This document discusses modeling software architecture with the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It begins with an introduction to software architecture concepts like components, connectors, and views. It then provides an overview of UML diagrams and how they can be used to model different views of a software architecture. As an example, it analyzes the C2 Generator system and shows how UML can be used to model the logical decomposition, conceptual view, and other aspects of its architecture. The document demonstrates how UML is a useful tool for software architectural modeling and representation.
The document discusses object oriented design and analysis, specifically focusing on UML views. It states that a system can best be described using five interlocking views: the use case view, design view, implementation view, process view, and deployment view. Each view provides a different perspective and projection of the system's organization, structure, and functionality for various stakeholders.
The document discusses software architecture and the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It provides definitions of key terms:
1) Software architecture is a structural plan that describes system elements, how they fit together, and how they work together to fulfill requirements. It guides implementation and sets expectations.
2) The RUP is an iterative process focusing on requirements and design. Each iteration captures requirements, performs analysis/design, implements, and tests to evolve the system. Risks are assessed and prioritized to guide iterations.
3) The RUP uses multiple "views" including use cases, components, and interactions to represent a system from different stakeholder perspectives.
Round - Trip Software Engineering using UML: From Architecture to Design and...Aman Mishra
This document is a term paper about round-trip software engineering using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to model software architectures from initial design through implementation and back. It discusses three strategies for using UML to model software architectures: using UML "as is", constraining UML with extensions, and augmenting the UML meta-model. It also presents a view integration framework for identifying and resolving mismatches within and across UML models at different levels of abstraction to support round-trip engineering.
The document discusses the Unified Approach (UA) methodology for software development proposed by Ali Bahrami. The UA aims to combine the best practices of other methodologies like Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson while using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The core of the UA is use case-driven development. It establishes a unified framework around these methodologies using UML for modeling and documenting the software development process. The UA allows for iterative development by allowing moving between analysis, design, and modeling phases.
This document discusses applying the 4+1 view architecture model with UML 2 diagrams. The 4+1 view model uses multiple views to represent an application's architecture from different stakeholder perspectives. The views are the logical view, process view, implementation view, deployment view, and use case view. The document maps various UML 2 diagrams that can be used to model each of these views, such as using class diagrams, package diagrams, and state machine diagrams for the logical view, and sequence diagrams and communication diagrams for the process view. It provides an overview of the benefits of using UML 2 diagrams to model architecture compared to UML 1.x.
The document discusses the differences between software analysis and design. It provides details on:
- Analysis focuses on clarifying requirements and exploring the problem domain to identify concepts and analysis classes.
- Design starts with exploring the solution domain to formulate the system design using tools like class and object diagrams.
- Key outcomes of analysis include requirement specifications while design outcomes include low-level system design documentation.
- Analysis involves system analysts and end users while design involves system architects and developers.
OOAD - Systems and Object Orientation ConceptsVicter Paul
The document discusses key concepts in systems analysis and design as well as object orientation. It defines a system as a set of elements arranged to accomplish an objective. Systems have inputs, processes, and outputs. Characteristics of systems include organization, interaction, interdependence, and a central objective. The document contrasts procedural and object-oriented programming, noting that object-oriented programming emphasizes objects/data while hiding data and combining data and methods. Finally, the document outlines fundamental concepts in object orientation like objects, classes, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses traditional software development approaches versus object-oriented approaches. The key aspects of object-oriented development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Software development life cycle stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing are also summarized. The document compares structured and object-oriented approaches and provides examples of object-oriented programming and design methodologies.
The document discusses object oriented design and analysis, specifically focusing on UML views. It states that a system can best be described using five interlocking views: the use case view, design view, implementation view, process view, and deployment view. Each view provides a different perspective and projection of the system's organization, structure, and functionality for various stakeholders.
The document discusses software architecture and the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It provides definitions of key terms:
1) Software architecture is a structural plan that describes system elements, how they fit together, and how they work together to fulfill requirements. It guides implementation and sets expectations.
2) The RUP is an iterative process focusing on requirements and design. Each iteration captures requirements, performs analysis/design, implements, and tests to evolve the system. Risks are assessed and prioritized to guide iterations.
3) The RUP uses multiple "views" including use cases, components, and interactions to represent a system from different stakeholder perspectives.
Round - Trip Software Engineering using UML: From Architecture to Design and...Aman Mishra
This document is a term paper about round-trip software engineering using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to model software architectures from initial design through implementation and back. It discusses three strategies for using UML to model software architectures: using UML "as is", constraining UML with extensions, and augmenting the UML meta-model. It also presents a view integration framework for identifying and resolving mismatches within and across UML models at different levels of abstraction to support round-trip engineering.
The document discusses the Unified Approach (UA) methodology for software development proposed by Ali Bahrami. The UA aims to combine the best practices of other methodologies like Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson while using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The core of the UA is use case-driven development. It establishes a unified framework around these methodologies using UML for modeling and documenting the software development process. The UA allows for iterative development by allowing moving between analysis, design, and modeling phases.
This document discusses applying the 4+1 view architecture model with UML 2 diagrams. The 4+1 view model uses multiple views to represent an application's architecture from different stakeholder perspectives. The views are the logical view, process view, implementation view, deployment view, and use case view. The document maps various UML 2 diagrams that can be used to model each of these views, such as using class diagrams, package diagrams, and state machine diagrams for the logical view, and sequence diagrams and communication diagrams for the process view. It provides an overview of the benefits of using UML 2 diagrams to model architecture compared to UML 1.x.
