Pile driving problems and solutions by Dr. Malek Smadi of GEOTILLDr. Malek Smadi
GEOTILL Engineering (www.geotill.com) is Industry leading provider of Specialty Deep Foundations (drilled shafts, augercast piles, driven piling), Ground Improvement (soil-cement columns, vibro stone columns, compaction grouting, etc.), and Earth Retention Systems (cantilever soldier pile retaining walls, secant pile shoring, slurry walls, tie backs, etc.) throughout the United States on Commercial, Industrial, Electrical Transmission, Heavy Highway, and Heavy Civil type construction projects. Value Engineering and Design-Build Turnkey Solutions for any type of soil, loading, or limited access condition. Geotill has six locations Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Missouri.
This document summarizes Indian Standard IS 4326:1993, which provides guidelines for earthquake-resistant design and construction of buildings. It covers terminology, general principles, special construction features, types of construction, categories of buildings, and masonry, timber, and precast construction. For masonry, it specifies use of strong materials and mortar, wall thickness, reinforcement, and strengthening with horizontal bands and vertical dowels. Vertical reinforcement is also required at wall corners and junctions.
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.
The document discusses different methods for excavation support and retaining walls, including soldier beams and lagging, sheet piling, soil nailing, tiebacks, and ground freezing. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate soldier beams and lagging, bracing for shallow trenches, soil nailing, raker bracing for wide excavations, tied-back concrete walls, and tieback installation. It also provides more detail on ground freezing, describing it as a technique used for over 100 years for groundwater control and excavation support by circulating refrigerant through subsurface pipes to freeze soil and create a strong, watertight material.
This document provides information about raise boring, which is a method for excavating shafts using drilling machines. It discusses the raise boring process, which involves drilling a pilot hole between levels and then back reaming it to a larger diameter to form the shaft. It outlines some of the key technical problems in raise boring, including pilot hole drilling issues like rock breaking, cuttings removal, deviation control, and stability. It also discusses back reaming challenges such as efficient rock breaking and shaft wall stability. The document provides details on raise boring machine components and functions to carry out the drilling process.
This document provides guidelines for proper detailing of reinforced concrete structural elements including slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Some key points discussed are:
- Detailing is important for structural safety and proper construction. Mistakes in detailing can lead to failures.
- Guidelines are provided for minimum reinforcement percentages in slabs, beams and columns according to codes.
- Correct placement of bars, stirrups, hooks and splices is described to avoid cracking and ensure structural integrity.
- Special considerations for elements like continuous beams, cantilever beams, openings and seismic regions are covered.
Having been established in 1998 to serve in Ground and Foundation Engineering, Temeltaş has been performing qualified projects and moving the present, from its ground, to the future based on its 15 years of experience, its team consisting of professionals and its service understanding featuring high standards.
In accordance with financial and technological conditions, Temeltaş increases its mobility in changing environments and it produces right and economical solutions by its high-tech modern machinery and equipment from design to completion of projects.
Having achieved, since its establishment, the appreciation and satisfaction of domestic and foreign auditing companies in the works it carried out in Turkey and abroad, Temeltaş has adopted it as its principle to maintain its reliable, quality and economical applications with an increasing performance.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
Pile driving problems and solutions by Dr. Malek Smadi of GEOTILLDr. Malek Smadi
GEOTILL Engineering (www.geotill.com) is Industry leading provider of Specialty Deep Foundations (drilled shafts, augercast piles, driven piling), Ground Improvement (soil-cement columns, vibro stone columns, compaction grouting, etc.), and Earth Retention Systems (cantilever soldier pile retaining walls, secant pile shoring, slurry walls, tie backs, etc.) throughout the United States on Commercial, Industrial, Electrical Transmission, Heavy Highway, and Heavy Civil type construction projects. Value Engineering and Design-Build Turnkey Solutions for any type of soil, loading, or limited access condition. Geotill has six locations Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Missouri.
This document summarizes Indian Standard IS 4326:1993, which provides guidelines for earthquake-resistant design and construction of buildings. It covers terminology, general principles, special construction features, types of construction, categories of buildings, and masonry, timber, and precast construction. For masonry, it specifies use of strong materials and mortar, wall thickness, reinforcement, and strengthening with horizontal bands and vertical dowels. Vertical reinforcement is also required at wall corners and junctions.
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.
The document discusses different methods for excavation support and retaining walls, including soldier beams and lagging, sheet piling, soil nailing, tiebacks, and ground freezing. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate soldier beams and lagging, bracing for shallow trenches, soil nailing, raker bracing for wide excavations, tied-back concrete walls, and tieback installation. It also provides more detail on ground freezing, describing it as a technique used for over 100 years for groundwater control and excavation support by circulating refrigerant through subsurface pipes to freeze soil and create a strong, watertight material.
This document provides information about raise boring, which is a method for excavating shafts using drilling machines. It discusses the raise boring process, which involves drilling a pilot hole between levels and then back reaming it to a larger diameter to form the shaft. It outlines some of the key technical problems in raise boring, including pilot hole drilling issues like rock breaking, cuttings removal, deviation control, and stability. It also discusses back reaming challenges such as efficient rock breaking and shaft wall stability. The document provides details on raise boring machine components and functions to carry out the drilling process.
