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SHAMJITH KM
SHAMJITH KM

The document discusses using coconut shell aggregate in concrete. It presents the results of a mini project that tested the engineering properties and performance of concrete with coconut shell aggregate replacement. Members tested properties of conventional aggregates, coconut shell aggregate, and M20 concrete mixes with 0-35% coconut shell replacement. Testing included compressive, split tensile and flexural strength at 7 and 28 days. Results showed the optimum replacement was 15%, with strengths comparable to conventional concrete. The conclusion was that coconut shell aggregate can be used to produce lightweight concrete.

Engineering
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COCONUT SHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE GCE Kannur MAIN PROJECT PROJECT ID: 2K6CEPJT01 1
2GCE Kannur  AJEESHA V I  APARNA P  ARUN RAJ K  SAHANA M P  SHAHSOORA K  SHAMJITH K M MEMBERS:
OUTLINE  INTRODUCTION  MINI PROJECT OVERVIEW  TEST CONDITIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE  TEST RESULTS  ANALYSIS  CONCLUSION 3
4GCE Kannur 25.48 29.84 21 3.98 19.7 Philippines Indonesia India Srilanka Others Coconut Production in the World- Country wise (Values in percentage) Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). INTRODUCTION - WORLD
5GCE Kannur 45% 29% 12% 6% 8% KER TN KAR AP Others Coconut Production in INDIA - State wise (Values in Percentage) Source: Coconut Development Board, Kerala INTRODUCTION - INDIA
6 • Solid waste management issues; • Utilization of Coconut Shell (CS) in cost effective construction; • Sustainable development – preservation & economy; • Light weight structures; GCE Kannur INTRODUCTION
GCE Kannur 7 Cement OPC 53 grade River sand Coconut shell aggregate 8mm to 16mm size (From local homes, hostels,..) Crushed granite stone 20 mm Potable drinking water MATERIALS
GCE Kannur 8 METHEDOLOGY ADOPTED Determination of engineering properties of CS Determination of properties of conventional aggregates Casting M20 mix concrete Testing, Analysis & Results Documentation Conclusion
GCE Kannur 9 To evaluate the engineering properties of coconut shell aggregate. To compare the properties of coconut shell aggregate with conventional aggregate. MINI PROJECT OVERVIEW
GCE Kannur 10 PROPERTIES TESTED Specific gravity Void ratio Bulk density Porosity Aggregate impact value Aggregate crushing value Abrasion value Fineness modulus
GCE Kannur 11 Tests Convention al aggregate Coconut shell aggregate Sand Max size 20 16 4.75 Specific gravity 2.82 1.29 1.1 Bulk density(kg/l) 1.51 0.681 Void ratio 0.866 0.894 Porosity (%) 46.4 47.2 Aggregate abrasion value 27 4.66 - Impact value of aggregate (%) 21.114 5.51 - Aggregate crushing value (%) 2.6 5.28 - Fineness modulus 0.915 1.415 2.83 PROPERTIES AT A GLANCE
12 COCONUT SHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE To find the optimum replacement of coconut shell
GCE Kannur 13 MIX DESIGN Mass of cement (in kg/m3) 383 Mass of water (in kg/m3) 191.6 Mass of fine aggregate (in kg/m3) 626.36 Mass of coarse aggregate (in kg/m3) 1200.8 Mix ratio 1: 1.635: 3.135
GCE Kannur 14 CURING Temperatures : 27°C ±7°C W/C Ratio : 0.5
Experimental procedure  Compressive strength  Split tensile strength  Flexural strength 15
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Factors affecting, 16 Ultimate strength = P/A Water cement ratio Aggregate cement ratio Aggregate grade and maximum size of aggregate Compaction Curing Age of concrete
FLEXURAL STRENGTH Modulus of rupture, fct = PL bd2 ……………… (1) fct = 3Pa b ……………… (2) 17 If a > 200, eqn 1 If 170 < a < 200, eqn 2
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH Circular disc subjected to compression load diametrically F = 2P 𝜋DL Where, L = Length of cylinder D = Diameter of cylinder P = Maximum load 18
19