The document discusses the differences between software analysis and design. It provides details on:
- Analysis focuses on clarifying requirements and exploring the problem domain to identify concepts and analysis classes.
- Design starts with exploring the solution domain to formulate the system design using tools like class and object diagrams.
- Key outcomes of analysis include requirement specifications while design outcomes include low-level system design documentation.
- Analysis involves system analysts and end users while design involves system architects and developers.
OOAD - Systems and Object Orientation ConceptsVicter Paul
The document discusses key concepts in systems analysis and design as well as object orientation. It defines a system as a set of elements arranged to accomplish an objective. Systems have inputs, processes, and outputs. Characteristics of systems include organization, interaction, interdependence, and a central objective. The document contrasts procedural and object-oriented programming, noting that object-oriented programming emphasizes objects/data while hiding data and combining data and methods. Finally, the document outlines fundamental concepts in object orientation like objects, classes, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It discusses traditional software development approaches versus object-oriented approaches. The key aspects of object-oriented development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Software development life cycle stages like planning, analysis, design, implementation and testing are also summarized. The document compares structured and object-oriented approaches and provides examples of object-oriented programming and design methodologies.
Introduction to the Module
The lecture will outline the module objectives and the topics to be covered, explain the assessment schedule, introduce the software tools recommended for the module and the resources - textbooks and on-line resources - recommended for use in the module.
Overview of Object-oriented Analysis and Design and UML
Software Engineering as a discipline will be introduced and the core concepts of software life-cycle and software process models will be briefly covered.
The role and the benefits from modelling as a way of dealing with software complexity will be explained. A brief review of the history of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) will be covered. The main UML diagrams will be described and their role in analysis and design.
This document discusses different design methods and views used in software architecture and development processes. It describes procedural, structural and object-oriented design methods. It also discusses the 4+1 view model, which separates an architecture into 5 views - logical, process, development, physical and use case views. Finally, it summarizes the Unified Process (UP), which is an iterative software development process consisting of inception, elaboration, construction and transition phases focused on requirements, analysis, design, implementation and testing workflows.
The document discusses functional modeling using activity diagrams and use cases. It provides guidelines for creating activity diagrams and use cases, including identifying activities, control flows, decisions, and parallel processes for activity diagrams. It also discusses writing use case descriptions in SVDPI form from an observer perspective and creating use case diagrams by connecting actors to use cases. The overall purpose is to understand and create functional models to document requirements and describe business processes.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the unified process modeling approach. It discusses key OOAD concepts like use cases, class diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagrams, and the three phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also describes the unified process, which is an iterative methodology for developing software using these OOAD techniques and UML notation. The document aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and best practices of taking a problem domain through the object-oriented systems development lifecycle.
System Analysis & Design AND Software Engineering TopicsDabhi Tribhovan M.
This document discusses systems analysis and design as well as software engineering. It covers various types of systems including solar, transportation, computer, and information systems. It describes the roles and responsibilities of a systems analyst in requirements gathering, evaluation, problem solving, and specification drawing. The systems development life cycle is also outlined including phases such as feasibility study, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Common design tools like flowcharts, data flow diagrams, and data dictionaries are named. Finally, it briefly introduces quality assurance and quality control concepts.
The document discusses various techniques for modeling software requirements including:
1) Entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs) which model data objects and their relationships to understand the data domain.
2) Use case modeling which describes scenarios of how external actors will use the system through use cases and diagrams.
3) Flow-oriented modeling using data flow diagrams (DFDs) which represent how data objects are transformed as they move through the system.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software system artifacts, enabling a systematic approach to analysis, design, and implementation. This document discusses UML's history, building blocks like classes, use cases, relationships, and diagrams for modeling a system's structure and behavior statically and dynamically. The key UML diagram types covered are class, object, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state, and activity diagrams.
The document provides an overview of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how it can be used for modeling software systems, including an introduction to UML, its basic building blocks such as diagrams and relationships, and descriptions of various UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and their purposes and notations. The document also discusses object-oriented concepts and how UML supports modeling objects, classes, interactions and behaviors through its different diagram types.
1. UML is a standardized modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document a system.
2. UML includes structural elements like classes, interfaces, components as well as behavioral elements like use cases, interactions, state machines.
3. UML diagrams like class, sequence, activity diagrams are used to represent different views of a system based on its design, implementation, processes, and deployment.
If you're new to UML, our UML tutorial can get you on the right path. Learn more about what The Unified Modeling Language is, what it does, and why it's important.
This document discusses object-oriented concepts including identity, classification, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It defines these concepts and provides examples. Identity refers to each object having its own identity even if attribute values are identical. Classification groups objects of the same structure and behavior into classes. Inheritance allows classes to inherit attributes and behaviors from superclasses. Polymorphism allows the same operation to have different implementations for different classes. Abstraction focuses on essential aspects and ignores non-essential details. The document also discusses class, state, and interaction models for describing different views of a system.
System Models in Software Engineering SE7koolkampus
The document discusses various types of system models used in requirements engineering including context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and how CASE workbenches support system modeling. It describes behavioral models like data flow diagrams and state machine models, data models like entity-relationship diagrams, and object models using the Unified Modeling Language. CASE tools can support modeling through features like diagram editors, repositories, and code generation.
