The document discusses various basic components of building construction including substructure, superstructure, foundation, plinth, beams, columns, walls, arches, roofs, slabs, lintels, parapets, staircases, doors, windows and other elements. It provides descriptions of each component, their functions and materials typically used. Foundations discussed include isolated spread footing, wall/strip footing, combined footing, cantilever/strap footing and mat/raft footing for shallow foundations and pile, well/caisson and pier foundations for deep foundations. Flooring materials and requirements are also summarized along with technical terms for doors and windows.
Construction Materials and Engineering - Module II - Lecture NotesSHAMJITH KM
This document provides information on various construction materials including paints, plastics, rubber, and aluminum. It discusses the ingredients, properties, types, and applications of paints. It also outlines the classification, characteristics, uses, advantages, and limitations of plastics. Details are provided on types of rubber like natural and synthetic rubber. Applications of aluminum in construction are also mentioned.
This document summarizes common plastering defects:
1. Plaster de-bonding from the background due to background movement, poor bonding, moisture issues, or thick plaster application. Prevention involves cleaning, drying walls, and applying bonding agents.
2. Bond failure between finish plaster and cement undercoat from applying plaster over a wet undercoat or lack of keying. Stripping and re-plastering is needed after drying.
3. Cracking occurs from structural movement or drying shrinkage. Structural cracks follow building cracks while drying cracks are hairline. High cement or rapid drying can cause non-structural cracks.
Construction Materials and Engineering - Module III - Lecture NotesSHAMJITH KM
The document discusses various construction materials and methods. It covers topics like masonry, bricks, stone masonry, types of bonds, hollow block masonry, partition walls, modern construction methods, and damp proof courses. Masonry involves arranging masonry units like stone or bricks with mortar. There are different types of bonds used in brick masonry like stretcher bond, header bond, English bond and Flemish bond. Modern methods include framed construction, prefabricated construction and earthquake resistant construction. Damp proof courses are provided to prevent entry of moisture into buildings.
Guniting is a process that uses a cement-sand mixture projected at high pressure through a cement gun to repair damaged concrete surfaces. The mixture, usually in a 1:3 cement to sand ratio, is deposited on the surface under 20-30 N/cm^2 of pressure. Guniting can be used on vertical, overhead, and horizontal surfaces to restore concrete damaged by corrosion or inferior work. It provides an impervious layer and high compressive strength of 56-70 N/mm^2.
This document provides information on bitumen, which is used as a binding material in pavements. It discusses the types of bitumen including paving grade, modified, cutback and emulsion. Cutback bitumen has solvents added to increase fluidity while bitumen emulsion uses water. Modified bitumen has additives added to improve properties. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration, ductility, softening point and viscosity to determine hardness and grading. Bitumen requirements include adequate viscosity and adhesion properties. The grading of bitumen depends on the results of penetration tests.
This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques including removal and replacement, in-situ densification methods like dynamic compaction, preloading, use of vertical drains and stone columns. It provides details on specific in-situ densification methods like vibro-float compaction using a vibrating probe, dynamic compaction using heavy weights, and explosive compaction using detonated charges. The document also summarizes advantages and limitations of preloading using surcharge fills and uses of vertical drains and geosynthetics to accelerate consolidation.
Construction Materials and Engineering - Module II - Lecture NotesSHAMJITH KM
This document provides information on various construction materials including paints, plastics, rubber, and aluminum. It discusses the ingredients, properties, types, and applications of paints. It also outlines the classification, characteristics, uses, advantages, and limitations of plastics. Details are provided on types of rubber like natural and synthetic rubber. Applications of aluminum in construction are also mentioned.
This document summarizes common plastering defects:
1. Plaster de-bonding from the background due to background movement, poor bonding, moisture issues, or thick plaster application. Prevention involves cleaning, drying walls, and applying bonding agents.
2. Bond failure between finish plaster and cement undercoat from applying plaster over a wet undercoat or lack of keying. Stripping and re-plastering is needed after drying.
3. Cracking occurs from structural movement or drying shrinkage. Structural cracks follow building cracks while drying cracks are hairline. High cement or rapid drying can cause non-structural cracks.
Construction Materials and Engineering - Module III - Lecture NotesSHAMJITH KM
The document discusses various construction materials and methods. It covers topics like masonry, bricks, stone masonry, types of bonds, hollow block masonry, partition walls, modern construction methods, and damp proof courses. Masonry involves arranging masonry units like stone or bricks with mortar. There are different types of bonds used in brick masonry like stretcher bond, header bond, English bond and Flemish bond. Modern methods include framed construction, prefabricated construction and earthquake resistant construction. Damp proof courses are provided to prevent entry of moisture into buildings.
Guniting is a process that uses a cement-sand mixture projected at high pressure through a cement gun to repair damaged concrete surfaces. The mixture, usually in a 1:3 cement to sand ratio, is deposited on the surface under 20-30 N/cm^2 of pressure. Guniting can be used on vertical, overhead, and horizontal surfaces to restore concrete damaged by corrosion or inferior work. It provides an impervious layer and high compressive strength of 56-70 N/mm^2.
This document provides information on bitumen, which is used as a binding material in pavements. It discusses the types of bitumen including paving grade, modified, cutback and emulsion. Cutback bitumen has solvents added to increase fluidity while bitumen emulsion uses water. Modified bitumen has additives added to improve properties. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration, ductility, softening point and viscosity to determine hardness and grading. Bitumen requirements include adequate viscosity and adhesion properties. The grading of bitumen depends on the results of penetration tests.
This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
The document discusses various ground improvement techniques including removal and replacement, in-situ densification methods like dynamic compaction, preloading, use of vertical drains and stone columns. It provides details on specific in-situ densification methods like vibro-float compaction using a vibrating probe, dynamic compaction using heavy weights, and explosive compaction using detonated charges. The document also summarizes advantages and limitations of preloading using surcharge fills and uses of vertical drains and geosynthetics to accelerate consolidation.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Caissons are large, box-like foundations that are sunk into the ground or water to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. There are three main types: box caissons, which are enclosed boxes opened at the top; open or well caissons, which are open at the top and bottom; and pneumatic caissons, which use compressed air to allow construction under water. Caissons are made of materials like concrete, steel, or timber and are used as foundations for bridges, dams, and other structures. Workers inside pneumatic caissons can experience health issues if not properly managed during decompression.