This document provides guidelines for proper detailing of reinforced concrete structural elements including slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Some key points discussed are:
- Detailing is important for structural safety and proper construction. Mistakes in detailing can lead to failures.
- Guidelines are provided for minimum reinforcement percentages in slabs, beams and columns according to codes.
- Correct placement of bars, stirrups, hooks and splices is described to avoid cracking and ensure structural integrity.
- Special considerations for elements like continuous beams, cantilever beams, openings and seismic regions are covered.
Having been established in 1998 to serve in Ground and Foundation Engineering, Temeltaş has been performing qualified projects and moving the present, from its ground, to the future based on its 15 years of experience, its team consisting of professionals and its service understanding featuring high standards.
In accordance with financial and technological conditions, Temeltaş increases its mobility in changing environments and it produces right and economical solutions by its high-tech modern machinery and equipment from design to completion of projects.
Having achieved, since its establishment, the appreciation and satisfaction of domestic and foreign auditing companies in the works it carried out in Turkey and abroad, Temeltaş has adopted it as its principle to maintain its reliable, quality and economical applications with an increasing performance.
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
Waffle slab
Applications of waffle slab
Materials
Spans considerations
Purpose
Advantages & Disadvantages of waffle slab
Types of construction
Construction techniques
Types of supports provided
Construction details
Casting time of the slab
Design of waffle slab
reinforcement details
Types of grid slab
Waffle pods providers in india
Types of pods
In this ppt you will get all information regarding shaft sinking. Like what is permanent lining and temporary lining. How to decide shape of shaft, drilling blasting, support, lighting in shaft. Use of shaft and skips.
Construction Technology II (Seminar) - Deep excavationYee Len Wan
The document discusses various aspects of deep excavation construction methods. It begins by listing the three main types of construction methods - open cut, bottom-up, and top-down. It then provides details on the top-down method, including a five-step sequence of construction. Next, it identifies two major design considerations for deep excavation as subsurface investigation/testing and evaluating adjacent foundation properties. It concludes by discussing different types of excavation support systems, including soldier piles and lagging, and identifying considerations for selecting support methods.
The document provides a review of casing drilling for the Asia Pacific business unit. It discusses candidate well selection, benefits like wellbore strengthening and reduced losses. It outlines Tesco's casing drilling systems from non-retrievable to directional drilling. The review shares global and regional casing drilling experience over the past few years and lessons learned. Key points are improved safety, efficiency, and cost savings compared to conventional drilling methods.
The document discusses ductile detailing for reinforced concrete structures to make them earthquake resistant. It describes how ductility allows structures to undergo large deformations without collapsing, providing warning before failure. Key aspects of ductile detailing discussed include: avoiding shear and compression failures in beams; confining critical areas of beams and columns; using shear walls to resist lateral loads; and following ductile detailing code IS 13920-1993 for beams, columns, and walls. The document emphasizes the importance of ductile detailing to resist earthquake forces and prevent brittle structural collapse.
Connections are critical structural elements that join members in steel structures. Common connection types include bolted, welded, and bolted-welded combinations. Connections are classified based on the connecting medium, type of forces transmitted, and elements joined. Riveted connections were previously common but have been replaced by bolted connections which are faster and cheaper to install. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful design to avoid cracking. Modern connections often combine bolting and welding for strength and economy. Shear and moment connections behave differently in transmitting forces between members like beams and columns. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and safety.
This document provides guidelines for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces. Some key points:
- It covers requirements for designing and detailing reinforced concrete buildings to have adequate toughness and ductility during earthquakes.
- Provisions include constraints on member dimensions, reinforcement ratios and placement, splice locations, and special confinement in potential plastic hinge regions.
- Shear walls, coupling beams, and joints are to be designed and detailed to dissipate seismic energy in a stable manner through extensive inelastic deformations.
This document provides guidelines for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures in seismic zones. It specifies that ductile detailing is required for structures in Seismic Zones IV and V, as well as some structures in Zone III. Concrete must have a minimum compressive strength of 20 MPa and steel reinforcement grade of Fe 415 or less. Flexural members must have a width-to-depth ratio over 0.3, width over 200mm, and depth less than 1/4 of clear span. Longitudinal reinforcement requires a minimum of two bars at top and bottom with minimum and maximum steel ratios specified. Joints and splices must be confined by hoops or laps exceeding development lengths to ensure ductility. Web reinforcement of closed
Flat slab strengthening zaragoza out2017 para pdfVálter Lúcio
The document discusses strengthening techniques for reinforced concrete flat slab structures. It begins by describing common structural defects in flat slab buildings, such as bending failures, punching shear failures, and lack of ductility under seismic loads. It then discusses causes of defects, including design errors, construction errors, and changes over the life of the building. The document presents several strengthening techniques, such as adding reinforcement, concrete jacketing, post-tensioning, or changing the structural system. It provides two case studies that implemented strengthening by changing the structural system and adding reinforcement and a concrete overlay.