The document provides an overview of a software engineering course. The course objectives are to understand traditional and agile development approaches, software engineering tools and techniques, and how to apply these understandings in practice. The course will cover traditional development approaches, agile methods, tools and techniques, and include several mini-projects. It will also discuss common software project failures and how applying engineering principles to software development can help address these issues.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) uses visual modeling techniques like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to analyze and design systems based on interacting objects. UML captures system elements and facilitates specification and visualization. It includes static diagrams for non-changing characteristics and dynamic diagrams for changing behaviors. The goal of OOAD and UML is to integrate analysis and development teams through defined processes and modeling.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to document and visualize the design of object-oriented software systems. It was developed in the 1990s to standardize the different object-oriented modeling notations that existed. UML is based on several influential object-oriented analysis and design methodologies. It includes diagrams for modeling a system's structural and behavioral elements, and has continued to evolve with refinements and expanded applicability. Use case diagrams are one type of UML diagram that are used to define system behaviors and goals from the perspective of different user types or external entities known as actors.
This document provides an overview of functional modeling and data flow diagrams. It discusses that functional modeling gives the process perspective of object-oriented analysis and defines the functions and data flows within a system. It then describes different types of functional models including functional flow block diagrams and data flow diagrams. It provides details on how to construct functional flow block diagrams including the use of function blocks, numbering, references, flow connections, direction and gates. It also notes some potential problems with functional modeling.
Function-oriented design views a system as modules with clearly defined behaviors that interact to meet requirements. It discusses various design methodologies including structured design methodology which involves identifying inputs/outputs and transformations, and factoring modules into submodules. Design quality can be evaluated using metrics related to cohesion, coupling, complexity, and information flow.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts like refinement, extensibility, and design for reusability. It provides details on different types of extensibility like white-box, black-box, and gray-box extensibility. It also discusses object-oriented database management systems and compares relational databases with object-oriented databases.
This document provides an overview of system modeling. It discusses that system modeling involves developing abstract models of a system from different perspectives, and is commonly done using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It also describes various UML diagram types used in system modeling like use case diagrams, class diagrams, and state diagrams. Finally, it gives examples of modeling different views of a mental health case management system, including contextual models, interaction models, structural models, and behavioral models.
UML is a standard modeling language used to visualize the design of a system. It provides standard diagrams to model both structural and behavioral aspects of a system. The main structural diagrams are class, component, deployment, and package diagrams which show the static design. The main behavioral diagrams are state machine, activity, use case, sequence, and communication diagrams which show the dynamic behavior. UML helps with communication between teams and analysis during system design.
Introduction to the Module
The lecture will outline the module objectives and the topics to be covered, explain the assessment schedule, introduce the software tools recommended for the module and the resources - textbooks and on-line resources - recommended for use in the module.
Overview of Object-oriented Analysis and Design and UML
Software Engineering as a discipline will be introduced and the core concepts of software life-cycle and software process models will be briefly covered.
The role and the benefits from modelling as a way of dealing with software complexity will be explained. A brief review of the history of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) will be covered. The main UML diagrams will be described and their role in analysis and design.
This document discusses different design methods and views used in software architecture and development processes. It describes procedural, structural and object-oriented design methods. It also discusses the 4+1 view model, which separates an architecture into 5 views - logical, process, development, physical and use case views. Finally, it summarizes the Unified Process (UP), which is an iterative software development process consisting of inception, elaboration, construction and transition phases focused on requirements, analysis, design, implementation and testing workflows.
The document discusses functional modeling using activity diagrams and use cases. It provides guidelines for creating activity diagrams and use cases, including identifying activities, control flows, decisions, and parallel processes for activity diagrams. It also discusses writing use case descriptions in SVDPI form from an observer perspective and creating use case diagrams by connecting actors to use cases. The overall purpose is to understand and create functional models to document requirements and describe business processes.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) and the unified process modeling approach. It discusses key OOAD concepts like use cases, class diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagrams, and the three phases of analysis, design, and implementation. It also describes the unified process, which is an iterative methodology for developing software using these OOAD techniques and UML notation. The document aims to introduce the fundamental concepts and best practices of taking a problem domain through the object-oriented systems development lifecycle.
System Analysis & Design AND Software Engineering TopicsDabhi Tribhovan M.
This document discusses systems analysis and design as well as software engineering. It covers various types of systems including solar, transportation, computer, and information systems. It describes the roles and responsibilities of a systems analyst in requirements gathering, evaluation, problem solving, and specification drawing. The systems development life cycle is also outlined including phases such as feasibility study, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Common design tools like flowcharts, data flow diagrams, and data dictionaries are named. Finally, it briefly introduces quality assurance and quality control concepts.
The document discusses various techniques for modeling software requirements including:
1) Entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs) which model data objects and their relationships to understand the data domain.
2) Use case modeling which describes scenarios of how external actors will use the system through use cases and diagrams.
3) Flow-oriented modeling using data flow diagrams (DFDs) which represent how data objects are transformed as they move through the system.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software system artifacts, enabling a systematic approach to analysis, design, and implementation. This document discusses UML's history, building blocks like classes, use cases, relationships, and diagrams for modeling a system's structure and behavior statically and dynamically. The key UML diagram types covered are class, object, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state, and activity diagrams.