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
Construction of Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roadsssuserdcb186
Water bound macadam (WBM) is a flexible type of road made of crushed stone aggregates, screenings and binding materials mixed with water. The aggregates are mechanically interlocked during rolling. WBM roads are constructed in layers 7.5-10 cm thick with a camber to allow for drainage. Common materials used are crushed stone, brick or slag aggregates, with screenings and binding materials like limestone dust filling voids between aggregates. Construction involves spreading aggregates, rolling for compaction, adding screenings, sprinkling water and rolling until the layers are fully compacted and set. While initial construction costs are low using local materials, WBM roads require high maintenance and have a shorter lifespan than other pavement types.
This document discusses various methods for repairing distressed concrete structures, including:
- Guniting, which involves pneumatically projecting cement and aggregates onto surfaces.
- Shortcreting, where mortar or concrete is projected onto surfaces to repair cracks or strengthen existing concrete.
- Crack repair techniques like stitching, routing and sealing, and resin injection.
- Shoring and underpinning methods to provide temporary or permanent support to unsafe or sinking structures, such as vertical, inclined, and pit shoring as well as underpinning foundations.
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
1) The document discusses ground improvement techniques of preloading and vertical drainage. Preloading involves applying a surcharge load to improve soil strength and reduce settlements before construction.
2) Vertical drains are often used with preloading to accelerate consolidation by shortening the drainage path. Common types are sand drains and prefabricated vertical drains.
3) Vacuum preloading is described as an alternative to conventional preloading using surcharge loads, applying atmospheric pressure via a membrane system instead. This requires an effective drainage and vacuum maintenance system.
This document provides information on concrete, including:
- Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that hardens over time into a strong building material.
- Proper mixing, placing, and curing of the concrete allows it to gain strength through a process called hydration as it ages.
- Factors like the water-cement ratio, type of aggregates, compaction, and curing affect the properties and strength of hardened concrete.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
Pavement refers to durable surface materials laid down on areas for vehicular or foot traffic like roads and walkways. There are two main types: flexible pavement made of materials like asphalt, and rigid pavement made of concrete. Flexible pavement has lower initial costs but requires more maintenance, while rigid pavement has higher initial costs but lasts longer with less maintenance. The document discusses the layers, materials, design processes, and testing methods used for both flexible and rigid pavements.
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
The document summarizes different methods of underpinning an existing foundation to support expansion of a building on the same land plot. It discusses five main underpinning methods: 1) Mass concrete underpinning which involves digging pits by hand and pouring concrete sequentially, 2) Helical piles which use steel shafts with helical flights screwed into the ground, 3) Micropiles which are small diameter drilled and grouted piles, 4) Jacked piles which involve driving steel pipes into the ground with a hydraulic jack, and 5) Bracket piles used for earth retention to support adjacent foundations during excavation. The document also lists potential causes of foundation failure such as poor drainage, weather conditions, poor soil conditions, transpiration
This document provides information on the syllabus for the course CE3013 - Advanced Construction Techniques. The course aims to study and understand the latest construction techniques applied to engineering projects. The syllabus covers 5 units - sub structure construction techniques like box jacking and pipe jacking; super structure construction of buildings; construction of special structures; rehabilitation and strengthening techniques; and demolition techniques. The course outcomes are to understand modern construction methods and identify suitable techniques for different cases.
The document discusses damp proof courses (DPC), which are barriers made of impervious materials built into walls and piers to prevent moisture from moving within the building. A DPC is laid into a brick wall approximately two courses below the lowest timber member, such as a bearer. Damp proofing in construction uses moisture control methods applied to walls and floors to prevent damp problems from occurring inside buildings, including membrane damp proofing, integral damp proofing, surface treatments, guniting, and cavity wall construction.
Transportation of Concrete - Notes for Civil engineering StudentsKezar Ali. Shah
This document discusses various methods for transporting concrete, including their advantages and limitations. It describes 10 common transportation methods: mortar pan, wheelbarrow, truck mixer and dumpers, crane and bucket, belt conveyors, chutes, skip and hoist, transit mixer, pumps and pipelines, and helicopter. Pumps and pipelines are highlighted as a popular method for transporting concrete over long distances up to 400 meters in height and 2000 meters horizontally. Key factors in ensuring concrete maintains its homogeneity during transportation include minimizing vibration, exposure to sun/air, and segregation of aggregates.
This document discusses underwater concrete, including its production, placement methods, and quality control. It notes that underwater concrete must have proper mix design and flowability to consolidate under its own weight without vibration. The main placement methods described are tremie, pump, toggle bags, and bagwork. Quality control includes monitoring placement rate and volume. Common issues with underwater concrete include cement washout, laitance, and segregation, which mix design and proper placement seek to prevent.
The document discusses various materials used in civil engineering construction projects such as bricks, stones, aggregates, cement, and concrete. It provides details on the manufacturing process and properties of bricks and describes the different types of bricks used. It also discusses the characteristics, classification, and uses of stones as a building material. The qualities, types, and uses of aggregates and cement are outlined. Concrete is introduced as a composite material made by mixing aggregates, sand, cement, and water.
This visual dictionary defines and provides pictures for various construction terms related to building materials, framing elements, roofing components, mechanical systems, and more. Key terms explained include air barriers, attic ventilation, brick bonds, concrete joints, framing elements like studs and plates, insulation types, roofing materials and shapes, steep roof draining components, siding and cladding options, and window styles. Diagrams and specifications are provided to illustrate each term.
1) A building is a man-made structure with a roof and walls that stands permanently in one place and comes in various shapes and sizes to serve different functions.
2) To build means constructing a space using solid materials to fulfill a particular function while being stable, durable, and economical with resources.
3) Key components of buildings include ceilings, doors, floors, roofs, stairs, walls, and windows, which are constructed using various materials and methods.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Caissons are large, box-like foundations that are sunk into the ground or water to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. There are three main types: box caissons, which are enclosed boxes opened at the top; open or well caissons, which are open at the top and bottom; and pneumatic caissons, which use compressed air to allow construction under water. Caissons are made of materials like concrete, steel, or timber and are used as foundations for bridges, dams, and other structures. Workers inside pneumatic caissons can experience health issues if not properly managed during decompression.