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
This document discusses shaft sinking operations for mining. It provides details on raise boring parameters for soft rock in European coal fields. Raise boring involves drilling a pilot hole then reaming in stages, commonly drilling down and reaming up. Raise boring has advantages of reducing costs and allowing faster excavation without workers present. Key considerations for shaft sinking include rock conditions, lining selection and installation, stress distributions, drilling and blasting patterns, and temporary versus permanent support requirements. Parameters like shaft diameter, depth, and functional requirements must be considered for efficient shaft sinking.
Bored piles can vary significantly in diameter from 30 to 300 cm and are constructed using different methods depending on soil conditions and load requirements. Common construction techniques include fully cased, partially cased, uncased, and fluid stabilized excavation using tools like grabs, augers, buckets, and chisels to drill the borehole before installing reinforcing and concrete.
The document compares post-tensioned flat slabs and normally reinforced flat slabs. Post-tensioned slabs require less reinforcement due to pre-compression from tendons. They have higher load capacity, less cracking and deflection, easier reinforcement placement, and higher punching shear capacity. Forming openings is also easier in post-tensioned slabs by removing affected tendons. Normally reinforced slabs require more reinforcement, especially at columns, and have greater cracking and deflection.
The document provides details about a construction project involving Direct Mud Circulation (DMC) piling. The project involves constructing over 2,600 piles, including 500 piles using the DMC piling method, at the West Bengal HIDCO Convention Centre site in Kolkata. The DMC piling process involves boring holes using a chisel and jets of water, inserting reinforcement cages, and filling the holes with concrete via tremie pipes to form reinforced concrete piles. Key steps include setting up the piling rig, boring the holes to the required depths, adding and removing drilling rods, inserting cages, and pumping concrete from the bottom-up to avoid segregation.
1. The document summarizes the design of a steel intensive toilet block in India under the Swachh Bharat initiative.
2. It includes the design of steel connections and members using STAAD and the types of connections that were designed, which include shear and moment connections.
3. Key structural elements like columns, beams, and beam-columns are discussed along with their potential failure modes.
Building construction 4- steel connection, Trusses, Joints, Foundationsaayush koolwal
The document provides information on various steel sections, connections, foundations, trusses, and roofing used in building construction. It discusses rolled steel sections like angles, channels, I-sections and other cross sections. It also describes different types of foundations like grillage foundations. Various steel connections using bolts, plates, and welding are outlined. Bridge and roof trusses including Pratt, Howe, Warren, and king post configurations are summarized. Metal decking and roofing materials like corrugated sheets are also mentioned.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
The pile foundation uses piles to support structures where soil conditions are poor. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are adopted when loose soil extends to great depths and are used to transmit structural loads deep into the ground. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing or side friction, or non-load bearing, used for retaining walls or cofferdams. Proper pile spacing, load testing, and installation methods like driving or boring are important to develop sufficient foundation capacity.
F.E.M ANALYSIS OF ANNULAR MAT FOUNDATION WITH & WITHOUT ANNULAR BEAMIRJET Journal
This document presents a finite element analysis of different annular mat foundation systems for elevated water tanks. It analyzes and compares three cases: 1) an annular mat foundation with an annular ring beam, 2) an annular mat foundation without a ring beam, and 3) a circular solid raft foundation. The analysis is conducted using STAAD Pro software to determine factors like base pressure, bending moments, shear forces, and deflections. It finds that incorporating an annular ring beam can reduce bending moments in the mat by up to 30% and reduce the required steel by 10%. Incorporating the ring beam also provides a 12-18% savings in construction costs compared to an annular mat without a beam.
The document discusses pre-tensioned high-performance concrete (PHC) piles, which are hollow, precast and prestressed concrete piles used worldwide as deep foundations. PHC piles have several advantages over other pile types including higher strength, resistance to impacts and chemicals, faster installation, and greater bending resistance without cracking. They are a popular foundation solution for bridges, buildings, and other structures.
Waffle slab
Applications of waffle slab
Materials
Spans considerations
Purpose
Advantages & Disadvantages of waffle slab
Types of construction
Construction techniques
Types of supports provided
Construction details
Casting time of the slab
Design of waffle slab
reinforcement details
Types of grid slab
Waffle pods providers in india
Types of pods
In this ppt you will get all information regarding shaft sinking. Like what is permanent lining and temporary lining. How to decide shape of shaft, drilling blasting, support, lighting in shaft. Use of shaft and skips.
Construction Technology II (Seminar) - Deep excavationYee Len Wan
The document discusses various aspects of deep excavation construction methods. It begins by listing the three main types of construction methods - open cut, bottom-up, and top-down. It then provides details on the top-down method, including a five-step sequence of construction. Next, it identifies two major design considerations for deep excavation as subsurface investigation/testing and evaluating adjacent foundation properties. It concludes by discussing different types of excavation support systems, including soldier piles and lagging, and identifying considerations for selecting support methods.
The document provides a review of casing drilling for the Asia Pacific business unit. It discusses candidate well selection, benefits like wellbore strengthening and reduced losses. It outlines Tesco's casing drilling systems from non-retrievable to directional drilling. The review shares global and regional casing drilling experience over the past few years and lessons learned. Key points are improved safety, efficiency, and cost savings compared to conventional drilling methods.