The document provides an overview of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how it can be used for modeling software systems, including an introduction to UML, its basic building blocks such as diagrams and relationships, and descriptions of various UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and their purposes and notations. The document also discusses object-oriented concepts and how UML supports modeling objects, classes, interactions and behaviors through its different diagram types.
1. UML is a standardized modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document a system.
2. UML includes structural elements like classes, interfaces, components as well as behavioral elements like use cases, interactions, state machines.
3. UML diagrams like class, sequence, activity diagrams are used to represent different views of a system based on its design, implementation, processes, and deployment.
If you're new to UML, our UML tutorial can get you on the right path. Learn more about what The Unified Modeling Language is, what it does, and why it's important.
This document discusses object-oriented concepts including identity, classification, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It defines these concepts and provides examples. Identity refers to each object having its own identity even if attribute values are identical. Classification groups objects of the same structure and behavior into classes. Inheritance allows classes to inherit attributes and behaviors from superclasses. Polymorphism allows the same operation to have different implementations for different classes. Abstraction focuses on essential aspects and ignores non-essential details. The document also discusses class, state, and interaction models for describing different views of a system.
System Models in Software Engineering SE7koolkampus
The document discusses various types of system models used in requirements engineering including context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and how CASE workbenches support system modeling. It describes behavioral models like data flow diagrams and state machine models, data models like entity-relationship diagrams, and object models using the Unified Modeling Language. CASE tools can support modeling through features like diagram editors, repositories, and code generation.
The document provides an overview of a software engineering course. The course objectives are to understand traditional and agile development approaches, software engineering tools and techniques, and how to apply these understandings in practice. The course will cover traditional development approaches, agile methods, tools and techniques, and include several mini-projects. It will also discuss common software project failures and how applying engineering principles to software development can help address these issues.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) uses visual modeling techniques like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to analyze and design systems based on interacting objects. UML captures system elements and facilitates specification and visualization. It includes static diagrams for non-changing characteristics and dynamic diagrams for changing behaviors. The goal of OOAD and UML is to integrate analysis and development teams through defined processes and modeling.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to document and visualize the design of object-oriented software systems. It was developed in the 1990s to standardize the different object-oriented modeling notations that existed. UML is based on several influential object-oriented analysis and design methodologies. It includes diagrams for modeling a system's structural and behavioral elements, and has continued to evolve with refinements and expanded applicability. Use case diagrams are one type of UML diagram that are used to define system behaviors and goals from the perspective of different user types or external entities known as actors.
This document provides an overview of functional modeling and data flow diagrams. It discusses that functional modeling gives the process perspective of object-oriented analysis and defines the functions and data flows within a system. It then describes different types of functional models including functional flow block diagrams and data flow diagrams. It provides details on how to construct functional flow block diagrams including the use of function blocks, numbering, references, flow connections, direction and gates. It also notes some potential problems with functional modeling.
Function-oriented design views a system as modules with clearly defined behaviors that interact to meet requirements. It discusses various design methodologies including structured design methodology which involves identifying inputs/outputs and transformations, and factoring modules into submodules. Design quality can be evaluated using metrics related to cohesion, coupling, complexity, and information flow.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts like refinement, extensibility, and design for reusability. It provides details on different types of extensibility like white-box, black-box, and gray-box extensibility. It also discusses object-oriented database management systems and compares relational databases with object-oriented databases.
This document provides an overview of system modeling. It discusses that system modeling involves developing abstract models of a system from different perspectives, and is commonly done using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It also describes various UML diagram types used in system modeling like use case diagrams, class diagrams, and state diagrams. Finally, it gives examples of modeling different views of a mental health case management system, including contextual models, interaction models, structural models, and behavioral models.
UML is a standard modeling language used to visualize the design of a system. It provides standard diagrams to model both structural and behavioral aspects of a system. The main structural diagrams are class, component, deployment, and package diagrams which show the static design. The main behavioral diagrams are state machine, activity, use case, sequence, and communication diagrams which show the dynamic behavior. UML helps with communication between teams and analysis during system design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for modeling software systems using mainly graphical diagrams. It includes diagrams for use cases, class structure, object interaction, state machines, activities, components and deployment. UML aims to provide a standard way to visualize a system's architectural design which can be understood by all stakeholders and serves as input for the implementation.
The document discusses object-oriented design and analysis. It covers key aspects of the design phase including identifying classes, class responsibilities, and relationships between classes. The purposes of the design phase are to gather information for implementation, reduce implementation time and cost, and be the most time-consuming phase. Results of design include text descriptions and diagrams depicting relationships, usage scenarios, and state changes. The document also discusses translating analysis concepts into design, including understanding quality attributes, constraints, and requirements.
Software Engineering Tools and Practices.pdfMeagGhn
This document discusses software engineering practices and tools, including the software crisis and issues like increasing complexity, poor quality, high costs and delays. It introduces Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a standard way to visually model software systems using diagrams. It describes different types of UML models including structural, behavioral and architectural modeling. It also discusses concepts like the software development life cycle, configuration management, revision control systems and how to create UML diagrams like use case diagrams and sequence diagrams.