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
Construction of Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roadsssuserdcb186
Water bound macadam (WBM) is a flexible type of road made of crushed stone aggregates, screenings and binding materials mixed with water. The aggregates are mechanically interlocked during rolling. WBM roads are constructed in layers 7.5-10 cm thick with a camber to allow for drainage. Common materials used are crushed stone, brick or slag aggregates, with screenings and binding materials like limestone dust filling voids between aggregates. Construction involves spreading aggregates, rolling for compaction, adding screenings, sprinkling water and rolling until the layers are fully compacted and set. While initial construction costs are low using local materials, WBM roads require high maintenance and have a shorter lifespan than other pavement types.
This document discusses various methods for repairing distressed concrete structures, including:
- Guniting, which involves pneumatically projecting cement and aggregates onto surfaces.
- Shortcreting, where mortar or concrete is projected onto surfaces to repair cracks or strengthen existing concrete.
- Crack repair techniques like stitching, routing and sealing, and resin injection.
- Shoring and underpinning methods to provide temporary or permanent support to unsafe or sinking structures, such as vertical, inclined, and pit shoring as well as underpinning foundations.
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
1) The document discusses ground improvement techniques of preloading and vertical drainage. Preloading involves applying a surcharge load to improve soil strength and reduce settlements before construction.
2) Vertical drains are often used with preloading to accelerate consolidation by shortening the drainage path. Common types are sand drains and prefabricated vertical drains.
3) Vacuum preloading is described as an alternative to conventional preloading using surcharge loads, applying atmospheric pressure via a membrane system instead. This requires an effective drainage and vacuum maintenance system.
This document provides information on concrete, including:
- Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that hardens over time into a strong building material.
- Proper mixing, placing, and curing of the concrete allows it to gain strength through a process called hydration as it ages.
- Factors like the water-cement ratio, type of aggregates, compaction, and curing affect the properties and strength of hardened concrete.
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
Pavement refers to durable surface materials laid down on areas for vehicular or foot traffic like roads and walkways. There are two main types: flexible pavement made of materials like asphalt, and rigid pavement made of concrete. Flexible pavement has lower initial costs but requires more maintenance, while rigid pavement has higher initial costs but lasts longer with less maintenance. The document discusses the layers, materials, design processes, and testing methods used for both flexible and rigid pavements.
Vacuum dewatering is a process that removes excess water from freshly poured concrete to achieve an ideal water-cement ratio and improved properties. Concrete is poured and a vacuum pump then removes 15-25% of the water through a suction mat and filter pads. This results in higher strength, less cracking and shrinkage, improved abrasion resistance, and a smooth, level surface. Vacuum dewatering is commonly used for industrial and commercial floors that require high durability.
The document summarizes different methods of underpinning an existing foundation to support expansion of a building on the same land plot. It discusses five main underpinning methods: 1) Mass concrete underpinning which involves digging pits by hand and pouring concrete sequentially, 2) Helical piles which use steel shafts with helical flights screwed into the ground, 3) Micropiles which are small diameter drilled and grouted piles, 4) Jacked piles which involve driving steel pipes into the ground with a hydraulic jack, and 5) Bracket piles used for earth retention to support adjacent foundations during excavation. The document also lists potential causes of foundation failure such as poor drainage, weather conditions, poor soil conditions, transpiration
This document provides information on the syllabus for the course CE3013 - Advanced Construction Techniques. The course aims to study and understand the latest construction techniques applied to engineering projects. The syllabus covers 5 units - sub structure construction techniques like box jacking and pipe jacking; super structure construction of buildings; construction of special structures; rehabilitation and strengthening techniques; and demolition techniques. The course outcomes are to understand modern construction methods and identify suitable techniques for different cases.
The document discusses damp proof courses (DPC), which are barriers made of impervious materials built into walls and piers to prevent moisture from moving within the building. A DPC is laid into a brick wall approximately two courses below the lowest timber member, such as a bearer. Damp proofing in construction uses moisture control methods applied to walls and floors to prevent damp problems from occurring inside buildings, including membrane damp proofing, integral damp proofing, surface treatments, guniting, and cavity wall construction.
Transportation of Concrete - Notes for Civil engineering StudentsKezar Ali. Shah
This document discusses various methods for transporting concrete, including their advantages and limitations. It describes 10 common transportation methods: mortar pan, wheelbarrow, truck mixer and dumpers, crane and bucket, belt conveyors, chutes, skip and hoist, transit mixer, pumps and pipelines, and helicopter. Pumps and pipelines are highlighted as a popular method for transporting concrete over long distances up to 400 meters in height and 2000 meters horizontally. Key factors in ensuring concrete maintains its homogeneity during transportation include minimizing vibration, exposure to sun/air, and segregation of aggregates.
This document discusses underwater concrete, including its production, placement methods, and quality control. It notes that underwater concrete must have proper mix design and flowability to consolidate under its own weight without vibration. The main placement methods described are tremie, pump, toggle bags, and bagwork. Quality control includes monitoring placement rate and volume. Common issues with underwater concrete include cement washout, laitance, and segregation, which mix design and proper placement seek to prevent.
The document discusses various materials used in civil engineering construction projects such as bricks, stones, aggregates, cement, and concrete. It provides details on the manufacturing process and properties of bricks and describes the different types of bricks used. It also discusses the characteristics, classification, and uses of stones as a building material. The qualities, types, and uses of aggregates and cement are outlined. Concrete is introduced as a composite material made by mixing aggregates, sand, cement, and water.
This visual dictionary defines and provides pictures for various construction terms related to building materials, framing elements, roofing components, mechanical systems, and more. Key terms explained include air barriers, attic ventilation, brick bonds, concrete joints, framing elements like studs and plates, insulation types, roofing materials and shapes, steep roof draining components, siding and cladding options, and window styles. Diagrams and specifications are provided to illustrate each term.
1) A building is a man-made structure with a roof and walls that stands permanently in one place and comes in various shapes and sizes to serve different functions.
