UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software system artifacts, enabling a systematic approach to analysis, design, and implementation. This document discusses UML's history, building blocks like classes, use cases, relationships, and diagrams for modeling a system's structure and behavior statically and dynamically. The key UML diagram types covered are class, object, component, deployment, use case, sequence, collaboration, state, and activity diagrams.
This document discusses using activity diagrams for business and systems modeling. It explains the basic and advanced elements of activity diagrams like activity states, transitions, decisions, synchronization bars, concurrent threads, alternative threads, conditional threads, nested activity diagrams and partitions. The objectives are to explain UML modeling, demonstrate activity diagram usage for business and systems modeling, apply activity diagram notations, and highlight common student mistakes.
Activity diagrams can model the dynamic aspects of a system by showing the flow of control from one activity to the next. They are essentially flowcharts that can model business workflows and operations. Activity diagrams contain activity states, action states, transitions, objects, branches, forks, joins, and swimlanes. Action states are atomic while activity states can be decomposed into further detail. Transitions show the flow of control between states. Branches specify alternate paths. Forks allow concurrent flows while joins synchronize them. Swimlanes group activities by actor or thread.
The document discusses UML (Unified Modeling Language) and object-oriented software development. It describes the software development life cycle and various modeling techniques used in UML, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It explains key UML concepts such as classes, objects, attributes, operations, actors, and relationships. The benefits of visual modeling and UML are also summarized.
The document discusses activity diagrams, including their purpose, elements, notation, guidelines for creation, and an example. Activity diagrams can model tasks, system functions, and life cycles. Key elements include activities, transitions, decisions, and parallel paths. Notation includes rectangles for activities, arrows for transitions, diamonds for decisions, and bars for parallelism. Guidelines recommend setting context, identifying activities and flows, decisions, and parallelism. The example models scheduling appointments in a dentist office.
This document provides information about a course on design patterns taught by Dr. Asma Cherif. It includes the course code, instructor details, learning objectives, textbooks, and topics that will be covered such as architectural design, what patterns are, and different types of patterns. Design patterns provide solutions to common software design problems and promote reuse of successful designs. The course aims to help students understand design patterns, identify patterns in code and designs, and implement patterns to design and develop quality software applications.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The document discusses software design patterns, including definitions, types (creational, behavioral, structural), components, benefits, and examples. It provides examples of patterns like facade, observer, decorator, state, strategy, template method, iterator, bridge, and singleton from both non-software (e.g. auction, vending machine) and software domains (Temple Run 2 game). For each pattern, it explains the concept, provides a non-software diagram, describes an implementation in Temple Run 2 through diagrams and text, and references additional resources for design patterns.
This document discusses using activity diagrams for business and systems modeling. It explains the basic and advanced elements of activity diagrams like activity states, transitions, decisions, synchronization bars, concurrent threads, alternative threads, conditional threads, nested activity diagrams and partitions. The objectives are to explain UML modeling, demonstrate activity diagram usage for business and systems modeling, apply activity diagram notations, and highlight common student mistakes.
Activity diagrams can model the dynamic aspects of a system by showing the flow of control from one activity to the next. They are essentially flowcharts that can model business workflows and operations. Activity diagrams contain activity states, action states, transitions, objects, branches, forks, joins, and swimlanes. Action states are atomic while activity states can be decomposed into further detail. Transitions show the flow of control between states. Branches specify alternate paths. Forks allow concurrent flows while joins synchronize them. Swimlanes group activities by actor or thread.
The document discusses UML (Unified Modeling Language) and object-oriented software development. It describes the software development life cycle and various modeling techniques used in UML, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It explains key UML concepts such as classes, objects, attributes, operations, actors, and relationships. The benefits of visual modeling and UML are also summarized.
The document discusses activity diagrams, including their purpose, elements, notation, guidelines for creation, and an example. Activity diagrams can model tasks, system functions, and life cycles. Key elements include activities, transitions, decisions, and parallel paths. Notation includes rectangles for activities, arrows for transitions, diamonds for decisions, and bars for parallelism. Guidelines recommend setting context, identifying activities and flows, decisions, and parallelism. The example models scheduling appointments in a dentist office.