Course Number
Course Section
Course Name
Project Name (Unit 1 IP)
Student Name
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Use cases 4
Figure 1: Online order system use case diagram 4
Class Diagram 5
Figure 2: Class diagram 6
Activity diagram 7
Figure 3: Activity diagram 8
Sequence diagram 9
Figure 4: Sequence Diagram 9
References 10
UML Model for Project Introduction
System design is a process that helps to conceptualize the software system requirements into a software implementation. It involves taking the user requirements and using it to define system architecture, interfaces and modules for the system. The most widely used method for software system design today is Object-Oriented analysis and design methods for their reusability and easy way of expressing relationship between system components(Martin, 2011). To be able to efficiently utilize the power of object-oriented analysis and design methods you need to use its standard language, Unified Modeling language (UML). UML is a general purpose modeling language that is used to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML is rich of modeling notations and methods that are used to create different diagrams to represent structural and behavior information of the system (Wazlawick, 2014). Example of this diagrams include class diagram, use case diagram, deployment diagrams, activity diagram, state, object, and sequence among other.
The diagram in the following sections represents the structural and behavior of the Online ordering system. Use cases
Use case diagram are used to represent a user’s interaction with the system hence showing the relationship between the system and its users. Use cases identify the different actors (users) of the system and the different ways (use cases) they interact with the system. The use case diagram below shows the two main users of the online orders system and how the use the system.
Figure 1: Online order system use case diagramClass Diagram
UML Class diagram are static structure diagram used to describe the structure of software system by showing classes, operations, their attributes and the relationship among them. Classes form the main building block of Object Oriented modeling and hence class diagram help to conceptualize the general structure of the system that can later be translate into programming code. Classes in class diagram represent the main elements in the application to be programmed (Booch, 1994).
The diagram below show the class diagram for the recommend online ordering system. Boxes represent classes. Boxes are supposed to have three compartments to complete the represent class information in full, one for class name, second for class attributes and the third for class operations. The diagram below shows a simple representation of classes. The lines represent links between classes and show the kind of relationship between classes. For example user is generalization for customer and sales. Customer makes o.
UML is a modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It provides standard graphical notations for modeling structural and behavioral aspects of a system using diagrams. The key UML diagram types are structural diagrams (e.g. class, component), behavioral diagrams (e.g. use case, activity), and interaction diagrams (e.g. sequence, communication). UML was created through the unification of several popular modeling languages in the 1990s and is now managed by the Object Management Group.
Application Of UML In Real-Time Embedded Systemsijseajournal
The UML was designed as a graphical notation for use with object-oriented systems and applications.
Because of its popularity, now it is emerging in the field of embedded systems design as a modeling
language. The UML notation is useful in capturing the requirements, documenting the structure,
decomposing into objects and defining relationships between objects. It is a notational language that is
very useful in modelling the real-time embedded systems. This paper presents the requirements and
analysis modelling of a real-time embedded system related to a control system application for platform
stabilization using COMET method of design with UML notation. These applications involve designing of
electromechanical systems that are controlled by multi-processors.
Object-oriented modeling and design.pdfSHIVAM691605
Person
Patient: Person
Treats: Association
- assistant: Person
- patient: Person
Role names for a ternary association
Generalization
Generalization is a taxonomic relationship
between a more general class and a more
specific subclass.
The general class is called a superclass and
the specific class is called a subclass.
The subclass inherits all the attributes and
operations of the superclass.
The subclass may add its own attributes and
operations.
Person
name
age
address
Employee
salary
department
Student
marks
Student
Employee
Generalization
Object Modeling Guidelines
Model real
UML is a general-purpose modeling language that provides a standard way to visualize the design of a system. It uses diagrams to depict the structure and behavior of a system, including class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, use case diagrams, and others. UML has evolved over time with new versions and standards, starting in 1997, to improve its modeling capabilities and make diagrams more effective.
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting a system in which software represents the most significant part.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
UML can serve as a central notation for software development process. Using UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural designs of software.
UML diagrams are made using notation of things and relationships.
The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
Things: Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
The document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML), including its history, purpose, key diagrams, and changes between versions. It describes how UML was created in the 1990s to standardize modeling of software systems, and discusses the main structural and behavioral diagrams used to model different aspects of a system, such as class, use case, activity, and state diagrams. The document also summarizes new elements introduced in UML 2.0, such as changes to activity diagrams.
The document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the key principles of modeling and an overview of UML. The UML is a standard language for writing software blueprints and can be used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. The UML has building blocks like classes, objects, use cases and relationships. It consists of diagrams like class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. The UML addresses multiple views of a system including use case, design, interaction and implementation views.
The document discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML), which is a general purpose modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. UML captures both the static structure and dynamic behavior of a system. It includes structural diagrams like class and component diagrams to show system architecture, and behavioral diagrams like activity and sequence diagrams to describe system functionality. UML is widely used for software design, communication, requirements analysis and documentation across various application domains.
This document discusses component, deployment, persistent and UI models in object oriented design. It provides details on component diagrams, describing how they represent high-level reusable parts of a system and their inter-relationships. Deployment diagrams depict the physical resources in a system including nodes, components, and connections. Persistent modeling involves mapping object-oriented class diagrams to relational database schemas. User interface design should match user skills/experience and consider human factors like memory, preferences and preventing errors.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. UML uses graphical notation to provide an overall view of a system, and is not dependent on any one programming language. There are several types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, object, package, and use case diagrams. Structure diagrams show objects in a system, while behavioral diagrams show how objects interact. Common diagrams include class, use case, activity, state machine, sequence, and communication diagrams.
