priorities.
This document provides an overview of interpersonal relations and group processes. It discusses how individuals are influenced by the presence of others through social facilitation and inhibition. It also examines how social norms, authority, and social support impact behavior. Regarding groups, it describes how people join groups, take on roles, and progress through stages of group development according to models of group formation and socialization.
1. The Stanford prison experiment studied the psychological effects of perceived social roles by assigning volunteers randomly to "prisoner" and "guard" roles.
2. As the experiment progressed, the guards escalated their aggressive behaviors toward the prisoners through humiliation tactics, despite instructions not to harm them.
3. The experiment was ended after only 6 days because prisoners began to exhibit pathological behavior and nervous breakdowns due to the psychological abuse.
The document discusses factors that influence attitude formation and change. It describes four main ways attitudes can be formed: mere exposure, associative learning, self-perception, and functional reasons. Attitudes can also change through self-perception, learning theories, cognitive dissonance, and persuasion. A key model for predicting behavior is the theory of planned behavior, which says behavioral intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
This document summarizes key concepts in social perception and attribution. It discusses how person perception involves forming impressions of others based on observable factors like appearance, actions, and context. Impressions aim to understand traits and predict behavior. Attribution refers to inferring causes for people's behaviors and events. Attributions can be internal or external and stable/unstable. Theories like correspondent inference and covariance models examine how attributions are made. Biases like fundamental attribution error and self-serving attribution affect the impressions and explanations people form.
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