This document provides information about a course on design patterns taught by Dr. Asma Cherif. It includes the course code, instructor details, learning objectives, textbooks, and topics that will be covered such as architectural design, what patterns are, and different types of patterns. Design patterns provide solutions to common software design problems and promote reuse of successful designs. The course aims to help students understand design patterns, identify patterns in code and designs, and implement patterns to design and develop quality software applications.
This document discusses various topics related to software design including design principles, concepts, modeling, and architecture. It provides examples of class/data design, architectural design, interface design, and component design. Some key points discussed include:
- Software design creates representations and models that provide details on architecture, data structures, interfaces, and components needed to implement the system.
- Design concepts like abstraction, modularity, encapsulation, and information hiding are important to reduce complexity and improve design.
- Different types of design models include data/class design, architectural design, interface design, and component-level design.
- Good software architecture and design lead to systems that are more understandable, maintainable, and of higher quality.
The document discusses software design patterns, including definitions, types (creational, behavioral, structural), components, benefits, and examples. It provides examples of patterns like facade, observer, decorator, state, strategy, template method, iterator, bridge, and singleton from both non-software (e.g. auction, vending machine) and software domains (Temple Run 2 game). For each pattern, it explains the concept, provides a non-software diagram, describes an implementation in Temple Run 2 through diagrams and text, and references additional resources for design patterns.
This document discusses different types of architecture views, including the module architecture view. It defines a view as a combination of structures that share common properties or perspectives. Architecture is described as the high-level structure of a software system that organizes its elements. The goals of architecture are to expose a system's structure while hiding implementation details and addressing requirements.
The module architecture view shows how key system elements are mapped to modules and subsystems, which are decomposed and assigned to layers based on dependencies. It defines the modules and their inherent relations without specifying a product configuration. Diagrams like package diagrams and class diagrams are used to depict subsystem decomposition and module use-dependencies.
The document discusses UML component diagrams. It defines a component as a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that encapsulates implementation and exposes interfaces. It describes how component diagrams show the various components in a system and their dependencies. It outlines the purpose of component diagrams as visualizing components, constructing executables through forward and reverse engineering, and describing component organization and relationships.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which is a general-purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to represent the design of software projects including concepts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and more. It provides a standard way to visualize a system from different perspectives including structural and behavioral views.
Chapter 11 designing interfaces and dialoguesJob Master
The document discusses specifications for designing interfaces and dialogues, including sections on narrative overview, interface/dialogue designs, and testing and usability assessment. It provides guidelines for various types of interactions like menus, forms, and natural language. It also outlines sources of data errors, validation techniques, and guidelines for feedback, help design, and dialogue design including diagramming sequences.
Software Architecture Recovery: The 5 Questions You Always Asked Yourself Abo...mircea.lungu
The document discusses software architecture recovery (SAR), which involves uncovering a system's architecture from available information such as source code, documentation, and runtime behavior. It addresses common questions about SAR, including what it is, why it is important, how it works, who performs it, and future directions. SAR is described as an important process for understanding existing system architectures that may have eroded over time due to changes and evolution. Both bottom-up and top-down approaches to SAR are covered, along with specific tools that support each approach.
The document discusses sequence diagrams and their use in system analysis and design. Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects in a system and the order that messages and method calls are made. They can incorporate elements like alternate paths using frames to represent conditional logic. While not required, sequence diagrams are useful for testing a system design by validating interactions and method accessibility between classes.
The document provides an overview of the GoF design patterns including the types (creational, structural, behavioral), examples of common patterns like factory, abstract factory, singleton, adapter, facade, iterator, observer, and strategy, and UML diagrams illustrating how the patterns can be implemented. Key aspects of each pattern like intent, relationships, pros and cons are discussed at a high level. The document is intended to introduce software engineers to design patterns and how they can be applied.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
State diagrams describe the behavior of objects by modeling their states and transitions between states based on events. Key elements of state diagrams include states, transitions, events, and actions. States represent conditions of an object, transitions are triggered by events, and actions occur on state entry/exit or during transitions. Together these elements specify the dynamic behavior of objects in response to events.