The document discusses ductile detailing for reinforced concrete structures to make them earthquake resistant. It describes how ductility allows structures to undergo large deformations without collapsing, providing warning before failure. Key aspects of ductile detailing discussed include: avoiding shear and compression failures in beams; confining critical areas of beams and columns; using shear walls to resist lateral loads; and following ductile detailing code IS 13920-1993 for beams, columns, and walls. The document emphasizes the importance of ductile detailing to resist earthquake forces and prevent brittle structural collapse.
Connections are critical structural elements that join members in steel structures. Common connection types include bolted, welded, and bolted-welded combinations. Connections are classified based on the connecting medium, type of forces transmitted, and elements joined. Riveted connections were previously common but have been replaced by bolted connections which are faster and cheaper to install. Welded connections provide rigidity but require careful design to avoid cracking. Modern connections often combine bolting and welding for strength and economy. Shear and moment connections behave differently in transmitting forces between members like beams and columns. Proper connection design is important for structural integrity and safety.
This document provides guidelines for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces. Some key points:
- It covers requirements for designing and detailing reinforced concrete buildings to have adequate toughness and ductility during earthquakes.
- Provisions include constraints on member dimensions, reinforcement ratios and placement, splice locations, and special confinement in potential plastic hinge regions.
- Shear walls, coupling beams, and joints are to be designed and detailed to dissipate seismic energy in a stable manner through extensive inelastic deformations.
This document provides guidelines for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures in seismic zones. It specifies that ductile detailing is required for structures in Seismic Zones IV and V, as well as some structures in Zone III. Concrete must have a minimum compressive strength of 20 MPa and steel reinforcement grade of Fe 415 or less. Flexural members must have a width-to-depth ratio over 0.3, width over 200mm, and depth less than 1/4 of clear span. Longitudinal reinforcement requires a minimum of two bars at top and bottom with minimum and maximum steel ratios specified. Joints and splices must be confined by hoops or laps exceeding development lengths to ensure ductility. Web reinforcement of closed
Flat slab strengthening zaragoza out2017 para pdfVálter Lúcio
The document discusses strengthening techniques for reinforced concrete flat slab structures. It begins by describing common structural defects in flat slab buildings, such as bending failures, punching shear failures, and lack of ductility under seismic loads. It then discusses causes of defects, including design errors, construction errors, and changes over the life of the building. The document presents several strengthening techniques, such as adding reinforcement, concrete jacketing, post-tensioning, or changing the structural system. It provides two case studies that implemented strengthening by changing the structural system and adding reinforcement and a concrete overlay.
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
This document discusses shaft sinking operations for mining. It provides details on raise boring parameters for soft rock in European coal fields. Raise boring involves drilling a pilot hole then reaming in stages, commonly drilling down and reaming up. Raise boring has advantages of reducing costs and allowing faster excavation without workers present. Key considerations for shaft sinking include rock conditions, lining selection and installation, stress distributions, drilling and blasting patterns, and temporary versus permanent support requirements. Parameters like shaft diameter, depth, and functional requirements must be considered for efficient shaft sinking.
Bored piles can vary significantly in diameter from 30 to 300 cm and are constructed using different methods depending on soil conditions and load requirements. Common construction techniques include fully cased, partially cased, uncased, and fluid stabilized excavation using tools like grabs, augers, buckets, and chisels to drill the borehole before installing reinforcing and concrete.
The document compares post-tensioned flat slabs and normally reinforced flat slabs. Post-tensioned slabs require less reinforcement due to pre-compression from tendons. They have higher load capacity, less cracking and deflection, easier reinforcement placement, and higher punching shear capacity. Forming openings is also easier in post-tensioned slabs by removing affected tendons. Normally reinforced slabs require more reinforcement, especially at columns, and have greater cracking and deflection.
The document provides details about a construction project involving Direct Mud Circulation (DMC) piling. The project involves constructing over 2,600 piles, including 500 piles using the DMC piling method, at the West Bengal HIDCO Convention Centre site in Kolkata. The DMC piling process involves boring holes using a chisel and jets of water, inserting reinforcement cages, and filling the holes with concrete via tremie pipes to form reinforced concrete piles. Key steps include setting up the piling rig, boring the holes to the required depths, adding and removing drilling rods, inserting cages, and pumping concrete from the bottom-up to avoid segregation.
1. The document summarizes the design of a steel intensive toilet block in India under the Swachh Bharat initiative.
2. It includes the design of steel connections and members using STAAD and the types of connections that were designed, which include shear and moment connections.
3. Key structural elements like columns, beams, and beam-columns are discussed along with their potential failure modes.
Building construction 4- steel connection, Trusses, Joints, Foundationsaayush koolwal
The document provides information on various steel sections, connections, foundations, trusses, and roofing used in building construction. It discusses rolled steel sections like angles, channels, I-sections and other cross sections. It also describes different types of foundations like grillage foundations. Various steel connections using bolts, plates, and welding are outlined. Bridge and roof trusses including Pratt, Howe, Warren, and king post configurations are summarized. Metal decking and roofing materials like corrugated sheets are also mentioned.
The pile foundation uses piles to support walls, piers, and other structures. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are used when loose soil extends to great depths, and transfer structural loads to harder soils below through end bearing and side friction. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing and side friction, or non-load bearing, used as retaining walls or sheeting. Pile capacity is assessed through field load tests or theoretical calculations based on soil properties.