2) To build means constructing a space using solid materials to fulfill a particular function while being stable, durable, and economical with resources.
3) Key components of buildings include ceilings, doors, floors, roofs, stairs, walls, and windows, which are constructed using various materials and methods.
This document defines and describes various construction materials and building components. It provides definitions for air barrier paper, attic ventilation components like soffit vents and roof turbines, and construction equipment like backhoes. It also defines framing elements, insulation types, plumbing components, roofing terms, stone patterns, and more building-related topics in brief entries.
!!!UPDATED!!!Visual Dictionary-Sp10Hip!!!UPDATED!!!Dustin Day
This visual dictionary document defines and provides images for various construction terms related to building materials, components, and systems. It includes definitions and images for items like air barriers, attic ventilation, brick bonds, concrete joints, doors, electrical components, framing elements, insulation, mortar, plumbing, rebar, roofing materials and components, siding materials, stone patterns, vapor retarders, waterproofing, windows, and other construction terms.
The document defines and describes various construction materials and building components. It provides definitions for items like air barriers, attic ventilation components, bricks and brick bonds, concrete joints, framing elements, insulation types, plumbing fixtures, roof shapes, stone patterns, steep roof terminology, and more. Each entry includes a brief 1-2 sentence definition or description of the item.
The document discusses several construction materials and methods. It describes air barriers that control infiltration and can be installed on interior or exterior walls. It also discusses attic ventilation that allows water vapor to escape and keeps homes cooler with different vent types. Backhoes are described as having a bucket for digging and removing dirt. Batter boards form a temporary frame to mark where a basement will be built. Various brick bonds, sizes, and shapes are defined. Bulldozers are used to push large amounts of materials. Exterior claddings include wood shakes, EIFS, stone, and brick.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction materials and building components. It includes brief explanations of air barrier paper, attic ventilation types, backhoes, batter boards, brick bonds and sizes, bulldozers, cladding materials, code requirements, concrete joints, concrete masonry units, decorative CMUs, doors, electrical components, framing elements, front end loaders, gypsum board, heat pumps, insulation types, lintels, mortar joints, oriented strand board, plumbing components, plywood, radiant barriers, rebar, roof drainage steps, steep roof materials and shapes, stone types, vapor retarders, water proofing, weep holes, welded wire fabric, and window
This document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction materials and components. It discusses air barriers, attic ventilation components like soffit vents and ridge vents, backhoes, types of brick bonds and positions, brick sizes, bulldozers, cladding materials, code requirements for egress windows and stair treads/risers, concrete control joints, CMU blocks, decorative CMU, door components, electrical components like transformers and meters, framing elements, front end loaders, heat pumps and compressors, insulation materials, lintels, mortar joints, oriented strand board, plumbing fixtures, rebar, roof drainage components, steep roof materials and shapes, roof terms, stone types, vapor retard
The document defines and provides images of various construction materials and terms related to building components like framing elements, roofing, insulation, plumbing, electrical, masonry, and excavation equipment. Key terms explained include air barriers, attic ventilation components, backhoes, batter boards, brick bonds, bulldozers, cladding materials, concrete joints, concrete masonry units, doors and windows, framing elements, front end loaders, heat pumps, insulation types, mortar joints, oriented strand board, plumbing fixtures, plywood, rebar, roofing materials and terms, stone types, vapor retarders, waterproofing, and weep holes.
The document defines and describes various building materials and construction elements used in residential construction. It provides descriptions of materials and components used for foundations, framing, roofing, exterior finishes, electrical, plumbing, insulation and more. Each term is concisely defined, with some including an example photo.
1. Doors and windows provide access, ventilation, light, noise control and aesthetic screening. Doors connect rooms and buildings.
2. Doors and windows should be located for functional requirements while minimizing numbers. Doors preferably face corners at least 20cm away. Multiple doors face each other.
3. Floors provide walking surfaces and accommodate users at different levels. Subfloors support floor coverings like tiles, concrete, wood or terrazzo for durability and appearance. Upper floors are constructed above ground level using timber, precast concrete, jack arches or reinforced concrete.
The document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction and building terminology. It includes terms related to framing, electrical components, plumbing, concrete, masonry, roofing, windows, and other building materials and systems. Pictures accompany many of the terms to illustrate concepts like types of windows, roofing materials, siding options, and more.
This document discusses building design and building bye-laws. It provides guidelines for proper building design including setting minimum standards for room sizes, building heights, open spaces, and other structural elements. Building bye-laws are local laws that provide rules for construction to ensure safety, efficiency and to prevent unplanned development. They regulate setbacks, coverage ratios, parking and more. Compliance with bye-laws leads to economically sound and safe construction.
Air barrier paper is a sheet material that is permeable to water vapor but not air or liquid water. It protects structures from weather to prevent interior mildew and corrosion, and reduces energy usage by limiting airflow.
Attic ventilation includes soffit vents at the eave to intake air, ridge vents at the peak to exhaust air, gable vents high in walls to create cross drafts, and roof turbines that use wind to expel moist air.
A backhoe is equipment used for excavation consisting of a 30-inch wide digging bucket on an articulated arm.
The document contains definitions and descriptions of various construction materials and components. It includes entries on air barrier paper, different types of attic vents, backhoes, batter boards, brick bonds and sizes, bulldozers, cladding materials, concrete joints, concrete masonry units, doors, electrical components, framing elements, front end loaders, gypsum board, heat pumps, insulation materials, lintels, mortar joints, oriented strand board, plumbing fixtures, plywood, radiant barriers, rebar, roof drainage components, roofing materials, roof shapes, stone materials, vapor retarders, waterproofing methods, weep holes, welded wire fabric, and windows.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of various construction terms and materials. It discusses components of building framing, roofing, masonry, plumbing, electrical systems, windows, doors, insulation, vapor barriers, and other elements. Definitions include air barriers, batt insulation, brick bonds, cladding types, concrete joints, framing elements, gypsum board, mortar types, rebar, roof drainage components, siding, steep roof materials, stone types, vapor retarders, waterproofing, weep holes, and welded wire fabric. Dimensions and purposes are provided for many items.