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
The document discusses UML component diagrams, which model software components and their interfaces and dependencies. Key points include:
- A component is an autonomous unit that provides and requires interfaces. Components can be reused and replaced.
- Component diagrams show high-level software components and their interfaces. They are often called "wiring diagrams" as they depict dependencies between components.
- Components have provided and required interfaces, ports, and usage dependencies. Interfaces define collections of operations without implementation details.
- Connectors link compatible required and provided interfaces to show how components interact. Assembly connectors pass signals, while delegation connectors forward signals internally.
- Components can be shown externally through their interfaces or internally with nested realizing classes
Formal Specification Ian Sommerville 9th EditionRupeshShrestha28
The document discusses formal specification methods in software engineering. It describes formal specification as a way to represent software using mathematical concepts like logic and set theory. While formal methods were proposed in the 1980s to improve quality, they have seen limited industrial use due to costs and market pressures favoring rapid development over quality. The document outlines how formal specification fits into the software process and describes algebraic and model-based approaches. It provides an example of formally specifying an insulin pump system using Z notation.
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting a system in which software represents the most significant part.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
UML can serve as a central notation for software development process. Using UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural designs of software.
UML diagrams are made using notation of things and relationships.
The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
Things: Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
1. UML is a standardized modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document a system.
2. UML includes structural elements like classes, interfaces, components as well as behavioral elements like use cases, interactions, state machines.
3. UML diagrams like class, sequence, activity diagrams are used to represent different views of a system based on its design, implementation, processes, and deployment.
This document discusses different types of architecture views, including the module architecture view. It defines a view as a combination of structures that share common properties or perspectives. Architecture is described as the high-level structure of a software system that organizes its elements. The goals of architecture are to expose a system's structure while hiding implementation details and addressing requirements.
The module architecture view shows how key system elements are mapped to modules and subsystems, which are decomposed and assigned to layers based on dependencies. It defines the modules and their inherent relations without specifying a product configuration. Diagrams like package diagrams and class diagrams are used to depict subsystem decomposition and module use-dependencies.
The document discusses UML component diagrams. It defines a component as a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that encapsulates implementation and exposes interfaces. It describes how component diagrams show the various components in a system and their dependencies. It outlines the purpose of component diagrams as visualizing components, constructing executables through forward and reverse engineering, and describing component organization and relationships.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which is a general-purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to represent the design of software projects including concepts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and more. It provides a standard way to visualize a system from different perspectives including structural and behavioral views.
Chapter 11 designing interfaces and dialoguesJob Master
The document discusses specifications for designing interfaces and dialogues, including sections on narrative overview, interface/dialogue designs, and testing and usability assessment. It provides guidelines for various types of interactions like menus, forms, and natural language. It also outlines sources of data errors, validation techniques, and guidelines for feedback, help design, and dialogue design including diagramming sequences.
Software Architecture Recovery: The 5 Questions You Always Asked Yourself Abo...mircea.lungu
The document discusses software architecture recovery (SAR), which involves uncovering a system's architecture from available information such as source code, documentation, and runtime behavior. It addresses common questions about SAR, including what it is, why it is important, how it works, who performs it, and future directions. SAR is described as an important process for understanding existing system architectures that may have eroded over time due to changes and evolution. Both bottom-up and top-down approaches to SAR are covered, along with specific tools that support each approach.
The document discusses sequence diagrams and their use in system analysis and design. Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects in a system and the order that messages and method calls are made. They can incorporate elements like alternate paths using frames to represent conditional logic. While not required, sequence diagrams are useful for testing a system design by validating interactions and method accessibility between classes.