The pile foundation uses piles to support structures where soil conditions are poor. Piles can be placed individually or in clusters. Piles are adopted when loose soil extends to great depths and are used to transmit structural loads deep into the ground. Common pile materials include timber, steel, and concrete. Piles can be load bearing, transmitting loads through end bearing or side friction, or non-load bearing, used for retaining walls or cofferdams. Proper pile spacing, load testing, and installation methods like driving or boring are important to develop sufficient foundation capacity.
F.E.M ANALYSIS OF ANNULAR MAT FOUNDATION WITH & WITHOUT ANNULAR BEAMIRJET Journal
This document presents a finite element analysis of different annular mat foundation systems for elevated water tanks. It analyzes and compares three cases: 1) an annular mat foundation with an annular ring beam, 2) an annular mat foundation without a ring beam, and 3) a circular solid raft foundation. The analysis is conducted using STAAD Pro software to determine factors like base pressure, bending moments, shear forces, and deflections. It finds that incorporating an annular ring beam can reduce bending moments in the mat by up to 30% and reduce the required steel by 10%. Incorporating the ring beam also provides a 12-18% savings in construction costs compared to an annular mat without a beam.
The document discusses pre-tensioned high-performance concrete (PHC) piles, which are hollow, precast and prestressed concrete piles used worldwide as deep foundations. PHC piles have several advantages over other pile types including higher strength, resistance to impacts and chemicals, faster installation, and greater bending resistance without cracking. They are a popular foundation solution for bridges, buildings, and other structures.
Within this brochure you will find a brief introduction to NSK Super Precision Bearings and their benefits, including a section on upgrading to allow for better performance, increased life and reliability.
NSK Super Precision Bearings allow for high speed and accurate running while maintaining extreme rigidity
The document provides information about various structural elements including gusset plates, cleats, base plates, column splices, stanchions, high-strength friction grip bolts, trusses, and north light trusses. It defines each element and describes their common uses. Gusset plates connect beams and columns, cleats provide support or strength, and base plates distribute loads from columns. Stanchions are vertical supports used for crowd control. High-strength friction grip bolts provide rigid connections. Trusses transfer loads through tension and compression members, and different truss types cover various spans. North light trusses maximize natural lighting through north-facing glazing.
project on Design & fabrication of grass cutting machine.pptSHYAM DEV PRAJAPATI
This document presents the design and fabrication of a grass cutting machine. It includes an introduction describing the history of lawn mowers. The main components of the grass cutting machine are then outlined, including a 1 AC motor, differential housing, nylon cutter, hollow tube, shaft, handle, and bearing. Calculations are shown for the motor specifications, power, angular speed, and torque. Advantages of the machine include no noise pollution, no gas or oil usage, cost savings, and easier use compared to traditional gas-powered mowers. The project scope is to construct the mechanical parts in the first stage and then adapt it for autonomous operation in the second stage.
mat/raft footing, combined footing, details of steel in construction, footing, foundation, building construction, lightning and construction, ppt on design of construction, shallow foundation, deep foundation, strap footing, pair foundation, pile foundation, well foundation, squire foundation, depth of foundation, advantage of foundation
This document provides information on various sheet metal forming processes. It discusses the characteristics of sheet metal and tests used to determine formability. The main sheet metal forming processes covered are tube bending and forming as well as bending of sheet and plate. Tube bending can be done via press bending, rotary drawing, heat induction, roll bending, and sand packing. Sheet and plate bending includes techniques like roll bending, air bending, bottoming, coining, folding, wiping, and rotary bending. Common applications of sheet metal forming in industries like automotive, aircraft, appliances, and furniture are also mentioned.
The document provides guidelines for properly detailing reinforced concrete structural elements. It discusses good detailing practices for slabs, beams, columns, and foundations to ensure structural safety and prevent failures. Proper detailing is emphasized as being essential for translating design calculations into actual construction and avoiding mistakes that could lead to collapse.
The document provides guidelines for properly detailing reinforced concrete structural elements. It discusses good detailing practices for slabs, beams, columns, and foundations to ensure structural safety and prevent failures. Proper detailing is emphasized as being essential for translating design calculations into actual construction and avoiding mistakes that could lead to collapse.
The document discusses proper detailing of reinforced concrete structures, which is essential for safety and structural performance. It provides guidelines and examples of good and bad detailing practices for common reinforced concrete elements like slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Proper detailing is important to avoid construction errors and ensure the structural design works as intended under gravity and seismic loads.
Structural Analysis and Design of Different types of Castellated BeamIRJET Journal
This document discusses the structural analysis and design of different types of castellated beams. It begins with an abstract that outlines the advantages of castellated beams in increasing strength and economy. It then discusses the use of castellated beams in various structures and the fabrication process. The document outlines the design process for castellated beams, which involves selecting cutting angles, computing loads and moments, checking shear capacity, and ensuring stress and deflection limits are not exceeded. It concludes that castellated beams allow for increased structural depth without weight increase, improving strength to weight ratios and reducing costs.