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Modeling software architecture with uml
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 3, December 2012
www.ijsr.net
Modeling Software Architecture with UML
Ramesh Ponnala1
, Gangadhar Adepu2
, Santhosh Kumar Nallavelly3
1
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering,
Sree Chaitanya Institute of Technological Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India
ramesh.ponnala@gmail.com
2
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Applications,
Sree Chaitanya Institute of Management & Computer Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India
gangadhar24mca@gmail.com
3
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Applications,
Sree Chaitanya Institute of Management & Computer Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India
santhosh1714@gmail.com
Abstract: Software Architecture is being widely used today to describe a very high level design methodology of large & heterogeneous
software systems. A good Architectural representation scheme holds the key to the effectiveness of a Software architecture description
and usage. In this paper, we look at UML (unified modeling language) as a prospect for a generalized architecture description
language. UML also “unifies" the design principles of each of the object oriented methodologies into a single, standard, language that
can be easily applied across the board for all object-oriented systems and a scheme AND-OR DFD method is introduced and developed.
Keywords: Software Architecture, Unified Modeling Language, Software Architectural modeling view
1. Introduction
An Architectural Style defines a family of systems in terms
of a pattern of structural organization. An awareness of
these Architectural styles can simplify the problem of
defining system architectures. However, most large
systems are heterogeneous and do not follow a single
architectural style. Software Architecture determines how
system components are identified and allocated, how the
components interact to form a system, the amount and
granularity of communication needed for interaction, and
the interface protocols used for communication among
stakeholders: Customers, managers, designers,
programmers. Software Architecture consists of
components, connectors, data, a configuration, and a set of
architectural properties.
An important feature of architecture is the ability to
facilitate development of large systems, with components
and connectors of varying granularity, implemented by
different developers, in different programming languages,
and with varying operating system requirements. [1]
1.1 Component:
A component is an abstract unit of software that
provides a transformation of data via its interface.
Components can be computation units or data stores.
According to [2], components are loci of computation
and state.
1.2 Connector:
A connector is an abstract mechanism that mediates
communication, coordination, or cooperation among
components. The connectors play a fundamental role in
distinguishing one architectural style from another and
have an important effect on the characteristics of a
particular style [3].
1.3 Datum:
A datum is an element of information that is transferred
from a component, or received by a component, via a
connector.
1.4 Configuration:
A configuration is the structure of architectural
relationships among components, connectors, and data
during some period of system run-time.
2. Literature Review
UML was created by Object Management Group (OMG)
and UML 1.0 specification draft was proposed to the OMG
in January 1997. OMG is continuously putting effort to
make a truly industry standard. [4] UML stands for Unified
Modeling Language.
UML is different from the other common programming
languages like C++, Java, and COBOL etc.
UML is a language to specify, to visualize and to build
and to document the artifact of the software systems, as
well as to model business and other systems besides
software systems. [4]
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue
prints. UML (Unified modeling language) is a clear and
concise modeling language without being tied down to any
technologies. It provides the ability to capture the
characteristics of a system by using notations and is the
language that can be used to model systems and make them
readable. UML provides a wide array of simple, easy to
understand notations for documenting systems based on the
21
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 3, December 2012
www.ijsr.net
Object-Oriented Design principles. These notations are
called the nine diagrams of UML.
2.1 UML Diagrams
A diagram is the graphical presentation of a set of elements,
most often rendered as a connected graph of vertices (things)
and arcs (relationships). A diagram represents an elided view
of the elements that make up a system. The UML includes
nine such diagrams.
2.1.1Use case Diagram:
This diagram is used to identify the primary elements and
processes that from the system. The primary elements are
termed as "actors" and the processes are called "use cases".
2.1.2Class Diagram:
A class diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces, and
collaborations and their relationships. This diagram is used
to refine the use case diagram and define the detailed design
of the system. The class diagram classifies the actors defined
in the use case diagram into a set of interrelated classes. The
relationship or association between the classes can be either
an "is-a" or "has-a" relationship. Each class in the class
diagram may be capable of providing certain functionalities.
Class diagrams address the static design view of a system.
2.1.3 Object Diagram:
An object diagram shows a set of objects and their
relationships. Object diagrams represent static snapshots of
instances of the things found in class diagrams. These
diagrams address the static design view or static process
view of a system as do class diagrams, but from the
perspective of real or prototypical cases.
The object diagram is a special kind of class diagram. An
object is an instance of a class. This essentially means that an
object represents the state of a class at a given point of time
while the system is running. The object diagram captures the
state of different classes in the system and their relationships
or associations at a given point of time.
2.1.4 State Diagram:
A state chart diagram shows a state machine, consisting of
states, transitions, events, and activities. State chart diagrams
address the dynamic view of a system. Objects in the system
change states in response to events. In addition to this, a state
diagram also captures the transition of the object's state from
an initial state to a final state in response to events affecting
the system.
2.1.5 Activity Diagram:
Activity diagram is used to capture the process flows in the
system. Similar to a state diagram, an activity diagram also
consists of activities, actions, transitions, initial and final
states, and guard conditions. Activity diagrams address the
dynamic view of a system. They are especially important in
modeling the function of a system and emphasize the flow of
control among objects.
2.1.6Sequence Diagram:
A sequence diagram represents the interaction between
different objects in the system. This means that the exact
sequence of the interactions between the objects is
represented step by step. Different objects in the sequence
diagram interact with each other by passing "messages".
Sequence diagrams are called interaction diagrams in UML,
which emphasizes the time-ordering of messages.