The document provides an overview of the GoF design patterns including the types (creational, structural, behavioral), examples of common patterns like factory, abstract factory, singleton, adapter, facade, iterator, observer, and strategy, and UML diagrams illustrating how the patterns can be implemented. Key aspects of each pattern like intent, relationships, pros and cons are discussed at a high level. The document is intended to introduce software engineers to design patterns and how they can be applied.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
State diagrams describe the behavior of objects by modeling their states and transitions between states based on events. Key elements of state diagrams include states, transitions, events, and actions. States represent conditions of an object, transitions are triggered by events, and actions occur on state entry/exit or during transitions. Together these elements specify the dynamic behavior of objects in response to events.
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
The document discusses UML component diagrams, which model software components and their interfaces and dependencies. Key points include:
- A component is an autonomous unit that provides and requires interfaces. Components can be reused and replaced.
- Component diagrams show high-level software components and their interfaces. They are often called "wiring diagrams" as they depict dependencies between components.
- Components have provided and required interfaces, ports, and usage dependencies. Interfaces define collections of operations without implementation details.
- Connectors link compatible required and provided interfaces to show how components interact. Assembly connectors pass signals, while delegation connectors forward signals internally.
- Components can be shown externally through their interfaces or internally with nested realizing classes
Formal Specification Ian Sommerville 9th EditionRupeshShrestha28
The document discusses formal specification methods in software engineering. It describes formal specification as a way to represent software using mathematical concepts like logic and set theory. While formal methods were proposed in the 1980s to improve quality, they have seen limited industrial use due to costs and market pressures favoring rapid development over quality. The document outlines how formal specification fits into the software process and describes algebraic and model-based approaches. It provides an example of formally specifying an insulin pump system using Z notation.
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting a system in which software represents the most significant part.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
UML can serve as a central notation for software development process. Using UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural designs of software.
UML diagrams are made using notation of things and relationships.
The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
Things: Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
1. UML is a standardized modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document a system.
2. UML includes structural elements like classes, interfaces, components as well as behavioral elements like use cases, interactions, state machines.
3. UML diagrams like class, sequence, activity diagrams are used to represent different views of a system based on its design, implementation, processes, and deployment.
The document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the key principles of modeling and an overview of UML. The UML is a standard language for writing software blueprints and can be used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. The UML has building blocks like classes, objects, use cases and relationships. It consists of diagrams like class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. The UML addresses multiple views of a system including use case, design, interaction and implementation views.
Software Engineering Tools and Practices.pdfMeagGhn
This document discusses software engineering practices and tools, including the software crisis and issues like increasing complexity, poor quality, high costs and delays. It introduces Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a standard way to visually model software systems using diagrams. It describes different types of UML models including structural, behavioral and architectural modeling. It also discusses concepts like the software development life cycle, configuration management, revision control systems and how to create UML diagrams like use case diagrams and sequence diagrams.
This document discusses modeling software architecture with the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It begins with an introduction to software architecture concepts like components, connectors, and views. It then provides an overview of UML diagrams and how they can be used to model different views of a software architecture. As an example, it analyzes the C2 Generator system and shows how UML can be used to model the logical decomposition, conceptual view, and other aspects of its architecture. The document demonstrates how UML is a useful tool for software architectural modeling and representation.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for modeling software systems using mainly graphical diagrams. It includes diagrams for use cases, class structure, object interaction, state machines, activities, components and deployment. UML aims to provide a standard way to visualize a system's architectural design which can be understood by all stakeholders and serves as input for the implementation.
This document provides an introduction to Unified Modeling Language (UML). It defines UML as a general purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct and document artifacts of a software system. The key building blocks of UML include things like classes, interfaces, use cases and relationships between these things. It also describes the different types of UML diagrams like class, sequence, activity diagrams and how they can be used. Finally, it stresses the importance of identifying the problem domain when developing models.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
The document discusses design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the basic building blocks of UML including things, relationships, and diagrams. It explains the different types of things like structural things (classes, objects, interfaces), behavioral things (interactions, state machines), and grouping and annotational things. It also discusses the common relationships in UML like dependency, association, generalization, and realization. Finally, it lists the nine most common UML diagrams used for modeling systems, including class diagrams, object diagrams, and use case diagrams.