TEST RESULTS 0% Replacement Cement content : 383 kg/m3 Water cement ratio : 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 18.03 17.99 18.01 26.2 26.6 26.4 Split tensile strength 1.424 1.44 1.432 2.85 2.79 2.82 Flexural strength 2.02 2.08 2.05 3.25 3.09 3.17 20
5% Replacement Cement content : 384.17 kg/m3 Water cement ratio : 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 17.82 17.99 17.90 24.06 24.18 24.12 Split tensile strength 1.12 0.98 1.050 2.64 2.256 2.448 Flexural strength 2.17 1.79 1.981 2.015 2.551 2.283 21
10% replacement Trial no:1 Cement content : 385.76 kg/m3 Water cement ratio : 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 16.85 16.75 16.80 24.45 17.09 20.77 Split tensile strength 1.220 1.210 1.215 1.84 2.04 1.94 Flexural strength 1.843 1.621 1.732 2.78 2.29 2.535 22
10% replacement Trial no: 2 Cement content: 386.55kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 17.55 16.21 16.89 23.81 24.21 24.02 Split tensile strength 1.3 1.260 1.28 2.47 2.61 2.54 23
15% replacement Cement content: 387.34kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 17.9 17.5 17.7 24.87 24.35 24.61 Split tensile strength 1.38 1.27 1.32 2.61 2.53 2.57 Flexural strength 1.984 1.69 1.837 2.99 2.79 2.89 24
20%replacement Trial no:1 Cement content: 388.13kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 12.48 13.33 12.9 20.32 20.49 20.41 Split tensile strength 1.23 1.1 1.16 1.87 2.09 1.98 Flexural strength 1.95 1.69 1.820 2.78 2.42 2.60 25
Trial no:2 Cement content: 388.92kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 14.81 14.20 14.78 21.76 19.9 20.83 Trial no:3 Cement content: 389.71kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 15.7 14.3 15 20.89 22.89 21.89 26
25%replacement Cement content: 390.50kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 12.03 11.87 11.95 21.18 20.54 20.86 Split tensile strength 0.89 1.14 1.015 2.42 2.48 2.45 Flexural strength 1.57 1.69 1.63 27
Trial 2 Cement content=391.29kg/m3 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 11.89 12.13 12.01 21.2 21.26 21.23 30% Replacement Cement content: 392.08kg/m3 w/c Ratio:0.5 Properties 7 days 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 10.89 11.58 11.23 Split tensile strength 0.86 1.08 0.97 28
35% Replacement Cement content:392.08 W/C ratio:0.5 Properties 7 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 10.67 11.45 11.06 Split tensile strength 0.59 0.74 0.66 29
ANALYSIS Compressive strength 0% Replacement Cement addition rate (kg/m3) 7 day strength (N/mm2) Extra cement (g)1 2 Mean 0 383.00 18.03 17.99 18.01 0 5 384.17 17.82 17.99 17.90 150 10 385.76 16.85 16.75 16.80 200 10 386.55 17.55 16.21 16.89 250 15 387.34 17.90 17.50 17.70 300 20 388.13 12.48 13.33 12.90 350 20 388.92 14.87 14.20 14.78 400 20 389.71 15.7 14.3 15.0 450 25 390.50 12.03 11.87 11.95 450 25 391.29 12.57 13.01 12.79 500 30 392.08 10.89 11.58 11.23 550 35 392.87 10.67 11.45 11.06 600 30
% replacement Cement addition rate (kg/m3) 3 days strength (N/mm2) 7 days strength (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean 0 - 0.81 0.83 0.820 1.424 1.44 1.432 5 384.17 kg/m3 0.726 0.746 0.736 1.120 0.98 1.050 10 385.76 kg/m3 0.700 0.740 0.720 1.220 1.210 1.210 10 386.55 kg/m3 0.760 0.760 0.760 1.300 1.260 1.280 15 387.34 kg/m3 1.380 1.270 1.32 20 388.13 kg/m3 1.23 1.10 1.16 20 388.92 kg/m3 1.37 0.96 1.165 25 390.50 kg/m3 0.89 1.14 1.015 30 391.29 kg/m3 0.86 1.08 0.97 35 392.08 kg/m3 0.59 0.74 0.66 Split tensile strength 31
% replacement Cement addition rate (kg/m3) 7 days strength (N/mm2) 28 days strength (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean 0 - 2.02 2.08 2.05 3.25 3.09 3.17 5 384.17 kg/m3 2.17 1.79 1.981 2.015 2.551 2.283 10 385.76 kg/m3 1.843 1.621 1.732 2.78 2.29 2.535 15 387.34 kg/m3 1.984 1.69 1.837 2.99 2.79 2.89 20 388.13 kg/m3 1.95 1.69 1.82 2.78 2.42 2.60 Flexural strength 32
Fig 6.1 Seven days compressive strength (N/mm2) 33 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