The document defines and describes various construction terms related to materials and components used in building including:
- Air barriers that prevent moisture passing from outside to inside of a building.
- Types of attic ventilation like roof turbines, gable vents, soffit vents, and ridge vents.
- Construction equipment like backhoes, bulldozers, and front end loaders used for excavation and moving materials.
- Framing elements of buildings like studs, plates, joists, sheathing and different types of insulation, windows, doors, and roofing materials.
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This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
3. Basic building components
Sub structure Super structure
1.Foundation 1. Plinth
2. Beams
3. Columns
4. Walls
5. Arches
6. Roofs
7. Slab
8. Lintel
9. Parapet
10. Staircase
11. Chajjas
12. Lift/ramp
13. Doors
14. Windows
15. Sunshade
16. Ventilator
17. Plinth beam
18. Chimney
Portion of building located
below ground level
Portion of building located
above ground level
4. Foundation1
Transmit load from superstructure to subsoil
For uniform distribution of load
To provide level surface for construction of superstructure
To reduce load intensity
To assure settlements are within permissible limits
To assure soil does not fail in shear
To prevent side wise movements
Most important part of a building
5.
6. Plinth2
Structure between ground and floor
Prevents entry of rain water in to the building
Prevents entry of animals and insects
Generally, Plinth height = 45, 60, 90, 120 cm
Plinth should not be less than 45 cm
Transmit load of super structure to foundation
Plinth provide a level surface
Plinth supports walls
7. Beams3
Horizontal structural element
Takes loads from slabs and transfer to column beneath
Usually beams are made of RCC and steel
Takes vertical loads, shear forces and bending moments
Slabs are provided above beams
Beams are supported on either walls or columns
8. Column4
Vertical structural element
Takes loads from beams and transfer to foundation
Usually columns are made of RCC and steel
Takes compressive loads
Long columns fails by buckling
Short columns fails by crushing
9. Arches5
Normally a curved member with wedge shaped blocks
Carry weight of structure above the openings
Used in buildings, bridges, etc
Usually made of concrete, bricks, or stones
10. Walls6
Building blocks of bricks or stones
Load bearing walls supports slab weight
In framed buildings, acts as partition walls
Provides privacy and protection from heat, cold, dust, noise
Divides the building space to useful rooms
Walls support roof
Gives a structural looking for building
Provides shelter
11. Roof7
Uppermost (slab) portion of a building
Provides privacy and protection
Provides aesthetics to the building
Usually made of RCC, wood, tiles, steel, asbestos, etc
Protects the building from direct rain and heat
May be flat, arch, curved or slopped in shape
12. Floor8
To provide level walking surface
Provides neatness to building
Flooring is done above plinth level/slabs
Provides privacy and protection from heat, cold, dust, noise
To provide useful area for working/placing equipments
13. Doors9
To provide access to various areas in a building
Provides entry and exit system to rooms
Protection from theft and robbery
Usually made of wood, steel, fabrication works, etc
Provides privacy and shelter
Can be made in different shapes and sizes - aesthetics
14. Windows10
To get proper ventialation
Provides fresh air and light inside the room
Protection from theft and robbery
Usually made of wood, steel, fabrication works, etc
Provides privacy and shelter
Can be made in different shapes and sizes - aesthetics
15. Sunshade11
It is a type of cantilever slab
It extends from walls
It protects from rain water
It controls amount of direct sunlight through windows
It is constructed above lintel
16. Openings12
Provides entry and exit without doors
Ventilation and light
Plinth beam13
Beam or belt covering provided above plinth level
To prevent entry of water (dampness)
To provide additional support for load transferring & walls
18. Staircase/lift/ramp15
Safe access from one floor to another
Support for movement between floors
Usually made of RCC or steel
Suitable provision to escape in case of fire
For vertical transportation
19. Chejjas (Eaves)16
Overhanging cover for windows and doors
Protects from rain water
Provide aesthetics to building
Protects from external sunlight
20. Parapet17
Low protective wall along the edge of a roof,
bridge, or balcony.
Made above flat roofs
It act as a protective edge from falling
Parapet
21. Foundations
Transmit load from superstructure to subsoil
For uniform distribution of load
To provide level surface for construction of superstructure
To reduce load intensity
22. Foundations
Shallow Deep
1. Isolated spread footing
2. Wall/Strip footing
3. Combined footing
4. Cantilever/Strap footing
5. Mat/raft footing
1. Pile foundation
2. Well/Caisson foundation
3. Pier foundation
Shallow depth
Depth ≤ Width
Depth is high
Depth > Width
Weak soils
23. 1. Isolated spread footing
Most common and economical type
Generally used for ordinary buildings
Have independent footings
Each column has its own footings
Footing may be rectangular,
square or circular in shape
25. 2. Wall/Strip footing
Each strip contains number of footings
Helps to distribute loads from columns to ground
Strip will be along direction of wall
A group of columns share single lengthier footing
26.
27. 3. Combined footing
Footings made common to more than one column
Uniform distribution of loads
Opted when columns are closely spaced
Opted when dimensions of one side is restricted
31. 5. Mat/raft footing
Used when bearing capacity of soil is poor
Load from number of columns is distributed by
a single large footing called mat.
32. Raft behave as a single unit
Used for heavy construction
works in low load bearing soil
33. 1. Pile foundation
Used when bearing capacity of soil is poor
Pile is a slender (long) member with a small CSA
Used to transmit foundation loads to a deeper rock strata
Pile transmits load either by skin friction or bearing
Used to resist uplift and provide stability against lateral
and overturning forces.
34.
35.
36. 2. Well/Caisson foundation
Provided below water level for bridges
Caisson means ‘box’
Construction of structures in water
Dams, bridges, etc
40. Requirements of a good floor
1. Good appearance
2. Can be easily and effectively cleaned
3. Should provide comfort on using – less noise
4. Cost should be reasonable
5. Should have sufficient damp resistance
6. Should be strong and durable
7. Should be fire resistant
8. Should have sufficient hardness
9. Should have minimum maintenance
10.Should be smooth, but don't slipper.