UML is a standard modeling language used to visualize the design of a system. It provides standard diagrams to model both structural and behavioral aspects of a system. The main structural diagrams are class, component, deployment, and package diagrams which show the static design. The main behavioral diagrams are state machine, activity, use case, sequence, and communication diagrams which show the dynamic behavior. UML helps with communication between teams and analysis during system design.
Detailed description and introduction to UML(Unified Modeling Language).Structural and behavioral modeling.Class Diagram, Object Diagram.Notation for building all kinds of UML diagrams.
The document discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. It describes the different types of UML diagrams including class diagrams, package diagrams, object diagrams, use case diagrams, deployment diagrams, statechart diagrams, and activity diagrams. It also outlines the various notations used to represent different modeling elements in UML like classes, objects, interfaces, packages, nodes, actors, states, and relationships between elements.
UML is a general-purpose modeling language that provides a standard way to visualize the design of a system. It uses diagrams to depict the structure and behavior of a system, including class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, use case diagrams, and others. UML has evolved over time with new versions and standards, starting in 1997, to improve its modeling capabilities and make diagrams more effective.
UML is a modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. It provides standard graphical notations for modeling structural and behavioral aspects of a system using diagrams. The key UML diagram types are structural diagrams (e.g. class, component), behavioral diagrams (e.g. use case, activity), and interaction diagrams (e.g. sequence, communication). UML was created through the unification of several popular modeling languages in the 1990s and is now managed by the Object Management Group.
UML is a system that allows software designers to graphically model applications using diagrams, classes, relationships and other elements. It has basic building blocks like things, relationships and diagrams. The main diagram types are class, object, use case, sequence, state machine, activity, component and deployment diagrams which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
The document provides information about UML (Unified Modeling Language), including its goals, why it is used, and common diagram types. UML is a standard language for specifying, constructing, and documenting software systems and business processes. It uses mainly graphical notations to express the design of software projects. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams, state diagrams, activity diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams. Each diagram type shows different aspects of a system and allows developers and customers to view it from different perspectives.
The document provides information about UML (Unified Modeling Language), including its goals, why it is used, and common diagram types. UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems and other non-software systems. It uses mostly graphical notations to express the design of software projects. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams, state diagrams, activity diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams. Each diagram type displays different aspects of a system and can be used at various stages of development.
The document discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, which are used for object-oriented modeling. UML has 14 types of diagrams divided into structure diagrams, behavior diagrams, and interaction diagrams. Structure diagrams represent structural elements like classes and components. Behavior diagrams represent behaviors like workflows and state transitions. Interaction diagrams emphasize message flows and include sequence diagrams and communication diagrams.
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code
By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
2. UML – Unified Modelling Language
UML was created by Object Management Group (OMG) and UML
1.0 specification draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997.
Developed by Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson at
Rational Software
UML is different from the other common programming languages
like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
3. UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing,
constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software
systems.
A conceptual model can be defined as a model which is
made of concepts and their relationships.
UML building blocks
Rules to connect the building blocks
Common mechanisms of UML
5. Class
Class represents set of objects
having similar responsibilities
Interface:
Interface defines a set of
operations which specify the
responsibility of a class.
Collaboration:
Collaboration defines
interaction between elements
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They
represent physical and conceptual elements.
Structure name Notation
Class
Attributes
Operations
6. Structure name Notation
Use case:
Use case represents a set of
actions performed by a system for a
specific goal.
Component:
Component describes physical
part of a system.
Node:
A node can be defined as a physical
element that exists at run time
USECASE
Component
NODE
7. A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models.
Structure name Notation
Interaction:
Interaction is defined as a
behavior that consists of a group of
messages exchanged among elements
to accomplish a specific task. Eg:
Message
State machine:
A behavior that specifies the
sequences of states an object goes
through during its' lifetime in response
to events.