This document discusses revisions made to the Indian Standard IS 3370 code for the design of circular water storage tanks. Some key points:
- IS 3370 was revised in 2009, introducing the limit state design method whereas the 1965 version used the working stress method.
- The wall and base slab of circular water tanks must be designed to resist hoop tension, bending moments, and ensure the tank is leak proof.
- The 2009 code reduced the permissible steel stress from 150 MPa to 130 MPa. It also assessed crack width in mature concrete.
- The paper provides an overview of analyzing and designing the different components of circular water tanks according to both the 1965 and 2009 versions of IS 3370 including
This document discusses guidelines and best practices for reinforcing concrete structural elements through proper detailing of rebar. It provides examples of correct and incorrect rebar detailing for slabs, beams, columns, foundations and other elements. The document emphasizes the importance of detailing to ensure structural safety and prevent failures. It outlines general rules for labeling, scheduling and placing rebar as well as specific requirements in codes like IS 456 and IS 13920.
The document discusses various types of rolling processes including hot rolling, cold rolling, ring rolling, sheet rolling, roll forming, roll bending, shape rolling, pack rolling, thread rolling, roll piercing, and planetary mill rolling. It provides definitions and descriptions of each process. It also discusses related topics like geometry of rolling processes, lubrication, defects in rolling, and formulas used in rolling calculations.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
Pt slab design philosophy with slides and pictures showing benefitPerwez Ahmad
This document summarizes the history and development of post-tensioned flat slab construction. It began with early research and development of prestressing in Europe in the 1920s-1930s to allow for longer bridge spans. Prestressing was later applied to other structures like aircraft hangars and then to flat slab construction in the 1950s. Post-tensioned flat slabs provide benefits over reinforced concrete flat slabs like reduced cracking, thinner slabs, and increased spans. The document discusses materials, design codes, comparisons to reinforced concrete, and examples of ongoing post-tensioned flat slab projects in Oman.
Rolling is a metal forming process that reduces thickness or changes the cross-section of metal stock by compressive forces from rolls. There are two main types: flat rolling and shape rolling. Rolling can be done hot or cold depending on the temperature of the metal. Key rolling mill configurations include two-high, three-high, and four-high mills. Seamless pipes and tubes are formed through continuous processes without any welds, providing more reliable pressure retention than welded alternatives.
The document provides information on the methodology of construction works summarized in a power point presentation. It discusses specifications for various construction items from two volumes of CPWD Specifications published by CPWD. The power point presentations are useful for students, engineers, and construction departments to understand specifications, standards, and methodology for different construction materials and works. It then provides details on pile work, including terminology, driven cast-in-situ reinforced cement concrete piles, jetting, reinforcement, and concrete.
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
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Ns eco pile
1. Screwed steel pile NS ECO-PILE
TM
Building and Civil
Engineering Method of
NIPPON STEEL & SUMIKIN
ENGINEERING
Foundation
Structure
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Cat.No.KC330 2013.11版
Screwed Steel Pile
NS ECO-PILE
○○○改 1 大
2. Large bearing capacity
A large vertical bearing capacity is generated by the
consolidation effect of the ground as the pile is screw-
driven into the ground and the base enlarging effect of
the blade as the blade rotates to drill the ground.
Low noise and low vibration
The screw piling method with a pile driver or casing rotator
causes no impact when driving a pile into the ground,
minimizing noise and vibration during construction.
No waste soil
By screw-driving the pile without excavating the ground,
no waste soil is produced.
Overview of NS ECO-PILE
What is NS ECO-PILE?
Structure of NS ECO-PILE
Construction compared with conventional pile method
Many Advantages
Most of the major cities in Japan are built on alluvial plains at the
lower reaches of the rivers. Since alluvium is typically soft ground,
structures such as high-rise buildings or expressways need to be
supported by piles long enough to reach the hard ground base.
Industrial waste such as waste soil or slurry as well as noise and
vibration arising during the conventional pile construction method
create environmental and social problems. NIPPON STEEL
& SUMIKIN ENGINEERING's NS ECO-PILE solves all these
problems and realizes high bearing capacity, excellent earthquake
resistance, cost effectiveness and shorter construction period.
This is the piling method of the future.
NS ECO-PILE is a steel pile with a helical blade welded to the
edge. During construction, a pile driver or casing rotator, for
example, rotates the pile, and the blade on the edge performs the
digging that drives the pile into the ground like a wood-screw.
Conventional pile
Driven pile:
noise and vibration problems
Conceptual illustration of screw piling
1
p.2 p.3
Characteristics
1
2
Blade diameter (Dw)
● ●
Short pipe for edge
blade part
(the wall can be thicker than
that of the lower blank pipe)
Lower blank pipe
Pile diameter (Dp)
● ●
Blade
Blade diameter
● ●
Note
The maximum difference in wall thickness between
connecting blank pipes should be 7 mm or less.
When blank pipes of different thickness are
connected,a thick wall part should be considered to
mitigate stress concentration. The length of the
part inside the blank pipe shall be not less than
4(t1-t2). When (t1-t2) is not more than 2 mm, or
when (t1-t2) is not more than 3 mm in the case of
both-side welding of the shop circumferential
weld, the cutting may be omitted.