41. Materials used for flooring
Cement or lime concrete
Bricks/tiles
Marble
Glass
Ceramic
Plastic
Mud and murram
Wood
Cork
Linoleum
Flagstones
Asphalt
Rubber
42. Doors and windows
Primarily for air circulation, privacy and light
Made of wood, concrete, steel, aluminum, etc
Door is a movable barrier secured in a wall opening
Designation of doors and windows
10 DS 20
Module width Single Shutter
door
Module height
Note:
1 module = 100 mm
43. Location of door in a building
Preferably at corners of a room (20 cm from corner)
If two doors in a room, face them each other
Number of doors should be kept as minimum
Place such that we get maximum ventilation and wind
Depends on size of room, climatic conditions, utility
and architectural point of view.
Place such that we get
maximum light
44. Height of door = Width + (1 m to 1.2 m)
Eg:- H = 1 m + 1.0 = 2.0 m
H = 1 m + 1.2 = 2.2 m
Width of door = (0.4 to 0.6) x height
Thumb rules for height and width
Eg:- W = 0.4 x 2.0 = 0.80 m
W = 0.6 x 2.0 = 1.20 m
(Residential buildings)
45. Location of window in a building
Place such that we get maximum ventilation and wind
Depends on size of room, climatic conditions, utility
and architectural point of view.
For 30 m3 inside volume Provide 1 m2 window area
Breadth of window =
1
8
x [width of room + height of room]
15 % of floor area = area of window opening
10 % of floor area = Glass panel area
46. Technical terms
1. Head – top most horizontal part
2. Sill – lower most horizontal part
3. Post
4. Mullion – vertical sub divide
5. Transom – horizontal sub divide
6. Horn – horizontal projections of frame
7. Holdfast
8. Style – vertical outside member of shutter
9. Jamb – vertical surface of an opening
10.Reveal – exposed vertical surface of an opening
11.Rebate – rectangular recess around frame to receive door
12.Stop – block of wood fixed on backside of a door
13.Architrave – mouldings around door or window frame
14.Ground – additional wooden supports to architrave
66. Types of windows
1. Fixed windows
2. Sliding windows
3. Pivoted windows
4. Double hung windows
5. Louvered windows
6. Casement windows
7. Metal windows
8. Sash windows
9. Corner windows
10. Bay windows
11. Dormer windows
12. Clerestory windows
13. Lantern windows
14. Gable windows
15. Ventilators
16. Skylights
74. 8. Sash Windows
Type of casement window with panels fully glazed
Space between rails is divided into small panels by mean
of small timber members called sash bars or glazing bars
75. 9. Corner Windows
Provided at the corners of room
Light / air can enter room in two different directions
76. 10. Bay Windows
Projected from wall to increase the area of opening
Enables more ventilation and light form outside
77. 11. Dormer windows
Provided for sloped roofs
Enables more ventilation and light
Enhance aesthetic sense of room
81. 15. Ventilators
Provided for purpose of ventilation in the room
Provided at greater height than windows nearer
to roof level
82. 16. Skylights
Provided on the top of sloped roofs
To admit more light into the rooms
Provided parallel to the sloping surface
Can be opened when we required
83. Lintel
Horizontal flexural member which bridges gap of the
opening and which permits construction of walls above it.
Width of lintels is usually same as that of wall
Beam provided over an opening for door, window,
cupboard etc., in a wall
84. 1. Wood Lintel
Single/more pieces of wood used
Sometimes strengthened by steel plates at top and
bottom (Flitched beams)
85. 2. Stone lintels
Stones are cut to required width of the wall
Depth of stone piece = 0.1 x Span
Used only for small spans (stone is weak in tension)
86. 3. Brick lintel
For small span openings
Well burnt, good quality bricks used
Curing time: 7-14 days
Needs temporary form work at
time of construction
87. 4. R.C.C. Lintel
For larger spans - form work needed
Provided with suitable reinforcement
Commonly used in building now days
88. 5. RSJ Lintels (Rolled steel joists)
Provided at large openings when loads are heavy
Jointing is done with bolts
89. Sunshade
Cantilever structure constructed to protect building
from direct sunlight and splashing of rain water.
Usually of width 600 mm and 100 mm thickness.
Provides comfort to users
If RCC, monolithic casting with lintel is done
May be constructed with lintel or independently
Designed slope should be provided for easy draingae
91. Canopy and Sun breakers
Structures constructed to control amount of direct
sunlight through building windows.
Heat insulation, shading and protection from raining.
Aesthetic appearance
92. Arches
Structure constructed to
span across an opening
Small wedge-shaped units
joined with mortar 1. Keystone
2. Voussoir
3. Extrados
4. Impost
5. Intrados
6. Rise
7. Clear span
8. Abutment
Supports loads acting above
the openings
93. Arches
Arches transfer loads as inclined loads whereas
lintels transfer loads as vertical loads.
The structure constructed of stones or bricks,
jointed together with mortar.
Used mainly for beautification purposes
94.
95. Technical terms
1 Keystone
Wedge shaped unit at the crown of an arch
2 Voussoir
Wedge shaped units of an arch
3 Extrados (or back)
External curve of an arch
4 Impost
Projection of a pier/abutment
96. Technical terms
5 Intrados
Inner curve of the arch
6 Rise
Vertical distance b/w highest point on intrados &
springing line
7 Clear span
Clear horizontal distance b/w the suports
8 Abutment
End support of an arch
97. Technical terms
9 Piers
Intermediate supports of an arcade
10 Arcade
Arcade means a series of arch
11 Soffit
Inner surface of the arch (same as intrados)
12 Crown
Top point of an arch
98. Technical terms
13 Skewback
Inclined surface of a pier perpendicular to load direction
14 Springing lines
Imaginary lines connecting springing points
15 Springer
First voussoir at springing level on either side of an arch.
It is immediately adjacent to the skewback
99. Technical terms
16 Haunch
Lower half portion of arch b/w crown and skewback
17 Height of arch
Perpendicular distance b/w intrados and extrados
18 Ring
Circular course forming an arch
19 Spandril
Irregular triangular space formed b/w extrados and
horizontal line drawn to the tangent.
114. Staircase and its location
Should provide easy access to all in the building
Check for good lighting and ventilation
Should have convenient approaches and spaces
Stairs should be located near main entrance in
case of a public building.