State
Diagram
8. Grouping things can be defined as a
mechanism to group elements of a
UML model together.
Package:
Package is the only one grouping
thing available for gathering structural
and behavioral things.
Annotational things:
Annotational things can
be defined as a mechanism to capture
remarks, descriptions, and comments
of UML model elements
A note is used to render
comments, constraints etc of an
UML element
.
Package
9. Relationship is another most important building block of UML. It shows how
elements are associated with each other and this association describes the
functionality of an application.
Dependency is a relationship
between two things in which
change in one element also affects
the other one.
Association is basically a set of links
that connects elements of an UML
model. It also describes how many
objects are taking part in that
relationship.
10. Generalization:
Generalization can be defined as a
relationship which connects a
specialized element with a
generalized element. It basically
describes inheritance relationship
in the world of objects.
Realization:
Realization can be defined as a
relationship in which two elements
are connected. One element
describes some responsibility
which is not implemented and the
other one implements them. This
relationship exists in case of
interfaces.
11. There are two broad categories of diagrams:
Uml diagrams
Structural
diagrams
Behavioral
diagrams
12. The structural diagrams represent the static aspect of the
system.
These static aspects represent those parts of a diagram
which forms the main structure and therefore stable.
Class diagram
Object diagram
Component diagram
Deployment diagram
13. Class diagram is a static diagram which
represents a static view of an application.
Class diagram explains about the attributes ,
operations and constraints of the system.
The class diagram shows a collection of
classes, interfaces, associations,
collaborations and constraints. It is also
known as a structural diagram.
14. Class diagram name should
be meaningful to describe
the aspects of the system.
Identify the element and
their relationship.
Identify the responsibility of
each class.
Specify the minimum
number of properties.
Make notes to describe the
some aspects of the
diagram.
Final version to be drawn
on white paper.
15. Component diagrams are used to model physical aspects of a
system.
Physical aspects are the elements like executables, libraries,
files, documents etc which resides in a node.
Component diagrams represent a set of components and their
relationships. These components consist of classes, interfaces
or collaborations.
Component diagrams are used to visualize the organization
and relationships among components in a system. These
diagrams are also used to make executable systems
16. To draw a component diagram the
following artifacts are to be identified
clearly:
Files used in the system.
Libraries and other artifacts
relevant to the application.
Relationships among the
artifacts.
Use a meaningful name to
identify the component for which the
diagram is to be drawn.
Prepare a mental layout before
producing using tools.
Use notes for clarifying
important points.
17. Object diagrams are derived from class diagrams
Object diagrams can be described as an instance of
class diagram.
Object diagrams are a set of objects and their
relationships just like class diagrams and also
represent the static view of the system.
Object diagram represents an instance at a particular
moment
18. This diagram is an instance of
the system at a time of
purchase.
Objects identified are customer,
order, Special order and normal
order.
The customer object (C) is
associated with three order
objects (O1, O2 and O3). These
order objects are associated
with special order and normal
order objects (S1, S2 and N1).
The customer is having the
following three orders with
different numbers (12, 32 and
40) for the particular time.
19. Deployment diagrams are a set of nodes and their
relationships. These nodes are physical entities where the
components are deployed.
Deployment diagrams are used for visualizing deployment
view of a system. This is generally used by the deployment
team.
A deployment diagram consists of nodes. Nodes are nothing
but physical hardwares used to deploy the application.
20. Before drawing a deployment diagram
the following artifacts should be
identified:
Nodes
Relationships among nodes
Here we have shown nodes as:
Monitor
Modem
Caching server
Server
The application is assumed to be a web
based application which is deployed in
a clustered environment using server
1, server 2 and server 3. The user is
connecting to the application using
internet. The control is flowing from
the caching server to the clustered
environment.
21. Represents the dynamic aspects
Help visualize , specify and construct and
document the dynamic aspects of a software.