When the site circumferential weld of a pile is
connected to another pile, the wall thickness of
the piles should be the same.
*1 Temporary pieces for dummy piles may be
installed inside the steel pipe.
*2 Temporary pieces for chucks are used when pile
driving penetrating with a three-point pile driver.
Edge blade
part
●
●
Blade
Shop
circumferential
weld
Site circumferential
weld
(welding of blank pipes of
the same thick)
Temporary
piece for
dummy pile*1
Shop circumferential
weld
(welding of blank pipes of
different wall thickness)
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Site circumferential
weld
(welding of blank pipes of
the same thick)
●
●
Shop circumferential
weld
Cutting edge
Rd= Dw is called the blade diameter ratio.
Dp
Hanging hook
Cast-in-place pile:
Disposal of slurry and waste soil;
sludge; and possible collapse of the
bored hole wall
Bored pile:
Disposal of slurry and waste soil; or
reduction in the bearing capacity at the
bottom due to loosening of the ground
2
3
Large pulling resistance capacity
A large pulling resistance capacity is maintained as
the passive soil resistance, which acts on the blade
part as propulsive force as the pile penetrates into the
ground, is wholly turned into pulling resistance.
4
High quality
At the final embedment stage, the bearing layer can
be confirmed by the torque, thus constructing a pile
foundation of excellent quality and reliability.
5
Excellent earthquake resistance
The steel pile foundation is highly resistant to deformation
and earthquakes.
6
Recycling
To remove a pile, it is rotated in the direction opposite to
that when driven, allowing easy recycling of used
piles. NS ECO-PILES can thus also be used as
temporary piles.
7
Short construction period
Since this method uses no concrete or cement milk
and therefore does not need to wait for hardening, the
construction period is far shorter than for cast-in-place
piles or bored piles.
8
Low cost
Thanks to their large bearing capacity, piles of a
smaller diameter or fewer piles can be used, thus
reducing the size of the footing itself. In addition, costs
are lower since there is no need to dispose of slurry or
residual earth and the construction period is shorter.
9
Proximity work
As the method drives piles without excavating the
ground, the subterranean soil around the piles is not
loosened. Therefore, pile-driving can be performed
without affecting the foundation or buried pipes of an
existing structure nearby.
10
Batter piles
Unlike cast-in-place piling, the method drives piles
without excavating the ground and so there is no risk of
collapse of the bored hole wall. In the field of structural
design, batter piles can reduce the number of piles
more economically than vertically straight piles.
11
Small area or under height restrictions
The equipment for pile driving is small and so the
method can be used in small area such as sites
adjacent to existing structures. For example, piles can be
driven by a casing rotator at a site with limited overhead
clearance such as under an elevated bridge or aerial
wires.
12
3 Construction Machinery
Major construction machines used with NS ECO-PILE Method
Type Machine Specifications, standard, etc Remark
Construction
machine 1
Structure of NS ECO-PILE
Upper
blank pipe A
Temporary
piece for chuck*2
Temporary
piece for chuck*2
UpperpileMiddlepileLowerpile
Casing rotator, 1500 class Maximum torque: 1150 kN・m (117 t・m) φ500 to φ600 mm in dia. (standard outside pile diameter)
φ700 to φ1200 mm in dia. (standard outside pile diameter)
φ1300 to φ1600 mm in dia. (standard outside pile diameter)
400 mm or less in dia. (standard outside pile diameter)
Maximum torque: 2070 kN・m (211 t・m)
Maximum torque: 5100 kN・m (520 t・m)
Maximum torque: 250 kN・m (25.6 t・m)
Casing rotator, 2000 class
Casing rotator, 2600 class
Three-point pile driver/
Compact pile driver
Construction
machine 2
Type of crane Crawler crane Capacity selectable as required Used for pile installation or heavy machinery relocation
Used for backfilling a vacant hole (after removing the temporary pile)Backhoe
Upper
blank pipe B
3. 2
p.5
1
Moving of heavy machine
(setting of casing rotator)
Installation of lower pile
Driving of lower pile
(screw piling)
Driving of lower pile
(screw piling)
Driving of upper pile
(screw piling)
Driving of middle and upper pile
(screw piling)
Installation of middle / upper pile
and site circumferential welding
Installation of middle pile and
site circumferential welding
Driving of dummy pile and
piling completion
Driving of dummy pile and
piling completion
Installation of a lower pile, checking
and adjustment of verticality
Setting of deflection stopper and
adjustment of verticality
Crawler crane
Middle or upper pile
Blade
S T E P - 1 S T E P - 2 S T E P - 3 S T E P - 4 S T E P - 5 S T E P - 6
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
Schematic diagram of
NS ECO-PILE (casing rotator) procedure
Schematic diagram of
NS ECO-PILE (three-point pile driver)
Casing rotator
Deflection
stopper
Blade
Auger
Three-point
pile driver
Lower pile
Blade
Middle pile
p.4
Construction Procedure
NS ECO-PILE procedures
Construction
Example of
Machine Layout
▼ Diagram of the necessary distance during proximity construction
▼ Example of layout when casing rotator is used
Screwed steel
pipe pile
Crawler crane
Backhoe
Operation house
Hydraulic unit
Reaction
bar
Crawler crane
Casing rotator,φ2000 class
Casing rotator,
φ2000 class
Reaction
bar
Operation
house
Hydraulic unit
Backhoe
Casing rotator,φ2000 class
Crawler crane
Screwed steel pipe pile
Operation house
Hydraulic unit
Backhoe
For pile outside diameter of 1,200mm or less and
casing rotator with boring diameter of φ2,000 class
For pile outside diameter of 1,200mm or less and
casing rotator with boring diameter of φ2,000 class
3
▼ Example of layout when 3-point pile driver is used
Backhoe
Crawler crane
Three-point pile drier
When the leader is assembled
Material and machine yard Screwed steel pile stock yard
Spiral collar
(for casing rotator)
This is used to insert an NS ECO-PILE
from above the machinery (patent no.