In residential buildings stair should be placed
centrally.
116. Straight stairs1
All steps leads in one direction only
May consist of one or more flights
Used when space available
is long, but narrow
117. Turning stairs: Quarter turn stair2.a
Have a turning of one right angle – 90o
Bifurcated stair
If a quarter turn stair is branched
into two flights at a landing
118. Turning stairs: Half turn stair2.b
Have a turning of two right angles – 180o
May be dog legged or open well (newel) type
dog legged stair Open well stair
119. Turning stairs: Three quarter turn2.c
Have a turning of three right angles – 270o
May be dog legged or open well (newel) type
120. Circular / helical / spiral stairs3
Steps radiates from the centre
No intermediate newel posts or any landings
Flight consists of winders only
124. Standards for stair case as per KBR
If no.of floors > 4 : provide two staircases
(One for fire escape)
Minimum width = 1.2 m
Minimum width of thread = 30 cm
Maximum height of riser = 15 cm
Minimum height of handrail = 90 cm
Minimum = 3 steps, maximum = 12 – in a flight
Reduce use of spiral staircase
No.of risers = Total height of floor/height of riser
No.of treads = no.of risers - 1
125.
126. Technical terms
1 Baluster
Vertical member fixed b/w string and handrail for safety
2 Balustrade (Barrister)
Combined framework of handrail and balusters
3 Flight
Unbroken series of steps b/w landings
4 Going
Horizontal distance b/w faces of two consecutive risers
127. Technical terms
5 Handrail (Guard rail)
Inclined rail over the string for safety.
6 Headroom
Vertical distance b/w tread and overhead obstruction.
Should be > 2 m
If less than 2 m, heads of people hits the obstruction
7 Landing
Horizontal platform b/w two flights which facilitates
change in direction and provide opportunity to take rest.
128. Technical terms
8 Newel post
Vertical member provided at beginning & end of a flight
9 Nosing
Projecting part of tread beyond the face of riser.
10 Pitch
Angle of inclination of stair with floor. Should be <38o
11 Rise
Vertical distance b/w two successive treads
129. Technical terms
12 Riser
Vertical portion of a step that supports the thread.
13 Run
Total length of stair in a horizontal plane (includes landing)
14 Scotia
Additional finish/moulding provided at bottom of nosing
130. Technical terms
15 Soffit
Under surface of a stair
16 Step
A combination of tread and riser
17 String
Inclined member of a stair which supports ends of steps
18 Tread
Horizontal upper portion of a step
131. Technical terms
19 Waist
Thickness of structural slab in case of RCC stair
20 Walking line
Approx. line of movement of people on a stair during
ascent/descent. It is 450 mm from the hand rail from
centre of handrail.
132. A vertical transportation system
Lift
Moves people and goods b/w floors
Electrically operated equipment
If building height exceeds 10 m
or > 3 storeys, provide lift
133. Lift can be provided inside or outside the building
Lift - location
Inside near staircase or independent to staircase
Outside with access to the building landing
Need to provide easy access for all building users
Not preferred at corners
Should give provision for future expansions, if any
Provides much comfort to the users
135. 1. Lift car/cab
Lift – Technical terms
Vertically moving cabin in which passengers and
goods are transported.
2. Lift shaft/hoist
space in which the lift cabin moves.
3. Machine room
Room from which the lift functions are loaded and
controlled
136. 4. Lift pit or Lift well
Lift – Technical terms
Specially dug hole into which the lift is "housed"
5. Buffer
Provided in lift pit for safe landing of cab at bottom
6. Counter weight or balance weight
a separately guided mass that partly
counterbalances the cabin and secures ropes
pressure to a driving pulley.
137. 7. Trailing/suspension cable
Cable which holds car and counter-weight
Lift – Technical terms
8. Governor
Controls speed of the lift
9. Passngers
Passenger capacity assumed as 68 kg/person
138. Ramps
When large number of persons/vehicles have to
be moved from floor to floor.
Is a uniformly sloping surface or inclined plane.
Occupy larger space than stairs and lifts
Easy for sick people
to climb on ramps
140. Escalators
Power driven, inclined, continuous stairways used
for transporting passengers in airports, malls, etc
Operate automatically without operators
Provided with moving handrails.
141. Ceiling
Overhead interior surface that covers the upper
limits of a room – provided below roof/slab
Not considered as a structural element
142. To reduce the heat transfer from the roof
Functions of ceiling
To improve appearance
To conceal all ducts, pipes, wiring and light fittings
To reduce volume of the room
Improve its air conditioning
Improve acoustical quality – sound proof
143. Materials used for ceiling
Wood
Gypsum board
Plaster of paris
Thermocol
Extruded Aluminium
Acoustical boards
Glass mirrors
Metal Sheets
145. A dropped ceiling or secondary ceiling hung below
the main (structural) ceiling
False ceiling
To conceal all ducts, pipes, wiring and light fittings
Acoustic balance and control in a room
Aesthetic improvement
146. Should be durable and portable
Requirements of good ceiling
Material used should be light in weight - drop
Should be water/sound/fire proof
Should have aesthetic looking after installation
Should possible to install easily
Should have enough strength and integrity
Possible to cast in any shape – flexible in nature
147. Roof
Uppermost part of building which protects building
from snow, rain, sun, etc
Structural elements may be trusses, portals, slabs,
domes, etc
149. Important technical terms
1 Barge board
Wooden boards fixed on gable end of a roof
2 Battens
Thin wooden strips fixed on rafters to support roof ceiling
3 Cleat
Small wooden blocks to prevent sliding of purlins
4 Eaves
Lower edge of slopping surface of a roof
150. Important technical terms
5 Purlin
Wooden pieces placed horizontally on principal rafters
6 Common rafter
Intermediate rafters supporting roof covering
7 Ridge piece
Wooden piece provided at the ridge line of a slopping roof
8 Wall plates
Long wooden members embedded on top of walls to
receive the common rafter.