Fig 6.2 Seven days split tensile strength (N/mm2) 34 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
Fig 6.3 seven days flexural strength 35 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
Fig 6.4 : 28 days compressive strength 36 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
Fig 6.5 : 28 days split tensile strength 37 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
Fig 6.6 : 28 days flexural strength 38 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
GCE Kannur 41 The optimum replacement is obtained as 15% CONCLUSION Can be used as coarse aggregate in the production of lightweight concrete
GCE Kannur 42 1. E. A. Olanipekun, K. O. Olusola ,and O. Atia, “Comparative study between palm kernel shell and coconut shell as coarse aggregate”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Asian Research Publishing Network. Japan, 2005. 2. U. O. Kabiru, and A. Saleh, “Exploratory study of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete”, Journal of engineering and applied sciences, Vol. 2, December 2010. 3. K. Gunasekaran, and P. S. Kumar, “Lightweight Concrete using Coconut Shells as Aggregate”, Proceedings, International Conference on "Innovations in Building Materials, Structural Designs and Construction Practices (IBMSDCP-2008), 15-17 May 2008, pp.375-382. 4. K. Gunasekaran, “Utilization of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in the Development of Lightweight Concrete”, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 2011. 5. C. B. Gopal, and K. B. Ranjan, “Effect of Coconut Shell Aggregate on Normal Strength Concrete”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 6, June – 2013, pp: 2405 -2415. 6. Y. Amarnath, and C. Ramachandrudu, “Properties of Concrete with Coconut Shells as Aggregate Replacement”, International Journal of Engineering Inventions, Volume 1, Issue 6 (October 2012), pp: 21-31. 7. U. Johnson Alengaram, Baig Abdullah Al Muhit, and Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat, “Utilization of oil palm kernel shell as lightweight aggregate in concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 38, January 2013, Pages 161-172. REFERENCES
GCE Kannur 43

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Project csac

  • 1. COCONUT SHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE GCE Kannur MAIN PROJECT PROJECT ID: 2K6CEPJT01 1
  • 2. 2GCE Kannur  AJEESHA V I  APARNA P  ARUN RAJ K  SAHANA M P  SHAHSOORA K  SHAMJITH K M MEMBERS:
  • 3. OUTLINE  INTRODUCTION  MINI PROJECT OVERVIEW  TEST CONDITIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE  TEST RESULTS  ANALYSIS  CONCLUSION 3
  • 4. 4GCE Kannur 25.48 29.84 21 3.98 19.7 Philippines Indonesia India Srilanka Others Coconut Production in the World- Country wise (Values in percentage) Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). INTRODUCTION - WORLD
  • 5. 5GCE Kannur 45% 29% 12% 6% 8% KER TN KAR AP Others Coconut Production in INDIA - State wise (Values in Percentage) Source: Coconut Development Board, Kerala INTRODUCTION - INDIA
  • 6. 6 • Solid waste management issues; • Utilization of Coconut Shell (CS) in cost effective construction; • Sustainable development – preservation & economy; • Light weight structures; GCE Kannur INTRODUCTION
  • 7. GCE Kannur 7 Cement OPC 53 grade River sand Coconut shell aggregate 8mm to 16mm size (From local homes, hostels,..) Crushed granite stone 20 mm Potable drinking water MATERIALS
  • 8. GCE Kannur 8 METHEDOLOGY ADOPTED Determination of engineering properties of CS Determination of properties of conventional aggregates Casting M20 mix concrete Testing, Analysis & Results Documentation Conclusion
  • 9. GCE Kannur 9 To evaluate the engineering properties of coconut shell aggregate. To compare the properties of coconut shell aggregate with conventional aggregate. MINI PROJECT OVERVIEW
  • 10. GCE Kannur 10 PROPERTIES TESTED Specific gravity Void ratio Bulk density Porosity Aggregate impact value Aggregate crushing value Abrasion value Fineness modulus