3484653)
Special Jigs for
NS ECO-PILES
For driving NS ECO-PILES, the following jigs are used in
addition to the major machines:
Dummy pile
A dummy pile is used when the pile head is lower than the working ground level.
Temporary pieces for dummy pile
Protrusion on the pile head on which to apply torque to NS ECO-PILE
4. Start
Preliminary survey
Execution plan
Selection of
construction machines
Driving of test pile
forⅠ=1 to n
Setting of piling machine
Installation of lower pile
Installation of upper pile
Verticality adjustment
Screw piling
Welding of piles
Screw piling
Confirmation of the capacity of
construction machines
Welding inspection
Confirmation of torque
Change
A
No
Yes
No
Yes
End
Completion of the screw piling according
to the flow for piling completion
nextⅠ
B
C
n: no. of piles
Start of screw piling
Completion of the
screw piling
Is the pile driven
to the design depth?
Screw piling while controlling
adequate torque
(working torque lower than the
managed upper limit torque)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Is the additional pipe length
below the permitted value?
To To
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
a
b
c
c c
Has the bearing layer
been confirmed?
Is the embedment into the
bearing layer 1 Dp or more?
Consultation with
supervisor
(to determine, for
example, to finish piling
by confirming the
working torque)
Confirmation of the
bearing layer depth
Is the difference in length
below the permitted value?
Confirmation of the difference
in length between actual
length and design length
Continuation of piling
(notification to the supervisor)
Consultation with
supervisor
(about considering pile
splicing, for example)
Comparison between boring data
and working torque record
Is it appropriate to judge that the
bearing layer is reached at that depth?
(notification to supervisor)
Review of the
possibility of
buried obstacles
Consultation with
supervisor
(about removing
obstacles, for example)
Consultation with
supervisor
(about cutting the
steel pipe, for example)
Confirmation of the
bearing layer depth
Confirmation of the
additional pile length
p.6 p.7
4 30
Bottom pile
1∼4
Root interval keeping
bead or spacer
6 t
0∼2.4
t
45°min
25
35
H
(
h
(
Backing ring
(field installation)
T
Top pile
Stopper number
(shop assembly)
N
A:Driving of test pile
Example of shape and dimensions of backing
ring and stopper
Flow of Construction Management
Construction
Fluctuation of working torque is used for all
piles to check whether a pile has reached the
bearing layer. A test pile is driven at each site to
determine the management method to confirm
arrival at the bearing layer, and the basic
criterion for completion of piling is when the
pile is embedded into the bearing layer to a
depth equivalent to the pile diameter (1 Dp) or
more.
Test piles are driven to confirm the degree of
workability of the actual ground condition at the
work site, adequacy of machines selected, and the
status of torque generation. By comparing the status of
torque generation and the results of boring data, the
torque fluctuation which confirms arrival at the bearing
layer is determined.
The number and location of test piles are determined to
suit the position of the boring exploration point and the
scale of the number of piles. Some initial permanent
piles may be used as test piles in the vicinity of the
boring exploration point.
B:Site circumferential weld
Piles are generally connected with welded joints.
The backing ring should be that of a standard joint
specified by the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS A
5525).
Welding work
C:Management of the piling completion
●
Actual bearing
layer level
●
flow for piling completion
1...When the actual level is
closer to the
expected level
Expected (design)
bearing layer level
2...When the actual
level is deeper than
the expected level
3...When the actual level is
shallower than the
expected level
In the standard procedure, a pile is screwed to the design depth and piling is completed when the pile is
embedded into the bearing layer to a depth of 1 Dp or more. But when there is a difference between the
depth of the bearing layer determined by a fluctuation of working torque and the depth of the bearing layer
determined at the time of design or when the bearing layer is a very hard stratum, the piling can be
completed at a depth shallower or greater than the design depth.
The bearing layer is generally confirmed by the fluctuation of working torque for judging the bearing layer
determined by the test pile, but if the bearing layer is shallower than expected, it may be difficult to
penetrate the pile to the design depth. In such cases, piling is sometimes completed at a depth
shallower than the design depth if it can be confirmed that the pile has penetrated the bearing layer to a
sufficient depth (1 Dp or more) and that torque has been generated.
If the bearing layer is too hard to drive a pile to a depth of 1 Dp or more, piling can be completed at an
embedment depth of less than 1 Dp providing it can be confirmed that torque has been generated.