151. Should be durable – against rain, wind, snow, and sun
Requirements of a good roof
Should provide desirable insulation from heat and sound
Should be structurally stable and sound – take loads
Should be well drained – slope/drainage facilities
Efficient water proofing
Fire resistant
Good appearence
153. Pitched (Slopped) Roofs
Used in places where rainfall and snow fall is high
Slope > 10o (may be 45o -60o )
Preferred for large span structures like workshops,
ware houses, factories, etc
1
154. Types of pitched roof
Single roofs Double or
Purlin roofs
Trussed roofs
Span < 5 m
Span > 2.4 m
For higher spans
1. Lean to roofs
2. Couple roofs
3. Couple-close roof
4. Collar beam roof
5. Collar and scissor roof
155. Single roofs
Span < 5m
Commo rafters are provided to each slope without any
intermediate support.
Commo rafters have single span
No purlins
A
156. Lean to roof (Pent/Aisle roof)
Maximum span = 2.40 m
Generally used for sheds, verendas, etc
1
161. Double or Purlin roofs
Span > 2.4 m
Intermediate supports are introduced (Purlins)
Also called as ‘Rafter and Purlin roof’
B
162. Trussed roofsC
If span is more, a frame work of slender members are used
to support sloping roofs - trusses
A number of trusses may be placed lengthwise to get wall
free longer halls.
For spans up to 9 m wooden trusses may be used but for
larger spans steel trusses are a must.
Carpentry joints, Bolts and straps, rivets or welding are
made to connect various members at a joint
End of trusses are supported on walls or on column
163. 1 King post truss : 5 to 8 m
2 Queen post truss : 8 to 12 m
3 Mansard truss
4 Truncated truss
5 Bel-fast (bow string/latticed) truss : 30 m
6 Steel truss
7 Composite truss
Types of trussed roofs
164. 1 King post truss 2 Queen post truss
3 Mansard truss 4 Truncated truss
165. Flat (terraced) Roofs
Used in plain areas where rainfall is less and
climate is moderate
Nearly flat (Slope < 10o)
2
Treated with water proofing chemicals
Types
1. Madras terrace roof
2. Bengal terrace roof
3. RCC roof
166. Curved roofs
Thin curved surfaces which transfer load by
membrane compression
Caves are having natural shell roofs
3
To cover large column free areas required for
auditoriums, factories, etc.
Domes
167. Roof Coverings for Pitched Roofs
Selection depends upon:
1. Climatic conditions
2. Fabrication facility
3. Availability of materials
4. Affordability of the owner
Types
Thatch Shingle Tiles
Slates AC Sheets GI Sheets
Aluminum sheets PVC sheets
168. Thatch Covering
Thatch is a cheap roof covering of straw, reed, etc
Tied with ropes or twines to the supporting structures.
1
Suitable for small spans residential buildings in villages
Supporting structure consists of round bamboo rafters
169. Shingles
Are split or sawn thin pieces of wood
Commonly used in hilly areas for low cost housing
2
They are nailed to supporting structures
They have very poor fire and termite resistance
170. Tiles
Clay tiles are easily available at lower costs
supported over battens which are in turn supported by
rafters or trusses
3
Can be easily manufactured and placed in position
They give good interlocking and appearance
171. Slates
Grey sedimentary rock that can easily split into thin sheets
A good slate is hard, tough, durable and have rough texture
4
Used in areas where slate quarries are nearby
They do not absorb water
they give ringing bell like sound when struck
172. A.C. Sheets (Asbestos cement)
Consists of 15 per cent of asbestos fibres evenly distributed
and pressed with cement
Fixed to the steel purlins using J-bolts and washers
5
Commonly used as covering materials in ware houses,
godowns or for larger halls
173. G.I. Sheets (Galvanized Iron)
Corrugated sheets fixed to steel purlins using J-bolts
and washers
Galvanization of iron makes them rust proof
6
Durable, fire proof, light in weight and need no
maintenance
174. Aluminum sheets
Aluminum is lighter in weight
Good anti-rust effect
7
Durable, fire proof, and need no maintenance
Resistant to rot and rust, and insects like termites.
175. PVC sheets
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) sheets are flexible
Good damp proof
8
Durable and need no maintenance
Not suitable for high temperature regions
176. Comparison of GI and AC Sheets
G.I Sheets A.C Sheets
Sheets are thin Not as thin as G.I sheets
Light in weight Slightly heavier
Do not break while handling Chances of breaking
Chances of corrosion No corrosion
More noisy if something falls Less noisy
Less fire resistant More fire resistant
Less resistance to acids More resistance to acids
Costly Less costly
177. Method of arranging and fixing -
to the battens, rafters and purlins
Principal rafter is part of roof truss
Purlins are placed for required lengths at regular gaps
They are connected using suitable bolts/joints
Common rafters are placed above these purlins
Battens are fixed above these common rafters providing
suitable overlaps.
Sheets should be laid with smooth side upwards.
Hole for fixing should be drilled. Don’t punch/hammer
Sheets should be properly cut to avoid gaps/spaces
178. R.C.C Roofs
Reinforced cement concrete roofs
Concrete takes compressive loads and steel takes tensile
loads coming above the roof.
Roofs are supported over beams/load bearing walls
Can be simply supported or cantilevered
Usually monolithically cast with beams
May be slopped or flat roof
179. Flat slab construction
A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported
directly by concrete columns without the use of beams
180. Types of Flat Slab Construction
1 Simple flat slab
2 Flat slab with drop panels
3 Flat slab with column capital
4 Flat slab with both drop panels
and column capital
181. Simple flat slab Flat slab with
column capital
Flat slab with column
capital and drop panel
Simple flat slab
182. Causes of dampness in roofs
1 Poor quality of construction material
2 Bad design
3 Fault in construction
4 Rain water falling on walls, parapets, etc
5 Inadequate roof slopes
6 Leakage in the building components
183. Weather proof course to flat roof
1 Injection Grouting For Cracks
2 Bitumen coating
3 Screed concreting
4 Epoxy Coal Tar
5 M-Seal
6 Silicon Sealant
By applying any of below techniques, roofs can make
weather/water proof
184. - Concluding the Subject -
Module What we learned
1 Building materials
2 Ornamental materials for finishing
3 Construction technology
4 Building components
185. A good teacher is someone who can
learn from their students, who can
learn with them, and learns for them.
- Thank You -