2.1.7Collaboration Diagram:
A collaboration diagram groups together the interactions
between different objects. This diagram helps to identify all
the possible interactions that each object has with other
objects. Collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that
emphasizes the structural organization of the objects that
send and receive messages.
2.1.8Component Diagram:
The component diagram represents the high-level parts that
make up the system. This diagram depicts, at a high level,
what components form part of the system and how they are
interrelated. It also depicts the components called after the
system has undergone the development or construction
phase. Component diagrams address the static
implementation view of a system. They are related to class
diagrams in that a component typically maps to one or more
classes, interfaces, or collaborations.
2.1.9Deployment Diagram:
The deployment diagram captures the configuration of the
runtime elements of the application. This diagram is by far
most useful when a system is built and ready to be deployed.
A deployment diagram shows the configuration of run-time
processing nodes and the components that live on them.
Deployment diagrams address the static deployment view of
the architecture.
2.2 Architectural Modeling Views
To describe Software Architecture, we use a model
composed of multiple views or perspectives. In order to
eventually address large and challenging architectures, the
model we propose is made up of six main views:
Logical view, which is the object model of the
design(when an object-oriented design method is used)
Process view, this view deals with concurrency and
distribution, system integrity, and fault tolerance [5].
Component view, which shows the grouped modules of
a given system, modeled using the component diagram.
Development view, which describes the static
organization of the software in its development
environment.
Physical view, which describes the mapping(s) of the
software onto the hardware and reflects its distributed
aspect.
22
3. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 3, December 2012
www.ijsr.net
Execution view, which is the runtime view of the
system. It involves the mappings of modules to run-
time images, defining the communication among them,
and assigning them to physical resources. Resource
usage and performance are key concerns in the
execution view.
Figure 1: “6+1” View Modeling a System's Architecture
3. Experimental Results: C2 Generator
Let us consider a software system called C2 Generator. This
software system would be written in an object oriented
language like JAVA and it attempts to generate an
architectural representation diagram based on the C2
Generator architecture [6].
It takes as input the components of the system to be
modeled, the connectors and a list of who notifies whom.
But it will suffice to say here that C2 Generator is an
architecture description language (ADL) that is used to
model user interface intensive software systems i.e.,
applications that have a graphical user interface (GUI)
aspect.
This architectural style consists of components and
connectors. Components and connectors both have a defined
top and bottom. The top of a component may be connected
to the bottom of a single connector. The bottom of a
component may be connected to the top of a single
connector. There is no bound on the number of components
or connectors that may be attached to a single connector.
In C2-style architecture, connectors transmit messages
between components, while components maintain state;
perform operations, and exchange messages with other
components via two interfaces which are called top and
bottom.
Each interface consists of a set of messages that may be sent
and a set of messages that may be received. Inter-component
messages are either requests for a component to perform an
operation, or notifications that a given component has
performed an operation or changed state.
In the C2 style, components cannot interact directly but can
do so using the connectors. Each component interface can be
attached to at most one connector. A connector, however,
can be attached to any number of other components and
connectors. Request messages can only be sent “upward”
through the architecture, and notification messages can only
be sent “downward.”The C2 style has another requirement
that the components communicate with each other only
through message passing and never through shared memory.
Also, C2 requires that notifications sent from a component
correspond to the operations of its internal object, rather than
the needs of any components that receive those notifications.
This constraint on notifications helps to ensure substrate
independence, which is the ability to reuse a C2 component
in architectures with differing substrate components (e.g.,
different window systems). The C2 style explicitly does not
make any assumptions about the language(s) in which the
components or connectors are implemented, whether or not
components execute in their own threads of control, the
deployment of components to hosts, or the communication
protocol(s) used by connectors.
There are four primary components in this software. The
CreateConnection component has five subcomponents,
which are the various steps taken to create a connection.
First, the component to be connected to first created
component is identified from the connection list. Then new
ports are created and attached to both these components. We
assume here for simplicity that both components can have
unlimited number of ports and so unlimited number of
connections. Then the connector is created and the two ports
are connected. It is obvious that the steps in creating a new
connection start with reading a component name from the
connection list till the connector is attached to the two newly
formed ports. This whole process has to be repeated till there
are no more entries in the connection list. This iterative
property of the system cannot be known from the
decomposition model, though it must occur if the system
executes correctly. Second, there might be repeated entries in
the connection list.
Table 1: Process Decomposition of C2 Generator
Module Name Submodule(s)
1) ReadInput
2) CreateComponent
3) ReadConnectionList
4) CreateConnection CreateComponentToBeConnected
CreatePorts
ConnectPortsToBothComponents
CreateConnector
ConnectBothPortsWithConnector
There is no restriction to the number of connections one
component can have with other components. For an entry
that refers to a component which has already been created,
one doesn’t need to create it again, but just identify that
component and create a new port. Hence, once an entry has
been read from the Connection List, one of two things
happen depending on the read value. Either the component
doesn’t exist and needs to be created, or it exists and needs
to be identified. Again, there is no way of knowing this from
the decomposition model. Let us now consider how the
AND-OR DFD tackles these issues.
23
4. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 3, December 2012
www.ijsr.net
3.1 AND-OR DFD Representation of C2 Generator
Figure 2: AND-OR DFD representation of C2 Generator
From Figure 2, we see that the data flow is represented by
this modified DFD, but with two significant differences.