  • 11. GCE Kannur 11 Tests Convention al aggregate Coconut shell aggregate Sand Max size 20 16 4.75 Specific gravity 2.82 1.29 1.1 Bulk density(kg/l) 1.51 0.681 Void ratio 0.866 0.894 Porosity (%) 46.4 47.2 Aggregate abrasion value 27 4.66 - Impact value of aggregate (%) 21.114 5.51 - Aggregate crushing value (%) 2.6 5.28 - Fineness modulus 0.915 1.415 2.83 PROPERTIES AT A GLANCE
  • 12. 12 COCONUT SHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE To find the optimum replacement of coconut shell
  • 13. GCE Kannur 13 MIX DESIGN Mass of cement (in kg/m3) 383 Mass of water (in kg/m3) 191.6 Mass of fine aggregate (in kg/m3) 626.36 Mass of coarse aggregate (in kg/m3) 1200.8 Mix ratio 1: 1.635: 3.135
  • 14. GCE Kannur 14 CURING Temperatures : 27°C ±7°C W/C Ratio : 0.5
  • 15. Experimental procedure  Compressive strength  Split tensile strength  Flexural strength 15
  • 16. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Factors affecting, 16 Ultimate strength = P/A Water cement ratio Aggregate cement ratio Aggregate grade and maximum size of aggregate Compaction Curing Age of concrete
  • 17. FLEXURAL STRENGTH Modulus of rupture, fct = PL bd2 ……………… (1) fct = 3Pa b ……………… (2) 17 If a > 200, eqn 1 If 170 < a < 200, eqn 2
  • 18. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH Circular disc subjected to compression load diametrically F = 2P 𝜋DL Where, L = Length of cylinder D = Diameter of cylinder P = Maximum load 18
  • 19. 19
  • 20. TEST RESULTS 0% Replacement Cement content : 383 kg/m3 Water cement ratio : 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 18.03 17.99 18.01 26.2 26.6 26.4 Split tensile strength 1.424 1.44 1.432 2.85 2.79 2.82 Flexural strength 2.02 2.08 2.05 3.25 3.09 3.17 20
  • 21. 5% Replacement Cement content : 384.17 kg/m3 Water cement ratio : 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 17.82 17.99 17.90 24.06 24.18 24.12 Split tensile strength 1.12 0.98 1.050 2.64 2.256 2.448 Flexural strength 2.17 1.79 1.981 2.015 2.551 2.283 21
  • 22. 10% replacement Trial no:1 Cement content : 385.76 kg/m3 Water cement ratio : 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 16.85 16.75 16.80 24.45 17.09 20.77 Split tensile strength 1.220 1.210 1.215 1.84 2.04 1.94 Flexural strength 1.843 1.621 1.732 2.78 2.29 2.535 22
  • 23. 10% replacement Trial no: 2 Cement content: 386.55kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 17.55 16.21 16.89 23.81 24.21 24.02 Split tensile strength 1.3 1.260 1.28 2.47 2.61 2.54 23
  • 24. 15% replacement Cement content: 387.34kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 17.9 17.5 17.7 24.87 24.35 24.61 Split tensile strength 1.38 1.27 1.32 2.61 2.53 2.57 Flexural strength 1.984 1.69 1.837 2.99 2.79 2.89 24
  • 25. 20%replacement Trial no:1 Cement content: 388.13kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 12.48 13.33 12.9 20.32 20.49 20.41 Split tensile strength 1.23 1.1 1.16 1.87 2.09 1.98 Flexural strength 1.95 1.69 1.820 2.78 2.42 2.60 25
  • 26. Trial no:2 Cement content: 388.92kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 14.81 14.20 14.78 21.76 19.9 20.83 Trial no:3 Cement content: 389.71kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 15.7 14.3 15 20.89 22.89 21.89 26
  • 27. 25%replacement Cement content: 390.50kg/m3 Water cement ratio: 0.5 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 12.03 11.87 11.95 21.18 20.54 20.86 Split tensile strength 0.89 1.14 1.015 2.42 2.48 2.45 Flexural strength 1.57 1.69 1.63 27
  • 28. Trial 2 Cement content=391.29kg/m3 Properties 7 days 28 days 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 11.89 12.13 12.01 21.2 21.26 21.23 30% Replacement Cement content: 392.08kg/m3 w/c Ratio:0.5 Properties 7 days 1 2 Mean Compressive strength 10.89 11.58 11.23 Split tensile strength 0.86 1.08 0.97 28
  • 29. 35% Replacement Cement content:392.08 W/C ratio:0.5 Properties 7 days 1 2 Mean (N/mm2) Compressive strength 10.67 11.45 11.06 Split tensile strength 0.59 0.74 0.66 29