Dynamic aspects like use case, interaction,
state chart, activity.
22. • Use Case Diagram – high-level behaviors of the system,
user goals, external entities: actors
• Sequence Diagram – focus on time ordering of messages
• Collaboration Diagram – focus on structural
organization of objects and messages
• State Chart Diagram – event driven state changes of
system
• Activity Diagram – flow of control between activities
23. Use case diagrams present an outside view of the
manner the elements in a system behave and how they
can be used in the context.
Use case diagrams comprise of: Use cases, Actors,
Relationships like dependency, generalization, and
association.
Uses: To model the context of a system by enclosing
all the activities of a system within a rectangle and
focusing on the actors outside the system by
interacting with it.
i.e. To model the requirements of a system from the
outside point of view.
24. USE CASE
• Use case captures some
user-visible functionality
• Granularity of functionality
depends on the level of
detail in your model
• Each use case achieves a
discrete goal for the user
• Use Cases are generated
through requirements
elicitation
ACTOR
• Actors have a name.
• An actor is a set of roles
that users of use cases play
when interacting with the
system.
• They are external entities
• They may be external an
system or DB
Use case
25. Let us consider an Automated Trading System.
We assume the following features of the system:
The trading has transactions with two types of
customers, individual customers and corporate
customers.
Once the customer places an order, it is processed
by the sales department and the customer is given
the bill.
The system allows the manager to manage
customer accounts and answer any queries posted
by the customer.
27. Main purpose of the interaction diagram is to
visualize the interactive behavior of the system.
Messages exchanged between these objects will
be specified in the diagram itself.
There are two types of interaction diagrams.
1.Sequence diagrams
2.collaboratoion diagrams
28. Sequence diagram is an interaction diagram.
Sequence diagrams are interaction diagrams
that illustrate the ordering of messages
according to time
Sequence diagrams represent the objects
which are participating in the interaction
horizontally and time vertically.
29.
30. Collaboration diagram is another form of
interaction diagram.
Collaboration diagrams are interaction
diagrams that illustrate the structure of the
objects that send and receive messages.
Structural organization consists of objects
and links.
31.
32. A state–chart diagram shows a state machine that
depicts the control flow of an object from one
state to another.
A state machine portrays the sequences of states
which an object undergoes due to events and
their responses to events.
State–Chart Diagrams comprise of:
-States: Simple or Composite
-Transitions between states
-Events causing transitions
-Actions due to the events
Used for: State-chart diagrams are used for
modeling objects which are reactive in nature.
33. Consider – ORDER as an Object and trace its
sequence
Transition
between
states
Event causing
Transition
Simple
state
Action due
to event
34. An activity diagram depicts the flow of
activities which are ongoing operations in a
state machine.
Activity diagram describes the flow of control
in a system. So it consists of activities and
links.
Activity diagram is basically a flow chart to
represent the flow form one activity to
another activity. The activity can be described
as an operation of the system.
35. Following elements to
be identified before
drawing an activity
diagram.
Activities
Association
Conditions
Constraints
36. Three type of UMLmodelling:
Structural,Behavioural and Architectural
Structural Modelling
Structural Modelling capture the static
features of the system.
Structural model represents the
framework for the system.
This framework is the place where all
other components exist.
They all represent the elements and the
mechanism to assemble them.
It never describes about the dynamic
behaviour of the system.
Class diagram is the most widely used
diagram.
1. Classes diagrams
2. Objects diagrams
3. Package diagrams
4. Deployment
diagrams
5. Composite structure
diagram
6. Component diagram
37. Behavioral model describes the interaction in the system.
It represents the interaction among the structural
diagrams.
It shows the dynamic nature of the system.
They consists of the following:
1.Activity diagrams
2.Interaction diagrams
3.Use case diagrams
All the above show the dynamic sequence of flow in a
system.
38. Architectural model represents the overall
framework of the system.
It contains both structural and behavioral
elements of the system.
It can be defined as the blueprint of the entire
system.
Package diagram comes under architectural
modelling.
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