Firstly, there is an OR-group of two components that
illustrate that once an entry has been read from the
connection list, either a new component is created, or control
moves to an existing component, depending on the value
read from the connection list. Second, the iterative portion of
the system has been illustrated by a shaded box. So we now
can tell that the steps starting from the reading of the
connection list to the connection of the ports by a connector
are iterative and are executed for each entry in the
connection list
3.2 Architecting UML of C2 Generator
In order to see how UML can construct the Software
Architecture of a system, let us go back to the example of the
C2 Generator. Table 2 shows the logical decomposition of
the system. The use of layering in modeling C2 style
architecture for GUI intensive software systems [6] and the
use of layering in representation of module view of an
architecture using UML also indicate the vast potential for
the layering style.
The logical (conceptual) decomposition highlights the main
components of the system and their subcomponents if any.
Table 2: Logical Decomposition of C2 Generator
Module Name Sub Module(s)
1) C2
Generator
2) Component
3) Port
4) Connection
CreateComponent
CerateConnector
UpdateComponentList
UpdateConnectionList
CheckForFreePort
CreatePort
CreateConnector
UpdateConnectingComponen
t
UpdateConnectedComponent
We see that the C2Generator component has the task of
creating the component(s) and the connector, and updating
the component and connection lists. The component module
checks for free ports on the component(s) and if there are
free ports, then it creates the physical port. The Port
component creates the connector in turn, and the connector
component joins the two components (called the connecting
component and the connected component here) and updates
the two components for the connection created.
3.3 Conceptual View of C2 Generator
From table2, we came to know about Logical decomposition
of C2 Generator. Let us now try to construct the logical
architectural view for C2 Generator. Figure 2 shows the
conceptual architectural view of the C2 Generator using
UML constructs.
Figure 3: Conceptual view of C2 Generator
Figure 3 show the conceptual architectural view of the C2
Generator using UML constructs [7]. The problem with this
24
5. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 3, December 2012
www.ijsr.net
representation lies in the relationship of the port and the
Connector Conn. i.e. a connector can be broken off from one
component and joined to another component. So a
composition doesn’t hold good here. Even an aggregation
doesn’t hold good because when the connector is isolated
from the ports of both the connecting components, it ceases
to exist independently. So here is a situation where there is a
composition relationship that involves two components and a
connector.
3.4 Execution View of C2 Generator
The execution view or process view of C2 Generator will be
modeled from the process decomposition model we saw
earlier. Figure 4 shows one sequence diagram representing
the execution configuration of the C2 Generator.
The C2Generator first creates the connecting component by
calling the Create Component () procedure and interacting
with the component module. The component module in turn
then creates a port and connects the newly created
component to it by calling the Create And Connect To Port
() procedure and communicating with the Port module. The
Port module now creates the connector and attaches the port
to this connector by calling two functions and talking to the
Connector module. Once this is done and the control is back
to the C2 Generator component, it now reads the connection
list and checks if the component to be connected exists or
not. If it exists, control moves to this existing component and
that component is connected via a new port to the already
created connector. If the component doesn’t exist then it is
created before being connected to the connector.
Figure 4: Sequence Diagram for C2 Generator
This implementation is efficient because the control flow
doesn’t move back and forth. Both the components are ready
before the ports are created and both the ports are ready
before the connector is created and the connection made. So
we see that UML is rather useful for representing different
views of the software architecture of a system [7], [8]. It
does reasonably well and represents all the facets of that
view clearly. Moreover, UML is good for all the views, and
not just the process view which can be adequately
represented by the AND-OR DFD. Moreover, we can extend
UML by constraints, tagged values, stereotypes and profiles
[9].
4. Summary
Table3: Summary of C2 Generator
View Components Connectors Containers Stakeholders Concerns Tool Support
Logical Class association, Class category End-user Functionality Rose
inheritance,
containment
Process Task Rendezvous, Process System Performance, UNAS/SALE
Message, designer, availability, DADS
Broadcast, integrator S/W fault tolerance,
RPC, etc. Integrity
Component Module Interaction Component Developer Interoperability Rose
Development Subsystem compilation Subsystem Developer, Organization, Apex, SoDA
dependency, (library) manager reuse,
“with” clause, portability, line of-
“include” product
Physical Node Communication Physical System Scalability, UNAS,
medium, subsystem designer performance, Openview
LAN, WAN, availability DADS
Bus, etc.
Execution Mappings of node Run time view End-user, Resource usage and Rose
Developer performance
Scenario Step, Web End-user, Understandability Rose
Scripts developer
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6. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 3, December 2012
www.ijsr.net
References
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Author Profile
Ramesh Ponnala received the MCA and M.Tech degrees in
Computer Science and Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University. He is Sun Certified Java
Professional and AP-SET Holder. From 2009 onwards he is
staying in Sree Chaitanya Institute of Technological
Sciences as an Assistant Professor.
Gangadhar Adepu received the MCA and pursuing M.Tech
degrees in Computer Science and Engineering from
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in 2006 and
2012, respectively. During 2006-2010, he stayed in Sree
Chaitanya Institute of Management & Computer Sciences as
an Assistant Professor.
Santhosh Kumar Nallavelly received the MCA and
pursuing M.Tech degrees in Computer Science and
Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University in 2006 and 2012, respectively. During 2006-
2010, he stayed in Sree Chaitanya Institute of Management
& Computer Sciences as an Assistant Professor.
26