  • 30. ANALYSIS Compressive strength 0% Replacement Cement addition rate (kg/m3) 7 day strength (N/mm2) Extra cement (g)1 2 Mean 0 383.00 18.03 17.99 18.01 0 5 384.17 17.82 17.99 17.90 150 10 385.76 16.85 16.75 16.80 200 10 386.55 17.55 16.21 16.89 250 15 387.34 17.90 17.50 17.70 300 20 388.13 12.48 13.33 12.90 350 20 388.92 14.87 14.20 14.78 400 20 389.71 15.7 14.3 15.0 450 25 390.50 12.03 11.87 11.95 450 25 391.29 12.57 13.01 12.79 500 30 392.08 10.89 11.58 11.23 550 35 392.87 10.67 11.45 11.06 600 30
  • 31. % replacement Cement addition rate (kg/m3) 3 days strength (N/mm2) 7 days strength (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean 0 - 0.81 0.83 0.820 1.424 1.44 1.432 5 384.17 kg/m3 0.726 0.746 0.736 1.120 0.98 1.050 10 385.76 kg/m3 0.700 0.740 0.720 1.220 1.210 1.210 10 386.55 kg/m3 0.760 0.760 0.760 1.300 1.260 1.280 15 387.34 kg/m3 1.380 1.270 1.32 20 388.13 kg/m3 1.23 1.10 1.16 20 388.92 kg/m3 1.37 0.96 1.165 25 390.50 kg/m3 0.89 1.14 1.015 30 391.29 kg/m3 0.86 1.08 0.97 35 392.08 kg/m3 0.59 0.74 0.66 Split tensile strength 31
  • 32. % replacement Cement addition rate (kg/m3) 7 days strength (N/mm2) 28 days strength (N/mm2) 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean 0 - 2.02 2.08 2.05 3.25 3.09 3.17 5 384.17 kg/m3 2.17 1.79 1.981 2.015 2.551 2.283 10 385.76 kg/m3 1.843 1.621 1.732 2.78 2.29 2.535 15 387.34 kg/m3 1.984 1.69 1.837 2.99 2.79 2.89 20 388.13 kg/m3 1.95 1.69 1.82 2.78 2.42 2.60 Flexural strength 32
  • 33. Fig 6.1 Seven days compressive strength (N/mm2) 33 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
  • 34. Fig 6.2 Seven days split tensile strength (N/mm2) 34 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
  • 35. Fig 6.3 seven days flexural strength 35 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
  • 36. Fig 6.4 : 28 days compressive strength 36 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
  • 37. Fig 6.5 : 28 days split tensile strength 37 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
  • 38. Fig 6.6 : 28 days flexural strength 38 Compressivestrength(N/mm2)
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41. GCE Kannur 41 The optimum replacement is obtained as 15% CONCLUSION Can be used as coarse aggregate in the production of lightweight concrete
  • 42. GCE Kannur 42 1. E. A. Olanipekun, K. O. Olusola ,and O. Atia, “Comparative study between palm kernel shell and coconut shell as coarse aggregate”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Asian Research Publishing Network. Japan, 2005. 2. U. O. Kabiru, and A. Saleh, “Exploratory study of coconut shell as coarse aggregate in concrete”, Journal of engineering and applied sciences, Vol. 2, December 2010. 3. K. Gunasekaran, and P. S. Kumar, “Lightweight Concrete using Coconut Shells as Aggregate”, Proceedings, International Conference on "Innovations in Building Materials, Structural Designs and Construction Practices (IBMSDCP-2008), 15-17 May 2008, pp.375-382. 4. K. Gunasekaran, “Utilization of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in the Development of Lightweight Concrete”, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 2011. 5. C. B. Gopal, and K. B. Ranjan, “Effect of Coconut Shell Aggregate on Normal Strength Concrete”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 6, June – 2013, pp: 2405 -2415. 6. Y. Amarnath, and C. Ramachandrudu, “Properties of Concrete with Coconut Shells as Aggregate Replacement”, International Journal of Engineering Inventions, Volume 1, Issue 6 (October 2012), pp: 21-31. 7. U. Johnson Alengaram, Baig Abdullah Al Muhit, and Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat, “Utilization of oil palm kernel shell as lightweight aggregate in concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, Volume 38, January 2013, Pages 161-172. REFERENCES
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